chapter eleven the fourteenth century: a time of transition culture and values, 8 th ed. cunningham...
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Chapter ElevenChapter Eleven
The Fourteenth Century: The Fourteenth Century: A Time of TransitionA Time of Transition
Culture and Values, 8th Ed.Cunningham and Reich andFichner-Rathus
Calamity, Decay, and Violence:Calamity, Decay, and Violence:The Great SchismThe Great Schism1299 CE –1309 CE The Ottoman Turk dynasty is foundedPope Boniface VIII proclaims the first Jubilee year (“Holy Year”)Philip the Fair of France imprisons and abuses Pope Boniface VIII
Boniface VIII vs. Philip the Fair of France Avignon Papacy / “Babylonian Captivity” 1378, three rival claimants to the papacy Church reform Peasant Revolt of 1381
– Robin Hood myth
1309 CE –1378 CE CAPTIVITY OF THE PAPACY The captivity of the papacy at Avignon beginsEarliest known use of cannonHundred Years’ War between France and EnglandReign of Charles IV, Holy Roman emperorBubonic plague devastates Western EuropeThe English defeat the French at PoitiersThe lower classes in France revoltReign of Philip the Bold, Duke of BurgundyThe papacy returns to Rome from Avignon
Calamity, Decay, and Violence:Calamity, Decay, and Violence:
The Hundred YearsThe Hundred Years’’ War War
Conflict between France and England– Fought on French soil– Poitiers, Crécy, Agincourt
Pillaging bands of mercenariesIntroduction of the longbow
Calamity, Decay, and Violence:Calamity, Decay, and Violence:
The Black Death The Black Death
1348 Bubonic Plague Epidemic– Population decline
Boccaccio’s Decameron– Eyewitness to the plague– Fabliaux, exempla, romances– “Human Comedy” vs. Divine Comedy
1378 CE –1417 CE THE GREAT SCHISM
Reign of Richard II in EnglandThe Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church beginsPeasants’ Revolt in EnglandReign of Henry IV in EnglandThe English defeat the French at AgincourtThe Council of Constance ends the Great Schism with the election of Pope Martin V
Literature in the Fourteenth Century Literature in the Fourteenth Century DanteDante’’s s Divine ComedyDivine Comedy
Influenced by intellectualism from Paris– Hierarchical, synthetic religious humanism
Wide array of publicationsThe Comedy of Dante Alighieri…
– Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso– Organization– Terza Rima– Encyclopedic and complex
11.1 11.1 Enrico Pazzi, Enrico Pazzi, Dante AlighieriDante Alighieri, 1865, Piazza Santa Croce, , 1865, Piazza Santa Croce, Florence ItalyFlorence Italy
HELLThe Anteroom of the NeutralsCircle 1 The Virtuous Pagans
(Limbo)Circle 2 The LasciviousCircle 3 The GluttonousCircle 4 The Greedy and the
WastefulCircle 5 The WrathfulCircle 6 The HereticalCircle 7 The Violent against Others,
Self, God, Nature, and ArtCircle 8 The Fraudulent (subdivided
into 10 classes, each of which dwells in a separate ditch)
Circle 9 The Lake of the Treacherous against kindred, country, guests, lords, and benefactors. Satan is imprisoned at the center of this frozen lake.
PURGATORY
PurgatoryAnte-Purgatory: The Excommunicated,
The Lazy,The Unabsolved, and Negligent Rulers
The Terraces of the Mount of Purgatory– The Proud– The Envious– The Wrathful– The Slothful– The Avaricious– The Gluttonous– The Lascivious– The Earthly Paradise
Paradise– The Moon--The Faithful who were inconstant– Mercury– Service marred by ambition– Venus-Love marred by lust– The Sun-Wisdom; the theologians– Mars-Courage; the just warriors– Jupiter-Justice; the great rulers– Saturn-Temperance; the contemplatives and
mystics– The Fixed Stars-The Church Triumphant– The Primum Mobile-The Order of Angels– The Empyrean Heavens-Angels, Saints, the
Virgin, and the Holy Trinity
Symbolism in Symbolism in The Divine ComedyThe Divine Comedy
Journey – Virgil, Beatrice
Numbers– Multiples of three, Trinity
Punishments and BlessingsSatanLight and Darkness
– Intellectual estrangement from God
11.3 11.3 Domenico di Michelino, Domenico di Michelino, Dante and His PoemDante and His Poem, 1465. Fresco, , 1465. Fresco, Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (Duomo), Florence, ItalyCathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (Duomo), Florence, Italy
Literature in Italy, England, and France:Literature in Italy, England, and France:
Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)(1340-1400)Highly placed civil servantPoetry, translations, treatise of the astrolabeEnglish language as literary vehicleSkill in the art of human observationCanterbury Tales
– Narrative frame– Cross-section of medieval society– Social commentary
Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales,
General Prologue,
manuscript page, ca. 1450–1460. British Library, London, United Kingdom.
Art in Italy:Art in Italy:The Italo-Byzantine BackgroundThe Italo-Byzantine Background
Northern artists inspired by classical art– France, England, Germany
Italian artists rooted in Byzantine style– Conservative, traditional
Italian sculptors broke from tradition– Nicola Pisano: emphasis on classical models– Giovanni Pisano: N. European influence
11.6 11.6 Nicola Pisano, Nicola Pisano, Annunciation and NativityAnnunciation and Nativity, 1259–1260, Pulpit , 1259–1260, Pulpit detail, Baptistery, Pisa, Italy, detail, Baptistery, Pisa, Italy,
Art in ItalyArt in Italy
Cimabue (1240-1302)
– Realism, anatomical understanding– Emotional appeal: corporeal weight and strain– Sense of space
Duccio di Buoninsegna (1255-1319)
– Emotional states of subjects through their physical appearances
– Greater sense of space
11.8 Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets, 1280-1290, from Santa Trinita, Florence, Italy
11.12 Duccio, Madonna Enthroned with Saints, 1308-1311, Principal panel of the Maesta altapiece from Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy.
Art in Italy:Art in Italy:GiottoGiotto’’s Break with the Pasts Break with the Past
Giotto da Bondone (1267-1337)
– Revolutionary figure (Vasari)Realism
– Depth, volume through use of light and dark– Three-dimensional modeling of figures– “imitate nature”
Naturalistic style– Emotion and drama
11.11 Giotto, The Lamentation over the Dead Christ, 1305, Fresco, Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua, Italy
Art in Italy:Art in Italy:Painting in SienaPainting in Siena
International Style– Simone Martini (c. 1285-1344)– vs. Giotto’s solid realism– Grace, sophistication, splendor, elegance
Application of Giotto’s Realsim– Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti– Palazzo Pubblico fresco
11.18 Simone Martini, The Annuncia-tion with Saints Ansano and Margaret, 1333. From Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy
11.19 11.19 Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Peaceful CityPeaceful City, detail of , detail of Effects of Good Effects of Good Government on the City and the CountryGovernment on the City and the Country, 1338-1339, Sala della , 1338-1339, Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, ItalyPace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy
Late Medieval ArchitectureLate Medieval Architecture
Florence Cathedral– Brunelleschi’s dome
Duomo in Milan– Blend of Gothic and Classical elements
Secular public buildings– Palazzo Vecchio, Palazzo Pubblico– Doge’s Palace in Venice
England’s Perpendicular style
11.24 11.24 Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo)Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo), , Florence, Italy, Florence, Italy, 1296–1436 1296–1436
11.2311.23 Gloucester Cathedral, 1089-1420, Gloucester, England Gloucester Cathedral, 1089-1420, Gloucester, England
Music: Music: Ars NovaArs Nova
Independent, secular musicians– Ballads, love songs, current events
Ars Nova– Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361)– Richness and complexity of sound– Harmonies, isorhythm
11.25 A knight playing and singing to a lady, Flemish school, manuscript illumination from The Romance of the Rose, British Library, London, England
Music: Music:
Guillaume de MachautGuillaume de Machaut (1304-1377)(1304-1377)
Messe de Notre Dame– Kyrie Eleison– Gloria– Credo– Sanctus and Benedictus– Agnus Dei
Secular music– Ballades, troubadour songs
Music: Music:
Francesco LandiniFrancesco Landini (1325-1397)(1325-1397)
Blind virtuoso performer– Organ, lute, flute
MadrigalsBallateMusica ficta, notational problems
Literature in Italy, England, and France:Literature in Italy, England, and France:
Petrarch Petrarch (1304-1374)(1304-1374)From Tuscany, South FlorenceRestless and curious
– Collected and copied ancient textsRenaissance sensibility
– Keen interest in self– Desire for personal glory and fame– Secretum
“I will be true to myself as far as it is possible. I will pull myself together and collect my scattered wits, and make great endeavor to possess my soul in patience.”
Literature in Italy, England, and France:Literature in Italy, England, and France:
Petrarch Petrarch (1304-1374)(1304-1374)
Letter to Posterity– Augustine’s Confessions
Latin writings, Latin mastersVernacular Poetry
– Canzoniere [sonnets, canzoni]– Inspired by Laura
Petrarchism
Literature in Italy, England, and France:Literature in Italy, England, and France:
Christine de Pisan Christine de Pisan (1365-1428?)(1365-1428?)First female professional writerLiterary debate: Romance of the Rose
– Attacked Jean de Meung’s misogyny– The Letter to the God of Love– The Book of the City of Ladies
The Treasure of the City of LadiesThe Book of Peace
Chapter Eleven: Discussion QuestionsChapter Eleven: Discussion Questions
In what ways do Petrarch’s life and work illustrate the conflict between medieval and Renaissance ideals? Explain.
According to the text, Chaucer is “still very much a medieval man.” Explain Chaucer’s ties to medieval culture; do you agree that his ideology is completely medieval or are there signs of the emerging Renaissance within his Canterbury Tales?
What characteristics are typical of the Italo-Byzantine style? What did early Renaissance artists do to break from this tradition? Explain, citing specific artistic examples.
Compare the Madonna Enthroned as painted by Cimabue, Duccio, and Giotto. What stylistic influences, growth, and changes can be traced through the treatment of this theme by each artist?
Although the term Ars Nova was originally applied to music of the period, is it possible to apply the term to the visual arts that emerged during the early Renaissance? Explain.