chapter 8 cell growth. in most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 8
Cell Growth
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In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells
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Limits of Cell Growth
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Number 1Cell membrane- food oxygen and water enter and wastes leave
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How fast things enter and leave depends on the surface area
How fast products are used up and waste is produced depends on the volume
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Fig 8-2Surface Area and volume do not increase at the same rate so this is a problem
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Number 2All the information a cell needs to survive and function is stored in the DNAWhen a cell is small enough RNA is made to make all the proteins a cell needs
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As a cell gets bigger it does not make more RNA so there is an information crisisAs the cell grows there is not enough RNA to support its growthThe cell becomes inefficient
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The Solution: Cell Division
The process where by the cell divides into two daughter cellsDraw picture in notes
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Rates of Cell GrowthE. coli – divides every 30 minutes1 day – 14kg mass3 days – mass of earth
Ideal conditions do not last long
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Controls on Cell GrowthCell behavior – cell growth and cell division are carefully controlledHeart and nervous system – cells rarely divide
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Skin and digestive tract – cells divide through life
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When cells come in contact with other cells they stop growing Scientists are still working on why this is true
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Cell growth can be turned on Example – a cut, broken boneCell growth stops when fixed
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Uncontrolled Cell GrowthResults are severeCancer – disorder where cells have lost the ability to control their own growth
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8-2 Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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Eukaryotic CellsNucleus and membrane bound organellesEukaryotic cells divide in two steps
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1. Mitosis – the process by which the nucleus of a cell is divided into 2 nuclei, each with the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell
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2. Cytokinesis – process of the cytoplasm dividing to form 2 new cells
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The process is complex
1.Large amounts of DNA need to be separated.2.Each cell needs one copy of a chromosome
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ChromosomesStructures in the cell that contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next
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The cells of different organisms contain different numbers of chromosomesHumans – 46Goldfish – 94Dog – 78Cat – 32
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Chromosomes are made of chromatin.Chromatin is made of DNA and proteins.
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When a cell is not dividing chromatin is lose and spread outWhen a cell is going to divide chromatin condenses and chromosomes become visible
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The proteins in chromatin help in the folding of DNA.Helps it fit and keeps it organized.Total length of DNA 10,000x the length of a chromosome
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HistonesCircular proteins that the DNA is wrapped around
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NucleosomeBead like structures of DNA wrapped around a few histones
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Chromosome StructureReady to divide
DNA replicatedChromosomes become visible by condensing
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The structure of eukaryotic chromosomesThe structure of eukaryotic chromosomes
Centromere
Chromosome
Sister chromatids
Supercoil within chromosome
Continued coiling within supercoil
Histone H1
Nucleosome
DNA
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The chromosome has two identical parts – 2 Chromatids
The chromosome has two identical parts – 2 Chromatids
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The two chromatids are often called sister chromatidsCentromere – holds sister chromatids together
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The Cell Cycle
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The period of time from one mitosis to the nextA cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cellsIncludes mitosis
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Mitosis – M phase `
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InterphaseG1 – growth and activityS- DNA replicationG2 – growth and activity
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Some cells in the body go through the cell cycle every 6 hoursSome cells never do (nerve and muscle)
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InterphaseLongPeriod between cell divisions3 phases – G1, S, G2G1 – (gap1) – growth and development
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S (DNA synthesis phase) – replicationProteins associated with chromosomes are also madeG2- gap 2 – shortest phaseSynthesis of materials needed for cell division
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During interphase the cell is activeProteins are made DNA is copiedATP is made and used Cells that are specialized do their thingExample - secretion
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Do NowWhat are the 2 phases of the cell cycle?
What happens in g1?What happens in S phase?What happens in the g2 phase?
What is chromatin?What are histones and nucleosomes?
What do uncopied chromosome s look like?What do copied chromosomes look like?How many chromosomes do humans have?
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Mitosis is divided into 4 stages.
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Prophase (Ready)Metaphase (Middle)Anaphase (away)Telophase (two)
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ProphaseLongest phase50-60% of total mitosis timeChromosomes become visible – coil tightlyCentrioles separate and move to opposite sides
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Chromosomes attach to the spindleNucleolus disappearsNuclear envelope breaks down
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SpindleMeshlike structure that develops from the centriolesHelps chromosomes move
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MetaphaseShortest – few minutesChromosomes line up at the center of the cell
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AnaphaseCentromeres that join sister chromatids splitSister chromatids separates into individual chromosomesChromosomes separate into two groups near the poles
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Over when chromosomes separate
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TelophaseChromosomes loosen up – go back to chromatinOccurs in the area where the nucleus will formNuclear envelope reformsNucleolus becomes visibleMitosis is over
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CytokinesisLast step in cell divisionTwo nuclei form – each with a set of chromosomesCytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm
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Animal Cells – cell membrane pinches inPlant cells – cell plate forms down the middleThe cell wall forms in the cell plate
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Plant Cell undergoing Mitosis
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Mitosis Movie
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9-3 MeiosisA type of cell division that gametes (eggs and sperm) undergo
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A cell has two copies of each chromosome.Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.
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Homologous ChromosomesTwo chromosomes that make up a pairCarry the same types of informationOne originally came from mom and one originally came from dad
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DiploidA cell with pairs of chromosomesOne from mom and one from dad2NDiploid number for humans is 46
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HaploidA single set of chromosomes1N
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AutosomesBody cell chromosomesHumans have 22 pairs
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Sex ChromosomesX and YHumans have twoFemales have 2 X chromosomesMales have an X and Y chromosome
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KaryotypeA picture of all of the chromosomes found in one cell.Can be used to determine gender and genetic diseases.
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Meiosis2N produces 1NProcess of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half2 rounds of cell divisionMeiosis I and Meiosis IIProduces gametes (eggs and sperm)
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Meiosis I
Prophase IMetaphse IAnaphase ITelophase I
Tetrad
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`
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Prophase IIMetaphase IIAnaphase IITelophase II
Telophase II produces gametes (IN) (eggs or sperm)
Meiosis II
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