chapter : dimensional analysis (summary) - rama.ind.in  · web view১১। স + আ = সা ,...

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Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy 134 P. K. Guha Road DumDum Kol-28 Study Material of 17/4/2020 For Class Nursery to XII Class Nursery Subject Topic Execution English Practice book Pg 16 Golden rhymes Write in book Let us Pray – Listen & repeat Math Practice book Pg 42 (16) Write in Book Class KG I Subject Topic Execution English Work book – Pg 12, 13 Write in book Math Work book – Pg 98 Write in book (Number 1 – 50) Bengali সসসসসসস সসসসস Pg 10 সসসসসস সসসসস স সসসসসসস – Listen and Repeat Hindi সস १० Write in Copy Class KG II Subject Topic Execution English (Term I) Pg 29, 30 Write in cursive letters in book Science (TermI) Pg 117 (c, d) – Write in copy Answer – c. My class teacher is Mrs. Rajani Gomes. d. I study in class KG II. Math (TermI) Pg 84 Read & Learn the 7 days of the week. Class I Subject Topic Summary Execution Englis h 1 Chapter 1 naming words Page 9H. W. B. Match the words with the picture C. Complete the table:- Person:- boy , father, mother, girl. Place:-Garden, temple, school, park. Animal:- lion, tiger, snake,penguin. Thing:- flower, pencil, book, chair. Englis h 2 Orchid Chapter 3 The caring granny Page 25,26 D. Write double letters to complete the words :- 1.moon 2.room 3.food 4.wood E. Two rhyming words:-

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Page 1: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy134 P K Guha Road DumDum Kol-28

Study Material of 1742020For Class Nursery to XII

Class NurserySubject Topic Execution

English Practice book Pg 16 Golden rhymes

Write in book Let us Pray ndash Listen amp repeat

Math Practice book Pg 42 (16) Write in BookClass KG I

Subject Topic ExecutionEnglish Work book ndash Pg 12 13 Write in bookMath Work book ndash Pg 98 Write in book (Number 1 ndash 50)

Bengali সাহিতয মকল Pg 10 বরণের ধবহি ও উচচার ndash Listen and Repeat Hindi गिनती १ स १० तक Write in Copy

Class KG IISubject Topic Execution

English (Term I) Pg 29 30 Write in cursive letters in bookScience (TermI) Pg 117 (c d) ndash Write in copy Answer ndash

c My class teacher is Mrs Rajani Gomesd I study in class KG II

Math (TermI) Pg 84 Read amp Learn the 7 days of the weekClass I

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionEnglish 1 Chapter 1

naming words

Page 9H W B Match the words with the picture

C Complete the table-Person- boy father mother girlPlace-Garden temple school park Animal-lion tiger snakepenguinThing- flower pencil book chair

English 2 Orchid

Chapter 3 The caring granny

Page 2526 D Write double letters to complete the words -1moon 2room 3food 4wood

E Two rhyming words-1pot ndashhot dot 2sad --mad bad 3moon ndashspoon soon4dish ndashfish wish

Maths Chapter 4 addition and subtraction

Page 200 3 Subtract the following (horizontal subtraction)3 ndash 1 = 27 ndash 4 = 35 ndash2 = 39 ndash 3 = 66 ndash 6 = 08 ndash 8 = 0

EVS Chapter 5 festivals

Page 111 time to answer Fill in the blanks1Diwali is the festival of lights 2Ravana was

and celebrations

killed in Dussehra3 People go to Mosque on Eid4People go to church on Christmas

Hindi वयाकरण फलो क नाम 1 सब 2कला3आम 4 जामन 5 अनानास 6 अनार 7 अर

Bengali বইndash পাঠndashআকাররণোরণেশবদঠ ১ ক + আ = কা কাক২ খ + আ = খা খাতা৩ + আ = া াছ৪ ঘ + আ= ঘা ঘাস৫ চ + আ = চা চাল৬ জ + আ = জা জামা৭ ড + আ = ডা ডাব৮ ঢ + আ = ঢা ঢাক৯ থ + আ = থা থাম১০ প + আ = পা পাতা১১ স + আ = সা সাত১২ ব + আ = বা বার১৩ + আ = া াত১৪ ম + আ = মা মাথা

Class IISubject Topic Summary Execution

Eng literature

Ch 4 Bob and THE BathTub

Write in the copy and learn them Fill in the blanks1 Bob is three years old2 Every morning Mom gives Bob a

bath3 Bob throws his toys into the tub

and plays with them4 Bobrsquosister filled the tub with water

and bubble bath5 At last Dad locked the bathroom

door Eng language

Ch 6 pronouns

Refer to pg 33 Ex B [ DO IN THE BOOK ]Practice them

EX B] UNDERLINE THE PRONOUNS THEN CIRCLE THE NOUNS THAT THE PRONOUNS STAND FORANSWERS

1 Noun ndashTim Pronoun ndash He2 Noun ndash Tinni

Pronoun- she3 Noun ndashcat

Pronoun ndash it4 Noun ndash dog

Pronoun ndash it5 Noun -Kitty and Ken

Pronoun ndashthey6 Noun ndashsun

Pronoun ndash it7 Noun ndash bird

Pronoun ndashit8 Noun ndash Tim and Tinny

Pronoun - we

EVS CH 5 Eating habits

Wtite in the copy and learn them Write true or false1 All food fulfils same needs of our

body False 2 Wheat and maize are eaten raw

False 3 Cows and buffaloes gives us milk

True 4 A person who does not eat meat is

called a vegetarian True Mathematics CHAPTER-3

NUMBERS UPTO 1000

PLACE VALUE 3WRITE THE PLACE VALUE OF THE COLOURED DIGITSa)563- tens60(Practice the rest exercise)4WRITE THE FACE VALUE OF THE ENCIRCLED DIGIT869- 8(Practice the rest exercise)

Class IIISubject Topic Summary Execution

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2OPERATING SYSTEM

DONE IN THE PREVIOUS CLASS Q5) EXPLAIN THE MULTI-PROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEMANS) A MULTI-PROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEM ALLOWS A PROGRAM TO RUN ON MORE THAN ONE CPU AT SAME TIMEFOR EXAMPLES LINUX AND UNIXQ6)WHAT IS BOOTINGANS) WHEN A COMPUTER IS FIRST SWITCHED ON VARIOUS OPERATIONS ARE LOADED THAT START UP THE OPERATING SYSTEMTHIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS BOOTING

ENGLISH II CHAPTER-5SINGULAR AND PLURAL

MANY NOUNS CAN BE MADE PLURAL BY ADDING S IF THE WORD ENDS WITH CONSONANT [ READ PG 16 ]NOUNS THAT ENDS WITH CH SH S O SS AND X FORM THEIR PLURAL BY ADDING ESBUT IN SOME SPECIAL WORDS FOR EG RADIO PIONO ONLY S IS ADDED TO MAKE PLURAL

READ PG 16 AND 17 AND LEARN THE WORDS

SCIENCE SOME PROPERTIES OF WATER

Water is a tasteless colourless liquid and also it has no smell Water is matter it can exist in three states solid(snow or ice) liquid(water) and gas(vapour or steam) Water is commonly found in its liquid state Water occupies space and has mass It has a definite volume but has no definite shape It takes the shape of the container into which it is poured It can flow Water changes its state when it is heated and cooled

Solved exercise question and answersAWrite the correct answer5) Which of these will sink in water ndash a stoneB Write True or False1 Water is the most commonly found liquid on earth ndash True2 We get fresh water from rivers ndash False3 Water takes the shape of the container into which it is poured ndash True

MATHEMATICS CHAPTER-4SUBTRACTION

Estimating the DifferenceWe have learnt the method of rounding to tens and thousands and then estimating the sum Here we shall apply the same rule to estimate the difference

Exercise 19Example 2

Round off to hundreds and find the difference of 344 and 793

Solution344 is rounded to 300793 is rounded to 800

Estimated difference = 800 ndash 300 = 500[Subtract smaller number from larger one]Exercise1 Rounded off to tens and then estimated difference (b) 32 ndash 18 (c) 312 ndash 96

Solution(b) 32 is rounded to 30 18 is rounded to -20 10there4 Estimated difference = 10

(c) 312 is rounded to 300 96 is rounded to - 100 200

there4 Estimated difference = 200

Class IVSubject Topic Summary ExecutionScience Adaptations in

AnimalsSome animals such as frogs snakes cannot bear extreme cold So they go for a long period of rest to protect themselves from cold this is called hibernation Similarly many animals cannot bear the heat of summer and go on a long period of summer sleep this is called aestivation Camels have adapted themselves that they can easily bear the heat and cold in desert They have thick skin that help them to prevent water loss from their bodies Aquatic animals like fishes have gills to breathe under the water and they have fins and flippers to swim through water

Solved exercise question and answersA)Write the correct answer5 One of the following is an endangered animal ndash sea turtleB) Write H for herbivores C for carnivores and O for omnivores1 Eagles and kites ndash C or carnivores 2 Man and bears ndash O or omnivores 3 Crows and robins ndash O or omnivores 4 Deer and goats ndash H or herbivores

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Multiplication

Multiplication by TensMultiply the front digits and add 1 zero to the right of the producteg 4times 60 = 240

Multiplication by HundredsMultiply the front digits and add 2 zeros to the right of the producteg 4 times 800 = 3200

Exercise 18Multiply3 (a) 17 times 5 (b) 17 times50 (c) 17 times500

Solution (a) 17 times 5 = 85(b) 17 times50 = 850(c) 17 times500 = 8500

5 (a) 29 times 8 (b) 29 times 80 (b) 29 times 80 Solution

(a) 29 times 8 = 232(b) 29 times 80 = 2320(b) 29 times 800 = 23200

11 I bought a motorcycle and gave 851 hundred-rupee notes and 175 fifty-rupee notes How much did the motorcycle cost

Solution Total value of 851 hundred-rupee notes is Rs85100Total value of 175 fifty-rupee notes is + Rs 8750there4The cost of motorcycle Rs93850Working 851 hundred-rupee notes =(851 times 100) = Rs85100175 fifty-rupee notes = (175 times 50) = Rs8750

12 1085 chocolates can be packed in a box I have to pack chocolates in 900 boxes How many chocolates do I need to pack

Solution Total number of chocolates = ( 1085 times 900) =976500there4 I need to pack 976500 chocolates

Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash১শকনতলালেলখক - অবীনদরাথ ঠাকরলেলখক পহিরহিচহিত - অবীনদরাথ ঠাকর বাংলা হিশশ সাহিরণেতযর এক উরণেখরণোয াম তার লেলখা লপগহিল লেম হিশশ মরণোগরাী লেতমহি লেসগহিলরণেত পররণো কাহিী বহিতকাহিী - শকনতলা লপটিরণেত আশরম বাহিলকা ঋহিAমহি ও মাতা লেৌতমীপহিলতা শকনতলার ামাহিCত রণেলও এই রণেলপ আমরা পয তপবরণের হিDগধ পহিররণেবরণেশর সারণেথ পহিরহিচত ই লেখারণে অপব পরাকহিতক লেসৌনদরণের সারণেথ সারণেথ আমরা লেJহিখ পরাীকরণেলর অবাধ হিবচর লেসই তরণেপাবরণে ঋহিA ও মাতার কারণেছ থাকরণেতা ঋহিA কমারণেররা তারা এক সনদর পরভারণেত পাহিখরণেJর মারণেM ফরণেলর মত শরণেয় থাকরণেত লেJরণেখ সরণেJযাজাত মা লেমরণোকা পহিরতযকতা শকনতলারণেক তখ লেথরণেকই শকনতলা আশরম বাহিলকা

পরশন -১শকনতলারণেলপররণেলখকরণেক উঃশকনতলা রণেলপর লেলখক হিশশসাহিহিতযক অবীনদরাথ ঠাকর২রণেলপমলবহিতঘটাহিকউঃলপটিরণেত বহিত রণেয়রণেছ তপবরণের পরাকহিতক লেসৌনদ হিDগধতা ও শকনতলার আশররণেম আম বততানত

Hindi 2nd lang लल बाज लडका खाली सथानो को हरो =1 ोदाम स गिनकलकर हम राज म आ ए2 मा बोधराज को राकषस समझती थी3 चीलरोशनदान स अदर आकर तहसील पर बठ ई 4तीनचारगितनक और रई क ोल उड लगिकन घोसला नही गिरा

5 वह सवय तो घोसला तोडन क लिलए लल उठा लाया था6दीवार क साथ लत ोह पजो क सहार दीवार पकड लती ह7 बोधराज अभी भी टकटकी बाध चील की ओर दख रहा था8बोधराज अपनी जब म बहत सा चगा भरकर लाया था 9 मर गिपताजी की तरककी हई और हम लो एकबड घर म जाकर रहन ल10 बा म जाता तो फल पर बठी गिततली को पकड कर उलिलयो क बीच मसल दता

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution

MATHEMATICS

Ch 4Multiplication and Division

Exercise 14 Example 3 Multiply 5318 by 2583 Solution

5 3 1 8 times 2 5 8 3 1 5 9 5 4 (5318 times 3) 4 2 5 4 4 0 (5318 times 80) 2 6 5 9 0 0 0 (5318 times 500) 1 0 6 3 6 0 0 0 (5318 times 2000)1 3 7 3 6 3 9 4

Example 4 Using 7825 times 200 = 1565000 find(a) 7825 times 201 (b) 7826 times 200

Solution (a) 7825 times 201 = 7825 times (200 + 1)= 7825 times 200 + 7825times 1 = 1565000 + 7825 = 1572825

(b) 7826 times 200 = (7825 + 1) times 200 = 7825 times 200 +1 times 200 = 1565000 + 200 = 1565200

Example Fill in the box 26894 times- - 134-70 8-6820 - 4-2-0

Solution 26894 times35 134470 806820 941290

Exercise 1 Multiply the following (a) 95637 by 100 (b) 30691 by 1000

Solution (a) 95637 times 100 = 9563700 (b) 30691 times 1000 = 30691000

2 Find the product in each case (a) 5613 times 0 (b) 8965329 times 1 (c) 1230567 times 10

Solution (a) 5613 times 0 = 0(b) 8965329 times 1= 8965329(c) 1230567 times 10 = 12305670

Hindi 2ndlang सवCनाम गिनमनलिलखिखत वाकयो म सवCनाम चनकर उनक भद लिलखो1 मझ कछ काम करना ह2 आप कहा जा रह ह

3 जो लबा लडका ह वह मरा दोसत ह4 मरा बसता भारी हो या ह5 म अपना काम सवय करता ह6 वह कौन आया ह7 वह मरी बहन ह8 कोई तमस मिमलन आया ह

उततर =1 अगिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम2 परशनवाचक सवCनाम3 सबधवाचक सवCनाम4 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम5 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम6 परशनवाचक सवCनाम7 सबधवाचक सवCनाम8 गिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम

Bengali বইndashবাঙলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৬পরশন অশীলীর পররণেশনাততর

১০ক) হিশশটি পডারণেশাা করণের কলানত তাই লেস আর পডরণেতচাইরণেছ া লেস মারণেয়র কাছ লেথরণেক পডায় ছটি চাইরণেছখ) এই পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর লেবলাররণেক হিবকাল মরণে কররণেল হিশশটি লেখলা শর কররণেত পাররণেব কার হিবকাল লেবলাই সাধারত হিশশরণেJর লেখলার সময়) হিশশটির কলপায় Jপররণেবলা হিবরণেকল য় কার হিশশটি মরণে মরণে লেবশ লেJখরণেত পায় মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স ডরণেব ারণেY বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল হিরণেয় ঘরণের হিফররণেছ স লেডাবার পরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধার রণেয় আরণেস Jীহিঘর জল কারণেলা রণেয় এরণেল সনধযা ারণেমঘ) পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ আধার রণেল হিJহিঘ জল কারণেলা লেJখায়ঙ) হিবকাল রণেল মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স লেডারণেব বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল ঘরণের লেফরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধাররণেয় আরণেস ারণেটর লেলাকচাহিAর Jল সবাই ঘরণের হিফরণের আরণেসচ) রবীনদরাথ ঠাকরণেরর পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর অথাৎ মধযাহন হিJরণের মধযভা বাংলায়পরচহিলত একটি কথা ল ldquoরাত Jপরrdquo ভীর রাত অথ এই কথাটি বযবহত য় হিশশটিJপররণেবলা লেখলার অমহিত পাওয়ার আশায় এই কথাটি অজাত হিরণেসরণেব বযবার করণেররণেছ

English language

Verbs of incomplete predication

An intransitive verb which needs the help of some word or words to complete what it says about the subject is called a verb of incomplete predicationThe meaning of predication as used here is what is said about somethingrsquoThe word or group of words which helps a verb to complete what it says is known as itrsquos complementThe meaning of complement as used here is a thing which when

Example of verb of incomplete predicationTansen sangThe man appears sadThe word sang and appears are intransitive verb but what it says about itrsquos subject makes complete senseExampleAlexander was a great conquerorThe prize-winners looked very happy

added completes or makes up a whole

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

PHYSICS Physical quantities

What is Length Length is defined as the straight line distance between two points

Common device used to measure length are ndash

a ruler a metre rod and a measuring tape

How to use a ruler correctly

1 Avoid using the end of the ruler 2 Place the ruler correctly 3 Eyes should be placed in correct position to avoid parallax error

Answer the following 1) What do you understand by the term

measurement

Ans - Determining the exact value of an unknown quantity by comparing it with a known fixed quantity of the same kind is known as measurement

2) What are derived physical quantities Give any two examples of derived physical quantities

Ans - Physical quantities that are derived from one or more fundamental quantities are called derived physical quantities

Two examples of derived physical quantities are - area volume

3) What is the advantage of metric system over traditional units

Ans - Metric system is very simple and also scientific than traditional units

4) What are the unit of length mass and time in the SI system

Ans - In SI system unit of length is metre unit of mass is kilogram and unit of time is second

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Atomicity

Atomicity is defined as the total number of atoms that constitute a molecule

For example each molecule of oxygen (O2) is composed of two oxygen atoms So atomicity of oxygen is 2In older contexts the term atomicity is sometimes used in the same sense as valency

On the basis of atomicity molecules can be classified as

Monoatomic-composed of 1 atom eg He Ne Ar (all noble gases are monoatomic)

Diatomic-composed of 2 atoms eg H2 N2 O2

Answer the following Q5) What do you understand by the term ndash ldquotriatomic molecule ldquo Give an example of the same

1 Ans - Molecules which have three atoms are called triatomic molecules

2 For example ndash molecules of ozone has 3 atoms O3

3

Element Atomicity

hydrogen 2

helium 1

carbon 1

oxygen 2

nitrogen 2

Triatomic-composed of 3 atoms eg O3

Polyatomic-composed of 3 or more atoms eg P4 S8

sodium 1

magnesium 1

Aluminium 1

phosphorus 4

sulphur 8

chlorine 2

potassium 1

calcium 1

iron 1

copper 1

4BIOLOGY The Leaf Stomata

Numerous tiny pores are present on the lower surface of leaves These are called stomata Structure of stomata Each stoma is surrounded by two bean shaped cells called guard cells

Function of stomata The stomata open into small air cavity inside the leaves Carbon dioxide enter the leaves through stomata and oxygen is expelled from the plants through stomata Also the excess water is expelled through stomata by the process of transpiration

Q) Define leaf How are leaves arranged on a stem

Ans - The flat thin and green lateral structure attached to the node of a stem is called a leaf

Leaves are arranged on the stem mainly in three ways ndash

i Alternate ii Opposite

iii Whorled

Q) Define ndash (a) photosynthesis (b) transpiration

Ans ndash

(a) Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis

(b) Transpiration - The loss of excess water from plants mainly through leaves as water vapour is called transpiration

GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 2 LANDFORMS

PLAINS

Extensive flat low -lying land areas are called Plains

Plains that are formed by the deposition of alluvium by rivers are called alluvial plains

Example of Alluvial Plains-

1) Which plain lies in the Indian SubcontinentAns- The Indo ndash Gangetic Plain North Indian River Plain2) State the importance of Plains1 due to flat and level land plains are

Northern Plains of India the Amazon Basin in South America and the Great Plains of Mississippi in North America

Plains formed by rivers are intensively cultivated as they have fertile soils and abundant water supply

Coastal Plains are located along the coast Example the Eastern and Western coastal Plains of India

ideal for building settlements industries transport communication network Hence densely populated2 Most productive agricultural regions of the world3 River valleys have been a cradle of civilisation Notable among them are Indus Nile Tigris and Euphrates Fertile land abundance of water favourable climate led to growth of civilisations4 coastal plains are known for agriculture fishing and trade

Math Topic ndash Natural Number and Whole Number

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 5(c)

1) Fill in the blanks (i) 42times0 = 0 (ii) 592times1 =592(iii) 328times573 =

573times328(iv) 229times578 =

578times229(v) 32times15 =32times6 +

32times7 + 32times2(vi) 23times56 =20times56 +

3times56(vii) 83times54 + 83times16 =

83times(54 + 16) =83times70 =5810

(viii) 98times273 ndash 75times273 = (98 ndash 75)times273 = 23times2732) By re-arranging the given numbers evaluate(i) 2times487times50= 487times(50times2)

=487times100=48700(ii) 25times444times4= (25times4)times444= 100times444=44400(iii) 225times20times50times4= (225times4)times(20times50)= 900 times 1000= 9000003) Use distributive law to evaluate (i) 984times 102

= 984times(100 + 2)=984times100 + 984times2= 98400 + 1968= 100368(ii) 385 times 1004= 385 times (1000 + 4)=385times1000 + 385times4= 385000 + 1540=386540(iii) 446 times 10002= 446 times (10000 + 2)= 446times10000 + 446times2=4460000 + 892=4460982

4) Evaluate using properties (i) 548times98= 548 times (90 + 8)= 548times90 + 548times8=49320 + 4384= 53704(ii) 924 times 988=924 times ( 900 + 80 + 8)= 924times900 + 924times80 + 924 times8= 831600 + 73920 + 7392= 912912(iii) 3023times723= 3023times (700 +20 +3)= 3023times700 + 3023times20 + 3023times3=2116100 + 60460 +9069= 2185629

Class VIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionPhysics Chapter

Physical Quantities and Measurement

Study item Measuring DensityWhat is DensityAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore we can write Density = MassvolumeAnalysis of the above definition Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other objectAs a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = Kgm3 = Kg times m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = gtimes cm-3Study item speedWhat is speedAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically we can write Speed (v) = Distance (s)Time (t)Unit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (m s)

The speeds of fast moving objects such as cars and trains are expressed in kilometre per hour (kmh)

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2BINARY SYSTEM

BINARY SYSTEMA NUMBER SYSTEM THAT REPRESENTS ONLY TWO VALUES 0 AND 18421 code is a weighted code in which each decimal digit 0 to 9 is represented by a four-bit binary codeThe bit positions in each binary code are assigned weights from left to right of 842 and 1

DECIMALBINARY

8 4 2 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1

READ AND PRACTICEMath Topic

Number systemChapter Fraction

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 3(B)5) Arrange the given fractions in depending order by making numerators equal (iii) 110 611 811 and 35Solution Given fractions 110 611 811 and 35Therefore the LCM of the numerators 1 6 8 and 3 is 24Therefore 110 = 1times2410times24 = 24240611 = 6times411times4 = 2444811 = 8times311times3 = 243335 = 3times85times8 = 2440We know that the fraction which has a smaller denominator is greaterSo 2433 gt 2440 gt 2444 gt 24240Therefore depending order of the given fractions 811 gt 35 gt 611 gt 1106) Find the greater fraction (iii) 67 and 59Solution Given fraction 67 and 59Therefore the LCM of the denominators 7 and 9 is 63Therefore 67 = 6times97times9 =5463 59 = 5times79times7 = 3563Therefore 5463 gt 3563Therefore 67 is greater than 597) Insert one fraction between (iii) 917 and 613Solution Given fractions 917 and 613A fraction between 917 and 613 = 9+617+13 = 1530 = 12

8) Insert three fractions between (i) 25 and 49Solution Given fractions 25 and 49A fraction between 25 and 49 = 2+45+9 = 614 = 37A fraction between 25 and 37 = 2+35+7 = 512A fraction between 37 and 49 = 3+47+9 = 716Therefore three fractions between 25 and 49 = 37 512 7169) Insert two fractions between(iii) 56 and 65Solution Given fractions 56 and 65A fraction between 56 and 65 = 5+66+5 = 1111 = 1A fraction between 56 and 1 = 5+16+1 = 67Therefore two fractions between 56 and 65 = 67 1

History and civics

Medieval Europe-Rise and Spread of Christianity

Explained in previous lesson Long answer questions5 What was the attitude of the Roman Emperor Nero towards the Christians Why was it soAns The Christians were persecuted mercilessly under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero because the Christians were considered unpatriotic and disloyal The rich and high ranked Romans considered Christianity as a low religion The Christians refused to worship the Roman Emperor as a God in which they were killed in large numbers In 67 AD a fire broke out in Rome Nero put the blame on Christians This showed that he hated the Christians

6 Who is a Friar What did the Friars doAns Friar is a monk who does not live in monasteries but move from place to place Friars helped the peasants by giving them good advice and taught the Christian code of conduct to the common people

7 Write a note on the Last Supper of the LordAns The Last Supper according to the Christian Gospels was the last meal Jesus Christ had with his Twelve Apostles before his death It was at this supper that Jesus told his disciples that one among the twelve apostles would betray him It is also called the Lordrsquos Last Supper

English Literature

The Listeners III) Answer the following questions-

g) What kind of poem is lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- The poem lsquoThe Listenersrsquo is a single stanza poem of thirty six lines rhyming abcb It is not o the poemrsquos human traveller but on the phantom listener who await him

h) What is the tone used in the poemAns- The tone of the poem is eerie

i) Why are the eyes of the traveller described as lsquoGreyrsquo

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 2: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

and celebrations

killed in Dussehra3 People go to Mosque on Eid4People go to church on Christmas

Hindi वयाकरण फलो क नाम 1 सब 2कला3आम 4 जामन 5 अनानास 6 अनार 7 अर

Bengali বইndash পাঠndashআকাররণোরণেশবদঠ ১ ক + আ = কা কাক২ খ + আ = খা খাতা৩ + আ = া াছ৪ ঘ + আ= ঘা ঘাস৫ চ + আ = চা চাল৬ জ + আ = জা জামা৭ ড + আ = ডা ডাব৮ ঢ + আ = ঢা ঢাক৯ থ + আ = থা থাম১০ প + আ = পা পাতা১১ স + আ = সা সাত১২ ব + আ = বা বার১৩ + আ = া াত১৪ ম + আ = মা মাথা

Class IISubject Topic Summary Execution

Eng literature

Ch 4 Bob and THE BathTub

Write in the copy and learn them Fill in the blanks1 Bob is three years old2 Every morning Mom gives Bob a

bath3 Bob throws his toys into the tub

and plays with them4 Bobrsquosister filled the tub with water

and bubble bath5 At last Dad locked the bathroom

door Eng language

Ch 6 pronouns

Refer to pg 33 Ex B [ DO IN THE BOOK ]Practice them

EX B] UNDERLINE THE PRONOUNS THEN CIRCLE THE NOUNS THAT THE PRONOUNS STAND FORANSWERS

1 Noun ndashTim Pronoun ndash He2 Noun ndash Tinni

Pronoun- she3 Noun ndashcat

Pronoun ndash it4 Noun ndash dog

Pronoun ndash it5 Noun -Kitty and Ken

Pronoun ndashthey6 Noun ndashsun

Pronoun ndash it7 Noun ndash bird

Pronoun ndashit8 Noun ndash Tim and Tinny

Pronoun - we

EVS CH 5 Eating habits

Wtite in the copy and learn them Write true or false1 All food fulfils same needs of our

body False 2 Wheat and maize are eaten raw

False 3 Cows and buffaloes gives us milk

True 4 A person who does not eat meat is

called a vegetarian True Mathematics CHAPTER-3

NUMBERS UPTO 1000

PLACE VALUE 3WRITE THE PLACE VALUE OF THE COLOURED DIGITSa)563- tens60(Practice the rest exercise)4WRITE THE FACE VALUE OF THE ENCIRCLED DIGIT869- 8(Practice the rest exercise)

Class IIISubject Topic Summary Execution

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2OPERATING SYSTEM

DONE IN THE PREVIOUS CLASS Q5) EXPLAIN THE MULTI-PROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEMANS) A MULTI-PROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEM ALLOWS A PROGRAM TO RUN ON MORE THAN ONE CPU AT SAME TIMEFOR EXAMPLES LINUX AND UNIXQ6)WHAT IS BOOTINGANS) WHEN A COMPUTER IS FIRST SWITCHED ON VARIOUS OPERATIONS ARE LOADED THAT START UP THE OPERATING SYSTEMTHIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS BOOTING

ENGLISH II CHAPTER-5SINGULAR AND PLURAL

MANY NOUNS CAN BE MADE PLURAL BY ADDING S IF THE WORD ENDS WITH CONSONANT [ READ PG 16 ]NOUNS THAT ENDS WITH CH SH S O SS AND X FORM THEIR PLURAL BY ADDING ESBUT IN SOME SPECIAL WORDS FOR EG RADIO PIONO ONLY S IS ADDED TO MAKE PLURAL

READ PG 16 AND 17 AND LEARN THE WORDS

SCIENCE SOME PROPERTIES OF WATER

Water is a tasteless colourless liquid and also it has no smell Water is matter it can exist in three states solid(snow or ice) liquid(water) and gas(vapour or steam) Water is commonly found in its liquid state Water occupies space and has mass It has a definite volume but has no definite shape It takes the shape of the container into which it is poured It can flow Water changes its state when it is heated and cooled

Solved exercise question and answersAWrite the correct answer5) Which of these will sink in water ndash a stoneB Write True or False1 Water is the most commonly found liquid on earth ndash True2 We get fresh water from rivers ndash False3 Water takes the shape of the container into which it is poured ndash True

MATHEMATICS CHAPTER-4SUBTRACTION

Estimating the DifferenceWe have learnt the method of rounding to tens and thousands and then estimating the sum Here we shall apply the same rule to estimate the difference

Exercise 19Example 2

Round off to hundreds and find the difference of 344 and 793

Solution344 is rounded to 300793 is rounded to 800

Estimated difference = 800 ndash 300 = 500[Subtract smaller number from larger one]Exercise1 Rounded off to tens and then estimated difference (b) 32 ndash 18 (c) 312 ndash 96

Solution(b) 32 is rounded to 30 18 is rounded to -20 10there4 Estimated difference = 10

(c) 312 is rounded to 300 96 is rounded to - 100 200

there4 Estimated difference = 200

Class IVSubject Topic Summary ExecutionScience Adaptations in

AnimalsSome animals such as frogs snakes cannot bear extreme cold So they go for a long period of rest to protect themselves from cold this is called hibernation Similarly many animals cannot bear the heat of summer and go on a long period of summer sleep this is called aestivation Camels have adapted themselves that they can easily bear the heat and cold in desert They have thick skin that help them to prevent water loss from their bodies Aquatic animals like fishes have gills to breathe under the water and they have fins and flippers to swim through water

Solved exercise question and answersA)Write the correct answer5 One of the following is an endangered animal ndash sea turtleB) Write H for herbivores C for carnivores and O for omnivores1 Eagles and kites ndash C or carnivores 2 Man and bears ndash O or omnivores 3 Crows and robins ndash O or omnivores 4 Deer and goats ndash H or herbivores

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Multiplication

Multiplication by TensMultiply the front digits and add 1 zero to the right of the producteg 4times 60 = 240

Multiplication by HundredsMultiply the front digits and add 2 zeros to the right of the producteg 4 times 800 = 3200

Exercise 18Multiply3 (a) 17 times 5 (b) 17 times50 (c) 17 times500

Solution (a) 17 times 5 = 85(b) 17 times50 = 850(c) 17 times500 = 8500

5 (a) 29 times 8 (b) 29 times 80 (b) 29 times 80 Solution

(a) 29 times 8 = 232(b) 29 times 80 = 2320(b) 29 times 800 = 23200

11 I bought a motorcycle and gave 851 hundred-rupee notes and 175 fifty-rupee notes How much did the motorcycle cost

Solution Total value of 851 hundred-rupee notes is Rs85100Total value of 175 fifty-rupee notes is + Rs 8750there4The cost of motorcycle Rs93850Working 851 hundred-rupee notes =(851 times 100) = Rs85100175 fifty-rupee notes = (175 times 50) = Rs8750

12 1085 chocolates can be packed in a box I have to pack chocolates in 900 boxes How many chocolates do I need to pack

Solution Total number of chocolates = ( 1085 times 900) =976500there4 I need to pack 976500 chocolates

Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash১শকনতলালেলখক - অবীনদরাথ ঠাকরলেলখক পহিরহিচহিত - অবীনদরাথ ঠাকর বাংলা হিশশ সাহিরণেতযর এক উরণেখরণোয াম তার লেলখা লপগহিল লেম হিশশ মরণোগরাী লেতমহি লেসগহিলরণেত পররণো কাহিী বহিতকাহিী - শকনতলা লপটিরণেত আশরম বাহিলকা ঋহিAমহি ও মাতা লেৌতমীপহিলতা শকনতলার ামাহিCত রণেলও এই রণেলপ আমরা পয তপবরণের হিDগধ পহিররণেবরণেশর সারণেথ পহিরহিচত ই লেখারণে অপব পরাকহিতক লেসৌনদরণের সারণেথ সারণেথ আমরা লেJহিখ পরাীকরণেলর অবাধ হিবচর লেসই তরণেপাবরণে ঋহিA ও মাতার কারণেছ থাকরণেতা ঋহিA কমারণেররা তারা এক সনদর পরভারণেত পাহিখরণেJর মারণেM ফরণেলর মত শরণেয় থাকরণেত লেJরণেখ সরণেJযাজাত মা লেমরণোকা পহিরতযকতা শকনতলারণেক তখ লেথরণেকই শকনতলা আশরম বাহিলকা

পরশন -১শকনতলারণেলপররণেলখকরণেক উঃশকনতলা রণেলপর লেলখক হিশশসাহিহিতযক অবীনদরাথ ঠাকর২রণেলপমলবহিতঘটাহিকউঃলপটিরণেত বহিত রণেয়রণেছ তপবরণের পরাকহিতক লেসৌনদ হিDগধতা ও শকনতলার আশররণেম আম বততানত

Hindi 2nd lang लल बाज लडका खाली सथानो को हरो =1 ोदाम स गिनकलकर हम राज म आ ए2 मा बोधराज को राकषस समझती थी3 चीलरोशनदान स अदर आकर तहसील पर बठ ई 4तीनचारगितनक और रई क ोल उड लगिकन घोसला नही गिरा

5 वह सवय तो घोसला तोडन क लिलए लल उठा लाया था6दीवार क साथ लत ोह पजो क सहार दीवार पकड लती ह7 बोधराज अभी भी टकटकी बाध चील की ओर दख रहा था8बोधराज अपनी जब म बहत सा चगा भरकर लाया था 9 मर गिपताजी की तरककी हई और हम लो एकबड घर म जाकर रहन ल10 बा म जाता तो फल पर बठी गिततली को पकड कर उलिलयो क बीच मसल दता

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution

MATHEMATICS

Ch 4Multiplication and Division

Exercise 14 Example 3 Multiply 5318 by 2583 Solution

5 3 1 8 times 2 5 8 3 1 5 9 5 4 (5318 times 3) 4 2 5 4 4 0 (5318 times 80) 2 6 5 9 0 0 0 (5318 times 500) 1 0 6 3 6 0 0 0 (5318 times 2000)1 3 7 3 6 3 9 4

Example 4 Using 7825 times 200 = 1565000 find(a) 7825 times 201 (b) 7826 times 200

Solution (a) 7825 times 201 = 7825 times (200 + 1)= 7825 times 200 + 7825times 1 = 1565000 + 7825 = 1572825

(b) 7826 times 200 = (7825 + 1) times 200 = 7825 times 200 +1 times 200 = 1565000 + 200 = 1565200

Example Fill in the box 26894 times- - 134-70 8-6820 - 4-2-0

Solution 26894 times35 134470 806820 941290

Exercise 1 Multiply the following (a) 95637 by 100 (b) 30691 by 1000

Solution (a) 95637 times 100 = 9563700 (b) 30691 times 1000 = 30691000

2 Find the product in each case (a) 5613 times 0 (b) 8965329 times 1 (c) 1230567 times 10

Solution (a) 5613 times 0 = 0(b) 8965329 times 1= 8965329(c) 1230567 times 10 = 12305670

Hindi 2ndlang सवCनाम गिनमनलिलखिखत वाकयो म सवCनाम चनकर उनक भद लिलखो1 मझ कछ काम करना ह2 आप कहा जा रह ह

3 जो लबा लडका ह वह मरा दोसत ह4 मरा बसता भारी हो या ह5 म अपना काम सवय करता ह6 वह कौन आया ह7 वह मरी बहन ह8 कोई तमस मिमलन आया ह

उततर =1 अगिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम2 परशनवाचक सवCनाम3 सबधवाचक सवCनाम4 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम5 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम6 परशनवाचक सवCनाम7 सबधवाचक सवCनाम8 गिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम

Bengali বইndashবাঙলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৬পরশন অশীলীর পররণেশনাততর

১০ক) হিশশটি পডারণেশাা করণের কলানত তাই লেস আর পডরণেতচাইরণেছ া লেস মারণেয়র কাছ লেথরণেক পডায় ছটি চাইরণেছখ) এই পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর লেবলাররণেক হিবকাল মরণে কররণেল হিশশটি লেখলা শর কররণেত পাররণেব কার হিবকাল লেবলাই সাধারত হিশশরণেJর লেখলার সময়) হিশশটির কলপায় Jপররণেবলা হিবরণেকল য় কার হিশশটি মরণে মরণে লেবশ লেJখরণেত পায় মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স ডরণেব ারণেY বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল হিরণেয় ঘরণের হিফররণেছ স লেডাবার পরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধার রণেয় আরণেস Jীহিঘর জল কারণেলা রণেয় এরণেল সনধযা ারণেমঘ) পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ আধার রণেল হিJহিঘ জল কারণেলা লেJখায়ঙ) হিবকাল রণেল মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স লেডারণেব বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল ঘরণের লেফরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধাররণেয় আরণেস ারণেটর লেলাকচাহিAর Jল সবাই ঘরণের হিফরণের আরণেসচ) রবীনদরাথ ঠাকরণেরর পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর অথাৎ মধযাহন হিJরণের মধযভা বাংলায়পরচহিলত একটি কথা ল ldquoরাত Jপরrdquo ভীর রাত অথ এই কথাটি বযবহত য় হিশশটিJপররণেবলা লেখলার অমহিত পাওয়ার আশায় এই কথাটি অজাত হিরণেসরণেব বযবার করণেররণেছ

English language

Verbs of incomplete predication

An intransitive verb which needs the help of some word or words to complete what it says about the subject is called a verb of incomplete predicationThe meaning of predication as used here is what is said about somethingrsquoThe word or group of words which helps a verb to complete what it says is known as itrsquos complementThe meaning of complement as used here is a thing which when

Example of verb of incomplete predicationTansen sangThe man appears sadThe word sang and appears are intransitive verb but what it says about itrsquos subject makes complete senseExampleAlexander was a great conquerorThe prize-winners looked very happy

added completes or makes up a whole

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

PHYSICS Physical quantities

What is Length Length is defined as the straight line distance between two points

Common device used to measure length are ndash

a ruler a metre rod and a measuring tape

How to use a ruler correctly

1 Avoid using the end of the ruler 2 Place the ruler correctly 3 Eyes should be placed in correct position to avoid parallax error

Answer the following 1) What do you understand by the term

measurement

Ans - Determining the exact value of an unknown quantity by comparing it with a known fixed quantity of the same kind is known as measurement

2) What are derived physical quantities Give any two examples of derived physical quantities

Ans - Physical quantities that are derived from one or more fundamental quantities are called derived physical quantities

Two examples of derived physical quantities are - area volume

3) What is the advantage of metric system over traditional units

Ans - Metric system is very simple and also scientific than traditional units

4) What are the unit of length mass and time in the SI system

Ans - In SI system unit of length is metre unit of mass is kilogram and unit of time is second

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Atomicity

Atomicity is defined as the total number of atoms that constitute a molecule

For example each molecule of oxygen (O2) is composed of two oxygen atoms So atomicity of oxygen is 2In older contexts the term atomicity is sometimes used in the same sense as valency

On the basis of atomicity molecules can be classified as

Monoatomic-composed of 1 atom eg He Ne Ar (all noble gases are monoatomic)

Diatomic-composed of 2 atoms eg H2 N2 O2

Answer the following Q5) What do you understand by the term ndash ldquotriatomic molecule ldquo Give an example of the same

1 Ans - Molecules which have three atoms are called triatomic molecules

2 For example ndash molecules of ozone has 3 atoms O3

3

Element Atomicity

hydrogen 2

helium 1

carbon 1

oxygen 2

nitrogen 2

Triatomic-composed of 3 atoms eg O3

Polyatomic-composed of 3 or more atoms eg P4 S8

sodium 1

magnesium 1

Aluminium 1

phosphorus 4

sulphur 8

chlorine 2

potassium 1

calcium 1

iron 1

copper 1

4BIOLOGY The Leaf Stomata

Numerous tiny pores are present on the lower surface of leaves These are called stomata Structure of stomata Each stoma is surrounded by two bean shaped cells called guard cells

Function of stomata The stomata open into small air cavity inside the leaves Carbon dioxide enter the leaves through stomata and oxygen is expelled from the plants through stomata Also the excess water is expelled through stomata by the process of transpiration

Q) Define leaf How are leaves arranged on a stem

Ans - The flat thin and green lateral structure attached to the node of a stem is called a leaf

Leaves are arranged on the stem mainly in three ways ndash

i Alternate ii Opposite

iii Whorled

Q) Define ndash (a) photosynthesis (b) transpiration

Ans ndash

(a) Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis

(b) Transpiration - The loss of excess water from plants mainly through leaves as water vapour is called transpiration

GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 2 LANDFORMS

PLAINS

Extensive flat low -lying land areas are called Plains

Plains that are formed by the deposition of alluvium by rivers are called alluvial plains

Example of Alluvial Plains-

1) Which plain lies in the Indian SubcontinentAns- The Indo ndash Gangetic Plain North Indian River Plain2) State the importance of Plains1 due to flat and level land plains are

Northern Plains of India the Amazon Basin in South America and the Great Plains of Mississippi in North America

Plains formed by rivers are intensively cultivated as they have fertile soils and abundant water supply

Coastal Plains are located along the coast Example the Eastern and Western coastal Plains of India

ideal for building settlements industries transport communication network Hence densely populated2 Most productive agricultural regions of the world3 River valleys have been a cradle of civilisation Notable among them are Indus Nile Tigris and Euphrates Fertile land abundance of water favourable climate led to growth of civilisations4 coastal plains are known for agriculture fishing and trade

Math Topic ndash Natural Number and Whole Number

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 5(c)

1) Fill in the blanks (i) 42times0 = 0 (ii) 592times1 =592(iii) 328times573 =

573times328(iv) 229times578 =

578times229(v) 32times15 =32times6 +

32times7 + 32times2(vi) 23times56 =20times56 +

3times56(vii) 83times54 + 83times16 =

83times(54 + 16) =83times70 =5810

(viii) 98times273 ndash 75times273 = (98 ndash 75)times273 = 23times2732) By re-arranging the given numbers evaluate(i) 2times487times50= 487times(50times2)

=487times100=48700(ii) 25times444times4= (25times4)times444= 100times444=44400(iii) 225times20times50times4= (225times4)times(20times50)= 900 times 1000= 9000003) Use distributive law to evaluate (i) 984times 102

= 984times(100 + 2)=984times100 + 984times2= 98400 + 1968= 100368(ii) 385 times 1004= 385 times (1000 + 4)=385times1000 + 385times4= 385000 + 1540=386540(iii) 446 times 10002= 446 times (10000 + 2)= 446times10000 + 446times2=4460000 + 892=4460982

4) Evaluate using properties (i) 548times98= 548 times (90 + 8)= 548times90 + 548times8=49320 + 4384= 53704(ii) 924 times 988=924 times ( 900 + 80 + 8)= 924times900 + 924times80 + 924 times8= 831600 + 73920 + 7392= 912912(iii) 3023times723= 3023times (700 +20 +3)= 3023times700 + 3023times20 + 3023times3=2116100 + 60460 +9069= 2185629

Class VIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionPhysics Chapter

Physical Quantities and Measurement

Study item Measuring DensityWhat is DensityAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore we can write Density = MassvolumeAnalysis of the above definition Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other objectAs a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = Kgm3 = Kg times m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = gtimes cm-3Study item speedWhat is speedAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically we can write Speed (v) = Distance (s)Time (t)Unit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (m s)

The speeds of fast moving objects such as cars and trains are expressed in kilometre per hour (kmh)

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2BINARY SYSTEM

BINARY SYSTEMA NUMBER SYSTEM THAT REPRESENTS ONLY TWO VALUES 0 AND 18421 code is a weighted code in which each decimal digit 0 to 9 is represented by a four-bit binary codeThe bit positions in each binary code are assigned weights from left to right of 842 and 1

DECIMALBINARY

8 4 2 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1

READ AND PRACTICEMath Topic

Number systemChapter Fraction

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 3(B)5) Arrange the given fractions in depending order by making numerators equal (iii) 110 611 811 and 35Solution Given fractions 110 611 811 and 35Therefore the LCM of the numerators 1 6 8 and 3 is 24Therefore 110 = 1times2410times24 = 24240611 = 6times411times4 = 2444811 = 8times311times3 = 243335 = 3times85times8 = 2440We know that the fraction which has a smaller denominator is greaterSo 2433 gt 2440 gt 2444 gt 24240Therefore depending order of the given fractions 811 gt 35 gt 611 gt 1106) Find the greater fraction (iii) 67 and 59Solution Given fraction 67 and 59Therefore the LCM of the denominators 7 and 9 is 63Therefore 67 = 6times97times9 =5463 59 = 5times79times7 = 3563Therefore 5463 gt 3563Therefore 67 is greater than 597) Insert one fraction between (iii) 917 and 613Solution Given fractions 917 and 613A fraction between 917 and 613 = 9+617+13 = 1530 = 12

8) Insert three fractions between (i) 25 and 49Solution Given fractions 25 and 49A fraction between 25 and 49 = 2+45+9 = 614 = 37A fraction between 25 and 37 = 2+35+7 = 512A fraction between 37 and 49 = 3+47+9 = 716Therefore three fractions between 25 and 49 = 37 512 7169) Insert two fractions between(iii) 56 and 65Solution Given fractions 56 and 65A fraction between 56 and 65 = 5+66+5 = 1111 = 1A fraction between 56 and 1 = 5+16+1 = 67Therefore two fractions between 56 and 65 = 67 1

History and civics

Medieval Europe-Rise and Spread of Christianity

Explained in previous lesson Long answer questions5 What was the attitude of the Roman Emperor Nero towards the Christians Why was it soAns The Christians were persecuted mercilessly under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero because the Christians were considered unpatriotic and disloyal The rich and high ranked Romans considered Christianity as a low religion The Christians refused to worship the Roman Emperor as a God in which they were killed in large numbers In 67 AD a fire broke out in Rome Nero put the blame on Christians This showed that he hated the Christians

6 Who is a Friar What did the Friars doAns Friar is a monk who does not live in monasteries but move from place to place Friars helped the peasants by giving them good advice and taught the Christian code of conduct to the common people

7 Write a note on the Last Supper of the LordAns The Last Supper according to the Christian Gospels was the last meal Jesus Christ had with his Twelve Apostles before his death It was at this supper that Jesus told his disciples that one among the twelve apostles would betray him It is also called the Lordrsquos Last Supper

English Literature

The Listeners III) Answer the following questions-

g) What kind of poem is lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- The poem lsquoThe Listenersrsquo is a single stanza poem of thirty six lines rhyming abcb It is not o the poemrsquos human traveller but on the phantom listener who await him

h) What is the tone used in the poemAns- The tone of the poem is eerie

i) Why are the eyes of the traveller described as lsquoGreyrsquo

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 3: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

Pronoun - we

EVS CH 5 Eating habits

Wtite in the copy and learn them Write true or false1 All food fulfils same needs of our

body False 2 Wheat and maize are eaten raw

False 3 Cows and buffaloes gives us milk

True 4 A person who does not eat meat is

called a vegetarian True Mathematics CHAPTER-3

NUMBERS UPTO 1000

PLACE VALUE 3WRITE THE PLACE VALUE OF THE COLOURED DIGITSa)563- tens60(Practice the rest exercise)4WRITE THE FACE VALUE OF THE ENCIRCLED DIGIT869- 8(Practice the rest exercise)

Class IIISubject Topic Summary Execution

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2OPERATING SYSTEM

DONE IN THE PREVIOUS CLASS Q5) EXPLAIN THE MULTI-PROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEMANS) A MULTI-PROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEM ALLOWS A PROGRAM TO RUN ON MORE THAN ONE CPU AT SAME TIMEFOR EXAMPLES LINUX AND UNIXQ6)WHAT IS BOOTINGANS) WHEN A COMPUTER IS FIRST SWITCHED ON VARIOUS OPERATIONS ARE LOADED THAT START UP THE OPERATING SYSTEMTHIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS BOOTING

ENGLISH II CHAPTER-5SINGULAR AND PLURAL

MANY NOUNS CAN BE MADE PLURAL BY ADDING S IF THE WORD ENDS WITH CONSONANT [ READ PG 16 ]NOUNS THAT ENDS WITH CH SH S O SS AND X FORM THEIR PLURAL BY ADDING ESBUT IN SOME SPECIAL WORDS FOR EG RADIO PIONO ONLY S IS ADDED TO MAKE PLURAL

READ PG 16 AND 17 AND LEARN THE WORDS

SCIENCE SOME PROPERTIES OF WATER

Water is a tasteless colourless liquid and also it has no smell Water is matter it can exist in three states solid(snow or ice) liquid(water) and gas(vapour or steam) Water is commonly found in its liquid state Water occupies space and has mass It has a definite volume but has no definite shape It takes the shape of the container into which it is poured It can flow Water changes its state when it is heated and cooled

Solved exercise question and answersAWrite the correct answer5) Which of these will sink in water ndash a stoneB Write True or False1 Water is the most commonly found liquid on earth ndash True2 We get fresh water from rivers ndash False3 Water takes the shape of the container into which it is poured ndash True

MATHEMATICS CHAPTER-4SUBTRACTION

Estimating the DifferenceWe have learnt the method of rounding to tens and thousands and then estimating the sum Here we shall apply the same rule to estimate the difference

Exercise 19Example 2

Round off to hundreds and find the difference of 344 and 793

Solution344 is rounded to 300793 is rounded to 800

Estimated difference = 800 ndash 300 = 500[Subtract smaller number from larger one]Exercise1 Rounded off to tens and then estimated difference (b) 32 ndash 18 (c) 312 ndash 96

Solution(b) 32 is rounded to 30 18 is rounded to -20 10there4 Estimated difference = 10

(c) 312 is rounded to 300 96 is rounded to - 100 200

there4 Estimated difference = 200

Class IVSubject Topic Summary ExecutionScience Adaptations in

AnimalsSome animals such as frogs snakes cannot bear extreme cold So they go for a long period of rest to protect themselves from cold this is called hibernation Similarly many animals cannot bear the heat of summer and go on a long period of summer sleep this is called aestivation Camels have adapted themselves that they can easily bear the heat and cold in desert They have thick skin that help them to prevent water loss from their bodies Aquatic animals like fishes have gills to breathe under the water and they have fins and flippers to swim through water

Solved exercise question and answersA)Write the correct answer5 One of the following is an endangered animal ndash sea turtleB) Write H for herbivores C for carnivores and O for omnivores1 Eagles and kites ndash C or carnivores 2 Man and bears ndash O or omnivores 3 Crows and robins ndash O or omnivores 4 Deer and goats ndash H or herbivores

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Multiplication

Multiplication by TensMultiply the front digits and add 1 zero to the right of the producteg 4times 60 = 240

Multiplication by HundredsMultiply the front digits and add 2 zeros to the right of the producteg 4 times 800 = 3200

Exercise 18Multiply3 (a) 17 times 5 (b) 17 times50 (c) 17 times500

Solution (a) 17 times 5 = 85(b) 17 times50 = 850(c) 17 times500 = 8500

5 (a) 29 times 8 (b) 29 times 80 (b) 29 times 80 Solution

(a) 29 times 8 = 232(b) 29 times 80 = 2320(b) 29 times 800 = 23200

11 I bought a motorcycle and gave 851 hundred-rupee notes and 175 fifty-rupee notes How much did the motorcycle cost

Solution Total value of 851 hundred-rupee notes is Rs85100Total value of 175 fifty-rupee notes is + Rs 8750there4The cost of motorcycle Rs93850Working 851 hundred-rupee notes =(851 times 100) = Rs85100175 fifty-rupee notes = (175 times 50) = Rs8750

12 1085 chocolates can be packed in a box I have to pack chocolates in 900 boxes How many chocolates do I need to pack

Solution Total number of chocolates = ( 1085 times 900) =976500there4 I need to pack 976500 chocolates

Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash১শকনতলালেলখক - অবীনদরাথ ঠাকরলেলখক পহিরহিচহিত - অবীনদরাথ ঠাকর বাংলা হিশশ সাহিরণেতযর এক উরণেখরণোয াম তার লেলখা লপগহিল লেম হিশশ মরণোগরাী লেতমহি লেসগহিলরণেত পররণো কাহিী বহিতকাহিী - শকনতলা লপটিরণেত আশরম বাহিলকা ঋহিAমহি ও মাতা লেৌতমীপহিলতা শকনতলার ামাহিCত রণেলও এই রণেলপ আমরা পয তপবরণের হিDগধ পহিররণেবরণেশর সারণেথ পহিরহিচত ই লেখারণে অপব পরাকহিতক লেসৌনদরণের সারণেথ সারণেথ আমরা লেJহিখ পরাীকরণেলর অবাধ হিবচর লেসই তরণেপাবরণে ঋহিA ও মাতার কারণেছ থাকরণেতা ঋহিA কমারণেররা তারা এক সনদর পরভারণেত পাহিখরণেJর মারণেM ফরণেলর মত শরণেয় থাকরণেত লেJরণেখ সরণেJযাজাত মা লেমরণোকা পহিরতযকতা শকনতলারণেক তখ লেথরণেকই শকনতলা আশরম বাহিলকা

পরশন -১শকনতলারণেলপররণেলখকরণেক উঃশকনতলা রণেলপর লেলখক হিশশসাহিহিতযক অবীনদরাথ ঠাকর২রণেলপমলবহিতঘটাহিকউঃলপটিরণেত বহিত রণেয়রণেছ তপবরণের পরাকহিতক লেসৌনদ হিDগধতা ও শকনতলার আশররণেম আম বততানত

Hindi 2nd lang लल बाज लडका खाली सथानो को हरो =1 ोदाम स गिनकलकर हम राज म आ ए2 मा बोधराज को राकषस समझती थी3 चीलरोशनदान स अदर आकर तहसील पर बठ ई 4तीनचारगितनक और रई क ोल उड लगिकन घोसला नही गिरा

5 वह सवय तो घोसला तोडन क लिलए लल उठा लाया था6दीवार क साथ लत ोह पजो क सहार दीवार पकड लती ह7 बोधराज अभी भी टकटकी बाध चील की ओर दख रहा था8बोधराज अपनी जब म बहत सा चगा भरकर लाया था 9 मर गिपताजी की तरककी हई और हम लो एकबड घर म जाकर रहन ल10 बा म जाता तो फल पर बठी गिततली को पकड कर उलिलयो क बीच मसल दता

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution

MATHEMATICS

Ch 4Multiplication and Division

Exercise 14 Example 3 Multiply 5318 by 2583 Solution

5 3 1 8 times 2 5 8 3 1 5 9 5 4 (5318 times 3) 4 2 5 4 4 0 (5318 times 80) 2 6 5 9 0 0 0 (5318 times 500) 1 0 6 3 6 0 0 0 (5318 times 2000)1 3 7 3 6 3 9 4

Example 4 Using 7825 times 200 = 1565000 find(a) 7825 times 201 (b) 7826 times 200

Solution (a) 7825 times 201 = 7825 times (200 + 1)= 7825 times 200 + 7825times 1 = 1565000 + 7825 = 1572825

(b) 7826 times 200 = (7825 + 1) times 200 = 7825 times 200 +1 times 200 = 1565000 + 200 = 1565200

Example Fill in the box 26894 times- - 134-70 8-6820 - 4-2-0

Solution 26894 times35 134470 806820 941290

Exercise 1 Multiply the following (a) 95637 by 100 (b) 30691 by 1000

Solution (a) 95637 times 100 = 9563700 (b) 30691 times 1000 = 30691000

2 Find the product in each case (a) 5613 times 0 (b) 8965329 times 1 (c) 1230567 times 10

Solution (a) 5613 times 0 = 0(b) 8965329 times 1= 8965329(c) 1230567 times 10 = 12305670

Hindi 2ndlang सवCनाम गिनमनलिलखिखत वाकयो म सवCनाम चनकर उनक भद लिलखो1 मझ कछ काम करना ह2 आप कहा जा रह ह

3 जो लबा लडका ह वह मरा दोसत ह4 मरा बसता भारी हो या ह5 म अपना काम सवय करता ह6 वह कौन आया ह7 वह मरी बहन ह8 कोई तमस मिमलन आया ह

उततर =1 अगिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम2 परशनवाचक सवCनाम3 सबधवाचक सवCनाम4 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम5 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम6 परशनवाचक सवCनाम7 सबधवाचक सवCनाम8 गिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम

Bengali বইndashবাঙলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৬পরশন অশীলীর পররণেশনাততর

১০ক) হিশশটি পডারণেশাা করণের কলানত তাই লেস আর পডরণেতচাইরণেছ া লেস মারণেয়র কাছ লেথরণেক পডায় ছটি চাইরণেছখ) এই পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর লেবলাররণেক হিবকাল মরণে কররণেল হিশশটি লেখলা শর কররণেত পাররণেব কার হিবকাল লেবলাই সাধারত হিশশরণেJর লেখলার সময়) হিশশটির কলপায় Jপররণেবলা হিবরণেকল য় কার হিশশটি মরণে মরণে লেবশ লেJখরণেত পায় মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স ডরণেব ারণেY বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল হিরণেয় ঘরণের হিফররণেছ স লেডাবার পরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধার রণেয় আরণেস Jীহিঘর জল কারণেলা রণেয় এরণেল সনধযা ারণেমঘ) পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ আধার রণেল হিJহিঘ জল কারণেলা লেJখায়ঙ) হিবকাল রণেল মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স লেডারণেব বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল ঘরণের লেফরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধাররণেয় আরণেস ারণেটর লেলাকচাহিAর Jল সবাই ঘরণের হিফরণের আরণেসচ) রবীনদরাথ ঠাকরণেরর পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর অথাৎ মধযাহন হিJরণের মধযভা বাংলায়পরচহিলত একটি কথা ল ldquoরাত Jপরrdquo ভীর রাত অথ এই কথাটি বযবহত য় হিশশটিJপররণেবলা লেখলার অমহিত পাওয়ার আশায় এই কথাটি অজাত হিরণেসরণেব বযবার করণেররণেছ

English language

Verbs of incomplete predication

An intransitive verb which needs the help of some word or words to complete what it says about the subject is called a verb of incomplete predicationThe meaning of predication as used here is what is said about somethingrsquoThe word or group of words which helps a verb to complete what it says is known as itrsquos complementThe meaning of complement as used here is a thing which when

Example of verb of incomplete predicationTansen sangThe man appears sadThe word sang and appears are intransitive verb but what it says about itrsquos subject makes complete senseExampleAlexander was a great conquerorThe prize-winners looked very happy

added completes or makes up a whole

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

PHYSICS Physical quantities

What is Length Length is defined as the straight line distance between two points

Common device used to measure length are ndash

a ruler a metre rod and a measuring tape

How to use a ruler correctly

1 Avoid using the end of the ruler 2 Place the ruler correctly 3 Eyes should be placed in correct position to avoid parallax error

Answer the following 1) What do you understand by the term

measurement

Ans - Determining the exact value of an unknown quantity by comparing it with a known fixed quantity of the same kind is known as measurement

2) What are derived physical quantities Give any two examples of derived physical quantities

Ans - Physical quantities that are derived from one or more fundamental quantities are called derived physical quantities

Two examples of derived physical quantities are - area volume

3) What is the advantage of metric system over traditional units

Ans - Metric system is very simple and also scientific than traditional units

4) What are the unit of length mass and time in the SI system

Ans - In SI system unit of length is metre unit of mass is kilogram and unit of time is second

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Atomicity

Atomicity is defined as the total number of atoms that constitute a molecule

For example each molecule of oxygen (O2) is composed of two oxygen atoms So atomicity of oxygen is 2In older contexts the term atomicity is sometimes used in the same sense as valency

On the basis of atomicity molecules can be classified as

Monoatomic-composed of 1 atom eg He Ne Ar (all noble gases are monoatomic)

Diatomic-composed of 2 atoms eg H2 N2 O2

Answer the following Q5) What do you understand by the term ndash ldquotriatomic molecule ldquo Give an example of the same

1 Ans - Molecules which have three atoms are called triatomic molecules

2 For example ndash molecules of ozone has 3 atoms O3

3

Element Atomicity

hydrogen 2

helium 1

carbon 1

oxygen 2

nitrogen 2

Triatomic-composed of 3 atoms eg O3

Polyatomic-composed of 3 or more atoms eg P4 S8

sodium 1

magnesium 1

Aluminium 1

phosphorus 4

sulphur 8

chlorine 2

potassium 1

calcium 1

iron 1

copper 1

4BIOLOGY The Leaf Stomata

Numerous tiny pores are present on the lower surface of leaves These are called stomata Structure of stomata Each stoma is surrounded by two bean shaped cells called guard cells

Function of stomata The stomata open into small air cavity inside the leaves Carbon dioxide enter the leaves through stomata and oxygen is expelled from the plants through stomata Also the excess water is expelled through stomata by the process of transpiration

Q) Define leaf How are leaves arranged on a stem

Ans - The flat thin and green lateral structure attached to the node of a stem is called a leaf

Leaves are arranged on the stem mainly in three ways ndash

i Alternate ii Opposite

iii Whorled

Q) Define ndash (a) photosynthesis (b) transpiration

Ans ndash

(a) Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis

(b) Transpiration - The loss of excess water from plants mainly through leaves as water vapour is called transpiration

GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 2 LANDFORMS

PLAINS

Extensive flat low -lying land areas are called Plains

Plains that are formed by the deposition of alluvium by rivers are called alluvial plains

Example of Alluvial Plains-

1) Which plain lies in the Indian SubcontinentAns- The Indo ndash Gangetic Plain North Indian River Plain2) State the importance of Plains1 due to flat and level land plains are

Northern Plains of India the Amazon Basin in South America and the Great Plains of Mississippi in North America

Plains formed by rivers are intensively cultivated as they have fertile soils and abundant water supply

Coastal Plains are located along the coast Example the Eastern and Western coastal Plains of India

ideal for building settlements industries transport communication network Hence densely populated2 Most productive agricultural regions of the world3 River valleys have been a cradle of civilisation Notable among them are Indus Nile Tigris and Euphrates Fertile land abundance of water favourable climate led to growth of civilisations4 coastal plains are known for agriculture fishing and trade

Math Topic ndash Natural Number and Whole Number

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 5(c)

1) Fill in the blanks (i) 42times0 = 0 (ii) 592times1 =592(iii) 328times573 =

573times328(iv) 229times578 =

578times229(v) 32times15 =32times6 +

32times7 + 32times2(vi) 23times56 =20times56 +

3times56(vii) 83times54 + 83times16 =

83times(54 + 16) =83times70 =5810

(viii) 98times273 ndash 75times273 = (98 ndash 75)times273 = 23times2732) By re-arranging the given numbers evaluate(i) 2times487times50= 487times(50times2)

=487times100=48700(ii) 25times444times4= (25times4)times444= 100times444=44400(iii) 225times20times50times4= (225times4)times(20times50)= 900 times 1000= 9000003) Use distributive law to evaluate (i) 984times 102

= 984times(100 + 2)=984times100 + 984times2= 98400 + 1968= 100368(ii) 385 times 1004= 385 times (1000 + 4)=385times1000 + 385times4= 385000 + 1540=386540(iii) 446 times 10002= 446 times (10000 + 2)= 446times10000 + 446times2=4460000 + 892=4460982

4) Evaluate using properties (i) 548times98= 548 times (90 + 8)= 548times90 + 548times8=49320 + 4384= 53704(ii) 924 times 988=924 times ( 900 + 80 + 8)= 924times900 + 924times80 + 924 times8= 831600 + 73920 + 7392= 912912(iii) 3023times723= 3023times (700 +20 +3)= 3023times700 + 3023times20 + 3023times3=2116100 + 60460 +9069= 2185629

Class VIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionPhysics Chapter

Physical Quantities and Measurement

Study item Measuring DensityWhat is DensityAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore we can write Density = MassvolumeAnalysis of the above definition Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other objectAs a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = Kgm3 = Kg times m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = gtimes cm-3Study item speedWhat is speedAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically we can write Speed (v) = Distance (s)Time (t)Unit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (m s)

The speeds of fast moving objects such as cars and trains are expressed in kilometre per hour (kmh)

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2BINARY SYSTEM

BINARY SYSTEMA NUMBER SYSTEM THAT REPRESENTS ONLY TWO VALUES 0 AND 18421 code is a weighted code in which each decimal digit 0 to 9 is represented by a four-bit binary codeThe bit positions in each binary code are assigned weights from left to right of 842 and 1

DECIMALBINARY

8 4 2 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1

READ AND PRACTICEMath Topic

Number systemChapter Fraction

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 3(B)5) Arrange the given fractions in depending order by making numerators equal (iii) 110 611 811 and 35Solution Given fractions 110 611 811 and 35Therefore the LCM of the numerators 1 6 8 and 3 is 24Therefore 110 = 1times2410times24 = 24240611 = 6times411times4 = 2444811 = 8times311times3 = 243335 = 3times85times8 = 2440We know that the fraction which has a smaller denominator is greaterSo 2433 gt 2440 gt 2444 gt 24240Therefore depending order of the given fractions 811 gt 35 gt 611 gt 1106) Find the greater fraction (iii) 67 and 59Solution Given fraction 67 and 59Therefore the LCM of the denominators 7 and 9 is 63Therefore 67 = 6times97times9 =5463 59 = 5times79times7 = 3563Therefore 5463 gt 3563Therefore 67 is greater than 597) Insert one fraction between (iii) 917 and 613Solution Given fractions 917 and 613A fraction between 917 and 613 = 9+617+13 = 1530 = 12

8) Insert three fractions between (i) 25 and 49Solution Given fractions 25 and 49A fraction between 25 and 49 = 2+45+9 = 614 = 37A fraction between 25 and 37 = 2+35+7 = 512A fraction between 37 and 49 = 3+47+9 = 716Therefore three fractions between 25 and 49 = 37 512 7169) Insert two fractions between(iii) 56 and 65Solution Given fractions 56 and 65A fraction between 56 and 65 = 5+66+5 = 1111 = 1A fraction between 56 and 1 = 5+16+1 = 67Therefore two fractions between 56 and 65 = 67 1

History and civics

Medieval Europe-Rise and Spread of Christianity

Explained in previous lesson Long answer questions5 What was the attitude of the Roman Emperor Nero towards the Christians Why was it soAns The Christians were persecuted mercilessly under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero because the Christians were considered unpatriotic and disloyal The rich and high ranked Romans considered Christianity as a low religion The Christians refused to worship the Roman Emperor as a God in which they were killed in large numbers In 67 AD a fire broke out in Rome Nero put the blame on Christians This showed that he hated the Christians

6 Who is a Friar What did the Friars doAns Friar is a monk who does not live in monasteries but move from place to place Friars helped the peasants by giving them good advice and taught the Christian code of conduct to the common people

7 Write a note on the Last Supper of the LordAns The Last Supper according to the Christian Gospels was the last meal Jesus Christ had with his Twelve Apostles before his death It was at this supper that Jesus told his disciples that one among the twelve apostles would betray him It is also called the Lordrsquos Last Supper

English Literature

The Listeners III) Answer the following questions-

g) What kind of poem is lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- The poem lsquoThe Listenersrsquo is a single stanza poem of thirty six lines rhyming abcb It is not o the poemrsquos human traveller but on the phantom listener who await him

h) What is the tone used in the poemAns- The tone of the poem is eerie

i) Why are the eyes of the traveller described as lsquoGreyrsquo

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 4: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

MATHEMATICS CHAPTER-4SUBTRACTION

Estimating the DifferenceWe have learnt the method of rounding to tens and thousands and then estimating the sum Here we shall apply the same rule to estimate the difference

Exercise 19Example 2

Round off to hundreds and find the difference of 344 and 793

Solution344 is rounded to 300793 is rounded to 800

Estimated difference = 800 ndash 300 = 500[Subtract smaller number from larger one]Exercise1 Rounded off to tens and then estimated difference (b) 32 ndash 18 (c) 312 ndash 96

Solution(b) 32 is rounded to 30 18 is rounded to -20 10there4 Estimated difference = 10

(c) 312 is rounded to 300 96 is rounded to - 100 200

there4 Estimated difference = 200

Class IVSubject Topic Summary ExecutionScience Adaptations in

AnimalsSome animals such as frogs snakes cannot bear extreme cold So they go for a long period of rest to protect themselves from cold this is called hibernation Similarly many animals cannot bear the heat of summer and go on a long period of summer sleep this is called aestivation Camels have adapted themselves that they can easily bear the heat and cold in desert They have thick skin that help them to prevent water loss from their bodies Aquatic animals like fishes have gills to breathe under the water and they have fins and flippers to swim through water

Solved exercise question and answersA)Write the correct answer5 One of the following is an endangered animal ndash sea turtleB) Write H for herbivores C for carnivores and O for omnivores1 Eagles and kites ndash C or carnivores 2 Man and bears ndash O or omnivores 3 Crows and robins ndash O or omnivores 4 Deer and goats ndash H or herbivores

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Multiplication

Multiplication by TensMultiply the front digits and add 1 zero to the right of the producteg 4times 60 = 240

Multiplication by HundredsMultiply the front digits and add 2 zeros to the right of the producteg 4 times 800 = 3200

Exercise 18Multiply3 (a) 17 times 5 (b) 17 times50 (c) 17 times500

Solution (a) 17 times 5 = 85(b) 17 times50 = 850(c) 17 times500 = 8500

5 (a) 29 times 8 (b) 29 times 80 (b) 29 times 80 Solution

(a) 29 times 8 = 232(b) 29 times 80 = 2320(b) 29 times 800 = 23200

11 I bought a motorcycle and gave 851 hundred-rupee notes and 175 fifty-rupee notes How much did the motorcycle cost

Solution Total value of 851 hundred-rupee notes is Rs85100Total value of 175 fifty-rupee notes is + Rs 8750there4The cost of motorcycle Rs93850Working 851 hundred-rupee notes =(851 times 100) = Rs85100175 fifty-rupee notes = (175 times 50) = Rs8750

12 1085 chocolates can be packed in a box I have to pack chocolates in 900 boxes How many chocolates do I need to pack

Solution Total number of chocolates = ( 1085 times 900) =976500there4 I need to pack 976500 chocolates

Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash১শকনতলালেলখক - অবীনদরাথ ঠাকরলেলখক পহিরহিচহিত - অবীনদরাথ ঠাকর বাংলা হিশশ সাহিরণেতযর এক উরণেখরণোয াম তার লেলখা লপগহিল লেম হিশশ মরণোগরাী লেতমহি লেসগহিলরণেত পররণো কাহিী বহিতকাহিী - শকনতলা লপটিরণেত আশরম বাহিলকা ঋহিAমহি ও মাতা লেৌতমীপহিলতা শকনতলার ামাহিCত রণেলও এই রণেলপ আমরা পয তপবরণের হিDগধ পহিররণেবরণেশর সারণেথ পহিরহিচত ই লেখারণে অপব পরাকহিতক লেসৌনদরণের সারণেথ সারণেথ আমরা লেJহিখ পরাীকরণেলর অবাধ হিবচর লেসই তরণেপাবরণে ঋহিA ও মাতার কারণেছ থাকরণেতা ঋহিA কমারণেররা তারা এক সনদর পরভারণেত পাহিখরণেJর মারণেM ফরণেলর মত শরণেয় থাকরণেত লেJরণেখ সরণেJযাজাত মা লেমরণোকা পহিরতযকতা শকনতলারণেক তখ লেথরণেকই শকনতলা আশরম বাহিলকা

পরশন -১শকনতলারণেলপররণেলখকরণেক উঃশকনতলা রণেলপর লেলখক হিশশসাহিহিতযক অবীনদরাথ ঠাকর২রণেলপমলবহিতঘটাহিকউঃলপটিরণেত বহিত রণেয়রণেছ তপবরণের পরাকহিতক লেসৌনদ হিDগধতা ও শকনতলার আশররণেম আম বততানত

Hindi 2nd lang लल बाज लडका खाली सथानो को हरो =1 ोदाम स गिनकलकर हम राज म आ ए2 मा बोधराज को राकषस समझती थी3 चीलरोशनदान स अदर आकर तहसील पर बठ ई 4तीनचारगितनक और रई क ोल उड लगिकन घोसला नही गिरा

5 वह सवय तो घोसला तोडन क लिलए लल उठा लाया था6दीवार क साथ लत ोह पजो क सहार दीवार पकड लती ह7 बोधराज अभी भी टकटकी बाध चील की ओर दख रहा था8बोधराज अपनी जब म बहत सा चगा भरकर लाया था 9 मर गिपताजी की तरककी हई और हम लो एकबड घर म जाकर रहन ल10 बा म जाता तो फल पर बठी गिततली को पकड कर उलिलयो क बीच मसल दता

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution

MATHEMATICS

Ch 4Multiplication and Division

Exercise 14 Example 3 Multiply 5318 by 2583 Solution

5 3 1 8 times 2 5 8 3 1 5 9 5 4 (5318 times 3) 4 2 5 4 4 0 (5318 times 80) 2 6 5 9 0 0 0 (5318 times 500) 1 0 6 3 6 0 0 0 (5318 times 2000)1 3 7 3 6 3 9 4

Example 4 Using 7825 times 200 = 1565000 find(a) 7825 times 201 (b) 7826 times 200

Solution (a) 7825 times 201 = 7825 times (200 + 1)= 7825 times 200 + 7825times 1 = 1565000 + 7825 = 1572825

(b) 7826 times 200 = (7825 + 1) times 200 = 7825 times 200 +1 times 200 = 1565000 + 200 = 1565200

Example Fill in the box 26894 times- - 134-70 8-6820 - 4-2-0

Solution 26894 times35 134470 806820 941290

Exercise 1 Multiply the following (a) 95637 by 100 (b) 30691 by 1000

Solution (a) 95637 times 100 = 9563700 (b) 30691 times 1000 = 30691000

2 Find the product in each case (a) 5613 times 0 (b) 8965329 times 1 (c) 1230567 times 10

Solution (a) 5613 times 0 = 0(b) 8965329 times 1= 8965329(c) 1230567 times 10 = 12305670

Hindi 2ndlang सवCनाम गिनमनलिलखिखत वाकयो म सवCनाम चनकर उनक भद लिलखो1 मझ कछ काम करना ह2 आप कहा जा रह ह

3 जो लबा लडका ह वह मरा दोसत ह4 मरा बसता भारी हो या ह5 म अपना काम सवय करता ह6 वह कौन आया ह7 वह मरी बहन ह8 कोई तमस मिमलन आया ह

उततर =1 अगिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम2 परशनवाचक सवCनाम3 सबधवाचक सवCनाम4 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम5 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम6 परशनवाचक सवCनाम7 सबधवाचक सवCनाम8 गिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम

Bengali বইndashবাঙলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৬পরশন অশীলীর পররণেশনাততর

১০ক) হিশশটি পডারণেশাা করণের কলানত তাই লেস আর পডরণেতচাইরণেছ া লেস মারণেয়র কাছ লেথরণেক পডায় ছটি চাইরণেছখ) এই পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর লেবলাররণেক হিবকাল মরণে কররণেল হিশশটি লেখলা শর কররণেত পাররণেব কার হিবকাল লেবলাই সাধারত হিশশরণেJর লেখলার সময়) হিশশটির কলপায় Jপররণেবলা হিবরণেকল য় কার হিশশটি মরণে মরণে লেবশ লেJখরণেত পায় মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স ডরণেব ারণেY বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল হিরণেয় ঘরণের হিফররণেছ স লেডাবার পরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধার রণেয় আরণেস Jীহিঘর জল কারণেলা রণেয় এরণেল সনধযা ারণেমঘ) পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ আধার রণেল হিJহিঘ জল কারণেলা লেJখায়ঙ) হিবকাল রণেল মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স লেডারণেব বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল ঘরণের লেফরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধাররণেয় আরণেস ারণেটর লেলাকচাহিAর Jল সবাই ঘরণের হিফরণের আরণেসচ) রবীনদরাথ ঠাকরণেরর পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর অথাৎ মধযাহন হিJরণের মধযভা বাংলায়পরচহিলত একটি কথা ল ldquoরাত Jপরrdquo ভীর রাত অথ এই কথাটি বযবহত য় হিশশটিJপররণেবলা লেখলার অমহিত পাওয়ার আশায় এই কথাটি অজাত হিরণেসরণেব বযবার করণেররণেছ

English language

Verbs of incomplete predication

An intransitive verb which needs the help of some word or words to complete what it says about the subject is called a verb of incomplete predicationThe meaning of predication as used here is what is said about somethingrsquoThe word or group of words which helps a verb to complete what it says is known as itrsquos complementThe meaning of complement as used here is a thing which when

Example of verb of incomplete predicationTansen sangThe man appears sadThe word sang and appears are intransitive verb but what it says about itrsquos subject makes complete senseExampleAlexander was a great conquerorThe prize-winners looked very happy

added completes or makes up a whole

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

PHYSICS Physical quantities

What is Length Length is defined as the straight line distance between two points

Common device used to measure length are ndash

a ruler a metre rod and a measuring tape

How to use a ruler correctly

1 Avoid using the end of the ruler 2 Place the ruler correctly 3 Eyes should be placed in correct position to avoid parallax error

Answer the following 1) What do you understand by the term

measurement

Ans - Determining the exact value of an unknown quantity by comparing it with a known fixed quantity of the same kind is known as measurement

2) What are derived physical quantities Give any two examples of derived physical quantities

Ans - Physical quantities that are derived from one or more fundamental quantities are called derived physical quantities

Two examples of derived physical quantities are - area volume

3) What is the advantage of metric system over traditional units

Ans - Metric system is very simple and also scientific than traditional units

4) What are the unit of length mass and time in the SI system

Ans - In SI system unit of length is metre unit of mass is kilogram and unit of time is second

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Atomicity

Atomicity is defined as the total number of atoms that constitute a molecule

For example each molecule of oxygen (O2) is composed of two oxygen atoms So atomicity of oxygen is 2In older contexts the term atomicity is sometimes used in the same sense as valency

On the basis of atomicity molecules can be classified as

Monoatomic-composed of 1 atom eg He Ne Ar (all noble gases are monoatomic)

Diatomic-composed of 2 atoms eg H2 N2 O2

Answer the following Q5) What do you understand by the term ndash ldquotriatomic molecule ldquo Give an example of the same

1 Ans - Molecules which have three atoms are called triatomic molecules

2 For example ndash molecules of ozone has 3 atoms O3

3

Element Atomicity

hydrogen 2

helium 1

carbon 1

oxygen 2

nitrogen 2

Triatomic-composed of 3 atoms eg O3

Polyatomic-composed of 3 or more atoms eg P4 S8

sodium 1

magnesium 1

Aluminium 1

phosphorus 4

sulphur 8

chlorine 2

potassium 1

calcium 1

iron 1

copper 1

4BIOLOGY The Leaf Stomata

Numerous tiny pores are present on the lower surface of leaves These are called stomata Structure of stomata Each stoma is surrounded by two bean shaped cells called guard cells

Function of stomata The stomata open into small air cavity inside the leaves Carbon dioxide enter the leaves through stomata and oxygen is expelled from the plants through stomata Also the excess water is expelled through stomata by the process of transpiration

Q) Define leaf How are leaves arranged on a stem

Ans - The flat thin and green lateral structure attached to the node of a stem is called a leaf

Leaves are arranged on the stem mainly in three ways ndash

i Alternate ii Opposite

iii Whorled

Q) Define ndash (a) photosynthesis (b) transpiration

Ans ndash

(a) Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis

(b) Transpiration - The loss of excess water from plants mainly through leaves as water vapour is called transpiration

GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 2 LANDFORMS

PLAINS

Extensive flat low -lying land areas are called Plains

Plains that are formed by the deposition of alluvium by rivers are called alluvial plains

Example of Alluvial Plains-

1) Which plain lies in the Indian SubcontinentAns- The Indo ndash Gangetic Plain North Indian River Plain2) State the importance of Plains1 due to flat and level land plains are

Northern Plains of India the Amazon Basin in South America and the Great Plains of Mississippi in North America

Plains formed by rivers are intensively cultivated as they have fertile soils and abundant water supply

Coastal Plains are located along the coast Example the Eastern and Western coastal Plains of India

ideal for building settlements industries transport communication network Hence densely populated2 Most productive agricultural regions of the world3 River valleys have been a cradle of civilisation Notable among them are Indus Nile Tigris and Euphrates Fertile land abundance of water favourable climate led to growth of civilisations4 coastal plains are known for agriculture fishing and trade

Math Topic ndash Natural Number and Whole Number

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 5(c)

1) Fill in the blanks (i) 42times0 = 0 (ii) 592times1 =592(iii) 328times573 =

573times328(iv) 229times578 =

578times229(v) 32times15 =32times6 +

32times7 + 32times2(vi) 23times56 =20times56 +

3times56(vii) 83times54 + 83times16 =

83times(54 + 16) =83times70 =5810

(viii) 98times273 ndash 75times273 = (98 ndash 75)times273 = 23times2732) By re-arranging the given numbers evaluate(i) 2times487times50= 487times(50times2)

=487times100=48700(ii) 25times444times4= (25times4)times444= 100times444=44400(iii) 225times20times50times4= (225times4)times(20times50)= 900 times 1000= 9000003) Use distributive law to evaluate (i) 984times 102

= 984times(100 + 2)=984times100 + 984times2= 98400 + 1968= 100368(ii) 385 times 1004= 385 times (1000 + 4)=385times1000 + 385times4= 385000 + 1540=386540(iii) 446 times 10002= 446 times (10000 + 2)= 446times10000 + 446times2=4460000 + 892=4460982

4) Evaluate using properties (i) 548times98= 548 times (90 + 8)= 548times90 + 548times8=49320 + 4384= 53704(ii) 924 times 988=924 times ( 900 + 80 + 8)= 924times900 + 924times80 + 924 times8= 831600 + 73920 + 7392= 912912(iii) 3023times723= 3023times (700 +20 +3)= 3023times700 + 3023times20 + 3023times3=2116100 + 60460 +9069= 2185629

Class VIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionPhysics Chapter

Physical Quantities and Measurement

Study item Measuring DensityWhat is DensityAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore we can write Density = MassvolumeAnalysis of the above definition Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other objectAs a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = Kgm3 = Kg times m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = gtimes cm-3Study item speedWhat is speedAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically we can write Speed (v) = Distance (s)Time (t)Unit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (m s)

The speeds of fast moving objects such as cars and trains are expressed in kilometre per hour (kmh)

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2BINARY SYSTEM

BINARY SYSTEMA NUMBER SYSTEM THAT REPRESENTS ONLY TWO VALUES 0 AND 18421 code is a weighted code in which each decimal digit 0 to 9 is represented by a four-bit binary codeThe bit positions in each binary code are assigned weights from left to right of 842 and 1

DECIMALBINARY

8 4 2 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1

READ AND PRACTICEMath Topic

Number systemChapter Fraction

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 3(B)5) Arrange the given fractions in depending order by making numerators equal (iii) 110 611 811 and 35Solution Given fractions 110 611 811 and 35Therefore the LCM of the numerators 1 6 8 and 3 is 24Therefore 110 = 1times2410times24 = 24240611 = 6times411times4 = 2444811 = 8times311times3 = 243335 = 3times85times8 = 2440We know that the fraction which has a smaller denominator is greaterSo 2433 gt 2440 gt 2444 gt 24240Therefore depending order of the given fractions 811 gt 35 gt 611 gt 1106) Find the greater fraction (iii) 67 and 59Solution Given fraction 67 and 59Therefore the LCM of the denominators 7 and 9 is 63Therefore 67 = 6times97times9 =5463 59 = 5times79times7 = 3563Therefore 5463 gt 3563Therefore 67 is greater than 597) Insert one fraction between (iii) 917 and 613Solution Given fractions 917 and 613A fraction between 917 and 613 = 9+617+13 = 1530 = 12

8) Insert three fractions between (i) 25 and 49Solution Given fractions 25 and 49A fraction between 25 and 49 = 2+45+9 = 614 = 37A fraction between 25 and 37 = 2+35+7 = 512A fraction between 37 and 49 = 3+47+9 = 716Therefore three fractions between 25 and 49 = 37 512 7169) Insert two fractions between(iii) 56 and 65Solution Given fractions 56 and 65A fraction between 56 and 65 = 5+66+5 = 1111 = 1A fraction between 56 and 1 = 5+16+1 = 67Therefore two fractions between 56 and 65 = 67 1

History and civics

Medieval Europe-Rise and Spread of Christianity

Explained in previous lesson Long answer questions5 What was the attitude of the Roman Emperor Nero towards the Christians Why was it soAns The Christians were persecuted mercilessly under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero because the Christians were considered unpatriotic and disloyal The rich and high ranked Romans considered Christianity as a low religion The Christians refused to worship the Roman Emperor as a God in which they were killed in large numbers In 67 AD a fire broke out in Rome Nero put the blame on Christians This showed that he hated the Christians

6 Who is a Friar What did the Friars doAns Friar is a monk who does not live in monasteries but move from place to place Friars helped the peasants by giving them good advice and taught the Christian code of conduct to the common people

7 Write a note on the Last Supper of the LordAns The Last Supper according to the Christian Gospels was the last meal Jesus Christ had with his Twelve Apostles before his death It was at this supper that Jesus told his disciples that one among the twelve apostles would betray him It is also called the Lordrsquos Last Supper

English Literature

The Listeners III) Answer the following questions-

g) What kind of poem is lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- The poem lsquoThe Listenersrsquo is a single stanza poem of thirty six lines rhyming abcb It is not o the poemrsquos human traveller but on the phantom listener who await him

h) What is the tone used in the poemAns- The tone of the poem is eerie

i) Why are the eyes of the traveller described as lsquoGreyrsquo

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 5: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

(a) 29 times 8 = 232(b) 29 times 80 = 2320(b) 29 times 800 = 23200

11 I bought a motorcycle and gave 851 hundred-rupee notes and 175 fifty-rupee notes How much did the motorcycle cost

Solution Total value of 851 hundred-rupee notes is Rs85100Total value of 175 fifty-rupee notes is + Rs 8750there4The cost of motorcycle Rs93850Working 851 hundred-rupee notes =(851 times 100) = Rs85100175 fifty-rupee notes = (175 times 50) = Rs8750

12 1085 chocolates can be packed in a box I have to pack chocolates in 900 boxes How many chocolates do I need to pack

Solution Total number of chocolates = ( 1085 times 900) =976500there4 I need to pack 976500 chocolates

Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash১শকনতলালেলখক - অবীনদরাথ ঠাকরলেলখক পহিরহিচহিত - অবীনদরাথ ঠাকর বাংলা হিশশ সাহিরণেতযর এক উরণেখরণোয াম তার লেলখা লপগহিল লেম হিশশ মরণোগরাী লেতমহি লেসগহিলরণেত পররণো কাহিী বহিতকাহিী - শকনতলা লপটিরণেত আশরম বাহিলকা ঋহিAমহি ও মাতা লেৌতমীপহিলতা শকনতলার ামাহিCত রণেলও এই রণেলপ আমরা পয তপবরণের হিDগধ পহিররণেবরণেশর সারণেথ পহিরহিচত ই লেখারণে অপব পরাকহিতক লেসৌনদরণের সারণেথ সারণেথ আমরা লেJহিখ পরাীকরণেলর অবাধ হিবচর লেসই তরণেপাবরণে ঋহিA ও মাতার কারণেছ থাকরণেতা ঋহিA কমারণেররা তারা এক সনদর পরভারণেত পাহিখরণেJর মারণেM ফরণেলর মত শরণেয় থাকরণেত লেJরণেখ সরণেJযাজাত মা লেমরণোকা পহিরতযকতা শকনতলারণেক তখ লেথরণেকই শকনতলা আশরম বাহিলকা

পরশন -১শকনতলারণেলপররণেলখকরণেক উঃশকনতলা রণেলপর লেলখক হিশশসাহিহিতযক অবীনদরাথ ঠাকর২রণেলপমলবহিতঘটাহিকউঃলপটিরণেত বহিত রণেয়রণেছ তপবরণের পরাকহিতক লেসৌনদ হিDগধতা ও শকনতলার আশররণেম আম বততানত

Hindi 2nd lang लल बाज लडका खाली सथानो को हरो =1 ोदाम स गिनकलकर हम राज म आ ए2 मा बोधराज को राकषस समझती थी3 चीलरोशनदान स अदर आकर तहसील पर बठ ई 4तीनचारगितनक और रई क ोल उड लगिकन घोसला नही गिरा

5 वह सवय तो घोसला तोडन क लिलए लल उठा लाया था6दीवार क साथ लत ोह पजो क सहार दीवार पकड लती ह7 बोधराज अभी भी टकटकी बाध चील की ओर दख रहा था8बोधराज अपनी जब म बहत सा चगा भरकर लाया था 9 मर गिपताजी की तरककी हई और हम लो एकबड घर म जाकर रहन ल10 बा म जाता तो फल पर बठी गिततली को पकड कर उलिलयो क बीच मसल दता

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution

MATHEMATICS

Ch 4Multiplication and Division

Exercise 14 Example 3 Multiply 5318 by 2583 Solution

5 3 1 8 times 2 5 8 3 1 5 9 5 4 (5318 times 3) 4 2 5 4 4 0 (5318 times 80) 2 6 5 9 0 0 0 (5318 times 500) 1 0 6 3 6 0 0 0 (5318 times 2000)1 3 7 3 6 3 9 4

Example 4 Using 7825 times 200 = 1565000 find(a) 7825 times 201 (b) 7826 times 200

Solution (a) 7825 times 201 = 7825 times (200 + 1)= 7825 times 200 + 7825times 1 = 1565000 + 7825 = 1572825

(b) 7826 times 200 = (7825 + 1) times 200 = 7825 times 200 +1 times 200 = 1565000 + 200 = 1565200

Example Fill in the box 26894 times- - 134-70 8-6820 - 4-2-0

Solution 26894 times35 134470 806820 941290

Exercise 1 Multiply the following (a) 95637 by 100 (b) 30691 by 1000

Solution (a) 95637 times 100 = 9563700 (b) 30691 times 1000 = 30691000

2 Find the product in each case (a) 5613 times 0 (b) 8965329 times 1 (c) 1230567 times 10

Solution (a) 5613 times 0 = 0(b) 8965329 times 1= 8965329(c) 1230567 times 10 = 12305670

Hindi 2ndlang सवCनाम गिनमनलिलखिखत वाकयो म सवCनाम चनकर उनक भद लिलखो1 मझ कछ काम करना ह2 आप कहा जा रह ह

3 जो लबा लडका ह वह मरा दोसत ह4 मरा बसता भारी हो या ह5 म अपना काम सवय करता ह6 वह कौन आया ह7 वह मरी बहन ह8 कोई तमस मिमलन आया ह

उततर =1 अगिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम2 परशनवाचक सवCनाम3 सबधवाचक सवCनाम4 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम5 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम6 परशनवाचक सवCनाम7 सबधवाचक सवCनाम8 गिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम

Bengali বইndashবাঙলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৬পরশন অশীলীর পররণেশনাততর

১০ক) হিশশটি পডারণেশাা করণের কলানত তাই লেস আর পডরণেতচাইরণেছ া লেস মারণেয়র কাছ লেথরণেক পডায় ছটি চাইরণেছখ) এই পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর লেবলাররণেক হিবকাল মরণে কররণেল হিশশটি লেখলা শর কররণেত পাররণেব কার হিবকাল লেবলাই সাধারত হিশশরণেJর লেখলার সময়) হিশশটির কলপায় Jপররণেবলা হিবরণেকল য় কার হিশশটি মরণে মরণে লেবশ লেJখরণেত পায় মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স ডরণেব ারণেY বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল হিরণেয় ঘরণের হিফররণেছ স লেডাবার পরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধার রণেয় আরণেস Jীহিঘর জল কারণেলা রণেয় এরণেল সনধযা ারণেমঘ) পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ আধার রণেল হিJহিঘ জল কারণেলা লেJখায়ঙ) হিবকাল রণেল মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স লেডারণেব বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল ঘরণের লেফরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধাররণেয় আরণেস ারণেটর লেলাকচাহিAর Jল সবাই ঘরণের হিফরণের আরণেসচ) রবীনদরাথ ঠাকরণেরর পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর অথাৎ মধযাহন হিJরণের মধযভা বাংলায়পরচহিলত একটি কথা ল ldquoরাত Jপরrdquo ভীর রাত অথ এই কথাটি বযবহত য় হিশশটিJপররণেবলা লেখলার অমহিত পাওয়ার আশায় এই কথাটি অজাত হিরণেসরণেব বযবার করণেররণেছ

English language

Verbs of incomplete predication

An intransitive verb which needs the help of some word or words to complete what it says about the subject is called a verb of incomplete predicationThe meaning of predication as used here is what is said about somethingrsquoThe word or group of words which helps a verb to complete what it says is known as itrsquos complementThe meaning of complement as used here is a thing which when

Example of verb of incomplete predicationTansen sangThe man appears sadThe word sang and appears are intransitive verb but what it says about itrsquos subject makes complete senseExampleAlexander was a great conquerorThe prize-winners looked very happy

added completes or makes up a whole

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

PHYSICS Physical quantities

What is Length Length is defined as the straight line distance between two points

Common device used to measure length are ndash

a ruler a metre rod and a measuring tape

How to use a ruler correctly

1 Avoid using the end of the ruler 2 Place the ruler correctly 3 Eyes should be placed in correct position to avoid parallax error

Answer the following 1) What do you understand by the term

measurement

Ans - Determining the exact value of an unknown quantity by comparing it with a known fixed quantity of the same kind is known as measurement

2) What are derived physical quantities Give any two examples of derived physical quantities

Ans - Physical quantities that are derived from one or more fundamental quantities are called derived physical quantities

Two examples of derived physical quantities are - area volume

3) What is the advantage of metric system over traditional units

Ans - Metric system is very simple and also scientific than traditional units

4) What are the unit of length mass and time in the SI system

Ans - In SI system unit of length is metre unit of mass is kilogram and unit of time is second

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Atomicity

Atomicity is defined as the total number of atoms that constitute a molecule

For example each molecule of oxygen (O2) is composed of two oxygen atoms So atomicity of oxygen is 2In older contexts the term atomicity is sometimes used in the same sense as valency

On the basis of atomicity molecules can be classified as

Monoatomic-composed of 1 atom eg He Ne Ar (all noble gases are monoatomic)

Diatomic-composed of 2 atoms eg H2 N2 O2

Answer the following Q5) What do you understand by the term ndash ldquotriatomic molecule ldquo Give an example of the same

1 Ans - Molecules which have three atoms are called triatomic molecules

2 For example ndash molecules of ozone has 3 atoms O3

3

Element Atomicity

hydrogen 2

helium 1

carbon 1

oxygen 2

nitrogen 2

Triatomic-composed of 3 atoms eg O3

Polyatomic-composed of 3 or more atoms eg P4 S8

sodium 1

magnesium 1

Aluminium 1

phosphorus 4

sulphur 8

chlorine 2

potassium 1

calcium 1

iron 1

copper 1

4BIOLOGY The Leaf Stomata

Numerous tiny pores are present on the lower surface of leaves These are called stomata Structure of stomata Each stoma is surrounded by two bean shaped cells called guard cells

Function of stomata The stomata open into small air cavity inside the leaves Carbon dioxide enter the leaves through stomata and oxygen is expelled from the plants through stomata Also the excess water is expelled through stomata by the process of transpiration

Q) Define leaf How are leaves arranged on a stem

Ans - The flat thin and green lateral structure attached to the node of a stem is called a leaf

Leaves are arranged on the stem mainly in three ways ndash

i Alternate ii Opposite

iii Whorled

Q) Define ndash (a) photosynthesis (b) transpiration

Ans ndash

(a) Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis

(b) Transpiration - The loss of excess water from plants mainly through leaves as water vapour is called transpiration

GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 2 LANDFORMS

PLAINS

Extensive flat low -lying land areas are called Plains

Plains that are formed by the deposition of alluvium by rivers are called alluvial plains

Example of Alluvial Plains-

1) Which plain lies in the Indian SubcontinentAns- The Indo ndash Gangetic Plain North Indian River Plain2) State the importance of Plains1 due to flat and level land plains are

Northern Plains of India the Amazon Basin in South America and the Great Plains of Mississippi in North America

Plains formed by rivers are intensively cultivated as they have fertile soils and abundant water supply

Coastal Plains are located along the coast Example the Eastern and Western coastal Plains of India

ideal for building settlements industries transport communication network Hence densely populated2 Most productive agricultural regions of the world3 River valleys have been a cradle of civilisation Notable among them are Indus Nile Tigris and Euphrates Fertile land abundance of water favourable climate led to growth of civilisations4 coastal plains are known for agriculture fishing and trade

Math Topic ndash Natural Number and Whole Number

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 5(c)

1) Fill in the blanks (i) 42times0 = 0 (ii) 592times1 =592(iii) 328times573 =

573times328(iv) 229times578 =

578times229(v) 32times15 =32times6 +

32times7 + 32times2(vi) 23times56 =20times56 +

3times56(vii) 83times54 + 83times16 =

83times(54 + 16) =83times70 =5810

(viii) 98times273 ndash 75times273 = (98 ndash 75)times273 = 23times2732) By re-arranging the given numbers evaluate(i) 2times487times50= 487times(50times2)

=487times100=48700(ii) 25times444times4= (25times4)times444= 100times444=44400(iii) 225times20times50times4= (225times4)times(20times50)= 900 times 1000= 9000003) Use distributive law to evaluate (i) 984times 102

= 984times(100 + 2)=984times100 + 984times2= 98400 + 1968= 100368(ii) 385 times 1004= 385 times (1000 + 4)=385times1000 + 385times4= 385000 + 1540=386540(iii) 446 times 10002= 446 times (10000 + 2)= 446times10000 + 446times2=4460000 + 892=4460982

4) Evaluate using properties (i) 548times98= 548 times (90 + 8)= 548times90 + 548times8=49320 + 4384= 53704(ii) 924 times 988=924 times ( 900 + 80 + 8)= 924times900 + 924times80 + 924 times8= 831600 + 73920 + 7392= 912912(iii) 3023times723= 3023times (700 +20 +3)= 3023times700 + 3023times20 + 3023times3=2116100 + 60460 +9069= 2185629

Class VIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionPhysics Chapter

Physical Quantities and Measurement

Study item Measuring DensityWhat is DensityAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore we can write Density = MassvolumeAnalysis of the above definition Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other objectAs a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = Kgm3 = Kg times m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = gtimes cm-3Study item speedWhat is speedAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically we can write Speed (v) = Distance (s)Time (t)Unit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (m s)

The speeds of fast moving objects such as cars and trains are expressed in kilometre per hour (kmh)

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2BINARY SYSTEM

BINARY SYSTEMA NUMBER SYSTEM THAT REPRESENTS ONLY TWO VALUES 0 AND 18421 code is a weighted code in which each decimal digit 0 to 9 is represented by a four-bit binary codeThe bit positions in each binary code are assigned weights from left to right of 842 and 1

DECIMALBINARY

8 4 2 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1

READ AND PRACTICEMath Topic

Number systemChapter Fraction

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 3(B)5) Arrange the given fractions in depending order by making numerators equal (iii) 110 611 811 and 35Solution Given fractions 110 611 811 and 35Therefore the LCM of the numerators 1 6 8 and 3 is 24Therefore 110 = 1times2410times24 = 24240611 = 6times411times4 = 2444811 = 8times311times3 = 243335 = 3times85times8 = 2440We know that the fraction which has a smaller denominator is greaterSo 2433 gt 2440 gt 2444 gt 24240Therefore depending order of the given fractions 811 gt 35 gt 611 gt 1106) Find the greater fraction (iii) 67 and 59Solution Given fraction 67 and 59Therefore the LCM of the denominators 7 and 9 is 63Therefore 67 = 6times97times9 =5463 59 = 5times79times7 = 3563Therefore 5463 gt 3563Therefore 67 is greater than 597) Insert one fraction between (iii) 917 and 613Solution Given fractions 917 and 613A fraction between 917 and 613 = 9+617+13 = 1530 = 12

8) Insert three fractions between (i) 25 and 49Solution Given fractions 25 and 49A fraction between 25 and 49 = 2+45+9 = 614 = 37A fraction between 25 and 37 = 2+35+7 = 512A fraction between 37 and 49 = 3+47+9 = 716Therefore three fractions between 25 and 49 = 37 512 7169) Insert two fractions between(iii) 56 and 65Solution Given fractions 56 and 65A fraction between 56 and 65 = 5+66+5 = 1111 = 1A fraction between 56 and 1 = 5+16+1 = 67Therefore two fractions between 56 and 65 = 67 1

History and civics

Medieval Europe-Rise and Spread of Christianity

Explained in previous lesson Long answer questions5 What was the attitude of the Roman Emperor Nero towards the Christians Why was it soAns The Christians were persecuted mercilessly under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero because the Christians were considered unpatriotic and disloyal The rich and high ranked Romans considered Christianity as a low religion The Christians refused to worship the Roman Emperor as a God in which they were killed in large numbers In 67 AD a fire broke out in Rome Nero put the blame on Christians This showed that he hated the Christians

6 Who is a Friar What did the Friars doAns Friar is a monk who does not live in monasteries but move from place to place Friars helped the peasants by giving them good advice and taught the Christian code of conduct to the common people

7 Write a note on the Last Supper of the LordAns The Last Supper according to the Christian Gospels was the last meal Jesus Christ had with his Twelve Apostles before his death It was at this supper that Jesus told his disciples that one among the twelve apostles would betray him It is also called the Lordrsquos Last Supper

English Literature

The Listeners III) Answer the following questions-

g) What kind of poem is lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- The poem lsquoThe Listenersrsquo is a single stanza poem of thirty six lines rhyming abcb It is not o the poemrsquos human traveller but on the phantom listener who await him

h) What is the tone used in the poemAns- The tone of the poem is eerie

i) Why are the eyes of the traveller described as lsquoGreyrsquo

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 6: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

5 वह सवय तो घोसला तोडन क लिलए लल उठा लाया था6दीवार क साथ लत ोह पजो क सहार दीवार पकड लती ह7 बोधराज अभी भी टकटकी बाध चील की ओर दख रहा था8बोधराज अपनी जब म बहत सा चगा भरकर लाया था 9 मर गिपताजी की तरककी हई और हम लो एकबड घर म जाकर रहन ल10 बा म जाता तो फल पर बठी गिततली को पकड कर उलिलयो क बीच मसल दता

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution

MATHEMATICS

Ch 4Multiplication and Division

Exercise 14 Example 3 Multiply 5318 by 2583 Solution

5 3 1 8 times 2 5 8 3 1 5 9 5 4 (5318 times 3) 4 2 5 4 4 0 (5318 times 80) 2 6 5 9 0 0 0 (5318 times 500) 1 0 6 3 6 0 0 0 (5318 times 2000)1 3 7 3 6 3 9 4

Example 4 Using 7825 times 200 = 1565000 find(a) 7825 times 201 (b) 7826 times 200

Solution (a) 7825 times 201 = 7825 times (200 + 1)= 7825 times 200 + 7825times 1 = 1565000 + 7825 = 1572825

(b) 7826 times 200 = (7825 + 1) times 200 = 7825 times 200 +1 times 200 = 1565000 + 200 = 1565200

Example Fill in the box 26894 times- - 134-70 8-6820 - 4-2-0

Solution 26894 times35 134470 806820 941290

Exercise 1 Multiply the following (a) 95637 by 100 (b) 30691 by 1000

Solution (a) 95637 times 100 = 9563700 (b) 30691 times 1000 = 30691000

2 Find the product in each case (a) 5613 times 0 (b) 8965329 times 1 (c) 1230567 times 10

Solution (a) 5613 times 0 = 0(b) 8965329 times 1= 8965329(c) 1230567 times 10 = 12305670

Hindi 2ndlang सवCनाम गिनमनलिलखिखत वाकयो म सवCनाम चनकर उनक भद लिलखो1 मझ कछ काम करना ह2 आप कहा जा रह ह

3 जो लबा लडका ह वह मरा दोसत ह4 मरा बसता भारी हो या ह5 म अपना काम सवय करता ह6 वह कौन आया ह7 वह मरी बहन ह8 कोई तमस मिमलन आया ह

उततर =1 अगिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम2 परशनवाचक सवCनाम3 सबधवाचक सवCनाम4 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम5 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम6 परशनवाचक सवCनाम7 सबधवाचक सवCनाम8 गिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम

Bengali বইndashবাঙলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৬পরশন অশীলীর পররণেশনাততর

১০ক) হিশশটি পডারণেশাা করণের কলানত তাই লেস আর পডরণেতচাইরণেছ া লেস মারণেয়র কাছ লেথরণেক পডায় ছটি চাইরণেছখ) এই পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর লেবলাররণেক হিবকাল মরণে কররণেল হিশশটি লেখলা শর কররণেত পাররণেব কার হিবকাল লেবলাই সাধারত হিশশরণেJর লেখলার সময়) হিশশটির কলপায় Jপররণেবলা হিবরণেকল য় কার হিশশটি মরণে মরণে লেবশ লেJখরণেত পায় মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স ডরণেব ারণেY বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল হিরণেয় ঘরণের হিফররণেছ স লেডাবার পরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধার রণেয় আরণেস Jীহিঘর জল কারণেলা রণেয় এরণেল সনধযা ারণেমঘ) পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ আধার রণেল হিJহিঘ জল কারণেলা লেJখায়ঙ) হিবকাল রণেল মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স লেডারণেব বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল ঘরণের লেফরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধাররণেয় আরণেস ারণেটর লেলাকচাহিAর Jল সবাই ঘরণের হিফরণের আরণেসচ) রবীনদরাথ ঠাকরণেরর পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর অথাৎ মধযাহন হিJরণের মধযভা বাংলায়পরচহিলত একটি কথা ল ldquoরাত Jপরrdquo ভীর রাত অথ এই কথাটি বযবহত য় হিশশটিJপররণেবলা লেখলার অমহিত পাওয়ার আশায় এই কথাটি অজাত হিরণেসরণেব বযবার করণেররণেছ

English language

Verbs of incomplete predication

An intransitive verb which needs the help of some word or words to complete what it says about the subject is called a verb of incomplete predicationThe meaning of predication as used here is what is said about somethingrsquoThe word or group of words which helps a verb to complete what it says is known as itrsquos complementThe meaning of complement as used here is a thing which when

Example of verb of incomplete predicationTansen sangThe man appears sadThe word sang and appears are intransitive verb but what it says about itrsquos subject makes complete senseExampleAlexander was a great conquerorThe prize-winners looked very happy

added completes or makes up a whole

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

PHYSICS Physical quantities

What is Length Length is defined as the straight line distance between two points

Common device used to measure length are ndash

a ruler a metre rod and a measuring tape

How to use a ruler correctly

1 Avoid using the end of the ruler 2 Place the ruler correctly 3 Eyes should be placed in correct position to avoid parallax error

Answer the following 1) What do you understand by the term

measurement

Ans - Determining the exact value of an unknown quantity by comparing it with a known fixed quantity of the same kind is known as measurement

2) What are derived physical quantities Give any two examples of derived physical quantities

Ans - Physical quantities that are derived from one or more fundamental quantities are called derived physical quantities

Two examples of derived physical quantities are - area volume

3) What is the advantage of metric system over traditional units

Ans - Metric system is very simple and also scientific than traditional units

4) What are the unit of length mass and time in the SI system

Ans - In SI system unit of length is metre unit of mass is kilogram and unit of time is second

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Atomicity

Atomicity is defined as the total number of atoms that constitute a molecule

For example each molecule of oxygen (O2) is composed of two oxygen atoms So atomicity of oxygen is 2In older contexts the term atomicity is sometimes used in the same sense as valency

On the basis of atomicity molecules can be classified as

Monoatomic-composed of 1 atom eg He Ne Ar (all noble gases are monoatomic)

Diatomic-composed of 2 atoms eg H2 N2 O2

Answer the following Q5) What do you understand by the term ndash ldquotriatomic molecule ldquo Give an example of the same

1 Ans - Molecules which have three atoms are called triatomic molecules

2 For example ndash molecules of ozone has 3 atoms O3

3

Element Atomicity

hydrogen 2

helium 1

carbon 1

oxygen 2

nitrogen 2

Triatomic-composed of 3 atoms eg O3

Polyatomic-composed of 3 or more atoms eg P4 S8

sodium 1

magnesium 1

Aluminium 1

phosphorus 4

sulphur 8

chlorine 2

potassium 1

calcium 1

iron 1

copper 1

4BIOLOGY The Leaf Stomata

Numerous tiny pores are present on the lower surface of leaves These are called stomata Structure of stomata Each stoma is surrounded by two bean shaped cells called guard cells

Function of stomata The stomata open into small air cavity inside the leaves Carbon dioxide enter the leaves through stomata and oxygen is expelled from the plants through stomata Also the excess water is expelled through stomata by the process of transpiration

Q) Define leaf How are leaves arranged on a stem

Ans - The flat thin and green lateral structure attached to the node of a stem is called a leaf

Leaves are arranged on the stem mainly in three ways ndash

i Alternate ii Opposite

iii Whorled

Q) Define ndash (a) photosynthesis (b) transpiration

Ans ndash

(a) Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis

(b) Transpiration - The loss of excess water from plants mainly through leaves as water vapour is called transpiration

GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 2 LANDFORMS

PLAINS

Extensive flat low -lying land areas are called Plains

Plains that are formed by the deposition of alluvium by rivers are called alluvial plains

Example of Alluvial Plains-

1) Which plain lies in the Indian SubcontinentAns- The Indo ndash Gangetic Plain North Indian River Plain2) State the importance of Plains1 due to flat and level land plains are

Northern Plains of India the Amazon Basin in South America and the Great Plains of Mississippi in North America

Plains formed by rivers are intensively cultivated as they have fertile soils and abundant water supply

Coastal Plains are located along the coast Example the Eastern and Western coastal Plains of India

ideal for building settlements industries transport communication network Hence densely populated2 Most productive agricultural regions of the world3 River valleys have been a cradle of civilisation Notable among them are Indus Nile Tigris and Euphrates Fertile land abundance of water favourable climate led to growth of civilisations4 coastal plains are known for agriculture fishing and trade

Math Topic ndash Natural Number and Whole Number

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 5(c)

1) Fill in the blanks (i) 42times0 = 0 (ii) 592times1 =592(iii) 328times573 =

573times328(iv) 229times578 =

578times229(v) 32times15 =32times6 +

32times7 + 32times2(vi) 23times56 =20times56 +

3times56(vii) 83times54 + 83times16 =

83times(54 + 16) =83times70 =5810

(viii) 98times273 ndash 75times273 = (98 ndash 75)times273 = 23times2732) By re-arranging the given numbers evaluate(i) 2times487times50= 487times(50times2)

=487times100=48700(ii) 25times444times4= (25times4)times444= 100times444=44400(iii) 225times20times50times4= (225times4)times(20times50)= 900 times 1000= 9000003) Use distributive law to evaluate (i) 984times 102

= 984times(100 + 2)=984times100 + 984times2= 98400 + 1968= 100368(ii) 385 times 1004= 385 times (1000 + 4)=385times1000 + 385times4= 385000 + 1540=386540(iii) 446 times 10002= 446 times (10000 + 2)= 446times10000 + 446times2=4460000 + 892=4460982

4) Evaluate using properties (i) 548times98= 548 times (90 + 8)= 548times90 + 548times8=49320 + 4384= 53704(ii) 924 times 988=924 times ( 900 + 80 + 8)= 924times900 + 924times80 + 924 times8= 831600 + 73920 + 7392= 912912(iii) 3023times723= 3023times (700 +20 +3)= 3023times700 + 3023times20 + 3023times3=2116100 + 60460 +9069= 2185629

Class VIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionPhysics Chapter

Physical Quantities and Measurement

Study item Measuring DensityWhat is DensityAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore we can write Density = MassvolumeAnalysis of the above definition Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other objectAs a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = Kgm3 = Kg times m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = gtimes cm-3Study item speedWhat is speedAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically we can write Speed (v) = Distance (s)Time (t)Unit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (m s)

The speeds of fast moving objects such as cars and trains are expressed in kilometre per hour (kmh)

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2BINARY SYSTEM

BINARY SYSTEMA NUMBER SYSTEM THAT REPRESENTS ONLY TWO VALUES 0 AND 18421 code is a weighted code in which each decimal digit 0 to 9 is represented by a four-bit binary codeThe bit positions in each binary code are assigned weights from left to right of 842 and 1

DECIMALBINARY

8 4 2 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1

READ AND PRACTICEMath Topic

Number systemChapter Fraction

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 3(B)5) Arrange the given fractions in depending order by making numerators equal (iii) 110 611 811 and 35Solution Given fractions 110 611 811 and 35Therefore the LCM of the numerators 1 6 8 and 3 is 24Therefore 110 = 1times2410times24 = 24240611 = 6times411times4 = 2444811 = 8times311times3 = 243335 = 3times85times8 = 2440We know that the fraction which has a smaller denominator is greaterSo 2433 gt 2440 gt 2444 gt 24240Therefore depending order of the given fractions 811 gt 35 gt 611 gt 1106) Find the greater fraction (iii) 67 and 59Solution Given fraction 67 and 59Therefore the LCM of the denominators 7 and 9 is 63Therefore 67 = 6times97times9 =5463 59 = 5times79times7 = 3563Therefore 5463 gt 3563Therefore 67 is greater than 597) Insert one fraction between (iii) 917 and 613Solution Given fractions 917 and 613A fraction between 917 and 613 = 9+617+13 = 1530 = 12

8) Insert three fractions between (i) 25 and 49Solution Given fractions 25 and 49A fraction between 25 and 49 = 2+45+9 = 614 = 37A fraction between 25 and 37 = 2+35+7 = 512A fraction between 37 and 49 = 3+47+9 = 716Therefore three fractions between 25 and 49 = 37 512 7169) Insert two fractions between(iii) 56 and 65Solution Given fractions 56 and 65A fraction between 56 and 65 = 5+66+5 = 1111 = 1A fraction between 56 and 1 = 5+16+1 = 67Therefore two fractions between 56 and 65 = 67 1

History and civics

Medieval Europe-Rise and Spread of Christianity

Explained in previous lesson Long answer questions5 What was the attitude of the Roman Emperor Nero towards the Christians Why was it soAns The Christians were persecuted mercilessly under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero because the Christians were considered unpatriotic and disloyal The rich and high ranked Romans considered Christianity as a low religion The Christians refused to worship the Roman Emperor as a God in which they were killed in large numbers In 67 AD a fire broke out in Rome Nero put the blame on Christians This showed that he hated the Christians

6 Who is a Friar What did the Friars doAns Friar is a monk who does not live in monasteries but move from place to place Friars helped the peasants by giving them good advice and taught the Christian code of conduct to the common people

7 Write a note on the Last Supper of the LordAns The Last Supper according to the Christian Gospels was the last meal Jesus Christ had with his Twelve Apostles before his death It was at this supper that Jesus told his disciples that one among the twelve apostles would betray him It is also called the Lordrsquos Last Supper

English Literature

The Listeners III) Answer the following questions-

g) What kind of poem is lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- The poem lsquoThe Listenersrsquo is a single stanza poem of thirty six lines rhyming abcb It is not o the poemrsquos human traveller but on the phantom listener who await him

h) What is the tone used in the poemAns- The tone of the poem is eerie

i) Why are the eyes of the traveller described as lsquoGreyrsquo

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 7: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

3 जो लबा लडका ह वह मरा दोसत ह4 मरा बसता भारी हो या ह5 म अपना काम सवय करता ह6 वह कौन आया ह7 वह मरी बहन ह8 कोई तमस मिमलन आया ह

उततर =1 अगिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम2 परशनवाचक सवCनाम3 सबधवाचक सवCनाम4 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम5 गिनजवाचक सवCनाम6 परशनवाचक सवCनाम7 सबधवाचक सवCनाम8 गिनशचयवाचक सवCनाम

Bengali বইndashবাঙলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৬পরশন অশীলীর পররণেশনাততর

১০ক) হিশশটি পডারণেশাা করণের কলানত তাই লেস আর পডরণেতচাইরণেছ া লেস মারণেয়র কাছ লেথরণেক পডায় ছটি চাইরণেছখ) এই পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর লেবলাররণেক হিবকাল মরণে কররণেল হিশশটি লেখলা শর কররণেত পাররণেব কার হিবকাল লেবলাই সাধারত হিশশরণেJর লেখলার সময়) হিশশটির কলপায় Jপররণেবলা হিবরণেকল য় কার হিশশটি মরণে মরণে লেবশ লেJখরণেত পায় মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স ডরণেব ারণেY বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল হিরণেয় ঘরণের হিফররণেছ স লেডাবার পরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধার রণেয় আরণেস Jীহিঘর জল কারণেলা রণেয় এরণেল সনধযা ারণেমঘ) পংহিকতটি পরশন কহিবতার অংশ আধার রণেল হিJহিঘ জল কারণেলা লেJখায়ঙ) হিবকাল রণেল মারণেঠর লেশরণেA স লেডারণেব বাহিJ বহিড পকর লেথরণেক শাক তরণেল ঘরণের লেফরণের মাJার ারণেছর তলা আধাররণেয় আরণেস ারণেটর লেলাকচাহিAর Jল সবাই ঘরণের হিফরণের আরণেসচ) রবীনদরাথ ঠাকরণেরর পরশন কহিবতার অংশ Jপর অথাৎ মধযাহন হিJরণের মধযভা বাংলায়পরচহিলত একটি কথা ল ldquoরাত Jপরrdquo ভীর রাত অথ এই কথাটি বযবহত য় হিশশটিJপররণেবলা লেখলার অমহিত পাওয়ার আশায় এই কথাটি অজাত হিরণেসরণেব বযবার করণেররণেছ

English language

Verbs of incomplete predication

An intransitive verb which needs the help of some word or words to complete what it says about the subject is called a verb of incomplete predicationThe meaning of predication as used here is what is said about somethingrsquoThe word or group of words which helps a verb to complete what it says is known as itrsquos complementThe meaning of complement as used here is a thing which when

Example of verb of incomplete predicationTansen sangThe man appears sadThe word sang and appears are intransitive verb but what it says about itrsquos subject makes complete senseExampleAlexander was a great conquerorThe prize-winners looked very happy

added completes or makes up a whole

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

PHYSICS Physical quantities

What is Length Length is defined as the straight line distance between two points

Common device used to measure length are ndash

a ruler a metre rod and a measuring tape

How to use a ruler correctly

1 Avoid using the end of the ruler 2 Place the ruler correctly 3 Eyes should be placed in correct position to avoid parallax error

Answer the following 1) What do you understand by the term

measurement

Ans - Determining the exact value of an unknown quantity by comparing it with a known fixed quantity of the same kind is known as measurement

2) What are derived physical quantities Give any two examples of derived physical quantities

Ans - Physical quantities that are derived from one or more fundamental quantities are called derived physical quantities

Two examples of derived physical quantities are - area volume

3) What is the advantage of metric system over traditional units

Ans - Metric system is very simple and also scientific than traditional units

4) What are the unit of length mass and time in the SI system

Ans - In SI system unit of length is metre unit of mass is kilogram and unit of time is second

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Atomicity

Atomicity is defined as the total number of atoms that constitute a molecule

For example each molecule of oxygen (O2) is composed of two oxygen atoms So atomicity of oxygen is 2In older contexts the term atomicity is sometimes used in the same sense as valency

On the basis of atomicity molecules can be classified as

Monoatomic-composed of 1 atom eg He Ne Ar (all noble gases are monoatomic)

Diatomic-composed of 2 atoms eg H2 N2 O2

Answer the following Q5) What do you understand by the term ndash ldquotriatomic molecule ldquo Give an example of the same

1 Ans - Molecules which have three atoms are called triatomic molecules

2 For example ndash molecules of ozone has 3 atoms O3

3

Element Atomicity

hydrogen 2

helium 1

carbon 1

oxygen 2

nitrogen 2

Triatomic-composed of 3 atoms eg O3

Polyatomic-composed of 3 or more atoms eg P4 S8

sodium 1

magnesium 1

Aluminium 1

phosphorus 4

sulphur 8

chlorine 2

potassium 1

calcium 1

iron 1

copper 1

4BIOLOGY The Leaf Stomata

Numerous tiny pores are present on the lower surface of leaves These are called stomata Structure of stomata Each stoma is surrounded by two bean shaped cells called guard cells

Function of stomata The stomata open into small air cavity inside the leaves Carbon dioxide enter the leaves through stomata and oxygen is expelled from the plants through stomata Also the excess water is expelled through stomata by the process of transpiration

Q) Define leaf How are leaves arranged on a stem

Ans - The flat thin and green lateral structure attached to the node of a stem is called a leaf

Leaves are arranged on the stem mainly in three ways ndash

i Alternate ii Opposite

iii Whorled

Q) Define ndash (a) photosynthesis (b) transpiration

Ans ndash

(a) Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis

(b) Transpiration - The loss of excess water from plants mainly through leaves as water vapour is called transpiration

GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 2 LANDFORMS

PLAINS

Extensive flat low -lying land areas are called Plains

Plains that are formed by the deposition of alluvium by rivers are called alluvial plains

Example of Alluvial Plains-

1) Which plain lies in the Indian SubcontinentAns- The Indo ndash Gangetic Plain North Indian River Plain2) State the importance of Plains1 due to flat and level land plains are

Northern Plains of India the Amazon Basin in South America and the Great Plains of Mississippi in North America

Plains formed by rivers are intensively cultivated as they have fertile soils and abundant water supply

Coastal Plains are located along the coast Example the Eastern and Western coastal Plains of India

ideal for building settlements industries transport communication network Hence densely populated2 Most productive agricultural regions of the world3 River valleys have been a cradle of civilisation Notable among them are Indus Nile Tigris and Euphrates Fertile land abundance of water favourable climate led to growth of civilisations4 coastal plains are known for agriculture fishing and trade

Math Topic ndash Natural Number and Whole Number

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 5(c)

1) Fill in the blanks (i) 42times0 = 0 (ii) 592times1 =592(iii) 328times573 =

573times328(iv) 229times578 =

578times229(v) 32times15 =32times6 +

32times7 + 32times2(vi) 23times56 =20times56 +

3times56(vii) 83times54 + 83times16 =

83times(54 + 16) =83times70 =5810

(viii) 98times273 ndash 75times273 = (98 ndash 75)times273 = 23times2732) By re-arranging the given numbers evaluate(i) 2times487times50= 487times(50times2)

=487times100=48700(ii) 25times444times4= (25times4)times444= 100times444=44400(iii) 225times20times50times4= (225times4)times(20times50)= 900 times 1000= 9000003) Use distributive law to evaluate (i) 984times 102

= 984times(100 + 2)=984times100 + 984times2= 98400 + 1968= 100368(ii) 385 times 1004= 385 times (1000 + 4)=385times1000 + 385times4= 385000 + 1540=386540(iii) 446 times 10002= 446 times (10000 + 2)= 446times10000 + 446times2=4460000 + 892=4460982

4) Evaluate using properties (i) 548times98= 548 times (90 + 8)= 548times90 + 548times8=49320 + 4384= 53704(ii) 924 times 988=924 times ( 900 + 80 + 8)= 924times900 + 924times80 + 924 times8= 831600 + 73920 + 7392= 912912(iii) 3023times723= 3023times (700 +20 +3)= 3023times700 + 3023times20 + 3023times3=2116100 + 60460 +9069= 2185629

Class VIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionPhysics Chapter

Physical Quantities and Measurement

Study item Measuring DensityWhat is DensityAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore we can write Density = MassvolumeAnalysis of the above definition Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other objectAs a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = Kgm3 = Kg times m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = gtimes cm-3Study item speedWhat is speedAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically we can write Speed (v) = Distance (s)Time (t)Unit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (m s)

The speeds of fast moving objects such as cars and trains are expressed in kilometre per hour (kmh)

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2BINARY SYSTEM

BINARY SYSTEMA NUMBER SYSTEM THAT REPRESENTS ONLY TWO VALUES 0 AND 18421 code is a weighted code in which each decimal digit 0 to 9 is represented by a four-bit binary codeThe bit positions in each binary code are assigned weights from left to right of 842 and 1

DECIMALBINARY

8 4 2 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1

READ AND PRACTICEMath Topic

Number systemChapter Fraction

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 3(B)5) Arrange the given fractions in depending order by making numerators equal (iii) 110 611 811 and 35Solution Given fractions 110 611 811 and 35Therefore the LCM of the numerators 1 6 8 and 3 is 24Therefore 110 = 1times2410times24 = 24240611 = 6times411times4 = 2444811 = 8times311times3 = 243335 = 3times85times8 = 2440We know that the fraction which has a smaller denominator is greaterSo 2433 gt 2440 gt 2444 gt 24240Therefore depending order of the given fractions 811 gt 35 gt 611 gt 1106) Find the greater fraction (iii) 67 and 59Solution Given fraction 67 and 59Therefore the LCM of the denominators 7 and 9 is 63Therefore 67 = 6times97times9 =5463 59 = 5times79times7 = 3563Therefore 5463 gt 3563Therefore 67 is greater than 597) Insert one fraction between (iii) 917 and 613Solution Given fractions 917 and 613A fraction between 917 and 613 = 9+617+13 = 1530 = 12

8) Insert three fractions between (i) 25 and 49Solution Given fractions 25 and 49A fraction between 25 and 49 = 2+45+9 = 614 = 37A fraction between 25 and 37 = 2+35+7 = 512A fraction between 37 and 49 = 3+47+9 = 716Therefore three fractions between 25 and 49 = 37 512 7169) Insert two fractions between(iii) 56 and 65Solution Given fractions 56 and 65A fraction between 56 and 65 = 5+66+5 = 1111 = 1A fraction between 56 and 1 = 5+16+1 = 67Therefore two fractions between 56 and 65 = 67 1

History and civics

Medieval Europe-Rise and Spread of Christianity

Explained in previous lesson Long answer questions5 What was the attitude of the Roman Emperor Nero towards the Christians Why was it soAns The Christians were persecuted mercilessly under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero because the Christians were considered unpatriotic and disloyal The rich and high ranked Romans considered Christianity as a low religion The Christians refused to worship the Roman Emperor as a God in which they were killed in large numbers In 67 AD a fire broke out in Rome Nero put the blame on Christians This showed that he hated the Christians

6 Who is a Friar What did the Friars doAns Friar is a monk who does not live in monasteries but move from place to place Friars helped the peasants by giving them good advice and taught the Christian code of conduct to the common people

7 Write a note on the Last Supper of the LordAns The Last Supper according to the Christian Gospels was the last meal Jesus Christ had with his Twelve Apostles before his death It was at this supper that Jesus told his disciples that one among the twelve apostles would betray him It is also called the Lordrsquos Last Supper

English Literature

The Listeners III) Answer the following questions-

g) What kind of poem is lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- The poem lsquoThe Listenersrsquo is a single stanza poem of thirty six lines rhyming abcb It is not o the poemrsquos human traveller but on the phantom listener who await him

h) What is the tone used in the poemAns- The tone of the poem is eerie

i) Why are the eyes of the traveller described as lsquoGreyrsquo

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 8: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

added completes or makes up a whole

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

PHYSICS Physical quantities

What is Length Length is defined as the straight line distance between two points

Common device used to measure length are ndash

a ruler a metre rod and a measuring tape

How to use a ruler correctly

1 Avoid using the end of the ruler 2 Place the ruler correctly 3 Eyes should be placed in correct position to avoid parallax error

Answer the following 1) What do you understand by the term

measurement

Ans - Determining the exact value of an unknown quantity by comparing it with a known fixed quantity of the same kind is known as measurement

2) What are derived physical quantities Give any two examples of derived physical quantities

Ans - Physical quantities that are derived from one or more fundamental quantities are called derived physical quantities

Two examples of derived physical quantities are - area volume

3) What is the advantage of metric system over traditional units

Ans - Metric system is very simple and also scientific than traditional units

4) What are the unit of length mass and time in the SI system

Ans - In SI system unit of length is metre unit of mass is kilogram and unit of time is second

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Atomicity

Atomicity is defined as the total number of atoms that constitute a molecule

For example each molecule of oxygen (O2) is composed of two oxygen atoms So atomicity of oxygen is 2In older contexts the term atomicity is sometimes used in the same sense as valency

On the basis of atomicity molecules can be classified as

Monoatomic-composed of 1 atom eg He Ne Ar (all noble gases are monoatomic)

Diatomic-composed of 2 atoms eg H2 N2 O2

Answer the following Q5) What do you understand by the term ndash ldquotriatomic molecule ldquo Give an example of the same

1 Ans - Molecules which have three atoms are called triatomic molecules

2 For example ndash molecules of ozone has 3 atoms O3

3

Element Atomicity

hydrogen 2

helium 1

carbon 1

oxygen 2

nitrogen 2

Triatomic-composed of 3 atoms eg O3

Polyatomic-composed of 3 or more atoms eg P4 S8

sodium 1

magnesium 1

Aluminium 1

phosphorus 4

sulphur 8

chlorine 2

potassium 1

calcium 1

iron 1

copper 1

4BIOLOGY The Leaf Stomata

Numerous tiny pores are present on the lower surface of leaves These are called stomata Structure of stomata Each stoma is surrounded by two bean shaped cells called guard cells

Function of stomata The stomata open into small air cavity inside the leaves Carbon dioxide enter the leaves through stomata and oxygen is expelled from the plants through stomata Also the excess water is expelled through stomata by the process of transpiration

Q) Define leaf How are leaves arranged on a stem

Ans - The flat thin and green lateral structure attached to the node of a stem is called a leaf

Leaves are arranged on the stem mainly in three ways ndash

i Alternate ii Opposite

iii Whorled

Q) Define ndash (a) photosynthesis (b) transpiration

Ans ndash

(a) Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis

(b) Transpiration - The loss of excess water from plants mainly through leaves as water vapour is called transpiration

GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 2 LANDFORMS

PLAINS

Extensive flat low -lying land areas are called Plains

Plains that are formed by the deposition of alluvium by rivers are called alluvial plains

Example of Alluvial Plains-

1) Which plain lies in the Indian SubcontinentAns- The Indo ndash Gangetic Plain North Indian River Plain2) State the importance of Plains1 due to flat and level land plains are

Northern Plains of India the Amazon Basin in South America and the Great Plains of Mississippi in North America

Plains formed by rivers are intensively cultivated as they have fertile soils and abundant water supply

Coastal Plains are located along the coast Example the Eastern and Western coastal Plains of India

ideal for building settlements industries transport communication network Hence densely populated2 Most productive agricultural regions of the world3 River valleys have been a cradle of civilisation Notable among them are Indus Nile Tigris and Euphrates Fertile land abundance of water favourable climate led to growth of civilisations4 coastal plains are known for agriculture fishing and trade

Math Topic ndash Natural Number and Whole Number

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 5(c)

1) Fill in the blanks (i) 42times0 = 0 (ii) 592times1 =592(iii) 328times573 =

573times328(iv) 229times578 =

578times229(v) 32times15 =32times6 +

32times7 + 32times2(vi) 23times56 =20times56 +

3times56(vii) 83times54 + 83times16 =

83times(54 + 16) =83times70 =5810

(viii) 98times273 ndash 75times273 = (98 ndash 75)times273 = 23times2732) By re-arranging the given numbers evaluate(i) 2times487times50= 487times(50times2)

=487times100=48700(ii) 25times444times4= (25times4)times444= 100times444=44400(iii) 225times20times50times4= (225times4)times(20times50)= 900 times 1000= 9000003) Use distributive law to evaluate (i) 984times 102

= 984times(100 + 2)=984times100 + 984times2= 98400 + 1968= 100368(ii) 385 times 1004= 385 times (1000 + 4)=385times1000 + 385times4= 385000 + 1540=386540(iii) 446 times 10002= 446 times (10000 + 2)= 446times10000 + 446times2=4460000 + 892=4460982

4) Evaluate using properties (i) 548times98= 548 times (90 + 8)= 548times90 + 548times8=49320 + 4384= 53704(ii) 924 times 988=924 times ( 900 + 80 + 8)= 924times900 + 924times80 + 924 times8= 831600 + 73920 + 7392= 912912(iii) 3023times723= 3023times (700 +20 +3)= 3023times700 + 3023times20 + 3023times3=2116100 + 60460 +9069= 2185629

Class VIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionPhysics Chapter

Physical Quantities and Measurement

Study item Measuring DensityWhat is DensityAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore we can write Density = MassvolumeAnalysis of the above definition Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other objectAs a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = Kgm3 = Kg times m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = gtimes cm-3Study item speedWhat is speedAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically we can write Speed (v) = Distance (s)Time (t)Unit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (m s)

The speeds of fast moving objects such as cars and trains are expressed in kilometre per hour (kmh)

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2BINARY SYSTEM

BINARY SYSTEMA NUMBER SYSTEM THAT REPRESENTS ONLY TWO VALUES 0 AND 18421 code is a weighted code in which each decimal digit 0 to 9 is represented by a four-bit binary codeThe bit positions in each binary code are assigned weights from left to right of 842 and 1

DECIMALBINARY

8 4 2 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1

READ AND PRACTICEMath Topic

Number systemChapter Fraction

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 3(B)5) Arrange the given fractions in depending order by making numerators equal (iii) 110 611 811 and 35Solution Given fractions 110 611 811 and 35Therefore the LCM of the numerators 1 6 8 and 3 is 24Therefore 110 = 1times2410times24 = 24240611 = 6times411times4 = 2444811 = 8times311times3 = 243335 = 3times85times8 = 2440We know that the fraction which has a smaller denominator is greaterSo 2433 gt 2440 gt 2444 gt 24240Therefore depending order of the given fractions 811 gt 35 gt 611 gt 1106) Find the greater fraction (iii) 67 and 59Solution Given fraction 67 and 59Therefore the LCM of the denominators 7 and 9 is 63Therefore 67 = 6times97times9 =5463 59 = 5times79times7 = 3563Therefore 5463 gt 3563Therefore 67 is greater than 597) Insert one fraction between (iii) 917 and 613Solution Given fractions 917 and 613A fraction between 917 and 613 = 9+617+13 = 1530 = 12

8) Insert three fractions between (i) 25 and 49Solution Given fractions 25 and 49A fraction between 25 and 49 = 2+45+9 = 614 = 37A fraction between 25 and 37 = 2+35+7 = 512A fraction between 37 and 49 = 3+47+9 = 716Therefore three fractions between 25 and 49 = 37 512 7169) Insert two fractions between(iii) 56 and 65Solution Given fractions 56 and 65A fraction between 56 and 65 = 5+66+5 = 1111 = 1A fraction between 56 and 1 = 5+16+1 = 67Therefore two fractions between 56 and 65 = 67 1

History and civics

Medieval Europe-Rise and Spread of Christianity

Explained in previous lesson Long answer questions5 What was the attitude of the Roman Emperor Nero towards the Christians Why was it soAns The Christians were persecuted mercilessly under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero because the Christians were considered unpatriotic and disloyal The rich and high ranked Romans considered Christianity as a low religion The Christians refused to worship the Roman Emperor as a God in which they were killed in large numbers In 67 AD a fire broke out in Rome Nero put the blame on Christians This showed that he hated the Christians

6 Who is a Friar What did the Friars doAns Friar is a monk who does not live in monasteries but move from place to place Friars helped the peasants by giving them good advice and taught the Christian code of conduct to the common people

7 Write a note on the Last Supper of the LordAns The Last Supper according to the Christian Gospels was the last meal Jesus Christ had with his Twelve Apostles before his death It was at this supper that Jesus told his disciples that one among the twelve apostles would betray him It is also called the Lordrsquos Last Supper

English Literature

The Listeners III) Answer the following questions-

g) What kind of poem is lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- The poem lsquoThe Listenersrsquo is a single stanza poem of thirty six lines rhyming abcb It is not o the poemrsquos human traveller but on the phantom listener who await him

h) What is the tone used in the poemAns- The tone of the poem is eerie

i) Why are the eyes of the traveller described as lsquoGreyrsquo

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 9: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

Triatomic-composed of 3 atoms eg O3

Polyatomic-composed of 3 or more atoms eg P4 S8

sodium 1

magnesium 1

Aluminium 1

phosphorus 4

sulphur 8

chlorine 2

potassium 1

calcium 1

iron 1

copper 1

4BIOLOGY The Leaf Stomata

Numerous tiny pores are present on the lower surface of leaves These are called stomata Structure of stomata Each stoma is surrounded by two bean shaped cells called guard cells

Function of stomata The stomata open into small air cavity inside the leaves Carbon dioxide enter the leaves through stomata and oxygen is expelled from the plants through stomata Also the excess water is expelled through stomata by the process of transpiration

Q) Define leaf How are leaves arranged on a stem

Ans - The flat thin and green lateral structure attached to the node of a stem is called a leaf

Leaves are arranged on the stem mainly in three ways ndash

i Alternate ii Opposite

iii Whorled

Q) Define ndash (a) photosynthesis (b) transpiration

Ans ndash

(a) Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis

(b) Transpiration - The loss of excess water from plants mainly through leaves as water vapour is called transpiration

GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 2 LANDFORMS

PLAINS

Extensive flat low -lying land areas are called Plains

Plains that are formed by the deposition of alluvium by rivers are called alluvial plains

Example of Alluvial Plains-

1) Which plain lies in the Indian SubcontinentAns- The Indo ndash Gangetic Plain North Indian River Plain2) State the importance of Plains1 due to flat and level land plains are

Northern Plains of India the Amazon Basin in South America and the Great Plains of Mississippi in North America

Plains formed by rivers are intensively cultivated as they have fertile soils and abundant water supply

Coastal Plains are located along the coast Example the Eastern and Western coastal Plains of India

ideal for building settlements industries transport communication network Hence densely populated2 Most productive agricultural regions of the world3 River valleys have been a cradle of civilisation Notable among them are Indus Nile Tigris and Euphrates Fertile land abundance of water favourable climate led to growth of civilisations4 coastal plains are known for agriculture fishing and trade

Math Topic ndash Natural Number and Whole Number

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 5(c)

1) Fill in the blanks (i) 42times0 = 0 (ii) 592times1 =592(iii) 328times573 =

573times328(iv) 229times578 =

578times229(v) 32times15 =32times6 +

32times7 + 32times2(vi) 23times56 =20times56 +

3times56(vii) 83times54 + 83times16 =

83times(54 + 16) =83times70 =5810

(viii) 98times273 ndash 75times273 = (98 ndash 75)times273 = 23times2732) By re-arranging the given numbers evaluate(i) 2times487times50= 487times(50times2)

=487times100=48700(ii) 25times444times4= (25times4)times444= 100times444=44400(iii) 225times20times50times4= (225times4)times(20times50)= 900 times 1000= 9000003) Use distributive law to evaluate (i) 984times 102

= 984times(100 + 2)=984times100 + 984times2= 98400 + 1968= 100368(ii) 385 times 1004= 385 times (1000 + 4)=385times1000 + 385times4= 385000 + 1540=386540(iii) 446 times 10002= 446 times (10000 + 2)= 446times10000 + 446times2=4460000 + 892=4460982

4) Evaluate using properties (i) 548times98= 548 times (90 + 8)= 548times90 + 548times8=49320 + 4384= 53704(ii) 924 times 988=924 times ( 900 + 80 + 8)= 924times900 + 924times80 + 924 times8= 831600 + 73920 + 7392= 912912(iii) 3023times723= 3023times (700 +20 +3)= 3023times700 + 3023times20 + 3023times3=2116100 + 60460 +9069= 2185629

Class VIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionPhysics Chapter

Physical Quantities and Measurement

Study item Measuring DensityWhat is DensityAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore we can write Density = MassvolumeAnalysis of the above definition Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other objectAs a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = Kgm3 = Kg times m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = gtimes cm-3Study item speedWhat is speedAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically we can write Speed (v) = Distance (s)Time (t)Unit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (m s)

The speeds of fast moving objects such as cars and trains are expressed in kilometre per hour (kmh)

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2BINARY SYSTEM

BINARY SYSTEMA NUMBER SYSTEM THAT REPRESENTS ONLY TWO VALUES 0 AND 18421 code is a weighted code in which each decimal digit 0 to 9 is represented by a four-bit binary codeThe bit positions in each binary code are assigned weights from left to right of 842 and 1

DECIMALBINARY

8 4 2 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1

READ AND PRACTICEMath Topic

Number systemChapter Fraction

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 3(B)5) Arrange the given fractions in depending order by making numerators equal (iii) 110 611 811 and 35Solution Given fractions 110 611 811 and 35Therefore the LCM of the numerators 1 6 8 and 3 is 24Therefore 110 = 1times2410times24 = 24240611 = 6times411times4 = 2444811 = 8times311times3 = 243335 = 3times85times8 = 2440We know that the fraction which has a smaller denominator is greaterSo 2433 gt 2440 gt 2444 gt 24240Therefore depending order of the given fractions 811 gt 35 gt 611 gt 1106) Find the greater fraction (iii) 67 and 59Solution Given fraction 67 and 59Therefore the LCM of the denominators 7 and 9 is 63Therefore 67 = 6times97times9 =5463 59 = 5times79times7 = 3563Therefore 5463 gt 3563Therefore 67 is greater than 597) Insert one fraction between (iii) 917 and 613Solution Given fractions 917 and 613A fraction between 917 and 613 = 9+617+13 = 1530 = 12

8) Insert three fractions between (i) 25 and 49Solution Given fractions 25 and 49A fraction between 25 and 49 = 2+45+9 = 614 = 37A fraction between 25 and 37 = 2+35+7 = 512A fraction between 37 and 49 = 3+47+9 = 716Therefore three fractions between 25 and 49 = 37 512 7169) Insert two fractions between(iii) 56 and 65Solution Given fractions 56 and 65A fraction between 56 and 65 = 5+66+5 = 1111 = 1A fraction between 56 and 1 = 5+16+1 = 67Therefore two fractions between 56 and 65 = 67 1

History and civics

Medieval Europe-Rise and Spread of Christianity

Explained in previous lesson Long answer questions5 What was the attitude of the Roman Emperor Nero towards the Christians Why was it soAns The Christians were persecuted mercilessly under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero because the Christians were considered unpatriotic and disloyal The rich and high ranked Romans considered Christianity as a low religion The Christians refused to worship the Roman Emperor as a God in which they were killed in large numbers In 67 AD a fire broke out in Rome Nero put the blame on Christians This showed that he hated the Christians

6 Who is a Friar What did the Friars doAns Friar is a monk who does not live in monasteries but move from place to place Friars helped the peasants by giving them good advice and taught the Christian code of conduct to the common people

7 Write a note on the Last Supper of the LordAns The Last Supper according to the Christian Gospels was the last meal Jesus Christ had with his Twelve Apostles before his death It was at this supper that Jesus told his disciples that one among the twelve apostles would betray him It is also called the Lordrsquos Last Supper

English Literature

The Listeners III) Answer the following questions-

g) What kind of poem is lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- The poem lsquoThe Listenersrsquo is a single stanza poem of thirty six lines rhyming abcb It is not o the poemrsquos human traveller but on the phantom listener who await him

h) What is the tone used in the poemAns- The tone of the poem is eerie

i) Why are the eyes of the traveller described as lsquoGreyrsquo

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 10: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

Northern Plains of India the Amazon Basin in South America and the Great Plains of Mississippi in North America

Plains formed by rivers are intensively cultivated as they have fertile soils and abundant water supply

Coastal Plains are located along the coast Example the Eastern and Western coastal Plains of India

ideal for building settlements industries transport communication network Hence densely populated2 Most productive agricultural regions of the world3 River valleys have been a cradle of civilisation Notable among them are Indus Nile Tigris and Euphrates Fertile land abundance of water favourable climate led to growth of civilisations4 coastal plains are known for agriculture fishing and trade

Math Topic ndash Natural Number and Whole Number

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 5(c)

1) Fill in the blanks (i) 42times0 = 0 (ii) 592times1 =592(iii) 328times573 =

573times328(iv) 229times578 =

578times229(v) 32times15 =32times6 +

32times7 + 32times2(vi) 23times56 =20times56 +

3times56(vii) 83times54 + 83times16 =

83times(54 + 16) =83times70 =5810

(viii) 98times273 ndash 75times273 = (98 ndash 75)times273 = 23times2732) By re-arranging the given numbers evaluate(i) 2times487times50= 487times(50times2)

=487times100=48700(ii) 25times444times4= (25times4)times444= 100times444=44400(iii) 225times20times50times4= (225times4)times(20times50)= 900 times 1000= 9000003) Use distributive law to evaluate (i) 984times 102

= 984times(100 + 2)=984times100 + 984times2= 98400 + 1968= 100368(ii) 385 times 1004= 385 times (1000 + 4)=385times1000 + 385times4= 385000 + 1540=386540(iii) 446 times 10002= 446 times (10000 + 2)= 446times10000 + 446times2=4460000 + 892=4460982

4) Evaluate using properties (i) 548times98= 548 times (90 + 8)= 548times90 + 548times8=49320 + 4384= 53704(ii) 924 times 988=924 times ( 900 + 80 + 8)= 924times900 + 924times80 + 924 times8= 831600 + 73920 + 7392= 912912(iii) 3023times723= 3023times (700 +20 +3)= 3023times700 + 3023times20 + 3023times3=2116100 + 60460 +9069= 2185629

Class VIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionPhysics Chapter

Physical Quantities and Measurement

Study item Measuring DensityWhat is DensityAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore we can write Density = MassvolumeAnalysis of the above definition Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other objectAs a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = Kgm3 = Kg times m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = gtimes cm-3Study item speedWhat is speedAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically we can write Speed (v) = Distance (s)Time (t)Unit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (m s)

The speeds of fast moving objects such as cars and trains are expressed in kilometre per hour (kmh)

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2BINARY SYSTEM

BINARY SYSTEMA NUMBER SYSTEM THAT REPRESENTS ONLY TWO VALUES 0 AND 18421 code is a weighted code in which each decimal digit 0 to 9 is represented by a four-bit binary codeThe bit positions in each binary code are assigned weights from left to right of 842 and 1

DECIMALBINARY

8 4 2 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1

READ AND PRACTICEMath Topic

Number systemChapter Fraction

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 3(B)5) Arrange the given fractions in depending order by making numerators equal (iii) 110 611 811 and 35Solution Given fractions 110 611 811 and 35Therefore the LCM of the numerators 1 6 8 and 3 is 24Therefore 110 = 1times2410times24 = 24240611 = 6times411times4 = 2444811 = 8times311times3 = 243335 = 3times85times8 = 2440We know that the fraction which has a smaller denominator is greaterSo 2433 gt 2440 gt 2444 gt 24240Therefore depending order of the given fractions 811 gt 35 gt 611 gt 1106) Find the greater fraction (iii) 67 and 59Solution Given fraction 67 and 59Therefore the LCM of the denominators 7 and 9 is 63Therefore 67 = 6times97times9 =5463 59 = 5times79times7 = 3563Therefore 5463 gt 3563Therefore 67 is greater than 597) Insert one fraction between (iii) 917 and 613Solution Given fractions 917 and 613A fraction between 917 and 613 = 9+617+13 = 1530 = 12

8) Insert three fractions between (i) 25 and 49Solution Given fractions 25 and 49A fraction between 25 and 49 = 2+45+9 = 614 = 37A fraction between 25 and 37 = 2+35+7 = 512A fraction between 37 and 49 = 3+47+9 = 716Therefore three fractions between 25 and 49 = 37 512 7169) Insert two fractions between(iii) 56 and 65Solution Given fractions 56 and 65A fraction between 56 and 65 = 5+66+5 = 1111 = 1A fraction between 56 and 1 = 5+16+1 = 67Therefore two fractions between 56 and 65 = 67 1

History and civics

Medieval Europe-Rise and Spread of Christianity

Explained in previous lesson Long answer questions5 What was the attitude of the Roman Emperor Nero towards the Christians Why was it soAns The Christians were persecuted mercilessly under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero because the Christians were considered unpatriotic and disloyal The rich and high ranked Romans considered Christianity as a low religion The Christians refused to worship the Roman Emperor as a God in which they were killed in large numbers In 67 AD a fire broke out in Rome Nero put the blame on Christians This showed that he hated the Christians

6 Who is a Friar What did the Friars doAns Friar is a monk who does not live in monasteries but move from place to place Friars helped the peasants by giving them good advice and taught the Christian code of conduct to the common people

7 Write a note on the Last Supper of the LordAns The Last Supper according to the Christian Gospels was the last meal Jesus Christ had with his Twelve Apostles before his death It was at this supper that Jesus told his disciples that one among the twelve apostles would betray him It is also called the Lordrsquos Last Supper

English Literature

The Listeners III) Answer the following questions-

g) What kind of poem is lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- The poem lsquoThe Listenersrsquo is a single stanza poem of thirty six lines rhyming abcb It is not o the poemrsquos human traveller but on the phantom listener who await him

h) What is the tone used in the poemAns- The tone of the poem is eerie

i) Why are the eyes of the traveller described as lsquoGreyrsquo

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 11: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

= 984times(100 + 2)=984times100 + 984times2= 98400 + 1968= 100368(ii) 385 times 1004= 385 times (1000 + 4)=385times1000 + 385times4= 385000 + 1540=386540(iii) 446 times 10002= 446 times (10000 + 2)= 446times10000 + 446times2=4460000 + 892=4460982

4) Evaluate using properties (i) 548times98= 548 times (90 + 8)= 548times90 + 548times8=49320 + 4384= 53704(ii) 924 times 988=924 times ( 900 + 80 + 8)= 924times900 + 924times80 + 924 times8= 831600 + 73920 + 7392= 912912(iii) 3023times723= 3023times (700 +20 +3)= 3023times700 + 3023times20 + 3023times3=2116100 + 60460 +9069= 2185629

Class VIISubject Topic Summary ExecutionPhysics Chapter

Physical Quantities and Measurement

Study item Measuring DensityWhat is DensityAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore we can write Density = MassvolumeAnalysis of the above definition Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other objectAs a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = Kgm3 = Kg times m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = gtimes cm-3Study item speedWhat is speedAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically we can write Speed (v) = Distance (s)Time (t)Unit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (m s)

The speeds of fast moving objects such as cars and trains are expressed in kilometre per hour (kmh)

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2BINARY SYSTEM

BINARY SYSTEMA NUMBER SYSTEM THAT REPRESENTS ONLY TWO VALUES 0 AND 18421 code is a weighted code in which each decimal digit 0 to 9 is represented by a four-bit binary codeThe bit positions in each binary code are assigned weights from left to right of 842 and 1

DECIMALBINARY

8 4 2 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1

READ AND PRACTICEMath Topic

Number systemChapter Fraction

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 3(B)5) Arrange the given fractions in depending order by making numerators equal (iii) 110 611 811 and 35Solution Given fractions 110 611 811 and 35Therefore the LCM of the numerators 1 6 8 and 3 is 24Therefore 110 = 1times2410times24 = 24240611 = 6times411times4 = 2444811 = 8times311times3 = 243335 = 3times85times8 = 2440We know that the fraction which has a smaller denominator is greaterSo 2433 gt 2440 gt 2444 gt 24240Therefore depending order of the given fractions 811 gt 35 gt 611 gt 1106) Find the greater fraction (iii) 67 and 59Solution Given fraction 67 and 59Therefore the LCM of the denominators 7 and 9 is 63Therefore 67 = 6times97times9 =5463 59 = 5times79times7 = 3563Therefore 5463 gt 3563Therefore 67 is greater than 597) Insert one fraction between (iii) 917 and 613Solution Given fractions 917 and 613A fraction between 917 and 613 = 9+617+13 = 1530 = 12

8) Insert three fractions between (i) 25 and 49Solution Given fractions 25 and 49A fraction between 25 and 49 = 2+45+9 = 614 = 37A fraction between 25 and 37 = 2+35+7 = 512A fraction between 37 and 49 = 3+47+9 = 716Therefore three fractions between 25 and 49 = 37 512 7169) Insert two fractions between(iii) 56 and 65Solution Given fractions 56 and 65A fraction between 56 and 65 = 5+66+5 = 1111 = 1A fraction between 56 and 1 = 5+16+1 = 67Therefore two fractions between 56 and 65 = 67 1

History and civics

Medieval Europe-Rise and Spread of Christianity

Explained in previous lesson Long answer questions5 What was the attitude of the Roman Emperor Nero towards the Christians Why was it soAns The Christians were persecuted mercilessly under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero because the Christians were considered unpatriotic and disloyal The rich and high ranked Romans considered Christianity as a low religion The Christians refused to worship the Roman Emperor as a God in which they were killed in large numbers In 67 AD a fire broke out in Rome Nero put the blame on Christians This showed that he hated the Christians

6 Who is a Friar What did the Friars doAns Friar is a monk who does not live in monasteries but move from place to place Friars helped the peasants by giving them good advice and taught the Christian code of conduct to the common people

7 Write a note on the Last Supper of the LordAns The Last Supper according to the Christian Gospels was the last meal Jesus Christ had with his Twelve Apostles before his death It was at this supper that Jesus told his disciples that one among the twelve apostles would betray him It is also called the Lordrsquos Last Supper

English Literature

The Listeners III) Answer the following questions-

g) What kind of poem is lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- The poem lsquoThe Listenersrsquo is a single stanza poem of thirty six lines rhyming abcb It is not o the poemrsquos human traveller but on the phantom listener who await him

h) What is the tone used in the poemAns- The tone of the poem is eerie

i) Why are the eyes of the traveller described as lsquoGreyrsquo

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 12: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

The speeds of fast moving objects such as cars and trains are expressed in kilometre per hour (kmh)

COMPUTER CHAPTER-2BINARY SYSTEM

BINARY SYSTEMA NUMBER SYSTEM THAT REPRESENTS ONLY TWO VALUES 0 AND 18421 code is a weighted code in which each decimal digit 0 to 9 is represented by a four-bit binary codeThe bit positions in each binary code are assigned weights from left to right of 842 and 1

DECIMALBINARY

8 4 2 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1

READ AND PRACTICEMath Topic

Number systemChapter Fraction

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash 3(B)5) Arrange the given fractions in depending order by making numerators equal (iii) 110 611 811 and 35Solution Given fractions 110 611 811 and 35Therefore the LCM of the numerators 1 6 8 and 3 is 24Therefore 110 = 1times2410times24 = 24240611 = 6times411times4 = 2444811 = 8times311times3 = 243335 = 3times85times8 = 2440We know that the fraction which has a smaller denominator is greaterSo 2433 gt 2440 gt 2444 gt 24240Therefore depending order of the given fractions 811 gt 35 gt 611 gt 1106) Find the greater fraction (iii) 67 and 59Solution Given fraction 67 and 59Therefore the LCM of the denominators 7 and 9 is 63Therefore 67 = 6times97times9 =5463 59 = 5times79times7 = 3563Therefore 5463 gt 3563Therefore 67 is greater than 597) Insert one fraction between (iii) 917 and 613Solution Given fractions 917 and 613A fraction between 917 and 613 = 9+617+13 = 1530 = 12

8) Insert three fractions between (i) 25 and 49Solution Given fractions 25 and 49A fraction between 25 and 49 = 2+45+9 = 614 = 37A fraction between 25 and 37 = 2+35+7 = 512A fraction between 37 and 49 = 3+47+9 = 716Therefore three fractions between 25 and 49 = 37 512 7169) Insert two fractions between(iii) 56 and 65Solution Given fractions 56 and 65A fraction between 56 and 65 = 5+66+5 = 1111 = 1A fraction between 56 and 1 = 5+16+1 = 67Therefore two fractions between 56 and 65 = 67 1

History and civics

Medieval Europe-Rise and Spread of Christianity

Explained in previous lesson Long answer questions5 What was the attitude of the Roman Emperor Nero towards the Christians Why was it soAns The Christians were persecuted mercilessly under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero because the Christians were considered unpatriotic and disloyal The rich and high ranked Romans considered Christianity as a low religion The Christians refused to worship the Roman Emperor as a God in which they were killed in large numbers In 67 AD a fire broke out in Rome Nero put the blame on Christians This showed that he hated the Christians

6 Who is a Friar What did the Friars doAns Friar is a monk who does not live in monasteries but move from place to place Friars helped the peasants by giving them good advice and taught the Christian code of conduct to the common people

7 Write a note on the Last Supper of the LordAns The Last Supper according to the Christian Gospels was the last meal Jesus Christ had with his Twelve Apostles before his death It was at this supper that Jesus told his disciples that one among the twelve apostles would betray him It is also called the Lordrsquos Last Supper

English Literature

The Listeners III) Answer the following questions-

g) What kind of poem is lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- The poem lsquoThe Listenersrsquo is a single stanza poem of thirty six lines rhyming abcb It is not o the poemrsquos human traveller but on the phantom listener who await him

h) What is the tone used in the poemAns- The tone of the poem is eerie

i) Why are the eyes of the traveller described as lsquoGreyrsquo

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 13: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

8) Insert three fractions between (i) 25 and 49Solution Given fractions 25 and 49A fraction between 25 and 49 = 2+45+9 = 614 = 37A fraction between 25 and 37 = 2+35+7 = 512A fraction between 37 and 49 = 3+47+9 = 716Therefore three fractions between 25 and 49 = 37 512 7169) Insert two fractions between(iii) 56 and 65Solution Given fractions 56 and 65A fraction between 56 and 65 = 5+66+5 = 1111 = 1A fraction between 56 and 1 = 5+16+1 = 67Therefore two fractions between 56 and 65 = 67 1

History and civics

Medieval Europe-Rise and Spread of Christianity

Explained in previous lesson Long answer questions5 What was the attitude of the Roman Emperor Nero towards the Christians Why was it soAns The Christians were persecuted mercilessly under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero because the Christians were considered unpatriotic and disloyal The rich and high ranked Romans considered Christianity as a low religion The Christians refused to worship the Roman Emperor as a God in which they were killed in large numbers In 67 AD a fire broke out in Rome Nero put the blame on Christians This showed that he hated the Christians

6 Who is a Friar What did the Friars doAns Friar is a monk who does not live in monasteries but move from place to place Friars helped the peasants by giving them good advice and taught the Christian code of conduct to the common people

7 Write a note on the Last Supper of the LordAns The Last Supper according to the Christian Gospels was the last meal Jesus Christ had with his Twelve Apostles before his death It was at this supper that Jesus told his disciples that one among the twelve apostles would betray him It is also called the Lordrsquos Last Supper

English Literature

The Listeners III) Answer the following questions-

g) What kind of poem is lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- The poem lsquoThe Listenersrsquo is a single stanza poem of thirty six lines rhyming abcb It is not o the poemrsquos human traveller but on the phantom listener who await him

h) What is the tone used in the poemAns- The tone of the poem is eerie

i) Why are the eyes of the traveller described as lsquoGreyrsquo

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 14: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

Ans- The word grey is often used to describe unclarity or confusion In the poem the poet describes the eye of the traveller as grey as we know nothing about him

j) Which word is repeated at the beginning and ending of the poem lsquoThe ListenersrsquoAns- At the beginning of the poem the traveller waits to be admitted to the strange house He knocks repeatedly but is met only with ldquosilencerdquo

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

The Sentence Page 108-109

F) Fill in the blanks in the sentences given below with the correct subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun-

1 The scientist who won the Physics Nobel Prize is a former student of my school2 She is crying as her father scolded her3 You have to do what I say whether you agree me or not4 You cannot get a job as a teacher only if you earn a teaching diploma5 When you enter the Principalrsquos office you must knock the door6 This is the book that I bought for you yesterday7 You need to get your driving licence quickly so that you can start driving your new car8 You may leave the room only if you have completed your work9 Though he has many friends no one visited him when he was ill10 we can go only if you have to choose the movie

MATHEMATICS Ch 6Sets

Exercise 6 (D)

6 If P = factors of 36 and Q = factors of 48 find(i) P cup Q (ii) P cap Q (iii) Q ndash P (iv) Prsquo cap Q

SolutionP = factors of 36 = 123469121836 and Q = factors of 48 = 12346812162448there4 (i) P cup Q = 1234689121618243648 (ii) P cap Q = 1234612 (iii) Q ndash P = 8162448 (iv) Prsquo cap Q = 8162448

7 If A = 6789 B = 46810 and C = x x isin N 2 iquest x le 7 find (i) A ndashB (ii) B ndash C (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) (iv) A ndash (B cup C) (v) B ndash (A cap C) (vi) B ndash B

SolutionA = 6789 B = 46810 and C = 34567there4 (i) A ndash B = 79 (ii) B ndash C = 810Now A ndash C = 89there4 (iii) B ndash (A ndash C) = 4610Again B cup C = 34567810there4(iv) A ndash (B cup C) = 9Again A cap C = 67 there4 (v) B ndash (A cap C) = 4810(vi) B ndash B = empty

8 If A = 12345 B = 2468 and C = 3456 verify (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 15: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

SolutionB cup C = 234568 A ndash B = 135 A ndash C = 12 and B cap C = 46Now A ndash (B cup C) = 1 and (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C) = 1there4 (i) A ndash (B cup C) = (A ndash B) cap(A ndash C)Again A ndash (B cap C) = 1235 and (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C) = 135 cup 12 = 1235there4 (ii) A ndash (B cap C) = (A ndash B) cup(A ndash C)

Hindi 2nd lang सदाबहार मिमजोरम 1मिमजोरम क दर शालिसत परदश बनन स पहल गिकस का अभिभनन अ था2 मिमजोरम लोक बमाC क गिकन पहाडो स भारत आए थ3अगरजो दवारा जिजला अजवालवालो को मखयालय बनान स मिमजोरम लोो क मन म कया सदह था4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न कौन सी राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई5क दर शालिसत परदश क रप म मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकसन गिकया था6मीजो शबद का कया अथC ह 7 मिमजोरम म मकान गिकस परकार क होत ह वहा मकान बनान म कया कया उपयो गिकया जाता था उततर= 1यह आसाम का अभिभनन अ था 2मी जो लो बमाC क चीन पहाडो स भारत आए थ 3उनक मन म सदह हो या गिक यह इनकी ससकगित को मिमटान का एक षडयतर ह4गिपछडी जनजागित क लोो न भी जो कॉमन पीपल सी यगिनयन नामक राजनीगितक पाटX बनाई थी5पवC परधानमतरी इदिदरा ाधी जी न मिमजोरम का उदघाटन गिकया था 6मिमजो शबद का अथC ह म जो भमिम 7वहा क मकान बहत मजबत होत ह कयोगिक वहा मकान बनान म बास और कडी का उपयो गिकया जाता थाContinue to nexthellip

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

রামচরণেনদরর হিবলাপ

কহিততবাস ওMা

রাজযী Jযহিপ আহিম লে মহিারা ফী rsquo

কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেলও রাজলকষমী সীতা তার সারণেথই হিছরণেল হিকনত সীতারণেক লেJখরণেত া লেপরণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে লে শযতার সষটি তারণেত রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোবাসা পহিরপ রণেয়রণেছ লেসৌJাহিমী অথাৎ হিবJযৎ লেম লেমরণেঘর আডারণেল লহিকরণেয় থারণেক লেতমহি সীতা বরণের মরণেধয লহিকরণেয় আরণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া সীতারণেক ছাডা রামচনদর JশহিJক শয লেJরণেখ এবং লেস ছাডা রারণেমর মরণের লেকা অহিeতব লেই সীতাই রামচরণেনদরর ধয জঞা ও হিচনতামহি পরারণে কহিথত আরণেছ সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

১ কৈকরণেকয়ী লেক তার মরণোভীষট কীভারণেব হিসদধ রণেয়রণেছ উ- রাজা Jশররণেথর পতনী ও ভররণেতর মাতা কৈকরণেকয়ীর ছলায় রামচনদর রাজযচযত রণেয় লকষ ও সীতারণেক হিরণেয় লেচৌদদবছরণেরর জয ববারণেস া ববারণেসর সময় রাব মারীচ লেসরণেজ সীতারণেক র করণের কৈকরণেকয়ী লেচরণেয়হিছরণেল রামচনদর ববারণেস লেরণেল ভরত সমe রারণেজযর ভার পারণেব সীতারণেক াহিররণেয় রামচরণেনদরর মরণে রণেY কৈকরণেকয়ীর মরণোভীষট পর রণেয়রণেছ ২ তারা া হিররণেত পারণের হিতহিমর আমার -এখারণে তারা বলরণেত কারণেJর লেকাথাবলা রণেয়রণেছ উ- তারা বলরণেত এখারণে স ও চনদর লেক লেবাMারণো রণেয়রণেছ স চনদর লেম হিJরাহিd এই পহিথবীর অনধকার Jর করণের লেতমহি সীতা রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে আরণেলার হিJশা এই হিবররণে স ও চনদর রামচরণেনদরর জীবরণে সীতা হিবরণে লে অনধকার সষটি রণেয়রণেছ তা সীতা ছাডা লেকউ Jর কররণেত পাররণেব া ৩ সীতারণেক া লেপরণেয় রামচনদর হিরণেজরণেক কার সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ উ- সারণেপর মাথায় মহি থারণেক লেসই মহি াহিররণেয় লেরণেল সারণেপর জীব হিবপনন রণেত পারণেরআরণেলাচয কহিবতায় রামচনদর সীতারণেক ফীর মহির সরণেi তলা করণেররণেছ কার সীতা রারণেমর কারণেছ মহির মরণেতা সীতা অJশরণে রামচরণেনদরর জীব মহিারা ফীর সমা

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chapter - 04

The FlowerToday we will discuss about placentation and inflorescence

Q5 What do you mean by placentation Placentation is the manner in which

the ovules are arranged in the plant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 16: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

The female partgynoeciumconsists of three parts ndash Stigmastyle and ovaryOvary is theSwollen basal portion

The cushion or swollen region in the overy giving origin to ovules to ovules is called placenta

ovary

Q6 Define Inflorescence and write difference between two types ofInflorescence

bull Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plantTwo types of inflorescence are

Racemose Cymose Main axis is of unlimited growth

Main axis is of limited growth

It never terminates into a flower

It terminates into a flower

It could be branchedor unbranched

It is usually branched

The lower or outermost flowers are older

The terminal flowers is older

English II The Old Man and the Bridge

Answer the following questions-

4) what does the reference to the old man the beginning and the end of the passage indicateAns- The author through the reference to the old man in the beginning and the end of the passage intends to bring the figure of the old man under a sharp focus

5) Why did he old man continue to shit without moving with the other villagersAns- The old man continued to sit because he was too tired to walk further

6) What was the name of the old manrsquos native townAns- The name of the old manrsquos native town was San Carlos

7) What is the narratorrsquos jobAns- The narratorrsquos job was to cross the bridge explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced

Chemistry Language of chemistry

How to balance a chemical equationThere are two methods of balancing an equation(i)Hit and trial method(ii)Partial equation methodBalancing by hit and trial methodThis method consists of counting the number of atoms of each elements on both sides and trying to equalize themTake the following steps(i)Count the number of times (frequency) an element occurs on either side(ii)The element with the least frequency of occurrence is balanced first(iii)When two or more elements have

In this equationLead occurs twiceNitrogen occurs twiceOxygen occurs four times

Since lead is a metalbalance it firstThe number of atom of lead is equal on the two sidestherefore it needs no balancingNow balance nitrogenOn the reactant sidethere are two atoms of nitrogenwhile on the product side oneSomultiply the product containing nitrogenon the product sideby two Pb (NO3)2rarrPbO+2NO2+O2

Nowthe number of oxygen atoms on the reactant side 6while on the product sideit is 7Somultiply the entire equation by

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 17: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

the same frequencythe metallic element is balanced firstExample-1 On heatinglead nitrate decomposes to give lead dioxidenitrogen dioxide and oxygenPb(NO3)2rarrPbO+NO2+O2

2except oxygen to get balanced equation2Pb(NO3)2rarr2PbO+4NO2+O2

Multiplication by 2 is done only when atoms of all the elements except one element are balanced and the unbalanced atom occurs separately at least once and also there is a difference of only one such atom

Math Topic AlgebraChapter Factorisation

Study item Difference of two squares a2 ndash b2 =(a + b)(a ndash b)5) (i) 2(x ndash 2y)2ndash 50y2

= 2( x ndash 2y)2 ndash 25y2= 2 ( x ndash 2y)2 ndash(5y)2= 2 ( x ndash 2y + 5y)(x ndash 2y ndash 5y)=2 (x + 3y)(x ndash 7y)6) (ii) na5 ndash n3ab2

= na(a4 ndash n2b2)= na (a2)2 ndash (nb)2= na(a2 + nb)(a2 ndash nb)7) (ii) ( x ndash 2 )(x + 2 ) + 3= (x)2 ndash( 2)2 + 3 = x2 ndash 4 + 3= x2 ndash 1 = (x)2 ndash (1)2

= (x + 1)( x ndash 1 )8) (i) x ndash 2y ndash x2 + 4y2

= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x2 ndash 4y2)= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x)2 ndash (2y)2= (x ndash 2y) ndash (x + 2y)(x ndash 2y)= (x ndash 2y)1 ndash ( x + 2y)= ( x ndash 2y)(1 ndashx ndash 2y)9) (i) a(a ndash 2 ) ndash b(b ndash 2 )= a2 ndash 2a ndash b2 + 2b=a2 ndash b2 ndash 2a + 2b= a2 ndash b2ndash 2(a ndash b )= (a + b)(a ndash b ) ndash 2 (a ndash b )= (a ndash b )(a + b) ndash 2 = (a ndash b )(a + b ndash 2 )10) (ii) 9 ndash x2 + 2xy ndash y2

= 9 ndash (x2ndash 2xy + y2)= 9 ndash (x ndash y )2

= (3)2ndash(x ndash y )2

= (3) + (x ndash y )(3) ndash (x ndash y )=(3 + x ndash y )(3 ndash x + y)11) (i) 9x4ndash x2ndash12x ndash 36 = 9x4 ndash (x2 + 12x + 36)= 9x4ndash(x)2 + 2 (x)(6) + (6)2= (3x2)2 ndash (x + 6)2

= (3x2) + (x + 6)(3x2) ndash (x + 6 )= (3x2 + x + 6)(3x2 ndash x ndash 6 )13) (ii) a2(b + c) ndash ( b + c )3

= (b + c) a2ndash(b + c)2= ( b + c )(a)2 ndash ( b + c )2= (b + c )(a) + (b + c )(a) ndash (b + c )= (b + c )(a + b + c)(a ndash b - c )

Economics Basic Concepts of Economics

Today will give you some revision questions from this topic

Questions 1 1) Define the term value and price 2) Give any two differences between

value and price

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 18: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

3) What do you mean by wealth 4) Explain the characteristics of

wealth 5) Define the term welfare 6) Givre any two differences between

wealth and welfare History amp Civics

THE LATER VEDIC AGE

The Later Vedic Age The early Vedic Age ended around 1000 BC The next five hundred years has been described as the later Vedic period The use of iron along with other metals are the features of this ageSOURCES TO RECONSTRUCT THE LATER VEDIC AGE The later Vedic literature ndashYajur Veda Atharva Veda Sama VedaEach Veda consists of three parts 1 The Samhita2 The Brahmana 3 The AranyakaSMRITIS AND UPANISHADS EPICS ndash Many literary sources were found Some of these are Smritis and two epics The Ramayana and MahabharataArchaelogical Sources-The axes made of iron and four types of pottery were found

Question-What is the subject matter of UpanishadsAnswer-The Upanishads contain Indian philosophy and give us information on matter (prakriti) soul (Atma) and God (Brahma)

Question-Name the prose books which contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantrasAnswer-Brahmanas are written in prose and contain explanatory notes to the Vedic mantras

Question-Name two epics of the Vedic ageAnswer-The Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question-What is SmritiAnswer-Smriti tells us about code of law judicial procedure rights and duties of four castes Manusmriti was written by Manu

Question-Name the Vedas of later Vedic periodAnswer-Yajur vedas Atharva vedas Sama Vedas

Computer Application

Introduction to java

Important Question Answer-1 Give two examples of real world objects Also specify their characteristics and behaviour Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioural aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains A pen is also an example of object Its characteristics are represented by its colour shape brand etc and its behaviour is represented by its use such as writing drawing etc

2 What do you understand by state of an object Explain with an example Ans The state of an object is the particular condition it is in For example a lamp can be on or off The lamprsquos switch (methods) turn lamp on and turn lamp off are used to access the state of the lamp

3 How are objects implemented in Software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions

4 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 19: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

certain details and only shows the essential features of the object Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction since the two concepts are closely related Abstraction is a process of hiding the complexity and giving a simple interface Encapsulation on the other hand is the mechanism by which the abstraction is implemented 5 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

6 Explain the term object using an example Ans The book that you are reading now is also an example of an object Its characteristics are represented by the information it holds size volume and its colour The behavioral aspect is referred by the methods for accessing the information it contains For example you can open the book turn a page read a paragraph and search the table of contents and so on The information contained in the book along with the methods for accessing it for gaining information is what comprises the object known as this book

7 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

8 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages Ans Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming A large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures A program is represented as an object More importance is given to the program rather than the data More importance is given to the data rather than the program It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

9 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

10 Give a real life example of Polymorphism Ans Example in real life of polymorphism- Shobha is a married girl and mother of 2 children doing teaching job then she is a women first teacher in a school when she is at school wife of someone at home mother of her children and obvious daughter of someone Thus you can see that Shobha plays different roles at different times that is what polymorphism is

Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionMath Topic

Commercial Mathematics

Chapter Goods and Services Tax

Study item Some solved sums from exercise ndash19) The printed price of an article is Rs40000 A wholesaler in Uttar Pradesh buys the article from a manufacturer in Gujarat at a discount of 10 on the printed price The wholesaler sells the article to a retailer in Himachal at 5 above the printed priceIf the rate of GST on the article is 18 find (i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central GovernmentSolution The printed price of the article is Rs 40000The rate of GST on the sale or purchase of the article is 18 Here both the given sales from manufacturer to wholesaler and wholesaler to retailer are inter- state so IGST is levied on these sales at 18The wholesaler buys the article from the manufacture at 10 discount on the printed

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 20: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

priceTherefore cost price of the article to the wholesaler= Rs 40000 ndash Rs 40000times10= Rs40000 ndash Rs40000times10100=Rs 36000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by manufacture from the wholesaler or paid by wholesaler to manufacture= IGST = 18 of Rs 36000= Rs (18100 times36000)= Rs 6480

(i) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler for the article= cost price of the article to wholesaler + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs 36000 + Rs 6480=Rs 42480

Therefore the manufacturer will pay Rs 6480 as IGST to the Central GovernmentTherefore input IGST of the wholesaler = Rs 6480The wholesaler sells the article to retailer at 5 above the printed priceTherefore the selling price of the wholesaler or the cost price of the retailer= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000times5= Rs 40000 + Rs 40000 times5100= Rs 40000 + Rs 2000= Rs 42000Therefore the amount of IGST collected by wholesaler from the retailer or paid by retailer to wholesalerIGST = 18 of Rs 42000= Rs ( 18100 times 42000) = Rs 7560

(ii) The amount inclusive of tax (under GST) paid by the retailer for the article= cost price of the article to retailer + IGST paid by retailer= Rs 42000 + Rs 7560= Rs 49560The output IGST of the wholesaler = Rs7560

(iii) The amount of tax (under GST) paid by the wholesaler to the Central Government= IGST paid by wholesaler= output IGST ndash input IGST= Rs 7560 ndash Rs6480= Rs 1080

(iv) The amount of tax (under GST) received by the Central Government= IGST paid by manufacturer + IGST paid by wholesaler= Rs6480 + Rs 1080 =Rs 7560

Biology Chapter - 02Cell division

Today wewill discuss about cell division

When new daughter cells are produced from parent or mother cell iscalled cell divisionNew cells needto be producedfor growth replacementrepair andreproduction

Cell division areof two typesMitosis MeiosisMitosis is completed into steps

Q1 Write about the steps of mitosis ndash Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis of mitosis occurs in four main phases although each of these phases merges into the next phase thereby making it a continuous process

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 21: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis The four phases of mitosis of Karyokinesis are

a) Prophase i) Chromosomes become distinct ii) Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear

iii) Sister chromatids attached to each other at a small region called centromere

b) Metaphase i) Each chromosome gets attached to spindle by its Centromere ii) Chromosomes line up in one plane atequator

c) Anaphase The two sister chromatids ofeach chromosome separate and aredrawn apart towards opposite poles pulledby shortening of spindle fibres

d) Telophase i) Two sets of daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles ii) Spindle fibres disappear iii) Nuclear Membrane is formed iv) Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cell are differentCytokinesis ii animal cell Cleavage furrow which start in telophase deepens totally and separates the two daughter cells

Biology Chapter - 02Cell

Stages of Mitosis cell division Cytokinesis in plant cell In telophase a cell

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 22: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

division plate grows is laid down in the cytoplasm at theequatorial planebull The cell plate grows from centre to theperiphery resulting in two cells

Q2 Write significance of mitosis1) Growthii) Repair of damaged tissueiii) Replacement of old and dead cellsiv) In case of some unicellular organismslike amoeba bacteria mitosis is the modeof asexual reproductionv) Maintains same chromosome number indaughter cells

Q3 What are the difference between mitosisin animal and plantcell

Animal Plant Asters are formed

Asters are not formed

Cytokinesis by furrowing ofcytoplasm

Cytokinesis byplate formation

Occurs in most tissues throughout the body(for growth and replacement )

Occurs mainly at the growing tips(for lengthening) and sides(for increase in girth)

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today I am going to share you the meaning and concept of marketing

The marketing concept is the strategy that firms implement to satisfy customerrsquos needs increase sales maximise profit and beat the competition

The meaning of marketinghas been explained through

bull Meaning of Marketing under traditional concepts

Under traditional concept marketing is the process by which goods are made available to the consumers by the manufacturers It focuses merely on the

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 23: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

two approaches -------

bull Traditional approachbull Modern approach

However from the definition of marketing several features of marketing a revealed Following are the features of marketing

bull Marketing is an integrated process bull Marketing is customer oriented bull Marketing is dynamism bull Marketing is goal orientedbull Marketing is pervasive

physical process of distributing goods and services Thus it was product oriented

bull Meaning of marketing under modern concept According to modern concept marketing means stimulating servicing and satisfying wants of present and potential customers It is generally customer-oriented

bull Main features of marketing

i) Marketing is a coordination of several interrelated activities

ii) Marketing starts and ends with customers

iii) Marketing is a dynamic process as it keeps on adjusting to the changing environment

iv) Marketing is focused on achieving organisational goal

Computer Application

Object And Class

Important QuestionsAnswer 1 How are objects implemented in software Ans In software the characteristics of an object are represented through data members and behaviour is represented through member functions 2 What is abstraction How is encapsulation related to it Ans Abstraction is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that hides certain details and only shows the essential features of the object

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 24: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

3 Define Encapsulation Ans Encapsulation is a principle of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) that binds together characteristics and behaviour of an object into a single unit represented by a class

4 What is Inheritance Ans Inheritance is the concept that when a class of objects is defined any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes

5 What is Object Oriented Programming Ans Object Oriented Programming (or OOP) is a technique of implementing programs which are organized as a co-interactive collection of objects each of which represents an instance of a class

6 State three differences between Procedure Oriented Language and Object Oriented Languages

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented ProgrammingA large program is divided into smaller segments or procedures

A program is represented as an object

More importance is given to the program rather than the data

More importance is given to the data rather than the program

It follows top down approach It follows bottom up approach

7 State the four characteristicsprinciples of Object Oriented Programming Ans Encapsulation Abstraction Polymorphism and Inheritance

8 What are keywords Give an example Ans A keyword is a reserved word that has a special significance to the compiler and cannot be used anywhere else other than what it is intended for Example- for if else while etc

9 What are identifiers Ans Identifiers are the names of variables methods classes packages and interfaces

10 What is a literal Ans Literal is a constant value that can be assigned to a variable

11 Why is an object called an instance of a class Ans An object is called an instance of a class as every object created from a class gets its own instances of the variables defined in the class Multiple objects can be created from the same class

12 Write one difference between primitive data type and composite data type Ans

Fundamental data type Composite data typeThese are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language

These are data types created by the user using fundamental or user defined data type or both

The size of it is fixed The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the size of the individual components of it

These data types are available in all parts of a program within a class

These data types are available only as specified by the access specifiers

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 25: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

13 Give one example each of primitive data type and composite data type Ans Primitive data type int short boolean char etc Composite data type class arrays interface etc

14 State two differences between a class and an object Ans

Object ClassObject is an instance of a class Class is a blueprint or template from

which objects are createdObject is a real world entity such as pen laptop mobile bed keyboard mouse chair etc

Class is a group of similar objects

Object is a physical entity Class is a logical entityObject is created through new keyword mainly eg Student s1=new Student()

Class is declared using class keyword eg class Student

Object is created many times as per requirement

Class is declared once

Object allocates memory when it is created

Class doesnrsquot allocated memory when it is created

15 Give one point of difference between unary and binary operators Ans Unary operator works on a single operand and Binary operator works on 2 operands

16 What do you understand by type conversion Ans Type conversion is the process of converting one Primitive data type to another primitive data type It may be done either implicitly or explicitly

17 State the difference between a Boolean literal and a character literal Ans A boolean literal consist of only two values ie true or false A character literal on the other hand is any character enclosed within single quotes

English 1 Transformation of sentences

Sentences A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense

a Assertive sentencesb Imperative sentencesc Interrogative sentencesd Exclamatory sentences

Sentences can be changed from one grammatical form to another without changing the meaning of the sentence This is known as transformation of sentences

Exercise 2Change the following sentences from assertive to interrogative

1 Nobody would like to be a foolWho would like to be a fool

2 Their glory can never fadeWhen can the glory fade

3 Nobody can control the windWho can control the wind

4 It matters little if I dieWhat though I die

5 No man can serve two mastersCan any man serve two masters

Exercise 3Interchange of assertive and Exclamatory sentences

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 26: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

1 She leads the most unhappy lifeWhat an unhappy life she leads

2 This is indeed an interesting bookWhat an interesting book this

3 He is a very great manWhat a great man he is

4 It is a very lame excuseWhat a lame excuse

5 It is sad that she died so youngAlas she died so young

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non- financial needs ie the

money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objectiveThese include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional sources of energy

List of Measures These include the following

a Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

b Participants students of classes XI and XII

c Requirements I working models of automobiles

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 27: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

d Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored bySaur Urza power corporation LtdPermission for sponsorship already taken(letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2nd lang

पतर परम(परमचदर)

पतर परम कहानी म एक गिपता की इचछाओ का वणCन गिकया या ह अपन बड पतर परभ दास स गिपता चतनय दास का गिवशष परम था गिपता को उसक जनम स ही बडी-बडी आशाए थी उसम दसर बट लिशवदास की अपकषा सद उतसाह की मातरा अमिधक थी वह उस इगलड भजकर बरिरसटर बनाना चाहत थभागय का खल भी बडा गिनराला ह बीए की परीकषा क बाद वह बीमार पड या डॉकटरो न भी जवाब द दिदया थाचतन दास जी बहत ही कजस थ बवजह पस खचC करना नही चाहत थ अर ारटी मिमलती तो शायद पस खचC भी कर दत परत ारटी नही थी परिरणाम सवरप उनक बट का दहात हो याजब बट को समशान ल जा रह थ तो वहा काफी शोर ान बजान हो रह थ पछन पर पता चला गिक गिकसी गिपता गिपछल तीन साल स गिबमार था और उसक ईलाज म रपया पानी की तरह बहाया पर ठीक नही हए परत उसक बट को तगिनक भी अफसोस नही था उसका कहना था उसन कोलिशश तो कीयह दखकर चतनयदास जी को आतम गिलानी हईतभी स उनका म परिरवतCन हआ और बट का भोज काफी धमधाम स गिकयाऔर वहइस पशचाताप की आ म जलत रह औलाद स बढकर पसा नही होता ह इस बात को समझन म उनह काफी वकत ल या

कई कई सौ आदमी साथ आए ह यहा तक आन म सकडो उठ ए पर सोचता ह गिक बढ बढ गिपता की मलिकत तो बन ई धन और ह गिकसलिलए|rdquo

1 उपयCकत पलिकतया कौन गिकसस कह रहा ह और इन पलिकतयो क आधार पर उसकी चरिरतर की गिवशषताओ पर परकाश डालिलए

उततर-1 परसतत पलिकतया परमचदर जी

की कहानी जो दहात म रहता ह उसन सकडो लोो को अपन गिपता की अथm क साथ अगितम ससकार ससकार म शामिमल होन क लिलए लाया ढोल ाना बजाना करत हए वह अपन गिपता का अगितम इचछा वह उनक शव को मन मभिणकरणिणpका घाट पर ल जाता ह और पर शरदधा स उनका मखाखिगन करता ह

वकता यवक ह वह शरोता चतनयदास स कह रहा हयवक एक आजञाकारी पतर ह अपन गिपता की खब सवा करता था गिपछल 3 वषt स वह गिबसतर म पड रह लगिकन उसन पस की परवाह नही करत हए उसकी ज थोडी-सी जमीन थी वह भी

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 28: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

बचकर अपन गिपता का इलाज कराया वह समझता था गिक धन स पयारी जान ह और जान स पयारा ईमान हसभी लो उसक बार म कहत थगिक ऐसा लडका भवान सबको दऐस आजञाकारी यवक का चतनय दास पर बहत हरा परभाव पडायवक की उदारता क सामन चतनय दास को अपन हदय शनयता और भौगितकता भयकर दिदखाई दी2 कथाकार परमचदर न पतर

परम कहानी दवारा एक आधगिनक गिपता का लिचतर परसतत गिकया ह सपषट कीजिजए (hw)

3 मशी परमचदर जी न इस कहानी को गिकस उददशय स लिलखा HW

EVS Chapter 1 ndash Modes of Existence

Industrial SocietyA very important factor in the history of society has been the Industrial Revolution which has brought about far-reaching consequences in the structure of societies Prior to the Industrial Revolution most workers secured their own raw materials and owned their own tools

They worked under their own roofs on their own time and determined both the quality and quantity of what they produced and sold the finished product to the consumer This social structure began to change with the beginning of Industrial Revolution

Q) Write the features of Industrial Society

Ans - An industrial society is marked by the following features

(a) The economy is industry-based The society is divided into a number of classes for example the capitalist the workers and the petty shopkeepers

(b) Emergence of a number of professional and technical jobs requiring special knowledge and training

(c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network of communications has been developed

(d) The system of production distribution and exchange is different It is based on use of mechanical power Large scale production of goods and use of new technology in the system of production is the most important feature of an industrial society

(e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of agricultural economy and

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 29: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

also the disappearance of the joint family system A system of nuclear families has emerged

Physics

Chapter Dimensio

nal Analysis

(Summary)

Q A student writes Einstein equn as E = c2m where Ecm are energyspeed of lightmass resp Find the correct expressionAns We have E=c2m Now dim of E = [ ML2T-2] Dim of c = [LT-1] Dim of m = [M]Let us write E=macb where we need to find ab[ML2T-2]= [M]a [LT-1]b = [Ma Lb T-b] So on comparing we get a=1 b=2 so correct Einstein Equation is E = mc2 ( famous mass energy equivalence relation)

MATH Topic- Compound angles

To find the formulae for sin( A+B+C) cos(A+B+C) i) sin(A+B+C) =sin A cosB cosC+ sinB cosC cosA+ sinCcosAcosB- sinA sinB sinCii) cos( A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC( 1- tanA tanB -tan B tan C - tan C tanA)Product sum amp difference formulae 1 Transformation of products into sums or difference---We have sin A cosB+cosAsin B=sin(A+B)(i)Sin A cosB - cos A sin B= sin (A-B) (ii) Adding (i) amp (ii) 2 sin A cos B= sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) (iii) Subtracting (ii) from (i) 2 cos A sin B= sin (A+B) - sin(A-B) (iv) Again cos AcosB- sinA sin B = cos (A+B) (v) Cos A cos B + sin A sin B= cos (A-B) (vi) Adding (v) and (vi) 2 cosA cosB= cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) (vii) Subtracting (v) from (vi) 2 sin A sin B= cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) (viii)

2Teansformation of sums or difference into productsLet A+B=C and A-B= D Then 2A= C+D and 2B= C -DThus A= (C+D) 2 and B=(C-D) 2Substituting these values in (iii) (iv) (vii) amp (viii) we getbull sin C + sin D=2 sin(C+D) 2 Cos (C-D) 2bull sin C- sin D= 2 cos (C+D) 2 Sin(C-D) 2bull cos C + cos D= 2 cos( C+D) 2 Cos(C-D) 2bull cosC- cosD= 2 sin(C+D) 2 Sin(D-C) 2

Example 1 Using the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B prove that cos (π2 - x) = sin x for all real numbers xSolution cos (π2 - x) = cos π2 cos x + sin π2 sin x [Applying the formula of cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]= 0 times cos x + 1 times sin x [Since we know that cos π2 = 0 and sin π2 = 1]= 0 + sin x= sin x [ Proved]Example 2 Prove that 2 sin 45degcos 15deg=(radic32) +(12) Solution 2sin45degcos15deg=sin (45deg+15deg) +sin(45deg- 15deg) = sin 60deg+sin 30deg=( radic32) +(12) Example 3 Show that sin 12degsin48degsin54deg = 18SolutionLHS = [cos 36deg ndash cos 60deg]sin 54deg = 12 [cos 36deg sin 54deg - sin 54deg] = 14 [2 cos 36deg sin 54deg ndashsin54deg] = 14 [sin 90deg + sin 18deg ndash sin 54deg]= 14 [1 ndash (sin 54degndash sin 18deg)] = 14 [1 ndash 2sin 18deg cos 36deg]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 18deg cos36deg] = 14 [1 - sin36deg cos 36deg cos18deg ]= 14 [ 1 - 2sin 36deg cos6deg2cos18deg] = 14 [ 1 - sin 72deg2sin72deg] = 14 [ 1 - 12 ] = 18 =RHSExample 4 Prove that sin (B+C-A) +sin (C+A-B) + sin (A+B-C) -sin(A+B+C) = 4 sin A sin B sin CSolution L H S= [ sin(B+C-A)

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 30: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

+ sin(C+A-B) ] + [sin(A+B-C) - sin (A+B+C) ]= 2 Sin C Cos(B-A) + 2 Cos(A+B) Sin (-C) = 2 SinC Cos( B-A) - 2 Cos(A+B) Sin C= 2 sinCcos(B-A) - cos(A+B) [since sin(-c)=- sin c]= 2 sin C( 2sinB Sin A) = 4 Sin A sin B sin C

Accounts GAAP and Basic Accounting Concepts

Today we will come to know about bull The meaning of GAAPbullBasic accounting concepts

The basic Accounting Concepts are

bull Going concern concept bull Accounting entity conceptbullMoney Measurement Concept bull Periodicity concept bull Matching conceptbullFull disclosure concept bull Realisation conceptbullEvidence conceptbullHistorical cost concept bull Accrual conceptbullDual aspect concept bull Materiality concept bull Consistency concept bull Conservatism concept

Today we have discussed First Five accounting concept remaining concept we will do in next class

bull Meaning of GAAP

--- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP) are basic or fundamental propositions based on which transactions and events are recorded in the books of accounts and financial statements are prepared

bull Accounting concepts

I) Going concernconcept=The business will continue for an indefinite period and there is no intention to close the business or reduce its size of operation

II) Business entity concept= Business is treated as a separate entity distinct from its owners

III) MoneyMeasurement Concept =Transactions and events that can be expressed in money or in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts

IV) Periodicity concept= Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 31: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

are known as accounting period at the end of which the income statement and position statement are prepared

V) Matching concept =Cost incurred during a particular period should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits

COMMERCE CLASSIFICTI

ON OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES-ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC

Firstly we shall recall the previous class for 5 mins especially for the absentees and for also the rest of the students who were there

Today at first we will briefly discuss the earlier portions of the chapter we have covered so farThen we shall proceed with the distinction between Business Profession and Employment

The basic differences between business profession and employment are as follows

Slno

Point of distinction

Business Profession

Employment

1 Objective To earn profits

To render services for economic gains

To earn wages or salary

2 Minimum qualification

No qualification

Minimum qualification

Qualifications requireddepend upon the job

3 Nature of work

Production sale and exchange of goods and services

Proving specialised service

Work assigned by employer

Questions1Classify the following activities into Business Profession and Employment

aRita opening a nursing home- professionbRahul working as an officer in a bank- employmentcDisha teahing commerce in a school in Kolkata- EmploymentdNita running a grocery store- Business

2 Classify the following at home on your ownaSachin Bansal CEO of Flipkartb Mukesh Ambani chairman of Reliance Industriesc Chanda Kochar chairman of ICICI bankd MS Dhoni Captain of the Indian cricket team

3 Classify the following into economic and non economic activitiesaTeaching in a schoolbTaking photographs of family memberscRunning a beauty parlourdLooking fter parentseWorking as a caretaker in a senior citizens homefLooking after onersquos terrace garden

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 32: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

4

Reward or return

ProfitProfessional fees

Salary or wage

5

Riskamp

uncertainity

High risk Risk is negligible

No risk

4 Give two examples of lsquoDirect ServicersquoAnswer Two examples of direct service are tailor drycleaner beauty parlour They are all considered as business enterprises

SubjectBusiness studies

Topic

BUSINESSENVIRONMENT

SummaryLet us start with the continuation of previous topics taught

These individuals and groups are known as STAKEHOLDERS because they have a stake (financial interest ) in the working and performance of the particular business List of external forces (stakeholders)Customers competitors investors suppliersmiddlemen (marketing intermediaries)financers public customers

suppliersfinancers

competitors middlemen

publics

Fig STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY

Today we shall go into details about the various stakeholders or specific forces of a company keeping in mind the above figure

aCustomers The people who buys a firmrsquos products and services are its customers

bCompetitorsA company may have both direct and indirect competitors

Sony TV faces competition from Samsung Onida etcis its direct competitors where as a cinema house may face an indirect competition from Casino etc

c Suppliers Suppliers refer to the people and groups who supply raw materials

Execution

Questions

1Why is it necessary for business firms to understand their environmentAnswer Understanding of business environment is necessary due to the following reasonsaTo gain a first mover advantagebTo detect early warning signalscTo formulate business strategiesdTo cope with changeeTo secure a competitive edgefTo gain confidence of customers

2 Classify the following into economicsocialculturalpoliticallegal and technological environment

Demonitisation of high value currency notes- Economic

Replacement of Planning Commission by NITI Ayog-Political

Introduction of GST in place of central and state level sales tax -Legal

Increase in the percentage of young

STAKE HOLDERS

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 33: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

d Marketing intermediaries or dealersSeveral marketing intermediaries help a company in promotingdistributing and selling its product to customers

eFinancersThe shareholders financial institutions and debenture holders and bank provide finance to a companyThe above specific forces are call Micro Environment

Now moving on to the next topic ie

The macro environment forces are less controllable than the micro forces

Macro environment consists of the following components

POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Fig COMPONENTS OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT

Now again thinking of the above figure we shall study in details about the general forces or the main external components of macro environmentaEconomic EnvironmentThe economic environment consists of the factors and forces concerning means of production and distribution of wealthegnature and structure of an economy

bPolitical and legal environmentPolitical environment comprises the elements relating to government affairsThe constitution of a country

cSocial and cultural environmentsocial environment refers to the characteristics of the society in which a firm existsSize composition mobility and geographical dispersal of populationdTechnological and physical environmentIt consists the sources and types of technology rate of technological changeetc

persons in Indiarsquos Population- Social

Digital payments in place of cash payments- Technological

Political Science

Introduction to

Summary ExecutionAnswer the following

BUSINESS FIRM

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 34: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

political science

International relations-

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

The study and practice of international relations is interdisciplinary in nature blending the fields of economics history and political science to examine topics such as human rights global poverty the environment economics globalization security global ethics and the political environment

International relations (often referred to international affairs) has a broad purpose in contemporary society as it seeks to understand

The origins of war and the maintenance of peace

The nature and exercise of power within the global system

The changing character of state and non-state actors who participate in international decision-making

The study and practice of international relations in todayrsquos world is valuable for many reasons

International relations promotes successful trade policies between nations

International relations encourages travel related to business tourism and immigration providing people with opportunities to enhance their lives

International relations allows nations to cooperate with one another pool resources and share information as a way to face global issues that go beyond any particular country or region Contemporary global issues include pandemics terrorism and the environment

questions-

Define-International relations

What are the main reasons to study International relations

Homework- Learn

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 35: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

International relations advances human culture through cultural exchanges diplomacy and policy development

History ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT

ANTI PARTITION MOVEMENT-SWADESHI AND B OYCOTT-FIRST PHASE Partition of Bengal was given effect on 16 th October 1905 In the first phase 16th

October was observed as hartal People of section of society protested against the partition of BengalRaksha Bandhan was celebrated A big conference was held in Town Hall Calcutta Muslim leaders like Abdul Kashem Din Mohammad Liaquat Hussain Dadar box supported it Ananda mohan bose laid the foundation stone of Federation Hall So many newspapers condemned the Partition of BengalSome organization protested against the partitionIn the second phase- in the second phase Atma Shakti or Self Help Movement started by Rabindranath Tagore Ashwini Kumar Dutta etcDawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded the Braja Mohan College at Barisal Sir Pc Ray and Neel rattan sarkar opened indigenous factories and trading societiesIn the third phase- the anti partition movement became a passive resistance movement through Boycott and Swadeshi The Moderate Policy had no effectBipin Chandra Pal Aurobindo Ghose made a strong criticism of the moderate method of movementKrishna Kumar Mitra the editor of journal Sanjeevani first suggested the idea of Boycott of British goods Newspapers like Bande Mataram Sandhya Yu gantar supported Boycott proposal

Question 1-Which journal first brought out the idea of British goodsAnswer-Sanjeevani edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra

Question 1-Which day was observed as the ldquoDay of mourningrdquo by the people of BengalAnswer-16th October 1905

Question 1-State one reason why 16th

October 1905 is significant in Modern Indian HistoryAnswer-The partition of Bengal was given effect in 16th October 1905 by breaking up Bengal and Bengali speaking people

Question 1-How did the people of Bengal react against the partition f Bengal schemeAnswer-People of Bengal protested against the partition scheme of Lord Curzon They observed 16th October as ldquoDay of Mourningrdquo They observed lsquohartalrsquo and Rakshabandhan inspired by great poet Rabindranath Tagore as a symbol of brotherhood and solidarity with each other Many journals likersquobengaleersquo lsquosanjeevanirsquo protested against the partition Many newspapers like lsquoThe Englishmenrsquo Statesmen Pioneer deeply condemned the partitionRabindranath tagore Ashwini Kumar dutta taught the people lsquoself helprsquo or lsquoatmashaktirsquo to be self dependant The poet laid

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 36: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

down vernacular education Social movement etc

Question 1-Who introduced Dawn SocietyAnswer-Satish Chandra Mukerjee

Question 1-What was the main purpose of the Swadeshi MovementAnswer-The Swadeshi movement part of the Indian Independence Movement and aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic condition of India

Question 1-Name some newspapers which supported Boycott proposalsAnswer-Yugantar Sandhya and Bnade Mataram

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথম অধযায় -ঠাকরJারবীনদরাথ ঠাকর

য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJারণেররা বাব ারণেমই হিবখযাত হিছরণেল বাবয়াার উJার সবরপ য়রণেজারণেডর বাবরা হিবডাল শাবরণেকর হিববা হিJরণেত এছাডাও লেকা উৎসব উপলরণেকষ রাহিdরণেক হিJ করার জয তারা স হিকররণের জয পরJীপ জবাহিলরণেয় তারণেত রপার জহির বA কররণেতঠাকরJা এই য়রণেজাড জহিমJাররণেJর লেশA বংশধর জহিমJাররা বাবয়াার Jষটানত পরJশ করণের তারা হিঃসব এই জহিমJাহিরর লেশA বংশধর কৈকলাস চনদর রায়রণেচৌধরী কৈকলাস বাব য়রণেজারণেডর সমe সমপহিতত ঋরণের Jারণেয় হিবহিs করণের অবহিশষট া আরণেছ তারণেত হিপত পররণেAর খযাহিত রকষা করা সমভব য় তাই হিতহি পdরণেক হিরণেয় কলকাতায় বসবাস শর করণের লপ কথরণেকর আহিথক অবসথা য়রণেজারণেডর জহিমJার লেথরণেক সমপ আলাJা কথরণেকর হিপতা হিরণেজর লেচষটায় অথ উপাজ কররণেত বাব উপাহিধ লারণেভর জয তার লালসা হিছলা আর লেসই কাররণে কথক তার একমাd উততরাহিধকার রণেয় তার পরহিত কতজঞ কথক লেলখাপডা হিশরণেখরণেছ হিরণেজর পরা ও মা রকষার জয উপরণোী অথ হিবা লেচষটায় পরাপত রণেয়রণেছ ndash এটাই তার কারণেছ পরম লেৌররণেবর হিবAয় বরণেল মরণে করণের কার শয ভাণডারণের কৈপতক বাবয়াার উজজবল ইহিতাস অরণেপকষা লেলাার হিসনদরণেকর মরণেধয কৈপতক লেকামপাহির কাজ তার কারণেছ অরণেক লেবহিশ মলযবাTO BE CONTINUED

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

English 1 Directed writing- proposal

A proposal literally means a plan or a suggestion Format of a proposalHeadingObjectivesList of measures

Heading a proposal should have a clear and concise heading comprising not more than 10 to 15 words illustrating the specific task that the project is supposed to achieve

ProposalHeading To organise a science exhibition in our school on Alternate sources of energy

Statement of objective These include the following

To explore and encourage scientific and technological talent and creative thinking among students and inculcate a sense of pride in their talent

To produce innovative cost effective eco- friendly sources of energy to replace conventional

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 37: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

Statement of objective it is meant to explain the goals and objectives of the proposed project and the resolution to be arrived at

List of measures the list of measures comprise the possible action plan to explain the specific and method of what is to be done such as

Time that will be taken Budgetary and non-

financial needs ie the money that will be spend on the project and non- financial resources required (human capital infrastructure etc)

sources of energyList of Measures These include the following

e Date and Venue to be held on November 10 and November 112020 Between 10am to 4 pm in hall no 2 of the school

f Participants students of classes XI and XII

g Requirements I working models of automobiles machines using alternative sources of energy II Tables to display the exhibits III ChartsIV banners

h Budgetary Needs the cost of the project will be around 3 lacs which will be partially collected from students and partially sponsored by Saur Urza power corporation Ltd Permission for sponsorship already taken (letter enclosed)

NameDesignation

Hindi 2ndlang दासी(जयशकर परसाद)

दासी जयशकर परसाद की एक ऐसी कहानी ह जिजसम भारतीय ससकगित और राषटरीयता का सवरजीतहोता ह इस कहानी म इरावती एक हिहpद कनया ह जिजस मलअचछो न मलतान की लट म पकडा और दासी बना दिदया उस 500 दिदन दकर काशी क एक महाजन न खरीदा दसरी दासी गिफरोजा ह वह लाम ह गिफरोजा को छडान क लिलए अहमद को 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजन थ जो अभी तक नही आए थ राजा साहब कठोर होत हए भी गिफरोजा को गिबना धनरालिश क लिलए उस मकत कर दत ह वगिफरोजा को अहमद को समझान की बात कहत हकहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक इरा वती और जाटो क सरदार बलराज का मिमलन होता हअहमद को यदध म मार दिदया जाता ह वहा गिफरोजा की परसननता की समामिध बनती ह वहा एक फल चढती ह और डीजल आती ह गिफरोजा उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रहती हलखक अपन उददशय अथाCत दास परथा पर परकाश डालन और इस परथा क कारण होन वाल दातो क दखो को दिदखान म पणCता सफल हए ह

म अब लामी म नही रह सकी अहमद जब हिहpदसतान जान ला था तभी उसन राजा साहब स कहा था गिक म 1000 सोन क लिसकक भजाldquo

क) उपयCकत पलिकतयो का भाव अथC लिलखिखए और बताइए गिक गिफरोजा की कया अवसथा बनी रही

उततरndashक) उपयCकत पलिकतया गिफरोजा दवारा बलराज को

कही ई ह यह पलिकतया उसन तब कही जब बलराज न उस कहा गिक वह भी तो लामी का जीवन ही जी रही हगिफरोजा न बलराज को बताया गिक उसका परमी अहमद हिहpदसतान जात समय राजा को कह या था गिक म हिहpदसतान स हजार सोन क लिसकक भजा तम गिफरोजा को छोड दना और वह हिहpदसतान आना चाह तो उस भज दना अहमद तो हिहpदसतान चला या पर उसन 1000 लिसकक नही भज राजा साहब बड दयाल और कपाल थ उनहोन गिबना धन लिलए ही गिफरोजाको मकत कर दिदया वही इरावती स मिमली दोनो अहमद क महान ई ह मन ही इरावती का हाथ पकडा और उस पर बरी नजर डाली तभी गिफरोजा वहा आ ई और वहीइरावतीको लकर चली ई कहानी क अत म हम दखत ह गिक अहमद न जब सनी को कोई इरावतीऔरगिफरोजा को पकडन की आजञा दी तो जाटो क सरदारबलराज न अपन भाल स अहमद का काम तमाम कर

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 38: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

दिदया गिफरोजा रो रही थी वहा अहमद की समामिध बनी और गिफरोजा उस पर फल चढातीरही और दीप जलातीआती रही वह उस समामिध की आजीवन दासी बनी रही

Continue to nexthellip

Bengali 2ndLanguage

বাবরণেরর পরাথা কহিবতা

পরশন) ldquoআমার সনতহিত সবরণেy থাকldquoক) কার লেলখা লেকা কহিবতার অংশখ) বকতা লেক কার কারণেছ বকতা কী পরাথা করণেররণেছ ) বকতা লেক পরাথা করণেররণেছ ঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বকতার কী রপ মরণোভাব পরকাহিশত রণেয়রণেছ

উততর) ক) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটি পরখ যযাত কহিব শঙখ লেঘারণেAর লেলখা lsquoবাবরণেরর পরাথাlsquo কহিবতার অংশ খ) আরণেলাচ যয অংশটির বকতা রণেল লেমাল সমরাট বাবর লেমাল সমরাট বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার সনতা লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থারণেক তার পd লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেক) লেমাল সমরাট বাবরণেরর পd হমায় কঠি লেরারণে আsানত লেসই লেরা লেথরণেক আরণেরা যয লারণেভর সবরকম লেচষটাই ব যযথ রণেয়রণেছ তাই হিপতা রণেয় বাবর আা বা ঈশবরণেরর কারণেছ পরাথা করণেররণেছ পরণেdর জীব হিফহিররণেয় হিJরণেত মারণেAর কারণেছ পd বা ক যযার জীব অরণেক Jামী বাবর অরণেক রাজ যয অ যযায় ভারণেব শধ মাd লেপহিশ শহিকতর সাা যয Jখল করণেররণেছ তাই এই পাপ কারণের জ যতার ঘরণেরই হিবপJ এরণেসরণেছ তাই হিতহি আার কারণেছ পরণেdর পরাহিভকষা লেচরণেয়রণেছ এমহিক হিরণেজর জীব হিবসজ হিJরণেতও পরসতত বকতা তাই পরাথা করণেররণেছ তার পd লে হিবহিভনন সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের তার পরণেdর শরীর লে সসথ ও সবল থারণেকঘ) আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ বাবরণেরর হিপত সলভ মরণোভারণেবর কথা তরণেল ধরা রণেয়রণেছ হিপতার কারণেছ সনতাই সবরণেচরণেয় হিপরয় হিপতা পরণেdর হিচরনত মা ববনধরণের কথা এখারণে বারবার ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ সংসারণেরর সখ ঐশব সবই হিপতার ারণেত করায়তব হিকনত পd হিJ মারাায় তারণেল লেসই ধ ঐশব হিরণেয় হিপতা কী কররণেব পরাই হিJ া থারণেক তারণেল সংসারণের লেবরণেচ থাকার লেকা অথই য়া পd ক যযার লেDরণের বনধইরণেতা মাAরণেক সংসারণের আবদধ রারণেখ পd হিJ মারা ায় তারণেল সংসারণেরর সকল বনধই হিছনন রণেয় ায় তাই হিপতহJরণেয়র কথাই আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ বাবরণেরর পd হমায় লে সকল রকম সবy হিরণেয় লেবরণেচ থাকরণেত পারণের এই পরাথা জাহিরণেয়রণেছ হিপতা বাবর হিপতা পরণেdর অসীম লেমলবনধরণের কথা আরণেলাচ যয অংরণেশ খব সনদর ভারণেব ফটিরণেয় লেতালা রণেয়রণেছ

Biology Reproduction in organisms

Today we will discuss about sexual reproduction of organismsIt is an elaborate complex and slow processSexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex

Sexual Reproduction in plantsbullPlant may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual)bull In flowering plants the unisexual male flower is staminate ie bearing stamens while the female is pistillate In some flowering plants both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious ndash cucurbits coconuts) or On Separate Individuals (dioecious - papaya and date palm)

Sexual Reproduction in animalsWhen an animal possess both the sexes with -clear distinct male and female individualsthey are called unisexual animal or hermaaphroditee g cockroaches dogs etc When an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 39: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

individual They are called bisexual animal Eg earthworm tapeworms leech sponge etcEvents oaf Sexual Reproduction The sequential events of sexual reproduction are1 The pre- fertilisation events2 The fertilisation events3 The post- fertilisation events

Mathematics

Binary operation

Binary OperationsRight from the school days you must have come across four fundamental operations namely addition subtraction multiplication and division The main feature of these operations is that given any two numbers a and b we associate another number a + b or a ndash b or ab or ab b ne 0 It is to be noted that only two numbers can be added or multiplied at a time When we need to add three numbers we first add two numbers and the result is then added to the third number Thus addition multiplication subtraction and division are examples of binary operation as lsquobinaryrsquo means two If we want to have a general definition which can cover all these four operations then the set of numbers is to be replaced by an arbitrary set X and then general binary operation is nothing but association of any pair of elements a b from X to another element of XThis gives rise to a general definition as followsDefinition A binary operation lowast on a set A is a function lowast A times A rarr A We denote lowast (a b) by a lowast bDefinition A binary operation lowast on the set X is called commutative if a lowast b = b lowast a for every a b isin XDefinition A binary operation lowast A times A rarr A is said to be associative if (a lowast b) lowast c = a lowast (b lowast c) forall a b c isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A an element e isin A if it exists is called identity for the operation lowast if a lowast e = a = e lowast a forall a isin ADefinition Given a binary operation lowast A times A rarr A with the identity element e in A an element a isin A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation lowast if there exists an element b in A such that a lowast b = e = b lowast a and b is called the inverse of a and is denoted by a-1

Example 1 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by (a b) rarr a + 4b2 is a binary operationSolution Since lowast carries each pair (a b) to a unique element a + 4b2 in R lowast is a binary operation on R Example 2 Show that subtraction and division are not binary operations on NSolution - N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a ndash b is not binary operation as the image of (3 5) under lsquondashrsquo is 3 ndash 5 = ndash 2 notin N Similarly divide N times N rarr N given by (a b) rarr a divide b is not a binary operation as the image of (3 5) under divide is 3 divide 5 = 35 notin N Example 3 Show that + R times R rarr R and times R times R rarr R are commutative binary operations but ndash R times R rarr R and divide Rtimes R rarr R are not commutativeSolution Since a + b = b + a and a times b = b times a forall a b isin R lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo are commutative binary operation However lsquondashrsquo is not commutative since 3 ndash 4 ne 4 ndash 3Similarly 3 divide 4 ne 4 divide 3 shows that lsquodividersquo is not commutativeExample 4 Show that lowast R times R rarr R given by a lowast b rarr a + 2b is not associativeSolution The operation lowast is not associative since(8 lowast 5) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) lowast 3 =(8 + 10) + 6 = 24 while 8 lowast(5 lowast 3)= 8 lowast (5 + 6)= 8 lowast 11 =8 + 22 =30Example 5 Show that zero is the identity for addition on R and 1 is the identity for multiplication on R But there is no identity element for the operationsndash R times R rarr R and divide R times R rarr RSolution a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a times 1 = a = 1 times a forall a isin R implies that 0 and 1 are

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 40: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

identity elements for the operations lsquo+rsquo and lsquotimesrsquo respectively Further there is no element e in R with a ndash e = e ndash a forall a Similarly we can not find any element e in R

such that a divide e = e divide a forall a in Rlowast Hence lsquondashrsquo and lsquodividersquo do not have identity element Example 6 Show that ndash a is the inverse of a for the addition operation lsquo+rsquo on R and 1a is the inverse of a ne 0 for the multiplication operation lsquotimesrsquo on RSolution As a + (ndash a) = a ndash a = 0 and (ndash a) + a = 0 ndash a is the inverse of a for additionSimilarly for a ne 0 a times1a= 1 = (1a)times a implies that 1a is the inverse of a for multiplication

Physics Coloumbrsquos Law and its analogy with Gravitation Law

COULOMBS LAW

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

F=kq1q2r2where F is in newton q1 and q2 in coulomb r in metre and k is a constant given in SI units by

k=14πisin0 = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

where isin0 = 885 acute 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air)

Here isin=isin0isinr is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium and isinr=isinisin0 is the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant isinr is also sometimes called dielectric constant and is represented by letter K

The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the chargesThis force is central and spherically symmetricThe vector form of Coulombrsquos law is F =kq1q2r2r^ The unit vector has its origin at the source of the forceFor example to find the force on q2 the origin of r is placed at q1 as shown in the figure If F is the magnitude of the force (a positive scalar) thenF =+Fr^ means a repulsionwhereas F =minusFr^ means an attraction

Analogy with Gravitation Law

Coulombrsquos law is analogous to Newtonrsquos law of gravitation

F=Gm1m2r2However following are the important differences (a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force ie FE gtgt FG This is why when both FE and FG are present we neglect FG

(eg between two electrons FG = 10-39 FE)(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive But the gravitational force is always attractive(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges but gravitational force does not

Business Studies

Human Resource Management

Today I will give you some questions from the chapter and we will recapitulate the matter

Questions

1) ldquoHuman resource management is

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 41: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

that we have already discussed previous study material

wider thanstaffingrdquoComment

Answer) Saffing is a part of human resource management though the functions involved in both are the same Staffing is concerned with the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of executives On the other hand human resource management involves the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of both executive and non - executives

2) ldquoHRM involves two categories of functions - managerial and operativerdquo Describe these functions

3) ldquoHR function is said to be pervasiverdquo How

Poltical Science

Introduction to political science

Preamble is a part of the Indian constitution-

PREAMBLE is an important part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION In the BERUBARI CASE of 1960 HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT had held that the preamble isnt the part of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The fact is that the Preamble forms one basic part of the Basic structure of the constitution The parliament also accepted it to be a part of constitution when it passed the 42nd amendment which involved the ammendment of the Preamble and it was done in accordance with the provisions of article 368

Answer the following questions- What is preamble Discuss the importance of

Preamble of the Indian constitutionHomework-learn

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 42: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

History TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE AND [ARTITION THE LAST PHASE(1935-1947)SUB TOPIC THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES The congress decided the Conditional Acceptance of office Congress ministries introduced a number of works for the welfare of the people such as they committed to release political prisoners they remitted pending loans of the peasants The Bombay ministry passed Industrial dispute Act 1938 efforts were made to protect peasantsLAWS PASSED FOR THE WORKERS The Congress appointed a Labour Committee to provide a better working condition for the workers and All India Comgress Committee accepted itThis included1 Holiday with pay2 Leave with pay during sickness etcThe Bombay ministry took up the cause of the labour and introduced industrial dispute billInBengal Congress supported the jute mill strike and TISCO workers strikeAnother feature was the increased leftist influence on the working class

QUESTION 1 What was meaning of the Conditional Acceptance ANSWER The Congress decided Conditional Acceptence of the office The condition wss that the Governor would not use their special power to intervene in the functioning of the ministries in any wayQUESTION 2 Mention two provinces where non-congress ministries were formedANSWER Bengal PunjabQUESTION 3 -What was the Industrial Dispute BillANSWER The Bombay ministry introduced Industrial dispute bill to prevent strike and Lock outs But this gave a wrong message to the workers who went on strike The movement was suppressed by Police authorityQUESTION 4 In which province Congress emerged as a single largest PartyANSWER Bengal Assam Bombay NWPFQUESTION 5 Which Congress leaders worked as arbitrators between workers and the TISCOANSWER Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad acted as arbitrators between TISCO and the workersQUESTION 6 Why did the Congress ministries resign in 1939ANSWER Viceroy declared that India had

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 43: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

Congress has taken initiatives to launch Khadi hand spinning All India Education Conference was organized at Wardha in 1937The major achievement of the Congress ministries was reduction of salary of the ministers Welfare scheme for the Tribals Declaration of Fundamental rightsA summary of main developments under non congress ministriesTwo new provinces were created Sind and Orissa In some states non ndashcongress ministries were also formedIn Bengal Congress refused Fazlul Haq to form coalition governmet In Sind and Assam congress supported the Government But in Punjab Congress was not in a position to dominateThe non- congress ministries of Bengal and Punjab were taken initiatives to reform the condition of the peopleAssesment of the activities of the congress The Congress could not introduce land reforms for various reasons The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 on the war issue

been involved in Second World War But the British Government did not consult with the Central legislature and the provintial GovernmentTo protest on the above issue the Congress resigned in 1939

Computer Science

Adder 1 What is an AdderAn adder is a kind of calculator that is used to add two binary numbers When I say calculator I donrsquot mean one with buttons this one is a circuit that can be integrated with many other circuits for a wide range of applications There are two kinds of addersHalf adder Full adder

Half AdderWith the help of half adder we can design circuits that are capable of performing simple addition with the help of logic gatesLet us first take a look at the addition of single bits0+0 = 00+1 = 11+0 = 11+1 = 10These are the least possible single-bit combinations But the result for 1+1 is 10 Though this problem can be solved with the help of an EXOR Gate if you do care about the output the sum result must be re-written as a 2-bit output Thus the above equations can be written as0+0 = 000+1 = 011+0 = 011+1 = 10Here the output lsquo1rsquoof lsquo10rsquo becomes the carry-out The result is shown in a truth-table below lsquoSUMrsquo is the normal output and lsquoCARRYrsquo is the carry-outINPUTS OUTPUTSA B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 44: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1From the equation it is clear that this 1-bit adder can be easily implemented with the help of EXOR Gate for the output lsquoSUMrsquo and an AND Gate for the carry Take a look at the implementation below

Half Adder CircuitFor complex addition there may be cases when you have to add two 8-bit bytes together This can be done only with the help of full-adder logic

Full AdderThis type of adder is a little more difficult to implement than a half-adder The main difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs and two outputs The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry designated as CIN When full adder logic is designed we will be able to string eight of them together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade the carry bit from one adder to the next The output carry is designated as COUT and the normal output is designated as S Take a look at the truth-tableNPUTS OUTPUTSA B CIN COUT S0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

From the above truth-table the full adder logic can be implemented We can see that the output S is an EXOR between the input A and the half-adder SUM output with B and CIN inputs We must also note that

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 45: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

the COUT will only be true if any of the two inputs out of the three are HIGH Thus we can implement a full adder circuit with the help of two half adder circuits The first will half adder will be used to add A and B to produce a partial Sum The second half adder logic can be used to add CIN to the Sum produced by the first half adder to get the final S output If any of the half adder logic produces a carry there will be an output carry Thus COUT will be an OR function of the half-adder Carry outputs Take a look at the implementation of the full adder circuit shown below

Full Adder Circuit

Though the implementation of larger logic diagrams is possible with the above full adder logic a simpler symbol is mostly used to represent the operation Given below is a simpler schematic representation of a one-bit full adder

Single-bit Full AdderWith this type of symbol we can add two bits together taking a carry from the next lower order of magnitude and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude In a computer for a multi-bit operation each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously Thus to add two 8-bit numbers you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by cascading two of the 4-bit

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 46: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

blocks The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below

Multi-Bit Addition using Full Adder

SHIFT ING OF DEMAND CURVE (CHANGE IN DEMAND)

In law of demand all factors other than price of the commodity are assumed to be constant But what happens when other factors determining demand change but price remains constant When the demand of a commodity changes at the same price it means the change is due to change in anyone or more of the other factors that affect demand When the demand for a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than the price of the commodity it is known as change n demand It is graphically expressed as shift in demand curve Demand curve of a commodity may shift due to change in price of substitute good change in price of complementary goods change in income of the buyer change in tastes and preferences change in population change in distribution of income change in season and weather etc Increase in demand Forward shifting of demand

D2

D

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law
Page 47: Chapter : Dimensional Analysis (Summary) - rama.ind.in  · Web view১১। স + আ = সা , সাত ... many nouns can be made plural by adding s if the word ends with consonant

Price (Rs) P

D2

D

Q Q2

Quantity Demanded (in Units)

Decrease in demand Backrward shifting of demand

Price

(Rs)

D1D

P

D

D1

Q1 Q

Quantity demanded (in units)

EXPLANATION

From the above diagram shows that quantity demanded decreases from OQ to OQ1 at the same price OP This decrease is due to unfavourable change in factors other than price of the commodity This is called decrease in demand When there is decrease in demand the demand curve shifts towards left When quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ2 at same price OP this is called increase in demand Increase in demand is due to favourable change in factors other than price of the commodity In case of increase in demand the demand curve shifts towards right

  • Industrial Society
  • Chapter Dimensional Analysis (Summary)
    • COULOMBS LAW
    • Analogy with Gravitation Law