chapter 7: solutions section 1: solutions vs mixtures sodium chloride liquid solution air is a...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 7: Solutions
Section 1:Solutions VS Mixtures
Sodium Chloride Liquid
Solution
Air is a Gaseous Solution
![Page 2: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
•Mixtures of different substances exist all around us.–Many of these mixtures are invisible, and we never notice them.
–However, some mixtures can easily be identified.
What is a mixture?
![Page 3: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
•All matter is either a pure substance or a mixture of other substances.–Definition: pure substance – matter that has a fixed chemical composition.
•For example:
What is a mixture?
Water is a pure substance. It is ALWAYS H2O.
Kool-Aid is a mixture of water and other substances.
![Page 4: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
•Mixtures can be categorized into two groups:–Heterogeneous and Homogeneous
–Definition: heterogeneous mixture – a mixture made of visibly different substances.•The particles in a het. Mixture are not spread evenly.
•Orange juice with pulp is an example of a heterogeneous mixture.
Types of Mixtures
![Page 5: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Heterogeneous Mixture
Clear Orange Juice
Orange Juice Pulp
![Page 6: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Different fragments make
up this rock.
This rock is a heterogeneous mixture.
![Page 7: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
•Homogeneous mixtures look the same all over.–Definition: homogeneous mixture – a mixture in which the particles are spread evenly.
–Sweet tea is an example of a homogenous mixture.
–There are several different substances (tea, water, and sugar) but you cannot see them. The tea looks uniform (the same) throughout.
Homogeneous Mixtures
![Page 8: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
+
=
+
![Page 9: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The tea looks the same throughout
the pitcher.
![Page 10: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
•We can call homogeneous mixtures by another name: solutions.–Definition: solution - a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances that are evenly dispersed.
Solutions
![Page 11: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Many solutions are formed by dissolving one substance into another substance.
– These tablets are dissolving in the water to form a
solution.
Solutions
![Page 12: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• It is important to know what makes up a solution.
• All solutions are made of solutes and solvents.
– Definition: solute - a substance that dissolves into another substance.
– Definition: solvent - a substance that a solute is dissolved into.
What is in a Solution?
![Page 13: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
•For example:–When you stir sugar into water, the sugar dissolves.
–The water is the solvent.–The sugar is the solute.
Solvents
Solute Solvent Solution
+ =
![Page 14: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
•Water is very good at dissolving things.–Water is known as “The Universal Solvent”
The Universal Solvent
![Page 15: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
•Not all solutions contain water!•Other states of matter can be
solutions.–Gases & Solids can form solutions also.
–Air is an example of a gaseous solution.
–Air is composed of lots of different gases that we cannot see.
Other types of Solutions
![Page 16: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
•2 or more solids can form solutions also.–Metal alloys are homogenous mixtures that contain a metal mixed with another substance.
–Some examples are:•Steel – iron and carbon•Brass – copper and zinc•Bronze – copper and tin
Metal Alloys
![Page 17: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
•In order to make an alloy, the metals must be melted.–While melted, the metals are mixed to form a solution.
Metal Alloys
+Tin Copper
Bronze
![Page 18: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Chapter 7: Solutions
Section 2: How Substances Dissolve
![Page 19: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Water can dissolve ionic compounds because of its structure.– The electrons in the hydrogen atoms
are pulled toward the oxygen atom.
– This gives the oxygen atom a slight negative charge.
– The hydrogen atoms gain a slight positive charge.
How do things dissolve?
![Page 20: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Water Molecule
Oxygen
H H
![Page 21: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Because water’s + and – charges are not spread out evenly, it becomes “polar”.
– Definition: polar compound – a molecule that has a positive side and a negative side.
•Because water is a polar compound, it is a good solvent.
Polar Compound
![Page 22: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
– In chemistry, a rule of thumb is that “like dissolves like.”
–Water is a polar compound, so it can dissolve other polar compounds.
– If water cannot dissolve a substance, then that substance is “nonpolar”.
Like dissolves Like
![Page 23: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
– Definition: nonpolar compound – a compound that has no charge on its molecules..
•Nonpolar compounds can only dissolve other nonpolar substances.
•Example – oil-based paint will not dissolve in water. A nonpolar solvent must be used.
Nonpolar Compound
![Page 24: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Polar vs. Nonpolar
Oil is Nonpolar
They cannot mix.
Water is Polar
![Page 25: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• We have all seen solutes dissolve into solvents before.
• And we all *probably* know some ways to speed up the process.
The Dissolving Process
![Page 26: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Making a solute smaller makes it dissolve faster.– By crushing up a solute, you increase the
surface area.
The Dissolving Process
Rock Salt
Crushed Salt
![Page 27: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Stirring or shaking will make a solute dissolve faster.
The Dissolving Process
![Page 28: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Increasing the solvent’s temperature will make the solute dissolve faster.
The Dissolving Process
Which one willDissolve sugar
Fastest?
![Page 29: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Did you know that liquids can dissolve gases?
• Fish and other aquatic life breath oxygen that has dissolved into water.
• Liquids dissolve gases best when they are cold.
The Dissolving Process: Gases
![Page 30: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Don’t believe it? Well, consider this…
– Which makes a louder “whoosh” sound when opened… a hot soda or a cold one?
The Dissolving Process: Gases
![Page 31: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• The amount of solute dissolved in a solvent affects its concentration.
– Think of concentration as being how “strong” a solution is.
– Definition: concentration – the amount of a substance in a certain amount of solution.
Concentration
![Page 32: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
•“Concentrated” substances have lots of solute.
•“Diluted” substances only have a little solute.
Concentration
![Page 33: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• When a solvent can no longer hold any more solute, we called it “saturated”.
– Definition: saturated solution – a solution that cannot dissolve any more of a given solute.
– Definition: unsaturated – a solution that CAN hold more solute.
Saturated / Unsaturated
![Page 34: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Sometimes, a solvent can be made to hold more solute than normal.– The solution is called “supersaturated”.
– Definition: supersaturated – a solution that has more solute than normal.
Super Saturated
![Page 35: Chapter 7: Solutions Section 1: Solutions VS Mixtures Sodium Chloride Liquid Solution Air is a Gaseous Solution](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033014/56649ec15503460f94bcc7f4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
•Supersaturated solutions are unstable.–The extra solute can “fall out” at any time.
Super Saturated