Chapter 8A New CenturyMr. Athan

First in Flight

December 17, 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright airplane stayed aloft for 12 seconds

An Age of Growth and Conflict The Wright brothers’

accomplishment opened a century filled with technological wonders.

Technology sped up industrial growth, which brought many changes to North Carolina

Cars kept residents on the move, and radios linked them to the rest of the world.

Towns and cities grew

New roads and schools sprang up around the state.

How did growth, conflict, and challenges affect change in North Carolina? Social and political problems proved

harder to handle than the laws of physics.

Flying machines soon became powerful weapons in a deadly world war.

a growing economy produced poverty as well as prosperity.

Tenant farmers and sharecroppers still struggled to make ends meet.

factory workers, advances in technology sometimes made jobs more difficult and harder to find

Technology at the Turn of the Century

Textile Mills

Hundreds of textile mills opened in North Carolina between the 1880s and the 1930s.

Nine-year-old Nannie started on a spinning machine

She worked 12 hours a day during the week, 10 hours on Saturdays.

She made 25 cents a day.

The Growth of Industry

Business profits helped build towns, churches, schools, hospitals, and libraries.

Factories also shaped new social classes.

Industry also increased the number of middle-class professionals, like lawyers, managers, and merchants.

For much of the state’s history, most North Carolinians had been small farmers, large landowners, or slaves.

Now, the thousands who worked in textile, tobacco, or furniture factories formed a new working class

The Power of Electricity

Brothers W. Gill and Robert Wylie and William States Lee convinced tobacco king James Buchanan Duke to invest a large piece of his fortune in their idea.

The Southern Power Company (which later became Duke Power) soon began building hydroelectric dams on rivers across the region

Hydrostatic Dam

Life as a Mill Worker

every member of a family was expected to work— even children as young as 9 or 10 years old

If too many family members quit or were fired from the mills, the family had to move out of the village.

mill work offered a steadier income than sharecropping or tenant farming.

Life as a Mill Worker

Mill workers had far less independence than farmers.

A mill worker’s life was governed by the mill clock and whistle.

Mill owners had a lot of control over workers’ lives.

This kind of relationship between mill owners and their workers became known as paternalism.

Young textile workers having fun

“Welfare Work”

To keep workers from moving so often, mill owners often started education and entertainment programs in their villages.

Owners wanted workers to develop habits and goals that would help them thrive in modern industrial life.

Organized sports taught workers to follow rules and work as a team to achieve goals.

The Progressive Era

Regulation and Safety

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which inspected meat and tested drugs for safety.

income tax to pay for government programs and created a program to regulate banking.

North Carolina Progressives

Governors Charles Aycock, Locke Craig, and Thomas Bickett.

supported public health campaigns

found money for roads and public schools.

built YMCAs and YWCAs

Hookworms

are parasites that live in a person’s intestines

feed on red blood cells.

As a result, people with serious hookworm infestations always feel tired and sluggish.

43% of population had hookworms

How did economic, legal, and social institutions impact North Carolina?

Improving State Schools

Governor Aycock called for “the shining of ten thousand lights emanating from as many schools.”

Early students came to school only when they could be spared from farmwork.

new schools used the system of “graded” schooling.

The goal was to master a full grade’s material every year

Early SchoolThese children attended school in High Shoals.

How did the changing role of education impact the state? Many farm families did not see the

importance of formal education. North Carolina’s new economy

offered many new opportunities jobs as clerks, managers, teachers,

and engineers—for educated people. School became the path to a better

life in a way it had never been before.

The Fight Against Child Labor

” Why do you think the boss didn’t want the young boy photographed?

Separate and Unequal

Most of North Carolina’s Progressive reforms had limited benefits for people of color

two public school systems, one for whites and one for blacks.

White schools received more than three times as much money per student than black schools did

Jim Crow Laws

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states could legally establish “separate but equal” institutions for blacks.

forced blacks to ride in separate railway cars and at the backs of buses.

kept blacks from buying houses in white neighborhoods.

States followed the “separate” part of the law while ignoring the “equal” part.

Customs and Culture

Employers typically hired whites for skilled jobs and blacks for unskilled jobs.

Blacks were expected to address whites as “sir” and “ma’am” while whites called blacks by their first names.

Blacks were also expected to give up bus seats to whites and to step off sidewalks to let whites pass.

Lynchers took pictures of their victims and sent them as postcards through the mail

The Revival of the Klan The Birth of a Nation, the country’s first

major feature film The movie praised members of the Ku Klux

Klan as heroes. President Woodrow Wilson praised it Klan members were against not only

blacks, but also Jews, Catholics, and immigrants.

The organization’s slogan was “Native, White, Protestant Supremacy.”

More than 3 million people across the country joined.

This poster advertised The Birth of a Nation.

What was one effect the movie had on the Ku Klux Klan?

African Americans Fight Back Faced challenges of the segregation,

discrimination, and racial violence Members of the National Association

for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) challenged legal segregation and worked for anti-lynching laws.

W. E. B. DuBois urged blacks to fight for their rights.

The North Carolina Mutual

turned discrimination into an opportunity.

expanded throughout the South and became the largest black-owned financial institution in the nation.

Palmer Memorial Institute African Americans also devoted

themselves to black schools.

advertised her school as a vocational institution, a school that teaches a trade.

Many local whites donated money to it.

How did WWI affect North Carolina? More than 80,000 North Carolinians

served in the war The wartime demand for goods raised

crop prices, textile wages, and factory profits, which boosted the state economy.

While some North Carolinians left home to go to war, others left home to look for jobs.

African Americans led the way.

U.S. Army Camps in NC

Camp Greene A Speech at Camp Greene

Josephus Daniels

most prominent North Carolinian in the war

was a newspaper editor

served as Woodrow Wilson’s secretary of the Navy throughout the conflict.

What changes occurred in North Carolina during the 1920s? A time of economic growth and

social change. “Good Roads State” - state roads

commissioner Harriet Morehead Berry helped pass a law that created hundreds of miles of paved highways.

“roadhouses” - popular dance clubs along the roads outside of towns.

Prohibition

Throughout the 1920s, drinking, selling, or making alcoholic beverages was illegal in the United States

Many North Carolinians knew how to make, or distill, their own whiskey, and they hid it from the law

Rural distillers were known as “moonshiners

Early Still

North Carolina Musicians

Charlie Poole J. C. and Wade Mainer Lester Flatt Earl Scruggs Reverend Gary Davis Sonny Terry Blind Boy Fuller

Music and History

Women’s Suffrage

Congress to pass the Nineteenth Amendment, which gave women the right to vote. 36 states ratified the amendment.

NC did not many of the men who ran the state

did not think women should vote.

Religious Paths Holiness and Pentecostalismstressed the importance of physically feeling the

power of God, so services were full of shouting and dancing. stressed speaking in unknown languages

The Social GospelThey felt God had called them to improve

conditions for the poor and suffering

FundamentalismOne of the group’s major assertions was that the

Bible was literally true. Believed the theory of evolution contradicted the story of creation told in the Bible

Scopes Trial

In Tennessee, a science teacher named John T. Scopes chose to defy state law by teaching his students about the theory of evolution.

State officials arrested him and put him on trial.

Although Scopes was found guilty, supporters of teaching evolution gained national recognition

Troubles on the Farm

Not all North Carolinians prospered in the 1920s

As industry boomed, farm economy suffered.

The state’s cotton crop was attacked by the boll weevil—a small worm that burrowed into cotton bolls and destroyed crops

Cotton had once made planters rich. Now it made the South the poorest region in the nation

Farmers often had to remove boll weevils by hand