chapter 8.pptx child psych
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 8MARY R. BECK
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
PSY - 152
Early Childhood:
Biosocial Development
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Body Changes
Between 26 years of age, children grow almost 3
inches and gain about 4 lbs. per year
By age 6, average child weighs between 40 and 50lbs. and measures at least 3 feet
Low income now correlates with overweight and
obesity
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Body Changes - continued
Growth is slower from ages 26, fewer calories
needed per pound of body weight, appetite is smaller
Deficiency of iron, calcium and zinc
Overindulgence in sweets Just right or just so phenomenon children rigid
about daily routines and food preferences
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Brain Development
Between ages 26, the brain grows from 75% to
90%of its adult weight
Size of cortex increases, allowing for thinking,planning and language
Myelinationprocess that insulates the axons of
neurons and speeds transmission of neural impulses
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Brain Development - continued
Corpus callosumlong, thick band of nerve fibers
that connects the two sides of the brain
Lateralization specialization of the two sides of
the body and brain Left side of brain controls right side of body, dedicated to
logic, detailed analysis and language
Right side of brain controls left side of body, dedicated to
emotional and creative impulses
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Brain Development - continued
Prefrontal cortex final part of the brain to mature,
specializes in executive functions of planning,
prioritizing, and reflection, impulse control and
emotional regulation
Perseveration tendency to stick to a thought or action
for a long time, sign of immature prefrontal cortex
Impulsiveness failure to think before acting , sign of
immature prefrontal cortex
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Brain development - continued
Limbic system plays crucial role in expression
and regulation of emotions
Amygdala
registers emotions, especially fear andanxiety
Hippocampus central processor of memory, especially
for locations
Hypothalamus produces hormones that activate parts of
the brain and body
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Brain development - continued
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)
hormonal feedback loop
Cortisolstress hormone. Excessive cortisol:
May destroy part of the brains hippocampus May permanently damage the limbic system and influence
emotional responses throughout life
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Improved Motor Skills
Maturation of the prefrontal cortex improves impulse
control
Myelination of the corpus callosum and lateralization
of the brain permits better physical coordination Gross motor skills improve dramatically (refer to
chart on page 238)
Pollutants (lead, pesticides, BPA in plastic) can harm
developing brains
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Improving Motor Skills - continued
Fine motor skills are harder for preschoolers to
master due to:
Immature corpus callosum
Immature prefrontal cortex
Fat fingers unsuited for many utensils, toys, and clothes
Children are imaginative, creative and not very self-critical
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Injuries and Abuse
In developed nations, more children die of violence
(accidental or deliberate) than from any other cause
Immaturity of prefrontal cortex makes children impulsive,
plunging into dangerous places and activities
Curiosity
Injury control/harm reductionbest approach to
safety education
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Levels of Prevention
Primary preventionpreventative community
actions that reduce everyones chance of injury
Secondary preventionpreventative actions that
avert harm in the immediate situation Tertiary preventionactions aimed at minimizing the
impact of an adverse event that has already
occurred
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Child Maltreatment
Child maltreatmentincludes all intentional harm
and avoidable endangerment of someone under age
18.
Child abuseall actions that are deliberately harmful to a
childs physical, emotional, or sexual well-being
Child neglect
failure to act appropriately to meet a childsbasic physical, educational, and emotional needs
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Child maltreatment - continued
Reported maltreatment cases2.7 -3.5 million peryear
Substantiated maltreatmentinvestigated andverified cases1 maltreated child in every 80
Warning signs: Delayed development
Hypervigilance
Repeated injuries
Ongoing physical complaints No close friendships, hostility to others
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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Child maltreatment - continued
Levels of prevention:
Primary preventionincrease stable neighborhoods and
family cohesiveness, decrease financial instability, isolation
and teenage parenthood
Secondary preventionspot warning signs and intervene to
keep a risky situation from getting worse
Tertiary preventionlimit harm after maltreatment has
occurred
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Child maltreatment - continued
Permanency planningfind a long-term solution to
provide stability and support for a maltreated child
Foster carechildren are removed from parents custody and
placed with another family, which is reimbursed for expenses
occurred in meeting the childs needs
Kinship careform of foster care in which a relative of the
maltreated child becomes the approved caregiver
Adoptiona legal proceeding when an adult or couple
unrelated to the child is granted legal parenthood. Permanentoption