chapter 9 learning: principals and applications learning: a relevantly permanent change in behavior...
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Chapter 9 Chapter 9
LEARNING: LEARNING: Principals and ApplicationsPrincipals and Applications
Chapter 9 Chapter 9
LEARNING: LEARNING: Principals and ApplicationsPrincipals and Applications
Learning: a relevantly permanent change in behavior that results from experience.
Not all behaviors are learned Not all behaviors are learned the same way:the same way:
Dentist Dentist
FEARFEAR
PainPain DentistDentist Parents comfortsParents comforts
FEARFEAR
NEVER BEEN TO THE DENTISTNEVER BEEN TO THE DENTIST
DentistDentist Reaction of othersReaction of others FEARFEAR
THREE BASIC TYPES OF LEARNING
• Classical Conditioning- response to a stimulus
• Operant Conditioning- rewards behavior
• Modeling- watching others
Dentist Dentist
FEARFEAR
PainPain
CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGCLASSICAL CONDITIONING
DentistDentist PainPain
Child shows FEARChild shows FEAR
Parent comforts Parent comforts childchild
OPERANT CONDITIONINGOPERANT CONDITIONING
NEVER BEEN TO THE DENTISTNEVER BEEN TO THE DENTIST
DentistDentist Reaction of othersReaction of others FEARFEAR
MODELINGMODELING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGCLASSICAL CONDITIONING
A Learning Proceedure that causes a subject to learn a response to a stimulus that normally does not cause that response.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
IVAN PAVLOV- scientist studying digestion using dogs as subjects…
Became one of the scientists of note studying
Behaviorism
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment
Classical Conditioning Components
Neutral Stimulus (NS)- Has nothing to do with a response before conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)- Something that will lead to a predictable response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)- Something that occurs naturally
Tuning Fork/ Bell
Food
Salivation
Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment
To During:
back
Before Conditioning
back
During- Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment
To After:
back
The bell starts to become the Conditioned Stimulus
back
The Food remainsan Unconditioned
Stimulus
back
The dog’s salivation is starting to be controlled by the sound of the bell but not completely
After- Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment
Done
back
Conditioned Stimulus
back
Food remains an Unconditioned Stimulus:
Will always cause a natural Uncontrolled response
Food
The dog’s salivation now becomesthe Conditioned Response to
the ringing bell.
back
After Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- tuning fork/ Bell
Conditioned Response (CR)- Salivation
Generalization:
Discrimination: only
Extinction: CR does not happen due to lack of UCS
Spontaneous Recovery: CR returns after Ucs returns for awhile
or = CR
= CR
Taste AversionsBecoming ill after eating and never beingAble to eat that food again..just the sight makes you sick!!!!!
Classical Conditioning
Acquisition of behavior
Generalization Discrimination
Extinction
Little Albert• #1 Did the results of the experiment
support the hypothesis…….• #2 How did Albert’s response become
generalized• #3 How were the principles of classical
conditioning used to reduce Peter’s fear of rabbits
• # 4 Would this work on an adult?
Read case study on page 249 and answer the following Questions:
Hypothesis
• Most human behaviors and emotional reactions are built up of conditioned responses.
#1 Did the results of the experiment support the hypothesis…….
2 How did Albert’s response become generalized
• #3 How were the principles of classical conditioning used to reduce Peter’s fear of rabbits?
• Would this work on an adult?
• Do you think this experiement was immoral?
OPERANT CONDITIONINGOPERANT CONDITIONING
Learning from consequences of behavior
•Stray dog getting fed in a neighborhood•Paying bills on time- good credit, don’t lose house
•Getting attention for misbehaving- individual doesn’t care what type of attention they get aslong as they get it
Operant Conditio
ning
Cat Flushing the Toilet Video
Classical- Stimulus is provided to conditionbehavior
Operant- Behavior results from rewardor punishment
Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning
Psychologist famous for experiments inOPERANT Conditioning
Skinner determined that rewards and punishmentsShape behavior
An animal placed inside the box is rewarded with a small bit of food each time it makes the desired response, such as pressing a lever or pecking a key. A device outside the box records the animal's responses.
Rat
lever
Journal Entry #4
• Describe a time in your life when you learned how to do something. Describe the process that you went through to learn. After you describe the learning event determine which type of learning it was: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, or a combination of the above.
Reinforcement
• Important factor in operant conditioning is timing and frequency of reinforcement• Partial schedule- when positive reinforcement
occurs immediately but not every time• Skinner learned of the effectiveness of partial
reinforcement when the “Skinner Box” broke • it is generally a more stable and longer lasting
behavior
A stimulus or event that follows a behavior that eitherreinforces or discourages a behavior
4 Schedules of Reinforcement
• Fixed Ratio-
• Variable Ratio-• Fixed Interval-.
• Variable-Interval-
Two ways that stimuli can affect our behavior
1. Reinforcement
2. Punishment
ReinforcementStimulus or event that follows a
response and increases the likelihood that the response will continue
2 types: Positive and Negative
Positive Reinforcement:When something the subject wants is rewarded after the desired response.
Example: Receiving a day off after coming to work on time without missing for 9 weeks straight
(Removal)
Negative Reinforcement:When a painful or unpleasant stimulus is removedIt follows and negates (takes away) something unpleasant
Example: After successfully completing 15 problems showing your work you get to finish the next 15 with awithout it.
(Removal)
Two Results of Negative Reinforcement
• Escape Conditioning:Persons behavior causes an
unpleasant event to stop.
Child hates liver- Mom serves liver- Child gags and has fit- Mom removes liver
Child will react this way every time food is served it doesn’t like
• Avoidance ConditioningPersons behavior has the
affect of preventing an unpleasant situation from happening
Stretching the truth to avoid hurting someone’s feelings because you have seen them upset before
Aversive Control
An unpleasant or (aversive) consequence that follows an undesirable behavior
2. Punishment
Painful or unpleasant stimulus is applied.
Most obvious aversive control method
Punishers include but are not limited to:•Spanking•Yelling•Evil eye•Cold shoulder
Disadvantages of Aversive Control
• Can produce rage, aggression and fear which can lead to other behavior problem- children who are abused grow up to be abusers…..also abusive to other children
• People will learn to avoid the person delivering the aversive stimuli- can cause relationship problems
Punishment alone is not an effective way to teach…..
Without positive coaching and modeling of acceptablebehaviors the child may never learn the correct behavior.
Punishment alone is not an effective way to teach…..
Without positive coaching and modeling of acceptablebehaviors the child may never learn the correct behavior.
Learning Complicated Skills
Shaping- process of reinforcement used to sculpt
behavior
reward each segment of behavior that is in the direction of the desired behavior
Response Chains- Combining responses to perform a skill:Each response produces a signal for the next:
Hammering a nail:
1. Pick up hammer2. Pick up nail3. Position nail4. Hit nail
Response Patternwhen you combine response chains: ex: Swimming- arm chain- kicking chain- breathing chain
Arm movementchain
Kickingchain
Breathing chain
Swimming
Factors that affect Learning
1. Feedback- results from tests or listening to yourself sing
2. Transfer- A skill you have already learned helpsor hinders you in learning a new one
Positive- helps Negative- hurts
3. Practice- Repetition of a task helps reinforce learningExample: playing a few measures over and over instead ofplaying the whole song
4.Learned Laziness rewards come with little effort, person never learns to work- when it gets hard they don’t give effort necessary to learn
Report Card 1st-6th grade
A+Report Card7th-8th grade
C -/DReport Card
11th grade
F
5. Learned HelplessnessNegative results no matter how hardlearner tries.
This condition results when repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief thesituation is uncontrollable
•Person gives up
•Can be a source of depression
Social LearningThe process of learning from observingand imitating others in ones social environment
Learning by reacting to others--------
1. Modeling- doing what you see others do i.e., clapping in church
2. Observational learning- Imitating (dancing)
3. Disinhibition- Watching others in a threatening activity without negative consequence might make it easier to try later
i.e, going off of the diving board for the first time
Cognitive Learning:Learning that focuses on how information is obtained mentally…..
Cognitive map: a mental picture which results in
Latent Learning
Behavior ModificationApplication of learning principles to change peoples actions and feelings
1. Computer-Assisted Instruction2. Token Economies3. Self Control- self discipline- setting up personal rewards and punishments-• reading one more page- running 10 more yards, answering one more question• keeping track of behaviors (weight loss, smoking)
Behavioral Experiment IdeasProject Ideas: Human Behavior
Does smell affect memory? Does color affect memory?
Do different smells affect blood pressure? Do different smells affect heart rate?
Does being scared affect blood pressure? How do different types of food affect memory?
The effects of visual aid on memory. Which helps memory more: visual or audio information?
Does the color of print affect reading comprehension? Does music affect concentration?
Does music affect mood? Does weather affect mood?
Does sleep affect concentration? Does temperature affect concentration?
Does physical exercise affect learning ability? Does age affect reaction time?
Does temperature affect reaction time? Is reaction time quicker in response to sight or touch?
Can people distinguishing low-fat foods from fatty foods? Can males or females determine the direction of sound better?
Does laughter affect mood? Does laughter affect blood pressure?
Does lying affect blood pressure? Is yawning contagious?
Does age affect the average volume at which people listen to music?