Page | 1

Mrs. Sample

Holy Cross Collegiate

Science 24

Science 24

Chapter 8: Fossil Fuels

In this chapter you will learn: When fossil fuels were formed How fossil fuels are extracted and refined How combustion of fossil fuels and cellular

respiration are related About the risks and benefits associated with

the use of fossil fuels

Getting Started1. List the fossil fuels that you know of.

2. What do you already know about how fossil fuels were formed?

3. What are the risks of burning fossil fuels?

4. How is the fossil fuel industry important to Alberta?

5. List five ways in which you depend on fossil fuels. For each, not how this use of fossil fuels might affect the environment.

Page | 2

8.1 What Are Fossil Fuels? Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are commonly used ____________________. Like the fossils you can see in rock, they were once ____________________________. Instead of being converted into fossils, the ___________________________ from these plants and animals piled up on the bottom of a swamp, lake, or ocean. It was then covered with many layers of _____________________.

The _______________________________ were often several kilometres thick. ___________ and ____________________ changed the decaying organic matter into _________, ______, and ___________________. Because they formed from plants and animals that lived long ago, we call these three materials fossil fuels.

The Formation of Coal

Coal was formed from the remains of ancient swamp ______________________ that lived about ______________________ years ago.

The plants died and fell into the __________. Their organic material was covered by _______________________________. There was no _________________ in these layers, so the plant material could not __________________. ______________ and _____________ from the organic material were locked together underground. Eventually, they formed a solid layer of ____________, which is a ______________.

More layers of sediment piled on top of the lignite and _______________ it even further. Because the layers were so deep and there was so much ________________, ____________________ increased. The heat and pressure ____________________ the lignite into a harder coal, called __________________________.

In some areas, layers of bituminous coal were ________________________________ ________________________. This produces an even harder coal called ______________________.

Page | 3

Coal: Plants to Anthracite

The Use of Coal, Oil and Natural Gas

Coal has been used as a fuel for at least 3000 years. It is _______________ in most parts of the world, but was used only a little until ________________________________________. For more than 100 years, ____________________ were used to _______________________ and move people and goods.

Coal was and still is popular because it is _____________, ___________________, and _______________________________. That is why it provided almost all of the _______________________ for the steam engines that made our country grow – and why it is still popular today for some industrial uses.

Oil and gas have not been used for as long a period as coal. __________________________ burning in the Iraq area were reported by travellers 1900 years ago. These were probably the result of ________________________________________________________________.

Natural gas is _______________________________ to _____________________________. That is why its potential energy has only been used in recent years.

________________, also called _________________, is found as a ___________. Crude oil is extracted by _________________________________________. In some cases, the oil is ________________________ and will come out of the hole on its own. In other locations, it has to be _________________________________.

Page | 4

8.2 Extracting Coal and OilSince the late 1800s, the coal industry has been an important part of Alberta’s history.

For more than a century, coal was the main energy source for the Canadian Pacific Railway and most of Alberta’s industries

Most of Alberta’s electric energy is produced in coal-burning thermal plants Most of the iron and steel used in Alberta’s industries has been produced in

other parts of the world. Many of these other areas use the potential energy stored in coal from Alberta to produce iron and steel

Mining Coal

How is coal mined for all these purposes? The coal formed during the process discussed in 8.1 developed in _________________. Depending on the area, these layers occur as ________________ or ________________. Over many millions of years, these beds and seams of rock were ____________________________. In order to mine coal, miners look for a seam or bed of coal.

Deposits close to the surface of Earth are often __________________ in much the same way as ______________________. Coal quarries are called ___________________________.

Deposits that are deep below Earth’s surface are dug using _________________ of ______________________________________. Machinery cuts into the coal, and _________________________ lift it to the surface.

Oil

A hundred years ago ________________ was used to make _______________, which is a fuel for lamps and stoves. Today crude oil is the world’s most important source of energy.

In Alberta, the drilling for crude oil dates back to ___________. In that year, a miner named _____________ noticed oil seeping from the ground on a farm near ___________________. He purchased the land and mining rights, and started drilling.

This discovery of oil near Turner Valley, and later at ___________, ___________________, and ____________________, has made Alberta into a major oil-

Page | 5

producing area. Today, the province _____________________ to the rest of Canada and the United State.

One problem with mining crude oil is ____________________________________________.

How Oil is Trapped

As oil developed, it mixed with ___________________. This mixture, along with _____________ of _____________________, seeped through ______________________ of rock. Eventually, the mixture reached a layer of rock ________________________________ and was _________________.

The water, oil, and natural gas gathered under the ____________________________ of rock. Because natural gas is _________________________, it ____________________.

The well at D pumps natural gas. Identify what each of the following wells gets:A: _______________________

B: _______________________

C: _______________________

Page | 6

E: _______________________

Searching for Oil

Some diagrams may give the impression that oil forms in large underground lakes. This is not correct. Oil is found in microscopic pores between the particles that make up rocks.

Over time, changes in the Earth’s crust caused great amounts of _________________ that forced the tiny oil droplets into porous rock called ______________________. Further __________________ of the __________________ helped to trap oil and natural gas in sections of reservoir rock that are located between layers of ______________________ rock.

Geologists use a number of technologies to determine the location of potential oil and natural gas reservoirs. One of the more common methods is the use of a _____________________.

During a seismic survey, __________________ from ____________________________, ___________________, or _______________ are sent through the layers of the Earth’s crust. The returning ________________ reflect off rock. They are detected by sensitive equipment and used to ________________________________________________________.

Geologists _______________ these images and other data looking for structures that ____________________________________________.

Drilling for Oil

Once _____________________ identify likely places to find _______________, oil companies start to drill. When they hit ________________________ with oil or gas, the fuel may come to the surface __________________.

As oil is removed from the reservoir, however, the ________________ of the oil drops. In these cases, a ____________ is installed to bring the oil to the surface. In most cases, a _________________ is installed. In some areas, a _______________ may be used.

Page | 7

Page | 8

Oil Pump Technology

Simple Lift Pump

The figure here shows a cross section of a simple lift pump used for water.

Simple lift pumps can be used to raise water about _______________.

The pump handle is lowered. This raises the ___________, creating a region of ________ ______________ at A.

The lower valve opens and the top valve closes. This allows fluid to move into the lower chamber.

The pump handle is raised. This lowers the piston, ________________ the pressure at A.

The lower valve ___________ and the upper valve ___________. Water is forced into the chamber at B.

The next time the piston is raised, the water in the _____________________ spills out of the ______________________.

Pump Jack Pump JackA _________ turns a _____________ which, in turn, moves a ___________. The lever pushes and pulls a series of _________ up and down the well casing.

PumpThe rods are attached to the _____________ located in the underground pump. The pump consists of ________________ that open and close like the valves in a ________________.

Sucker Rod and TubingThe pump system creates _____________ that lifts oil to the surface.

____________________ help to balance the system. Without counterweights, the pump jack would require a ___________________ and much more

Page | 9

___________ to move the pump.Refining Oil

Once _________________ is extracted from the ground, it is ______________ into many different products. This is done by a process called _________________. Distilling allows people to _______________________ with a ____________________________ from those with a ____________________________. When oil is refined, it goes into a distillation system. Here, heavy __________________ such as _______________ and ______________ are separated from ____________ liquids such as ______________ and _____________.

Fractional Distillation Tower

This diagram shows how petroleum is refined. The tower separates the different components in crude oil by a repeated process of heating, evaporating, cooling, and condensing.

1. Circle the area where steam enters the tower.

2. What is the effect on temperature of moving higher up the tower?

3. What other effect does moving up the tower have?

Page | 10

Natural Gas

Natural gas is found __________________ in ________________________. You can see in the diagram on page 6 why it is often discovered in the same location as _______________.

Until a few decades ago, when natural gas was found __________________________ it was simply __________________ and ____________. Back then, natural gas was ___________________________. Oil was _______________ to control and transport.

Today there are ____________________ across Canada to transport natural gas. In addition, trucks and ships have been developed that can transport it _____________. As a result, the ______________________________ of natural gas is used to heat houses and run industries.

____________________________ run to towns and cities thousands of miles from the wells. These deliver natural gas _________________________________, including ____________, ________________, and _________________. Natural gas is a popular fuel because it ____________________________________ than either __________ or ________________. In addition, it provides ____________________________. This makes it excellent for _________________.

Like other fossil fuels, when natural gas is burned the _____________________ is ____________________ to _______________________ for heating and cooking. The energy in natural gas can also be used to _____________________________________ and provide _______________________ needed in some factories. Recently some __________________ have been developed that run on natural gas instead of ____________________.

Page | 11

Homework: page 143 # 1-6

Page | 12

8.3 CombustionEnergy stored in fossil fuels is converted to thermal energy by ____________________ or _________________. Combustion is a ________________________ that takes place when a substance combines with _______________.

In the case of fossil fuels, ____________________________________________. During the reaction, ________________________________________.

Many people use __________________ when they want immediate heat. Propane is one of several gases that can be ________________________________________. Combustion of this gas provides ________________________ to heat houses and cottages, as well as cook foods in restaurants and on barbecues. It is also used to _____________________________.

The chemical symbol for propane is _________. When propane burns completely, the equation for the reaction is:

Combustion of Propane

Like propane, all fossil fuels are made up of ______________ and __________________. For this reason they are often known collectively as ______________________. When fossil fuels ___________________________ in the presence of oxygen, they produce _______________ and ___________________. Complete combustion ensures the ________________________ of thermal energy. It also ensures that carbon dioxide is produced.

If combustion is not complete, _________________________ will also be produced. Unlike carbon dioxide, this is a ___________________________.

Incomplete Combustion of Propane

Page | 13

Combustion and Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is a process similar to combustion. Compare their equations to see how the processes are similar:

Cellular Respiration

Combustion of Methane

1. What “fuel” is burned in each case?

2. What gas does each source of energy react with?

3. What are the products of these reactions?

From above, we can see that cellular respiration and the combustion of methane are similar chemical reactions. Both reactions produce a ________________________ and use the gas ______________. Carbon dioxide and water or water vapour are _______________ of both.

A difference between these reactions is what happens to the energy. In combustion reactions, thermal energy is _______________. In cellular respiration, much of the energy is used to produce ____________________ for the body. Only a small amount is transformed into ________________________. Another major difference is _____________ at which the two reactions occur. Combustion happens ________________, while respiration is __________________________________.

Homework: page 146 # 1-3Page | 14

8.4 The Other Side of the CoinWe need fossil fuels to keep us warm, to keep our homes and streets lighted, and to run our industries. Alberta’s good supply of fossil fuels has a direct impact on the economy of the province.

Unfortunately, there is another side to this coin. Fossil fuels are non-renewable. Once used, they are gone. They cannot be re-used and will not form again within the foreseeable future. Just like fossil fuels from the past, plants and animals that die today will take hundreds of millions of years to become fossil fuels – if they ever do.

BP's "Statistical Review of World Energy" published in mid-2013 says that the world has in reserves ____________________ tonnes of coal, ____________________ cubic meters of natural gas, and _______________________ barrels of crude oil. These numbers seem to be huge at a glance, but taking into account today's level of extraction, proved reserves of coal will be exhausted in ________ years. The last cubic meter of natural gas will be extracted in ____________. And by __________ there will be no reserves of crude oil.

Page | 15

Page | 16

Oil Spills

Fossil fuels can cause problems when they are __________________. Extensive and devastating damage can occur when ___________________________________ or leak and spill ____________________________________ into the ocean. Similar damage occurs when pipelines ____________ or a gas well _______________________________________.

More Reasons to Reduce Fuel Consumption

You have learned that coal, natural gas, and gasoline often contain ____________. The air contains ________________. When these fossil fuels burn, ____________ from the fuel and ______________ in the air combine with __________. Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere. These oxides ________ with water vapour in the atmosphere to produce _____________________ or _____________________. Acid deposition includes rain, snow, and fog that contains _______________________________________. It also includes acid-bearing particles that settle to Earth.

Acid deposition raises _________________________ in lakes and streams. When the acid levels get too high, ____________________________. Some lakes in northern Canada were once considered dead because acid deposition had __________________________________ ___________________. Since the emissions from nearby industries have been ___________ _______________________, the lakes have begun to recover.

If acid deposition is harmful to wildlife, does it hurt humans too? Many scientists think it does.

Greenhouse Gas

You have already learned about the greenhouse effect. The natural greenhouse effect is good because it ___________________________ and makes Earth warm enough for living things. But many scientists think the burning of fossil fuels has resulted in an ____________ in greenhouse gases. This higher level of greenhouse gases is _________________________ inside Earth’s atmosphere. The majority of scientists believe this will cause ______________ to our _____________.

They predict that some places will get much ______________, while others will get ____________. Scientists call this phenomenon ____________________________________.

Aboriginal groups in northern Canada also say that the climate is changing. They report that winters are getting warmer and that the ___________________________. Scientists say that increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitation may lead to ___________________. In addition, they have found that Earth’s ice caps and glaciers are ________________________ today than they were a few decades ago.

Page | 17

Melted glaciers will _______________________ and ____________ ___________________________.

CHAPTER 8 BLM 8-20

VOCABULARY CHECK Fossil Fuel Crossword

Complete the crossword below using the clues provided. You may refer to your textbook.

Across7. affects lakes by raising acid levels (two

words written as one)8. anthracite is one type9. burning wood is one example

10. resources that take millions of years to form and cannot be replaced

11. separation process using boiling points

Down1. oil is one of three (two words written as

one)2. fossil fuels are made of this compound,

which contains hydrogen and carbon3. fossil fuel energy source that is measured in

barrels (two words written as one)4. synonym for crude oil5. increased warming of Earth (three words

written as one)6. inexpensive fuel used in home heating (two

words written as one)

Page | 18

Chapter 8 Review1. Define each of the following terms:

a. Fossil fuels

b. Coal

c. Natural gas

d. Crude oil

e. Petroleum

f. Reservoir rock

g. Seismic survey

h. Pump jack

i. Lift pump

j. Distillation

k. Combustion

l. Hydrocarbon

m. Non-renewable

n. Acid deposition

o. Global climate change

2. List three fossil fuels and their uses.

3. Sketch and label the four steps in the formation of coal.

4. Describe two ways in which coal is mined.

5. Explain how the various components of crude oil can be separated.

6. Sketch how oil, water, and natural gas arrange themselves under the Earth’s surface.

7. Explain how shockwaves are used to find oil.

8. How are pumps used to bring oil to the surface?

9. List three technologies that use combustion to convert the energy stored in fossil fuels into other forms of energy.

10. On page 144, copy the word and the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of propane. Label the input energy, converter, and output energy.

11. Identify the two gases produced by both combustion and cellular respiration.

12. Why are fossil fuels considered to be non-renewable?

13. List three risks associated with our use of fossil fuels.

14. Use a labelled diagram or flowchart to explain how an increase in greenhouse gases might make the Earth warmer.