THE HIGH MIDDLE

AGES (1050-1450)Chapter 8

Section 1: Growth of Royal Power in England and France

Monarchs, Nobles and the Church How was power

distributed amongst these groups in the middle ages?

How did monarchs try to centralize their power?

Strong Monarchs in England

Middle Ages – Angles, Saxons, and Vikings invaded and settled in England

England exception to the rule – how was feudalism different there?

The Norman Conquest Why did the Duke of Normandy attack anglo-saxon King

Edward’s brother, Harold? What is the significance of the Battle of Hastings in 1066? Why does William win?

Strong Monarchs in England William the Conqueror

How does the new king of England try to centralize his control? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Strong Monarchs in England Tracing the Evolution of Law

and Parliament  Henry II – 1154

What did Henry do that continued to format law while still centralizing his power?

Conflict with the Church – What problems emerged between Henry and the RCC? What happened to the

archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Beckett?

Strong Monarchs in England Evolving Traditions of

English Government What happened in England

between the monarch and the barons?

John’s Troubles Faced 3 powerful enemies:

King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III and his own English nobles

How did he deal with each one?

Strong Monarchs in England

The Magna Carta – What is it? Who made King John sign it in

1215? In this document the king

affirmed a long list of feudal rights What were these rights?

What is the significance of this document? it asserted that the nobles had

certain rights that would eventually be given to all English citizens

it was clear that the monarch must obey the law

Strong Monarchs in England

Development of Parliament During the 1200’s the Great Council evolved into

Parliament Helped to unify England The assembly of nobles clergy, eventually middle

class and the “commons” became known as the Model Parliament

In time became two house body House of Lords and House of Commons Parliament could “check” the power of the king

Successful Monarchs in France

Successors of Charlemagne had little power over the territories ruled by the great feudal nobles

HOW DID EACH ATTEMPT TO CENTRALIZE?

The Capetians 987 – Hugh Capet count of Paris

took the throne Important Achievements:

Successful Monarchs in France

Philip Augustus Phillip II

How did he centralize control during his reign?

Successful Monarchs in France

Louis IX King and Saint Ideal of the perfect

medieval monarch Generous, noble,

and devoted to justice and chivalry

How did he try to centralize power?

Successful Monarchs in France

Philip IV Clashes with the Pope Ruthlessly extended royal

power Tried to collect new taxes

from the clergy Clashed with Boniface VIII

How did they clash? Avignon Papacy

French pope elected and moved the papacy to Avignon France to ensure French kings can control religion within their own regions

Successful Monarchs in France

What is the Estates General? Why was it set up? How is it similar and different when

compared to England’s parliament?

Section 2: The Holy Roman Empire & the Church

Conflict between Popes and Emperor

Pope Gregory VII Determined to make the

church independent of secular rulers

He banned the practice of lay investiture – when a lay person installed a bishop in office

Emperor Henry IV Angered by Pope Gregory’s

actions the two exchanged insulting notes

How did the pope react? What is the significance of the

1122 Concordat of Worms?

The Height of Church Power

Innocent III office 1198 Why is he

considered the most powerful pope of the Middle Ages?

Who did he target and why?

Monarchs started to get stronger and centralized their power

Section 3: European Look Outward

The Crusades Causes:

What were the causes? What council did Pope Urban II call after Emperor

Alexius I ask him for help? Why did the pope agree to help?

The Crusades What motivated the Europeans to go fight in

the Holy Land?

The Crusades

Who was Saladin? Who sacked Constantinople and why? Why did the Europeans lose the

Crusades?

The Crusades Effects of the Crusades on Europe1. Economic Expansion – how?

 2. Increased Power of Monarchs – how, why?

 3. The Church – what changed?

4. A Wider World View – how so?

5. Religious Anger turned toward Jews – how, why?

The Reconquista in Spain What was the Reconquista? Why did it happen? What monarchs initiated it? What were the effects?

Section 4: Learning Literature and the Arts

Medieval Universities Why did they spring up in the Middle Ages? What were

their purpose? Academic Guilds – what are they? Cathedrals to train clergy Student life

What was it like to be a student?

Women and Learning Women and education

Were women allowed to be educated, why or whynot?

Christine de Pizan Writer born in Italy moved to the

French court The City of Ladies

Questioned several imaginary characters about men’s negative views on women

What role should women play according to men?

“New Learning” Spread of learning

Who was responsible for bringing the interest of learning back to the Europeans?

Philosophy Aristotle taught that people should use

reason to discover basic truths Christians accepted many ideas on faith –

clash To try to resolve conflict – Scholasticism

used reason to support Christian beliefs Resolve conflict between faith and

reason Scholastic thinker Thomas Aquinas –

Summa Theologica Examined Christian teachings in the

light of reason He brought together Christian faith and

classical Greek philosophy Science and Mathematics

Why did science not make many advancements during the Middle Ages?

Medieval Literature Writings began to appear in the vernacular Literature Included epics or long narrative poems Spain’s Poem of the Cid Dante’s Divine Comedy

Italian poet Dante Alighieri takes the reader through an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory where souls await forgiveness and then his vision of heaven 

Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales Band of English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket’s tomb Characters each have to tell a story

Art and Architecture

Romanesque What did it look like?

Gothic What did Gothic

Cathedrals look like? Why did they have

stained glass windows?

Illuminated manuscripts What were they and

what was their purpose?

The following slides are taken from a Historyteacher.net ppt

RomanesqueFloor Plans

St. Filibert, France, 10c

Interior of a RomanesqueCathedral

The Gothic Cathedral

Gothic Floor Plans

Canterbury Cathedral, England

Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

St. Etienne, Bourges, late 12c

“Flying” Buttresses

Flying Buttress

Gothic “Filigree” Closeups

Cathedral Gargoyles

Stained Glass Windows

Á For the glory of God.

Á For religiousinstructions.

Notre Dame Cathedral

Á Giotto

Á 1305

Á Tempera onwood andground gold.

The Crucifixion

Section 5: A Time of Crisis The Black Death

Causes: What spread it?

Where did it spread to?

Where was it the most dangerous?

Why?

The Bubonic Plague

Fleas•Carried “Yersinia Pestis” Bacteria

Rats•Brown rats infested all homes and the streets of cities

Cities •Poor sanitation

•Larger population = more people living closer

Gobi Desert China 1320s •Mongol hordes brought the bacteria to cities•Spread across Asia via trade routes

Caffa, Black Sea •Genoese sailors fleeing Mongols carried disease on their ship

Sicily, Europe•First account in Messina, Sicily•Ship was quarantined but the fleas and rats escaped and began to spread the Plague•Within two months, half the population of Messina was dead

How does it spread to Europe?

Why was the Plague so deadly?

Life During the Black Death

Bring Out Your Dead! Most people died within

three days of the tumors appearing

Death rates were so high that the disposal of bodies became an issue

In Italy a group known as the becchini hired themselves out to carry away the dead.

In some families, sick members were left in the homes to die while the rest fled elsewhere Where could they flee

where they may have a chance at surviving?

Daily Life

Medicine People still believed that

disease was spread by poisons vapors that corrupted the air People walked around

holding their noses or carrying around flowers

The Faculty of the University of Paris argued that the plague was the result of the conjunction of the planets, Saturn, Mars and Jupiter

Medicine

FlagellantsWho were they? What did they do

to themselves?What effect did

this have on the spread of the plague?

Why did they do what they did?

Superstitions

Europeans looked for someone, or something to blame for this horrific plague, such as?

Witches Women were accused of

being witches especially surrounding the death of so many people

They were midwives and also cared for the sick

Superstitions & Scapegoating

Europeans looked for someone, or The Jews were the ones who suffered the most Why?

Massacres of Jews took place in Germany

Groups were burned as witches

Rise of Anti-Semitism

Social Estimates are

around 25 million out of 44 million perished (approximately 1/3 to ½ Europe’s population)

Effects on the Church?

Art Reflected death in

the 1300s and 1400s

Effects of the Plague

Political Feudal system was weakened by the shortage of labor Peasant revolts occurred throughout Europe

The most famous one was the English Peasant Revolt in 1381 Economic

The shortage of workers created a demand for higher wages and prices

Effects of the Plague

The Hundred Years War Causes

What were the causes? English Victories

Use of the longbow – many victories and took a toll on French morale

The Hundred Years War

Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in this war?

French Victories The French troops with the

use of canons were able to remove the English from all of France except Calais

The Hundred Years War - Effects

France Expanding power and national unity

England Rulers had to ask parliament for money to fight war This helped parliament win the “power of the purse”

Medieval World Long bow and cannon became common weapons for

soldiers and undermined knights Castles could not survive canons New monarchs of Europe needed armies not vassals

to fight wars By 1400’s population starts to grow Manufacturing too Italian cities start to flourish with trade Stage is set for Renaissance, Reformation and Age of

Exploration