Chapter 7 and 8Chapter 7 and 8

Anglo-American Colonization Anglo-American Colonization

of Texasof Texas

Why come to Texas?Why come to Texas?

Pushed out of SpainPushed out of Spain Pulled into TexasPulled into Texas

4 Types of Frontier 4 Types of Frontier SettlementsSettlements

MissionsMissions– Self-SupportingSelf-Supporting– Daily LifeDaily Life

PresidiosPresidios– Who’s in charge?Who’s in charge?– Daily LifeDaily Life

4 Types of Frontier Settlements 4 Types of Frontier Settlements (continued)(continued)

Towns Towns – Who lived thereWho lived there– Daily lifeDaily life– WomenWomen– ProblemsProblems

RanchesRanches– Why ranching instead of farming?Why ranching instead of farming?

Colonists RebelColonists Rebel

Why were they unhappy?Why were they unhappy? EnlightenmentEnlightenment Father Hidalgo – Grito de DoloresFather Hidalgo – Grito de Dolores Mexican Unrest ContinuesMexican Unrest Continues Spanish Influence lives onSpanish Influence lives on

Americans Move WestAmericans Move West

Many Anglo Americans look west to Many Anglo Americans look west to Spanish territories for land and Spanish territories for land and opportunities.opportunities.– Anglo AmericanAnglo American = People whose ancestors = People whose ancestors

moved from one of many European countries moved from one of many European countries to the United States and who now share a to the United States and who now share a common culture and language.common culture and language.

Spain feared the Americans would try to Spain feared the Americans would try to gain control of their land.gain control of their land.

Spain Controls Spain Controls ImmigrationImmigration

American Immigrants were allowed to American Immigrants were allowed to settle in Missouri if they would settle in Missouri if they would pledgepledge loyalty to Spain and become loyalty to Spain and become CatholicsCatholics..

Spain hoped these conditions would Spain hoped these conditions would allow the population to grow under tight allow the population to grow under tight control.control.

George MorganGeorge Morgan was the first American was the first American Empresario to recruit from the U.S.Empresario to recruit from the U.S.– EmpresarioEmpresario = An agent who makes all = An agent who makes all

arrangements to bring settlers to a colony.arrangements to bring settlers to a colony.

Philip Nolan in TexasPhilip Nolan in Texas

Philip NolanPhilip Nolan, a filibuster, was , a filibuster, was suspected by Spain of being a spy for suspected by Spain of being a spy for the U.S. Army Commander of Louisiana, the U.S. Army Commander of Louisiana, General James WilkinsonGeneral James Wilkinson. . – FilibusterFilibuster = An adventurer who engages in = An adventurer who engages in

a private rebellious activity in a foreign a private rebellious activity in a foreign country.country.

Nolan and one other are killed in a Nolan and one other are killed in a shootout. The rest are imprisoned.shootout. The rest are imprisoned.– Peter Ellis BeanPeter Ellis Bean is the only known is the only known

survivor.survivor.

Neutral Ground AgreementNeutral Ground Agreement

The The U.S. purchases Louisiana from U.S. purchases Louisiana from France for $15 million in 1803France for $15 million in 1803, but , but what’s the border? Arroyo Hondo or what’s the border? Arroyo Hondo or Sabine River?Sabine River?

Wilkinson and the Spanish Commander, Wilkinson and the Spanish Commander, General Simon HerreraGeneral Simon Herrera make a make a compromise, creating the Neutral Zone. compromise, creating the Neutral Zone. – The Neutral ZoneThe Neutral Zone = The land between the = The land between the

Arroyo Hondo and the Sabine River.Arroyo Hondo and the Sabine River. Lawlessness occurred with the U.S. having Lawlessness occurred with the U.S. having

to clean it up.to clean it up.

Gutierrez-Magee ExpeditionGutierrez-Magee Expedition

Gutierrez and Magee raise the Republic of the North, an Gutierrez and Magee raise the Republic of the North, an army to win TX Independence and declare it a Republic.army to win TX Independence and declare it a Republic.– RepublicRepublic = A nation or state in which people elect = A nation or state in which people elect

representatives to govern them.representatives to govern them.– TejanoTejano = A person of Mexican descent living in Texas. = A person of Mexican descent living in Texas.

Magee dies attacking Goliad, and Magee dies attacking Goliad, and Samuel KemperSamuel Kemper replaces him.replaces him.– The army captures San Antonio, and Gutierrez is The army captures San Antonio, and Gutierrez is

replaced with replaced with JoseJose Alvarez de ToledoAlvarez de Toledo.. General Joaquin “ The Butcher” de ArredondoGeneral Joaquin “ The Butcher” de Arredondo

recaptures Texas for Spain, killing most of the filibusters, recaptures Texas for Spain, killing most of the filibusters, and civilians in Texas during the process. Texas was and civilians in Texas during the process. Texas was almost deserted…but a powerful message was sent.almost deserted…but a powerful message was sent.

Others still encouraged to keep the fight for freedom Others still encouraged to keep the fight for freedom alive.alive.

Revolutionaries and Pirates Revolutionaries and Pirates in Texasin Texas

French pirate French pirate Louis Michel AuryLouis Michel Aury from from Galveston Island, decides to help survivors Galveston Island, decides to help survivors against Spain.against Spain.

Jean “The Commissioner of Galveston” Jean “The Commissioner of Galveston” LafitteLafitte later took over the Island and later took over the Island and agreed to help the revolutionaries also…agreed to help the revolutionaries also…but really just wanted Spanish treasure.but really just wanted Spanish treasure.– Lafitte was run out by the Lafitte was run out by the U.S. NavyU.S. Navy after after

attacking U.S. shipping.attacking U.S. shipping.– Curse on treasure?Curse on treasure?

The Adams-Onis TreatyThe Adams-Onis Treaty

1819: The U.S. receives Florida 1819: The U.S. receives Florida and the Sabine is declared the and the Sabine is declared the official border. Spain gets official border. Spain gets assurances from the U.S. that it assurances from the U.S. that it would not try to gain Spanish would not try to gain Spanish territories.territories.– This This ends the boundary disputeends the boundary dispute and and

the Neutral Ground solution.the Neutral Ground solution.

The Long ExpeditionThe Long Expedition 1819: James Long attempts to capture Texas and 1819: James Long attempts to capture Texas and

declare it independent from Spain.declare it independent from Spain. Longs’ first army is defeated while he is Longs’ first army is defeated while he is

negotiating with Lafitte for support.negotiating with Lafitte for support.– His second attempt was quickly defeated at His second attempt was quickly defeated at

Goliad. All were imprisoned.Goliad. All were imprisoned.– April 8, 1822: April 8, 1822: Long is shot and killed by a Long is shot and killed by a

guard in prisonguard in prison.. Jane LongJane Long learned of her husbands death at learned of her husbands death at

while waiting at Point Bolivar. while waiting at Point Bolivar. – She had been there almost 2 years, surviving She had been there almost 2 years, surviving

Karankawa attacks by shooting a canon at Karankawa attacks by shooting a canon at them, giving birth to a daughter, and caring for them, giving birth to a daughter, and caring for their two other children. their two other children.

She would eventually settle in Texas, and is known She would eventually settle in Texas, and is known as as “The Mother of“The Mother of Texas”Texas”..

Moses Austin Begins Moses Austin Begins Colonization in TexasColonization in Texas

Moses AustinMoses Austin decides to help Americans decides to help Americans settle in Spanish Texas after the Panic of settle in Spanish Texas after the Panic of 1819.1819.

Austin’s plan is rejected in by Texas Austin’s plan is rejected in by Texas Governor Antonio MartinezGovernor Antonio Martinez..

Baron de BastropBaron de Bastrop, an old friend of , an old friend of Austin’s, helped Moses get a second Austin’s, helped Moses get a second meeting, and eventually Governor Martinez meeting, and eventually Governor Martinez agrees to make the request to Mexico City.agrees to make the request to Mexico City.

Austin expected approval and went home to Austin expected approval and went home to recruit settlers…but he dies!recruit settlers…but he dies!

Stephen F. Austin Takes Stephen F. Austin Takes OverOver

27 year-old Stephen attempts to 27 year-old Stephen attempts to fulfill his father’s dream for Texas.fulfill his father’s dream for Texas.

Erasmo SeguinErasmo Seguin is appointed by is appointed by Martinez to assist Austin locate his Martinez to assist Austin locate his colonies land.colonies land.

Austin choose the land between the Austin choose the land between the Lavaca and San Jacinto RiversLavaca and San Jacinto Rivers for for the colony.the colony.– The first settlement will be located along The first settlement will be located along

the lower Colorado River.the lower Colorado River.

Settlers Arrive in TexasSettlers Arrive in Texas

Austin recruited from New Orleans, Austin recruited from New Orleans, only accepting people of good only accepting people of good character.character.

Austin was authorized to give land Austin was authorized to give land titles to only 300 settlers.titles to only 300 settlers.– The original 300 Austin settlers are The original 300 Austin settlers are

called called “The Old Three Hundred”“The Old Three Hundred”..

Austin’s LeadershipAustin’s Leadership

After Mexico’s Independence, Austin After Mexico’s Independence, Austin traveled to Mexico City to make sure his traveled to Mexico City to make sure his contract was still goodcontract was still good

Austin gained the trust and respect of the Austin gained the trust and respect of the Mexican Officials, learned Spanish, and Mexican Officials, learned Spanish, and was awarded several new contracts as an was awarded several new contracts as an empesario.empesario.

The capitol of Austin’s colony was named The capitol of Austin’s colony was named San Felipe de AustinSan Felipe de Austin. .

Austin is today called Austin is today called ”The Father of ”The Father of Texas”Texas”..

Expanding the Empresarial Expanding the Empresarial SystemSystem

By 1830, about By 1830, about 3030 other people had contracts as other people had contracts as empresarios in Texas.empresarios in Texas.

Green DeWittGreen DeWitt was another American was another American empresario, with his capitol at Gonzales.empresario, with his capitol at Gonzales.

Martin de Leon, with his wife PatriciaMartin de Leon, with his wife Patricia, was a , was a successful Tejano Empresario.successful Tejano Empresario.– Together, the de Leon’s founded the town of Together, the de Leon’s founded the town of VictoriaVictoria..

Many empresarios had problems and lost their Many empresarios had problems and lost their contracts.contracts.

2 Colonies were started with immigrants from 2 Colonies were started with immigrants from Ireland…Ireland…The Irish ColoniesThe Irish Colonies..

Texas in 1830Texas in 1830

20,00020,000…and growing!…and growing! Cotton farming and ranching were Cotton farming and ranching were

fast growing industries.fast growing industries.

Gone To TexasGone To Texas

““G.T.T.”G.T.T.” was a common sight on was a common sight on abandoned U.S. farms as people came to abandoned U.S. farms as people came to Texas.Texas.

Why did people come? Adventure…Why did people come? Adventure…Escape…Escape…LandLand……

Settlers came by land, sea, river…or any Settlers came by land, sea, river…or any way possible at the time. Mostly from way possible at the time. Mostly from southern U.S. statessouthern U.S. states..

Most settlers were poor and carried few Most settlers were poor and carried few things with them to Texas.things with them to Texas.

Settlers of various Settlers of various NationalitiesNationalities

Most emigrated from the U.S., but Most emigrated from the U.S., but others came from Mexico and Europe.others came from Mexico and Europe.– EmigrateEmigrate = To leave home to settle = To leave home to settle

elsewhere.elsewhere. Many Tejanos settled the southern Many Tejanos settled the southern

parts of Texas.parts of Texas. African Americans came also, although African Americans came also, although

many were brought as slaves, Free-many were brought as slaves, Free-Blacks were given legal rights in Blacks were given legal rights in Mexico.Mexico.

Diet of Colonial TexansDiet of Colonial Texans

Meat was plentiful to skilled hunters. Meat was plentiful to skilled hunters. Although most farmed, colonial Although most farmed, colonial

Texans rarely enjoyed a balanced Texans rarely enjoyed a balanced diet. Fruits and vegetables were only diet. Fruits and vegetables were only seasonal.seasonal.

Colonial HomesColonial Homes

Log Cabins were common. Families Log Cabins were common. Families often built others as the they grew. often built others as the they grew. – A connecting covered porch between two A connecting covered porch between two

cabins was called a cabins was called a “Dog-Run”“Dog-Run”..– See the picture in the Text…Page 183.See the picture in the Text…Page 183.

Cabins were usually one room. Cabins were usually one room. Everyone lived, slept, and cooked in Everyone lived, slept, and cooked in that room.that room.

Furniture was usually roughly made Furniture was usually roughly made from available wood.from available wood.

Religion and EducationReligion and Education

Most Texans had to become Catholic Most Texans had to become Catholic officially (to get free land grants), but officially (to get free land grants), but remained protestant in reality.remained protestant in reality.

Few schools existed, most were Few schools existed, most were taught at home by motherstaught at home by mothers. .

ChallengesChallenges

Sickness and disease remained a real Sickness and disease remained a real problem for colonists.problem for colonists.

Austin organized a militia, later to Austin organized a militia, later to become the Texas rangers, to help become the Texas rangers, to help protect colonists Indian attacks.protect colonists Indian attacks.– MilitiaMilitia = A military force that is not = A military force that is not

professional.professional. Most Indians, friendly and hostile Most Indians, friendly and hostile

alike, were eventually driven out. alike, were eventually driven out.