chapter 7 cell structure and function. section 7-1 the history of the cell theory and microscopes
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 7
Cell Structure and Function
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Section 7-1
The History of the Cell Theory and Microscopes
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Historical View of the Cell Theory
• As science improves, so do improvements in scientific instruments, and improved scientific instruments lead to new discoveries.
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1590 – Zacharias Janssen
• Built first simple microscope (one set of lenses)
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1670’s Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
• Made improvements
• 270x magnification
• Saw bacteria, protozoa, sperm cells, red blood cells and yeast cells
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1665 – Robert Hooke• Produced a compound microscope
• Saw hollow boxes and named them “cells”
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1665 – Robert Hooke
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1831 – Robert Brown• Saw central structure in plant cells,
called this structure a nucleus
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1838 – Theodore Schwann
• Concluded that all animals are made of cells
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1838 – Matthias Schleiden• Concluded that all plants are
made of cells
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1839 – Johannes Purkinje• Stated that “the cell is the unit of
function of life”
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1858 – Rudolf Virchow• Concluded that “ cells come only from
previously existing cells”
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The Cell Theory1. All living things are composed of
cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function
3. New cells are produced from existing cells
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Section 3-2
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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Eukaryotes• Have a nucleus and membrane
covered organelles
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Prokaryotes• Don’t have a nucleus and
membrane covered organelles
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Eukaryotic Cell Structures
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Plasma Membrane• Separates the cell from its
environment
• Controls the transport of materials in and out
• Allows some materials but not others to pass through this is called…–Selectively permeable
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Endoplasmic Reticulum• Extensive network of tube-like
structures that forms a passageway that functions in the transport of materials throughout the cells
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Ribosomes• Site of protein
synthesis
• Attached to the walls of the ER or move freely in the cytoplasm
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Golgi Bodies• Stack of tiny, flattened sac-like
tubes used in secretion
• Package protein molecules in a membrane and send the package to the cells surface
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Mitochondria• Where cellular respiration takes
place to release energy
• “Mighty Mitochondria”
• Powerhouse of the cell
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Microtubules• Tubes that serve as support for the
cell
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Microfilaments• Thin threads attached to the cell
membranes, play a role in movement
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Lysosomes• Vesicles that contain enzymes
used in digestion• Fuses with food vacuoles to
digest food into smaller pieces• Digest old cell structures to
dispose of them or even entire cells
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Nucleus• Regulates all the cells activities
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Chromosomes• Long coiled fibers that carry the
material of heredity
• Made of protein and DNA
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Nucleolus• Composed of
RNA
• Involved in the passage of RNA into the cytoplasm
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Centrioles• Small cylinders in the cytoplasm
that play a role in cell division
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Cilia
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Flagella
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Chloroplasts• Organelle found only in plants,
used to make food
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Vacuoles• Spherical, bubble-like storage
sacs
• Plant cells have very large vacuoles compared to animal cells
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Cell Wall• Rigid structure
that surrounds the cell membrane
• Made of cellulose
• Permits most things to pass through
Cell Wall
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Section 3-3
Cellular Processes
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The Big Idea• Cells need to regulate the
movement of dissolved molecules on either side of the membrane
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Cell membrane• Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
and also provides protection and support
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
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Cell membrane• Made of a double layered sheet called a
lipid bilayer
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
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Cell Wall• Provide support and protection for
cell
• Found in more than just plants
• Contrary to popular belief, not selectively permeable
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Cell Walls
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Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
• One of the more important functions of the cell membrane is to regulate the movement of dissolved molecules from one side of a membrane to the other
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Concentration• The mass of solute in a given
volume of solution
• Mass/volume
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• What is the concentration of 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water?
• What is the concentration of 12 grams of salt in 6 liters of water?
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In a solution, particles move constantly
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Diffusion• Process by which molecules of a
substance move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
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Diffusion
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Diffusion
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Equilibrium• When the concentration of the
solute is the same throughout a system
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• Because diffusion depends on random particle movements, substances diffuse across membranes without energy being used
• Even during equilibrium, particles still move, but there is no net change in concentration
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Osmosis• The diffusion of water
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Osmosis
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Isotonic• The concentration of solutes is
the same inside and outside the cell
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Hypertonic• Solution has a higher solute
concentration than the cell
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Hypotonic
• Solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell
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Facilitated Diffusion• Movement of specific molecules across
cell membranes through protein channels
HighConcentration
LowConcentration
CellMembrane
Glucosemolecules
Proteinchannel
•Only go from high concentrations to low concentrations
•Does not require energy
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Types of Active Transport
• Sometimes cells must move materials in the opposite direction–Low concentrations to high
concentrations
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Active Transport• Energy requiring process that
moves materials across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient
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Active TransportMolecule tobe carried
Moleculebeing carried
Energy
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Molecular transport• Small molecules and ions are
actively transported
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Carrier proteins• Proteins that act like pumps
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Endocytosis• The process of taking material into the cell
by means of infolding of the membrane
Food particle engulfing Forms a vacuole
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Phagocytosis
• Cell eating
• White blood cells do this
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Pinocytosis• Cell drinking
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Exocytosis• Forces contents out of the cell
• Endocytosis in reverse
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Section 3-4
The Diversity of Cellular life
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Unicellular Organism• Single celled
• Do everything a living organism does
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Multicellular Organism• Many celled
• Depend on communication and cooperation among specialized cells
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Specialization
• When cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks
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Red Blood Cells• Transport
oxygen
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Pancreatic Cells• Make
proteins
• Packed with ribosomes
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Skeletal Muscle• Generate force
• Packed with mitochondria
• Overdeveloped cytoskeleton
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Nerve Cell• Send messages
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Guard Cells• Open and close the stomata
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Levels of Organization
Cells Tissues Organs
Organ Systems
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Tissues• Group of similar cells that perform
specific function
• Ex.) smooth muscle
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Organ• Group of tissues that work
together to perform a specific function
• Ex.) stomach
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Organ System• Group of organs that work together to
perform a specific function
• Ex.) digestive system
• This organization creates a division of labor that makes multicellular life possible
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Biological Organization