chapter 8

Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 7e

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Chapter 8Assessment Intelligence

Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 7eDrummond/Jones


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Intelligence is often conceptualized as a general intellectual ability, but there is little agreement on what specific skills or abilities contribute to intelligence.

What is Intelligence?



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General Intelligence Factor Ability Traits Multiple Intelligences Information Processing Ability

Definitions of Intelligence



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Adaptation to the environment Basic mental processes Higher order thinking Information processing Awareness and control of cognitive

processes

Common Factors of Intelligence



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1904: Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory 1966: Cattell-Horn Gf-Gc Theory 1970: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 1970: Luria’s Model 1983: Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences 1993: Carroll’s Three-Stratum Model of Human Abilities 2000: Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Hierarchical Three-

Stratum Model 1994: Planning-Attention-Simultaneous-Successive

(PASS) Theory of Cognitive Processing

Theories of Intelligence



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Intelligence is comprised of: 1) General Intelligence Factor (g); 2) Specific Factors

Spearman’s theory was highly controversial, but found supportin the fact that all mental tests were positively correlated.

Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory



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Crystallized word fluency general information vocabulary verbal comprehension

Fluid Speed of information

processing Ability to detect relationships Other abstract thinking

abilities

Cattell proposed two primaryForms of intelligence:

• Crystallized• Fluid

According to Cattell’s theoryboth forms of intelligence increasethroughout childhood and adolescence.However, fluid intelligence beginsto decline in the 30’s and 40’s.

Cattell-Horn Gf-Gc Theory



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A student of Cattell’s, John Horn, adding several broad abilities beyond Cattell’s original theory.

short-term acquisition and retrieval (Gsm) visual intelligence (Gv) auditory intelligence (Ga) long-term storage and retrieval (Glr) cognitive processing speed (Gs) correct decision speed (CDS) quantitative knowledge (Gq reading and writing skills (Grw)

Cattell-Horn Gf-Gc Theory



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Carroll used an empirical approach to determine that there are three layers or strata of cognitive ability.

Stratum III: general ability, similar to g. Stratum II: broad abilities, which include fluid intelligence,

crystallized intelligence, general memory and learning, broad visual perception, broad auditory perception, broad retrieval ability, broad cognitive speediness, and processing speed.

Stratum I: narrow abilities, which are specific factors grouped under the Stratum II abilities.

Carroll’s Three-Stratum Model ofHuman Abilities



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The Hierarchical model is an integration of the Cattell-Horn Gf-Gc and Carroll three-stratum theory.

The CHC model has been described as a hierarchical, multiple-stratum model with general intelligence (g) at the apex (or stratum III), nine broad cognitive abilities (G) (stratum II), and at least 69 narrow cognitive abilities (stratum I).

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC)Hierarchical Three-Stratum Model



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Intelligence develops through the interaction of biological maturation and experience and progresses through four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational periods

Piaget’s Theory of CognitiveDevelopment



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Assimilation is the process by which a child relates new objects and ideas to familiar objects and ideas.

Accommodation is the process by which a child changes behavior and psychological structures in response to environmental events.




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Neuropsychological approach Examined client’s with brain lesions to

determine functions of brain sections. Integration of 3 “blocks” of the brain. 3 Blocks in brain’s functional system:

Block 1: arousal, concentration, attention Block 2: Using senses to integrate data Block 3: Executive functions (planning,

responding, etc.)

Luria’s Model



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Gardner proposed that there are eight types of intelligence that work together to solve problems.

Linguistic intelligence Logical/mathematical intelligence Spatial intelligence Bodily/kinesthetic intelligence Musical/rhythmic intelligence Interpersonal intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence Naturalistic intelligence

Gardner’s Theory of MultipleIntelligences



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Designed to evaluate cognitive strengths and weaknesses.

Excellent predictors of academic success. Used for:

screening for potential problems identification of intellectual ability placement of individuals support in clinical evaluation

Intelligence Tests



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Das and colleagues’ theory centers on the concept of information processing. They suggested that four cognitive processes are the basic building blocks of human intellectual functioning (extension of Luria’s work):

Planning is a mental activity that involves setting goals, problem-solving, knowledge, intentionality, and self-regulation to achieve a desired goal.

Attention is the process involving focused cognitive activity (while ignoring other distractions).

Simultaneous processing involves perceiving information as a whole (e.g., spatially).

Successive processing involves the ability to integrate information into a sequential order.

Planning-Attention-Simultaneous-Successive(PASS) Theory of Cognitive Processing



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Intelligence tests measure an individual’s current intellectual ability level.

Achievement tests measure what an individual knows or can do right now, in the present.

Aptitude tests are future-oriented, predicting what an individual is capable of doing with further training and education.

Intelligence, Achievement andAptitude Tests – Comparison



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Is intelligence one general ability, or many abilities?

Is intelligence hereditary or learned? How can we overcome cultural bias in

intelligence tests? Is intelligence stable over the lifespan? How do we account for increasing IQ

scores over the last 100 years?

Issues in Intelligence Testing

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