chapter 9 clickers conceptual integrated science second edition © 2013 pearson education, inc....
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 9 Clickers
ConceptualIntegrated Science
Second Edition
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atoms and the Periodic Table
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Any material that is made up of only one type of atom is classified as
a) a substance.
b) molecularly pure.
c) an element.
d) an isotope.
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Any material that is made up of only one type of atom is classified as
a) a substance.
b) molecularly pure.
c) an element.
d) an isotope.
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The periodic table lists
a) less than 100 elements.
b) more than 100 elements.
c) many more than 100 molecules.
d) thousands of ions, atoms, and molecules.
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The periodic table lists
a) less than 100 elements.
b) more than 100 elements.
c) many more than 100 molecules.
d) thousands of ions, atoms, and molecules.
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The most abundant element in the universe is
a) hydrogen.
b) helium.
c) oxygen.
d) iron.
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The most abundant element in the universe is
a) hydrogen.
b) helium.
c) oxygen.
d) iron.
Comment:
The second most abundant element is helium.
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The origin of the elements is
a) nature's secret.
b) Earth itself.
c) the Sun.
d) the stars.
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The origin of the elements is
a) nature's secret.
b) Earth itself.
c) the Sun.
d) the stars.
Comment:A small portion of elements on Earth originated in the Sun. An even smaller portion are synthesized in laboratories. Most atoms beyond hydrogen, overwhelmingly, were manufactured in the stars. We really are made of stardust!
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What is known about atoms is that they are
a) perpetually moving.
b) tinier than the wavelengths of visible light.
c) recycling among innumerable forms.
d) all of the above.
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What is known about atoms is that they are
a) perpetually moving.
b) tinier than the wavelengths of visible light.
c) recycling among innumerable forms.
d) all of the above.
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What is known about atoms is that they are
a) mostly empty space.
b) net electrically charged building blocks of matter.
c) composed of still smaller molecules.
d) all of the above.
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What is known about atoms is that they are
a) mostly empty space.
b) net electrically charged building blocks of matter.
c) composed of still smaller molecules.
d) all of the above.
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Which of the following particles are electrically neutral?
a) Proton.
b) Neutron.
c) Electron.
d) All of the above.
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Which of the following particles are electrically neutral?
a) Proton.
b) Neutron.
c) Electron.
d) All of the above.
Comment:Sort of a no-brainer? Did any of your friends miss this one?
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The symbol CO denotes
a) the element cobalt.
b) the combination of carbon and oxygen.
c) oxidized cobalt.
d) actually, all of the above.
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The symbol CO denotes
a) the element cobalt.
b) the combination of carbon and oxygen.
c) oxidized cobalt.
d) actually, all of the above.
Explanation:Only the first letter of an atomic symbol is capitalized. For example, helium is He, lithium is Li, Co is cobalt, and so forth. Oxygen is simply O and carbon C.
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The atomic number of an element matches the number of
a) protons in the nucleus of an atom.
b) electrons in an ion of the same atom.
c) neutrons in the nucleus.
d) nucleons in the nucleus.
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The atomic number of an element matches the number of
a) protons in the nucleus of an atom.
b) electrons in an ion of the same atom.
c) neutrons in the nucleus.
d) nucleons in the nucleus.
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Helium, He, is a nonmetallic gas and the second element in the periodic table. Rather than being placed adjacent to hydrogen, H, however, helium is placed on the far right of the table. Why?
a) Hydrogen and helium repel one another.
b) The sizes of their atoms are vastly different.
c) They come from different sources.
d) Helium is most similar to other group 18 elements.
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Helium, He, is a nonmetallic gas and the second element in the periodic table. Rather than being placed adjacent to hydrogen, H, however, helium is placed on the far right of the table. Why?
a) Hydrogen and helium repel one another.
b) The sizes of their atoms are vastly different.
c) They come from different sources.
d) Helium is most similar to other group 18 elements.
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The mass number of an element refers to the number of
a) protons in its nucleus.
b) neutrons in its nucleus.
c) nucleons in its nucleus.
d) all of the above.
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The mass number of an element refers to the number of
a) protons in its nucleus.
b) neutrons in its nucleus.
c) nucleons in its nucleus.
d) all of the above.
Comment:Nucleons include protons and neutrons. Atomic number refers to the number of protons; mass number refers to the number of nucleons (protons + neutrons).
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A nucleus with an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 22 must have
a) 10 protons.
b) 12 neutrons.
c) 22 nucleons.
d) all of the above.
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A nucleus with an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 22 must have
a) 10 protons.
b) 12 neutrons.
c) 22 nucleons.
d) all of the above.
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A nucleus with an atomic number of 30 and a mass number of 65 must have
a) 30 neutrons.
b) 35 neutrons.
c) 65 neutrons.
d) all of the above.
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A nucleus with an atomic number of 30 and a mass number of 65 must have
a) 30 neutrons.
b) 35 neutrons.
c) 65 neutrons.
d) all of the above.
Comment:Be sure to distinguish between neutron and nucleon. A neutron is a nucleon, as is a proton.
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One atomic mass unit (amu) is defined to be the mass of
a) a proton.
b) a neutron.
c) one-twelfth the mass of the C-12 atom.
d) all of the above.
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One atomic mass unit (amu) is defined to be the mass of
a) a proton.
b) a neutron.
c) one-twelfth the mass of the C-12 atom.
d) all of the above.
Explanation:One amu is slightly less than the mass of a proton and a neutron. Twelve atomic mass units comprise the exact mass of the C-12 atom.
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How many groups are there in the periodic table?
a) One.
b) Seven.
c) Eighteen.
d) Thirty-Six.
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How many groups are there in the periodic table?
a) One.
b) Seven.
c) Eighteen.
d) Thirty-Six.
Explanation:A group is a set of elements with similar physical and chemical properties. Elements within the same vertical column in the periodic table are in a group (or sometimes called a family).
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How many periods are there in the periodic table?
a) One.
b) Seven.
c) Eighteen.
d) Thirty-Six.
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How many periods are there in the periodic table?
a) One.
b) Seven.
c) Eighteen.
d) Thirty-Six.
Explanation:A period is a set of elements whose physical and chemical properties gradually change with each increase in atomic number. Elements within the same horizontal row in the periodic table are in a single period.
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The lanthanides are much like a group of elements because
a) they share similar properties.
b) their atomic numbers are consecutive.
c) they extend the height of the periodic table.
d) they are all metallic.
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The lanthanides are much like a group of elements because
a) they share similar properties.
b) their atomic numbers are consecutive.
c) they extend the height of the periodic table.
d) they are all metallic.
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Atoms are best described using
a) physical models.
b) conceptual models.
c) their microscopic images.
d) All of the above.
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Atoms are best described using
a) physical models.
b) conceptual models.
c) their microscopic images.
d) All of the above.
Explanation:
We can't see atoms in the usual sense because they are so small—smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. Atoms are better described using conceptual models, which help us to understand their behavior.
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Each spectral line in a spectrum represents
a) a pattern characteristic of the element.
b) one of the many colors comprising an element.
c) a specific frequency of light emitted by an element.
d) all of the above.
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Each spectral line in a spectrum represents
a) a pattern characteristic of the element.
b) one of the many colors comprising an element.
c) a specific frequency of light emitted by an element.
d) all of the above.
Explanation:Many lines make up a pattern that is characteristic of the element, so choice A doesn't fly. Interestingly, the line shape of each spectral line is an image of a thin slit in the spectroscope.
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A quantum of light is called a
a) proton.
b) photon.
c) both of the above.
d) neither of the above.
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A quantum of light is called a
a) proton.
b) photon.
c) both of the above.
d) neither of the above.
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In the relationship E , E stands for energy, and stands for
a) the smaller wavelengths of emitted light.
b) the frequency of vibration for the atom emitting the energy.
c) wave frequency, as defined for sound, radio, and light waves.
d) all of the above.
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In the relationship E , E stands for energy, and stands for
a) the smaller wavelengths of emitted light.
b) the frequency of vibration for the atom emitting the energy.
c) wave frequency, as defined for sound, radio, and light waves.
d) all of the above.
Comment:Frequency is a property of all waves. Choice B deserves an honorable mention because the frequency of a wave and the frequency of the vibrating source are usually the same.
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Which has less energy per photon?
a) Red light.
b) Green light.
c) Blue light.
d) All have the same.
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Which has less energy per photon?
a) Red light.
b) Green light.
c) Blue light.
d) All have the same.
Explanation:In accord with E , the lowest frequency light has the lowest energy per photon.
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Which of these photons has the greatest energy?
a) Infrared.
b) Visible.
c) Ultraviolet.
d) All have the same.
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Which of these photons has the greatest energy?
a) Infrared.
b) Visible.
c) Ultraviolet.
d) All have the same.
Explanation:In accord with E , the highest frequency light has the greatest energy per photon.
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Excitation is the process whereby
a) electrons are boosted to higher energy levels in an atom.
b) atoms are charged with light energy.
c) atoms are made to shake, rattle, and roll.
d) none of the above.
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Excitation is the process whereby
a) electrons are boosted to higher energy levels in an atom.
b) atoms are charged with light energy.
c) atoms are made to shake, rattle, and roll.
d) none of the above.
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Which of the following is a quantum number?
a) 0.01
b) 0.1
c) 1
d) 1.5
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Which of the following is a quantum number?
a) 0.01
b) 0.1
c) 1
d) 1.5
Explanation:Quantum numbers are integers only.
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When we speak of de Broglie waves, we're speaking of the wave nature of
a) transverse waves.
b) longitudinal waves.
c) particles.
d) quantum uncertainties.
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When we speak of de Broglie waves, we're speaking of the wave nature of
a) transverse waves.
b) longitudinal waves.
c) particles.
d) quantum uncertainties.
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As to why electrons orbit in only certain orbits, a compelling explanation views electrons as
a) particles that morph into waves.
b) standing waves.
c) planetary particles.
d) quantum particles.
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As to why electrons orbit in only certain orbits, a compelling explanation views electrons as
a) particles that morph into waves.
b) standing waves.
c) planetary particles.
d) quantum particles.
Explanation:Standing waves are stable and close in on themselves in phase.
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The shell model of the atom views electrons as occupying
a) shells.
b) three-dimensional orbitals.
c) circular or elliptical orbits.
d) standing waves.
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The shell model of the atom views electrons as occupying
a) shells.
b) three-dimensional orbitals.
c) circular or elliptical orbits.
d) standing waves.
Comment:
Straightforward enough?
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Electrons in the outermost shells of atoms are called
a) outer electrons.
b) valence electrons.
c) chemical electrons.
d) wave electrons.
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Electrons in the outermost shells of atoms are called
a) outer electrons.
b) valence electrons.
c) chemical electrons.
d) wave electrons.
Comment:Oops, the most straightforward answer here is A. So looking beyond the straightforward has merit! Knowledge wins.