chapter 9: development - mr. tran's wiki · 2014-12-08 · chapter 9: development the cultural...
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Chapter 9: Development
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography
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Development
• The process of improving the material
conditions of people through the
diffusion of knowledge and technology
• More developed countries (MDCs)
– AKA developed countries
• Lesser developed countries (LDCs)
– AKA emerging or developing countries
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Why Does Development Vary
Between Countries?
• Economic indicators of development
– The Human Development Index (HDI)
• Four factors used to assess a country’s level of
development:
– Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per
capita
– Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education
– Demographic = (4) life expectancy
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Human Development Index
Figure 9-1
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Why Does Development Vary
Among Countries?
• Economic indicators of development
– Types of jobs
• Primary sector
• Secondary sector
• Tertiary sector
– Productivity
• Measured by the value added per capita
• MDCs are more productive than LDCs
– Consumer goods
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Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons
Figure 9-4
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Why Does Development Vary
Among Countries?
• Social indicators of development
– Education and literacy
• The literacy rate
– Health and welfare
• Diet (adequate calories)
• Access to health care
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Students Per Teacher, Primary School
Figure 9-6
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Why Does Development Vary
Among Countries?
• Demographic indicators of development
– Life expectancy
• Babies born today in MDCs have a life
expectancy in the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in
the 60s
– Other demographic indicators:
• Infant mortality
• Natural increase
• Crude birth rate
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Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?
• More developed regions
– North America and Europe
– Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia,
Japan, Australia, and New Zealand
• Less developed regions
– Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs
– Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, Central
Asia = similar HDI
– South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa = low
levels of development
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More and Less Developed Regions
Figure 9-10
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Where Does Level of Development
Vary by Gender?
• Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
– Compares the level of women’s development with
that of both sexes
– Four measures (similar to HDI):
• Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per
capita incomes
• Number of females enrolled in school compared to the
number of males
• Percent of literate females to literate males
• Life expectancy of females to males
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Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Figure 9-17
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Demographic Indicator of Gender
Difference: Life Expectancy
Figure 9-21
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Where Does Level of Development
Vary by Gender?
• Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
– Compares the decision-making capabilities of men
and women in politics and economics
– Uses economic and political indicators:
• Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per
capita incomes
• Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by
women
• Percentage of administrative jobs held by women
• Percentage of women holding national office
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Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Figure 9-22
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Economic Indicator of Empowerment:
Professionals
Figure 9-23
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Progress Toward Development
Figure 9-26
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Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to
Development?
• Development through self-sufficiency
– Characteristics:
• Pace of development = modest
• Distribution of development = even
• Barriers are established to protect local
business
– Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas,
and (3) restricting the number of importers
• Two major problems with this approach:
– Inefficient businesses are protected
– A large bureaucracy is developed
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Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to
Development?
• Development through international trade
– Rostow’s model of development
– Examples of international trade approach
• The “four Asian dragons”
• Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states
– Three major problems:
• Uneven resource distribution
• Increased dependence on MDCs
• Market decline
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Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to
Development?
• International trade approach triumphs
– The path most commonly selected by the
end of the twentieth century
– Countries convert because evidence
indicates that international trade is the
more effective path toward development
• Example: India
– World Trade Organization
– Foreign direct investment
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Triumph of International Trade Approach
Figure 9-27 Figure 9-28
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Foreign Direct Investment
Figure 9-30
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Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to
Development?
• Financing development
– LDCs require money to fund development
– Two sources of funds:
• Loans
– The World Bank and the IMF
– Structural adjustment programs
• Foreign direct investment from transnational
corporations
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Debt as a Percentage of Income
Figure 9-31
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Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to
Development?
• Fair trade approach
– Products are made and traded in a way
that protects workers and small businesses
in LDCs
– Two sets of standards
• Fair trade producer standards
• Fair trade worker standards
– Producers and workers usually earn more
– Consumers usually pay higher prices
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Core and Periphery Model
Figure 9-32
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The End.
Up next: Agriculture