chapter 9 cell reproduction. review: what we know cells have dna / genetic information we pass on...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9Cell Reproduction
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Review:What we know
• Cells have DNA / genetic information
• We pass on our info to our children
• All our cells contain DNA
• Chromosomes are bundles of DNA
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What we need know
• How do our cells make new cells?
• What can go wrong?
• Do all cells get made the same?
• Can do bacteria and viruses make new cells?
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In the beginning…
• You start life as a single cell
Human Embryo Day 3
Human Embryo 20 Weeks
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Until the end of time…
• New cells made throughout entire life
• Called cell reproduction
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Cell Reproduction• Goal:
– Replace old or worn out cells
– Growth & Development
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• Most cells are less than 100 micrometers
–Smaller than a period . at the end of a sentence!
• Why?
–To ensure that the needs of the cell are met.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/
Cell Size
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• Factors that influence cell size are:
–Ratio of surface area to volume
• Surface area is the area covered by the plasma membrane
(nutrients & wastes
must pass through)
SA = L x W x # sides
Cell Size Continued:
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• Volume is the space taken by the inner contents of the cell (including organelles and nucleus)
V = L x W x H
Cell Size Continued:
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• As cell grows the ratio of surface area to volume will continue to decrease!
• Volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area!
Cell has TROUBLE:
- supplying nutrients
- expelling waste products
Cell Size Continued:
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• SMALL cells have a higher ratio & can sustain themselves!
REMEMBER:
How do substances move in a cell?
Cell Size Continued:
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• Communication breaks down over long distances!
Cell Size Continued:
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Investigate Cell Size:
• Complete the Investigation
of Cell Size by creating a
table on your
handout.
Hypothetical Cells
SA V SA:V
Ratio
0.00002 m
0.001 m
2.5 m
30 cm
15 m
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Investigation of Cell Size:
So based on your calculations do cells become large?
Are large organisms large because they contain extra large cells or just more standard – sized cells?
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Cell Cycle
AKA A Cell’s
Life
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• Once cell reaches a certain size it must:–Stop growing or–Divide
• The cell cycle is a cell’s cycle of growing and dividing.
• One complete cycle produces two cells.
Cell Cycle
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• When repeated continuously the result is a continuous production of NEW cells!
Cell Cycle
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• Interphase
– Cell grows, carries our cellular functions, & replicates (makes copies) of DNA
• Mitosis
– Cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide
• Cytokinesis
– Cell’s cytoplasm divides creating a new cell
3 Main Phases of Cell Cycle:
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• Divided into 3 stages:– G1
• Cell grows, carries out normal cell functions, prepares to replicate DNA.
• Checkpoint for size & nutrients!
Interphase:
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–S (aka the synthesis phase)
• Cell copies (replicates)
its DNA to prepare for
cell division
Interphase continued:
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–G2
• Cell prepares for the division of its nucleus
• Checkpoint to make sure cell is ready for mitosis!
Interphase continued:
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M Phase of Cell Cycle a.k.a. Mitosis
• Result = two identical cells• Forms all human body cells • Ex: skin, blood,
bones, stomach• Slows with age
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Different Forms of DNA:
• Remember DNA is found in the nucleus
• DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid• In it’s normal state DNA is
loosely coiled and in the form of chromatin.
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Chromatin:
• Looks like loose spaghetti!
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• During what phase is DNA replicated? “S” phase of Interphase.
• Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs:–23 from mom–23 from dad
Chromosomes:
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• Once copied the DNA will begin to coil tightly around proteins and is now called chromosomes.
Chromosomes:
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Chromatid (s):
• The chromosomes 1-23 from mom will then pair up with chromosome 1-23 from dad respectively!
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• Once chromosomes are paired they are now called sister chromatids.
• Each half is a chromatid but together they are sister chromatids.
Chromatid (s):
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Chromatid
Chromatid
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Centromere:
• Each sister chromatid is held together by a centromere!
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Remember Before Cells Divide
• DNA replication occurs chromosomes double
• This stage of the cell cycle is called interphase
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Interphase
• Longest stage of cell cycle
• Cell is preparing for mitosis
• Cell gets larger & centrioles double
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Interphase
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Interphase (cont.)
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Plant Cells in Interphase
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Plant Cell in Interphase (cont.)
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Stages of Mitosis
P – M – A – T
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PROPHASE• Chromosomes shorten & thicken
(shaped like an X)–Each half = chromatid–Attached by centromere.
• Nuclear membrane breaks down• Centrioles move apart• Spindle fibers form between centrioles
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Prophase
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Plant Cell in Early Prophase
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Plant Cell in Late Prophase
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METAPHASE• Centrioles move to opposite
sides of cell
• Spindle fibers stretch between centrioles
• Chromosomes line up in the middle by fibers connected to the centromere
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• Sister chromatids are pulled to line up at center of cell
• “Meta-” Prefix meaning middle
METAPHASE (cont.)
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Centromere
• Part that holds chromosomes together
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Plant Cell in Metaphase
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Plant Cell in Metaphase
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ANAPHASE• Sister chromatids are
pulled apart• Fibers pull
chromatids toward centrioles
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Anaphase
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Plant Cell in Anaphase
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Plant Cell in Anaphase
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TELOPHASE
• Fibers begin to disappear
• Nuclear membrane begins to reform
• Cell membrane pinches in
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Plant Cell in Telophase
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Cytokinesis• Last stage of cell
cycle • Process of
dividing the cytoplasm
• Starts during anaphase finishes after telophase
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In the end…
• Each cell has a complete set of chromosomes
• Two identical daughter cells formed from one parent cell
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Mitosis Completed
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http://www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/a70-mitosis
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Changes in Rate of Mitosis
• Cancer: Cells divide at a fast rate out of control
•Malignant: dangerous
•Benign: not dangerous
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Abnormal Cell Division
• A tumor is a mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division
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Apoptosis:• Not every cell is destined to survive!• Some cells go through programmed
cell death called apoptosis. –Cell shrinks & shrivels
All animal cells have a “death program” that can be activated.
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• Discovered in 1998
• Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells under the right conditions.
• Two types:– Embryonic stem cells– Adult stem cells
Stem Cells
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How other cells divide
1.Bacteria (Prokaryote)One cell splits into two
Asexual reproduction
Same genes as “parent”
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Bacteria Cell Reproduction
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How other cells divide (cont.)
2.Viruses – Inject their DNA into other cellsNot considered “living” cells
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Viral Cell Reproduction
Step 3
Step 2Step 1
Step 4