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CHAPTER 7

THE REIGN OF SULTAN HASHIM 1885 - 1906

“O you who believe! If you help (in the cause of) Allah, He will help you, and make your foothold firm.” (Muhammad:7)

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7.1 FURTHER LOSS OF TERRITORIES

The 25th Sultan of Brunei was Sultan Hashim. He became Sultan in 1885.

In 1885, Brunei was only the size of Modern Brunei plus the Limbang and Pandaruan districts.

In order to stop the British from taking more land by force, the Sultan ceded Terusan to Sarawak.

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7.2 THE TREATY OF PROTECTION 1888

Brunei appealed to British Crown for help to prevent further loss of territory

Sir Hugh Low sent from Perak to Brunei to negotiate a treaty, giving British protection

Treaty of Protection, 17th Sept 1888

• British status changed to British protectorate• Britain took over responsibility for Brunei’s external affairs• Brunei guaranteed protection against attacks• Sultan could not cede territory without British consent

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Brunei thought that Treaty of Protection would save it from foreign intervention, especially from Charles

Brooke.

Unfortunately, British considered Charles Brooke a British, so it did not

stop him from seizing Limbang in 1890.

7.2 THE TREATY OF PROTECTION 1888

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7.3 SEIZURE OF LIMBANG

Brunei in 1880

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7.3 SEIZURE OF LIMBANG

Charles Brooke attracted to Limbang because it was

richest food-growing district of Brunei.

He said it was part of land given to him in 1884.

Therefore he seized Limbang on 17 March, 1890

protested to the British Government

Noel Trevenan was sent to investigate the matter

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7.3 SEIZURE OF LIMBANG

Trevenan asked the opinion of 15 of the 33 local chiefs. 12 of the 15 local chiefs said:

We are in favour of joining Sarawak (under

Charles Brooke)

Sultan Hashim objected to this because:

• It ignored the opinion of the chiefs who were not present• Those who were invited were Brooke’s supporters• Trevenan’s officials worked for Brooke

However the British accepted Trevenan’s opinion and confirmed Brooke’s annexation of Limbang

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7.4 DISTURBANCES IN BELAIT AND TUTONG

• Troubles in Belait and Tutong dated from about 1895.

• The main problem was heavy taxes imposed by Tulin holders on people in both areas.

Problems began when the people murdered the tax

collectors

Sultan Hashim’s son-in-law tried to stop the trouble. He executed the rebels.

Charles Brooke took this opportunity to annex Belait and Tutong. He asked the Sultan to cede Belait and Tutong to him.

The Sultan refused. Hence Belait and Tutong remain part of Brunei.

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7.5 THE MCARTHUR REPORT 1904

Sultan Hashim felt like the British were not protecting Brunei. He wrote to Sultan of Turkey to ask for help. This letter was discovered by the British.

• British sent Malcolm McArthur to Brunei to check on problems there• McArthur saw the problems created by Charles Brooke• McArthur recommended a new agreement to supplement the 1888 Treaty of Protection• These agreements would help protect Brunei

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7.6 SUPPLEMENTARY AGREEMENT 1905 - 1906

Supplementary Agreement signed on 31 December 1905 by Sultan Hashim and John Anderson

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• Brunei accepted British Resident to advise on external and internal affairs (except matter relating to Islamic religion)

• Sultan received annual allowance of $12 000, while Pengiran Bendahara and Pengiran Pemancha were given $6 000 each

7.6 SUPPLEMENTARY AGREEMENT 1905 - 1906

1906: Brunei’s first resident – Malcolm McArthur1 January 1984: Brunei regained full independence

Terms of Supplementary Agreement

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CHAPTER 7: SUMMARY

Sultan Hashim1885 - 1906

Further loss of territories

Treaty of Protection 1888

Charles Brooke

Seizure of Limbang

Noel Trevenan

Troubles in Belait and

Tutong 1895

McArthur Report 1904

Supplementary Agreement

1905 / 1906