Chapter 7Chapter 7Expansion and Industrialization

The RailroadsThe RailroadsUnion PacificCentral PacificCornelius Vanderbilt

Union PacificUnion PacificEastern rail company which

joined with tracks with the Central Pacific in Promontory, Utah , in 1869

Central PacificCentral PacificA rail company from Sacramento,

California, which joined with tracks with the Union Pacific in Promontory, Utah , in 1869

Cornelius VanderbiltCornelius VanderbiltHe and his son William, owners of

the New York Central, became immensely rich through railroad mergers, such as the Union Pacific & Central Pacific.

Cities located at railroad hubs, such as New York, St. Louis, and Chicago, experienced explosive growth during this time.

Conflicts With Native Conflicts With Native AmericansAmericansReservationsFrontier WarsBuffalo SoldiersSioux and Chippewah

ReservationsReservationsParcels of land set aside by the

federal government for Native Americans.

Frontier WarsFrontier WarsConflict between Native

Americans, and new settlers, as a result of the settlers settling on the Native Americans’ lands.

Buffalo SoldiersBuffalo Soldiers

Name given by the Native Americans to members of 4 all-black regiments, the 9th & 10th Cavalry, & the 24th & 25th Infantry divisions, which were well known for their bravery in battle.

Sioux and ChippewahSioux and Chippewah“Plains Indians,” who depended

heavily on the buffalo for food, clothing, & shelter. When the “white settlers,” began killing buffalo for sport and hides, the plains indians could no longer continue their ancestral way of life, and were forced to move onto reservations, where they became dependent on government assistance.

Important Indian Battles and Important Indian Battles and Congressional ActionCongressional ActionThe Sioux Wars

1. Battle of the Little Big HornThe Nez Perce Trail

1. Chief JosephDawes ActWounded Knee

1. Ghost Dance2. Sitting Bull

The Sioux WarsThe Sioux Wars1860s – 1870s, Gold was found in the Dakota

region, which is where the Sioux lived. Supporting the gold prospectors, the U.S. Army fought the Sioux tribes. During one battle, the Battle of Little Big Horn (1876), Sioux warriors surrounded a U.S. force led by General Custer, U.S. Army. Sioux warriors killed every soldier under Custard’s command.

The Sioux were fighting a losing war, by 1877, the Sioux and Cheyenne had surrendered, and they were moved to reservations in the Dakotas or present-day Oklahoma.

The Nez Perce TrailThe Nez Perce TrailThey lived in the Oregon TerritoryLeader was Chief JosephAttempted to flee the federal government,

by fleeing to Canada, however, they were stopped

30 miles from the border, and were forced to Oklahoma, where the Nez Perce people almost completely died off due to sickness and malnutrician.

Once forced off the land, white settlers eagerly claimed the rich farmland of the Oregon territory.

Dawes ActDawes ActGeneral Allotment Act Intended to assimilate Native Americans into

mainstream society.Reservation lands were dissolvedNative American families were given 160 acres

to farmNative American tribes having excess land were

forced to sell their land at outrageous prices. The U.S. government did not supply and training

or tools for successful agriculture, as a result, the Native Americans were plunged deeply into poverty, and became wards of the state.

Wounded KneeWounded Knee Wovoka, a Paiute prophet of the Sioux developed a religious

ritual called the Ghost dance, which the Sioux believed would bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land. The dance alarmed white settlers, so they called on the U.S. Army.

The Army believed the Sioux leader, Sitting Bull, was using the Ghost Dance to start a Native American uprising.

When the Army tried to arrest Sitting Bull, a gunfight resulted, killing 14 people, including Sitting Bull.

The infantry soldiers pursued the Sioux men, women, and children to their camp at Wounded Knee Creek. A shot rang out, and the soldiers started firing. The Army killed between 150 and 370 men, women, and children, mostly unarmed.

This massacre marked the end of the U.S. Army battles with Native Americans in the lower 48 states.

Important Developments Used Important Developments Used in Continental Expansionin Continental ExpansionThe Bessemer ProcessThe RevolverThe Steel PlowThe WindmillBarbed WireThe Railroad

The Bessemer ProcessThe Bessemer ProcessIn the late 1850s, Sir Henry Bessemer

developed a faster and more efficient way of making steel. The process involved blowing air through molten iron to burn away impurities.

Steel meant that railroads could be expanded faster, and also made the building of sky scrapers in cities possible.

Bessemer, Alabama, an important steel center is named after Sir Henry.

The RevolverThe RevolverType of pistol which has a

cylinder containing several chambers, allowing for rapid firing.

Famous makers were Samuel Colt, and Edwin Wesson.

The Steel PlowThe Steel PlowInvented by John DeereWas strong enough to cut

through the tough prarie sod of the Midwest and the Plains.

The WindmillThe WindmillUses wind power to pump water

to the surface.

Barbed WireBarbed WireDeveloped by Joseph GliddenMade by twisting together

sections of wire into barbed points.

Allowed farmers to cheaply and efficiently fence in their land.

The RailroadThe RailroadMore than any other development,

the railroad revolutionized the development of farming and industrial regions west of the Mississippi.

The mechanization of agriculture allowed farmers to produce an abundance of what they needed for survival, so they needed to find a way to get their additional crops to market. The railroad would allow them to do just that.

Farming in the 1870s and Farming in the 1870s and 1880s1880sGrangePopulist Party

GrangeGrangeCo-operative formed by the farmers

to pool their resources to purchase new supplies and machinery, as well as their produce, without paying other distributers.

Farmers founded other organizations on similar ideas including the Northwestern Alliance, Southern Farmers’ Alliance, and the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance

Populist PartyPopulist PartyFormed in 1892By 1897 began to disappear due

to the lack of support of labor from he populous Northeast.

Was formed to address the concerns of farmers and other reformers

Alabama Agriculture and Alabama Agriculture and IndustryIndustryBlack BeltBoll Weevil

Black BeltBlack BeltLarge region of black fertile soil

in Alabama.

Boll WeevilBoll WeevilInsect that made its appearance

in the South, ravaging the cotton crops of Alabama

Important Industrial Important Industrial InventionsInventionsCyrus West Field

1. Transatlantic CableAlexander Graham BellGuglielmo Marconi

Cyrus West FieldCyrus West FieldMerchant and financier whose

efforts led to laying the first telegraph cable beneath the Atlantic Ocean in 1866.

This transatlantic cable allowed the U.S. to hear developments in Europe immediately through telegraph messages.

Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham BellInvented the telephone

Guglielmo MarconiGuglielmo MarconiInvented the radio

Negative Aspects of Negative Aspects of UrbanizationUrbanization Monopolies

1. monopoly2. John D. Rockefeller3. Andrew Carnegie4. Cornelius Vanderbilt5. Robber Barons6. Social Darwinism

A Positive Spin on Wealth1. Horatio Alger

Labor Unions1. labor unions2. strike3. American Federation of Labor (AFL)

MonopolyMonopoly A company that corners the market and is the only supplier of

for its particular industry. People like John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and Cornelius

Vanderbilt acquired great wealth by forming monopolies

These 19th century capitalists were called robber barons because many of them acquired wealth by exploitation and ruthlessness

These business leaders became extremely rich because they could set their prices where they liked, and consumers would have to pay that price because these companies were the only supplier of their product.

They believed in the idea of Social Darwinism, drawing from Darwin’s observation of animals in the wild, which states that only the strongest survive. Life is a contest of survival of the fittest.

John D. RokefellerJohn D. RokefellerOwned the Standard Oil

CompanyCreated a monopoly in the oil

industry by ensuring that his company was the only supplier of oil from the driiling to the refining.

Andrew CarnegieAndrew CarnegieOwned a steel company that

controlled the iron and coal mined and owned railroads and steam ships. In this way, his company controlled the production of steel and forced out competition.

Believed people with wealth had a responsibility to use it for the betterment of the poor, an idea he called the Gospel of Wealth.

Cornelius VanderbiltCornelius VanderbiltHe and his son William owned

the New York Central railroad

A Positive Spin on WealthA Positive Spin on Wealth1. Horatio Alger2. Working Conditions3. Labor Unions

Horatio AlgerHoratio AlgerGreatly influenced the business

culture with his many children’s stories.

In these stories, the people gain wealth through hard work and diligence, not social status

This idea led the way for people to think of wealth as a worthy and deserved reward of hard work, not as a sign of excess

Working ConditionsWorking ConditionsLocated in the major cities, the

large industrial corporations provided work for hundreds of thousands.

There were no laws regulating the age or treatment of workers

Men, women, and children worked in poorly lit, often unhealthy conditions

Labor UnionsLabor UnionsLabor UnionsStrikeAmerican Federation of Labor

Labor UnionLabor UnionOrganized of workers who,

together,, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.

StrikeStrikeWorkers refuse to work until a set

of conditions are met

American Federation of American Federation of LaborLaborFounded in 1881Worked to coordinate strikes in

entire industries, such as manufacturing.

In addition, it lobbied Congress to pass laws requiring employers to offer minimum wages and safe working conditions.

ImmigrantsImmigrantsRacismThe Chinese Exclusion ActThe Emergency Quota ActNational Origins Act of 1924

RacismRacismPrejudice

NativismNativismFavoring one’s nation or region

The Chinese Exclusion ActThe Chinese Exclusion ActChineese were prohibited from

legally immigrating to the United States

The Emergency Quota ActThe Emergency Quota ActTo stop the tide of immigrants

from Southern and Eastern Europe, Congress passed a law limiting the number of legal immigrants to 3% of the number of each nationality in 1910.

National Origins Act 1924National Origins Act 1924Because the Emergency Quota Act did

not substantially reduce the number of immigrants from Southern & Eastern Europe, Congress changed the quota to 2% of each nationality’s population in the U.S. in 1890. In 1890, there were few immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, so immigration from those nations was reduced considerably by this law. In addition, the law prohibited all immigration from Asia.

The Progressive The Progressive MovementMovementProgressivismBoss William TweedMuckrakersUpton SinclairIda TarbellHorace Mann

ProgressivismProgressivismDeveloped in response to the growing

corruption of politicians by the forces of big business.

Progressives championed the causes of whoever was being oppressed in the society.

They fought to bring down big city bosses who gained enormous wealth and power through bribery and corruption; this corruption often hurt the poor and immigrants the most.

Boss William Tweed Boss William Tweed (1823 – 1872)(1823 – 1872)One of the most famous big city

bossesStole over 100 million dollars

from the treasury of New York City

MuckrakersMuckrakersLeading intellectuals who wrote

stories concerning the abuses of big business on workers and on the consumers.

Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair(1878 – 1968)(1878 – 1968)Muckracker who wrote The Jungle

(1906).Exposed the miserable working conditions

and dangerous food quality in meat processing plants in Chicago.

For ex. Rats and other rodents, which ran rampant in the plants, frequently found themselves ground in with the beef for hamburger meat, fur and all.

Sinclair’s work promted Congress to pass pure food laws.

Ida TarbellIda Tarbell(1857 – 1944)(1857 – 1944)Famous work exposed work

abuses; The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904).

Tarbell exposed the ruthless practices of Standard Oil Company in its quest to gain a monopoly in the oil business.

Horace MannHorace Mann(1796 – 1859)(1796 – 1859)Began the push for public education earlier earlier

in the 19th century, Progressive reformers secured the opportunity of at least and elementary education for the vast majority of U.S. citizens.

Unlike other countries where the educational curriculum was set by the central government, the U.S. entrusted local school districts with educational decisions.

The Progressive movement gained momentum and mobilized to support the passage of new amendments to the Constitution. Both Democrats & Republicans often considered themselves Progressives because they were concerned correcting injustices in the U.S. society.

Important Amendments to the Important Amendments to the ConstitutionConstitution16th Amendment17th Amendment18th Amendment19th Amendment

1616thth Amendment (1913) Amendment (1913)Congress now had the power to

collect taxes on business and individuals. This amendment allowed the federal government to have access to vast amounts of money to be used in social programs and defense

1717thth Amendment AmendmentProvided that people of a state

elect their senators instead of the state legislatures

1818thth Amendment AmendmentProhibited the making, selling, or

transporting, of alcoholic beverages

1919thth Amendment AmendmentWomen received the right to vote

President Theodore President Theodore RooseveltRooseveltTheodore RooseveltNational Park SystemSherman Antitrust ActThe Square DealPure Food and Drug Act

Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt (Served 1901 – 1908)(Served 1901 – 1908)Progressive president who initiated

several reforms while in officeEstablished the National Park System

Prosecuted the Northern Securities Trust for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act

Promoted The Square DealPromoted the Pure Food and Drug Act

National Park SystemNational Park SystemProtected huge amounts of land

from developmentSet aside 150 million acres in the

continental U.S. and another 34 million acres in Alaska for conservation

Sherman Antitrust ActSherman Antitrust ActAct which didn’t allow

monopoliesA group of smaller railroad

companies formed the Northern Securities Trust to set prices and eliminate smaller competitors

The Square DealThe Square DealA verbal contract with the people

to maintain equality both for individuals and for business

This policy encouraged the popular press to expose corruption

Pure Food and Drug ActPure Food and Drug ActAct which protects the health of

the U.S. by passing strict regulations on the food industry

Election of 1912Election of 1912William Howard TaftWoodrow WilsonNew FreedomFederal Trade Commission (FTC)Clayton Antitrust Act

William Howard TafWilliam Howard TafttTheodore Roosevelt’s vice-presidentRepublicanLost Progressive support after backing

a high tariff, and as a result, Roosevelt ran against Taft as the leader of the Progressive Party. Because the competition between the two split the Republican Party, the Democratic candidate, Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) became the next president.

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow WilsonBegan administration supporting

many Progressive causesIssued a new reform program

called New FreedomUrged Congress to establish the

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914)

Urged Congress to pass the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

New FreedomNew FreedomGoal was to ensure that there

was competition in the marketplace, while at the same time, without any government interference

Federal Trade Commission Federal Trade Commission (FTC)(FTC)Had the power to investigate

companies for unfair business practices

Clayton Antitrust ActClayton Antitrust ActSupported by Alabama

congressman Henry De Lamar Clayton.

Made sure that business could not use antitrust laws to break up labor unions

Race Relations After Race Relations After ReconstructionReconstruction Ku Klux Klan Black Exodus Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Institute Atlanta Exposition Atlanta Compromise Blue collar fields George Washington Carver W.E.B. Du Bois White collar fields Niagara Movement National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

(NAACP) Plessy vs. Fergusson segregation

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux KlanGroup of white men who

increased activities of terrorism and violence against blacks in the South. Lynchings of blacks were commonplace, and their schools were frequently burned.

Founded by Nathan Bedford Forrest

Black ExodusBlack ExodusThe journey of blacks from the

South to areas of the North and West

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington(1856 – 1915)(1856 – 1915)Former slave who founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama for blacks

Spoke at the Atlanta Exposition which became known as the Atlanta Compromise

His philosophy rested on maintaining a separation of the races

Tuskegee InstituteTuskegee InstituteSchool which provided training in

the industrial and agricultural field

School became an important center for technical education in the South

Atlanta ExpositionAtlanta ExpositionSpeech in 1895, in which Booker T.

Washington said, “In all things that are purely social we (whites and blacks) can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”

Because Booker T. Washington’s ideas appealed to many, black and white, this speech became known as the Atlanta Compromise

Atlanta CompromiseAtlanta CompromiseSpeech given at the Atlanta Exposition,

in which Booker T. Washington taught that if blacks excelled educationally and occupationally in the blue collar fields (occupations requiring manual labor), they would eventually receive the rights of full citizenship. His ideas played well in both black and white communities because of his compromising, non-confrontational approach to race relations.

Blue Collar FieldsBlue Collar FieldsOccupations requiring manual

labor

George Washington George Washington CarverCarverStudent of Booker T. WashingtonFamous for his agricultural

experimentation with peanuts, soybeans, and cotton.

W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois(1868 – 1963)(1868 – 1963)1st black Ph. D. graduate from Harvard

UniversityWrote several important papers attacking the

philosophy of Booker T. WashingtonArgued persuasively that blacks would be selling

out their freedoms to whites by not pursuing occupations in the humanities and in white collar fields (clerical or professional)

Believed Washington’s work made accomodations to the wishes of the white majority which hindered efforts for black advancement and equality.

Helped organize the Niagara Movement

White Collar FieldsWhite Collar FieldsClerical or Professional jobs

Niagara MovementNiagara MovementMeeting of an organized group of black

intellectuals who met on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls after they were denied hotel accommodations in the U.S. At this meeting, they outlined an agenda for black progress in the U.S.

Goals of the Niagara Movement included: Equal economic and political opportunities for blacks, Ending of segregation, and Ending discrimination in the court system, public facilities, and trade unions

National Association for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)(NAACP)In 1909, DuBois joined an

organization of black and white intellectuals and formed the NAACP

Adopted the goals of the Niagara Movement as its own

Began by producing an influential publication edited by DuBois called The Crises. His writing of lynchings in the South and other issues helped change the minds of people

Plessy vs. FergussonPlessy vs. FergussonSupreme Court case which ruled that segregation

(separation of the races) is lawful as long as the separate facilities and services are equal.

This ruling led to an increasing segregation of all facilities. Southern states segregated schools, bathrooms, restaurants, and even water fountains. Services however, were not equal as the law required. Facilities provided for blacks were usually of lesser quality. In the North, neighborhoods became increasingly segregated. This segregation led to an increase in racial tensions and misunderstandings throughout the U.S.

SegregationSegregationSeparation of the races

Racial Injustice in Racial Injustice in AlabamaAlabamaRacial Injustice in AlabamaAlabama Constitution (1901)

Racial Injustice in Racial Injustice in AlabamaAlabama The 1890s was a period of great racial hatred in

Alabama. Lynchings of blacks in Alabama occurred frequently. Democrats, who made segregation the cornerstone of their campaigns, continually won elections by stuffing the ballot boxes with names of fictitious or deceased people. The voter fraud was so widespread it received national attention in the 1894 governor’s election. To prevent scutiny by the federal government, the Democrats proposed a new Alabama Constitution (1901) that added the requirement of a literacy test or land ownership to be able to vote. This referendum passed in Alabama through rampant voter fraud. With its passage, the number of eligible black voters fell from 180,000 to 3,600. Blacks, who favored the Republican party, could no longer vote. This constitution insured that Democrats would stay in power.

Alabama Constitution (1901)Alabama Constitution (1901)Added the requirement of a literacy

test or land ownership to be able to vote. This referendum passed in Alabama through rampant voter fraud. With its passage, the number of eligible black voters fell from 180,000 to 3,600. Blacks, who favored the Republican party, could no longer vote. This constitution insured that Democrats would stay in power.