chapter objectives describe important greek developments in the arts. discuss greek achievements in...
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Chapter Objectives
• Describe important Greek developments in the arts.
• Discuss Greek achievements in history, politics, biology, and logic.
• Summarize how Alexander the Great created an empire.
• Describe how Hellenistic kingdoms became centers of learning and culture.
Greek Civilization
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Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
The Culture of Ancient Greece
• The Greeks believed that gods and goddesses controlled nature and shaped their lives.
• Greek poetry and fables taught Greek values.
• Greek drama still shapes entertainment today.
• Greek art and architecture expressed Greek ideas of beauty and harmony.
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Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• myth (MIHTH)
• fable (FAY·buhl)
• drama (DRAH·muh)
• oracle (AWR·uh·kuhl)
• epic (EH·pihk)
• tragedy (TRA·juh·dee)
• comedy (KAH·muh·dee)
The Culture of Ancient Greece
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Greek Mythology
• The Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses.
• The Greeks believed the 12 most important gods lived on Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece.
(pages 155–156)
• They thought these deities affected people’s lives and shaped events.
• Greek myths were stories about gods and heroes.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
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Greek Mythology (cont.)
• In these stories, gods had special powers but looked and acted like humans.
• They hoped that the gods would grant good fortune to them in return.
• The Greeks followed rituals to win the gods’ favor.
• The Greeks believed in prophecy, or predictions about the future.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
(pages 155–156)
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Greek Mythology (cont.)
• Many Greeks visited an oracle to receive a prophecy.
• The most famous oracle was at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi.
• An oracle was a sacred shrine where a priest or priestess spoke for a god or goddess.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
(pages 155–156)
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Greek Poetry and Fables
• Greek poems and stories are the oldest in the Western world and serve as models for European and American poems and stories.
(pages 157–158)
• An epic is a long poem about heroic deeds.
• The first great epics were the Iliad and the Odyssey, written by a poet named Homer.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
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Greek Poetry and Fables (cont.)
• The Iliad is about a battle for the city of Troy.
• The Odyssey is the story of Odysseus, a Greek hero.
• Greeks believed these two epics were real history.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
(pages 157–158)
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Greek Poetry and Fables (cont.)
• A fable is a short tale that teaches a lesson.
• Fables were passed from person to person by oral tradition.
• A slave named Aesop wrote many fables.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
(pages 157–158)
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Greek Drama
• The Greeks used drama as part of their religious festivals.
(pages 160–161)
• The Greeks developed two types of drama— tragedies and comedies.
• Drama is a story told by actors who pretend to be characters in the story.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
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Greek Drama (cont.)
• A comedy is a story with a happy ending.
• Aeschylus was a writer who wrote a group of three plays called Oresteia.
• A tragedy is the story of a person who tries to overcome difficulties but fails.
• These plays teach that evil acts cause more evil and suffering.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
(pages 160–161)
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Greek Drama (cont.)
• Euripides wrote plays about real-life people instead of gods.
• Aristophanes wrote comedies that made fun of leading politicians and scholars.
• The Writer Sophocles wrote the plays Oedipus and Antigone.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
(pages 160–161)
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Greek Art and Architecture
• Although Greek murals have not survived, examples of Greek paintings still exist on decorated pottery.
• The most important architecture in Greece was the temple dedicated to a god or goddess.
• Greek artists believed in the ideas of reason, balance, harmony, and moderation and tried to show these ideas in their work.
(pages 162–163)
The Culture of Ancient Greece
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Greek Art and Architecture (cont.)
• The most famous temple is the Parthenon.
• Greek architecture included columns, which were first made from wood.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
(pages 162–163)
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Greek Art and Architecture (cont.)
• Later, the Greeks began using marble.
• Many of today’s churches and government buildings have columns.
• Greek sculpture expressed Greek ideas.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
(pages 162–163)
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Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
Greek Philosophy and History
• Greeks wrote the first real histories in Western civilization.
• Greek philosophers developed ideas that are still used today.
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Greek Philosophers
• Greek thinkers, called philosophers, believed the human mind could understand everything.
• The word philosophy comes from the Greek word for “love of wisdom.”
(pages 169–171)
Greek Philosophy and History
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Greek Philosophers (cont.)
• Sophists were professional teachers who traveled from city to city, teaching others.
• They did not believe that gods and goddesses influenced people.
• He developed many ideas about mathematics.
• Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher who taught that the universe followed the same laws that governed music and numbers.
Greek Philosophy and History
(pages 169–171)
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Greek Philosophers (cont.)
• Leaders did not trust Socrates, and accused him of teaching young Athenians to rebel.
• Socrates was a philosopher who believed that an absolute truth existed and that all real knowledge was within each person.
• They also did not believe in absolute right or wrong.
Greek Philosophy and History
(pages 169–171)
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Greek Philosophers (cont.)
• Socrates was tried and sentenced to death.
• Plato was one of Socrates’ best students.
• The Socratic method is a form of teaching that uses questions to lead students to discover things for themselves.
• In his book the Republic, Plato described the ideal government.
Greek Philosophy and History
(pages 169–171)
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Greek Philosophers (cont.)
• At the top were rulers and philosophers, in the middle were warriors, and at the bottom were all others.
• He opened his own school called the Lyceum.
• Aristotle was one of Plato’s students.
• Aristotle helped advance science and government.
Greek Philosophy and History
(pages 169–171)
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Greek Philosophers (cont.)
• Many of his ideas shaped the way European and American founders thought about government.
• The “golden mean,” one of Aristotle’s ideas, states that a person should do nothing to excess.
Greek Philosophy and History
(pages 169–171)
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Greek Historians
(page 173)
• Many historians consider Herodotus the “father of history” because he wrote the history of the Persian Wars.
• The Greek Thucydides is considered the greatest historian of the ancient world.
• He wrote History of the Peloponnesian War.
Greek Philosophy and History
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Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
Alexander the Great
• Phillip II of Macedonia united the Greek states.
• Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire and spread Greek culture throughout southwest Asia.
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Macedonia Attacks Greece• Macedonia was a powerful kingdom that
lay north of Greece.
• Philip II needed to unite Greece with Macedonia to defeat the Persian Empire.
• After training a vast army, Philip began taking over the Greek city-states.
(pages 175–176)
Alexander the Great
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Macedonia Attacks Greece (cont.)
• A lawyer named Demosthenes tried to warn the Athenians about Philip, but it was too late.
• The Macedonians defeated the Greeks at the Battle of Chaeronea.
• After this battle, Philip controlled all of Greece.
Alexander the Great
(pages 175–176)
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Alexander Builds an Empire
• Alexander began his conquest of the Persian Empire in 334 B.C. with the Battle of Granicus.
• Alexander the Great became king of Macedonia after his father, Philip, died.
• Alexander’s forces destroyed the Persian forces.
• A year later, Alexander defeated the Persian army at Issus and freed the Greek cities in Asia Minor.
Alexander the Great
(pages 176–179)
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Alexander Builds an Empire (cont.)
• Alexander built the city of Alexandria as the center of business.
• He then captured Syria and Egypt.
• It became one of the most important cities in the ancient world.
• Alexander continued his conquest of the Persian Empire by fighting in modern Pakistan, India, and Iran.
Alexander the Great
(pages 176–179)
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Alexander Builds an Empire (cont.)
• A legacy is what a person leaves behind when he or she dies.
• In 323 B.C., Alexander planned to invade southern Arabia, but he became ill and died.
• Alexander’s legacy is his skill and daring.
• Alexander’s conquests marked the beginning of the Hellenistic Era.
Alexander the Great
(pages 176–179)
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Alexander Builds an Empire (cont.)
The lighthouse of Alexandria was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. A fire in its tall tower guided ships into harbor.
Alexander the Great
(pages 176–179)
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Alexander Builds an Empire (cont.)
• After Alexander’s death, his generals fought for power, and Alexander’s empire ended.
• This was a time when Greek language and ideas spread to non Greek areas of southwest Asia.
• Four kingdoms emerged in its place.
• Government business in the four kingdoms was conducted in the Greek language.
Alexander the Great
(pages 176–179)
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Alexander Builds an Empire (cont.)
• This helped the Greeks maintain control.
• People who did not speak Greek could not hold government jobs.
• New cities were created in the Hellenistic Era, and these cities needed architects, engineers, and philosophers.
• The rulers of the four kingdoms sent Greek colonists to southwest Asia to help build the cities. In this way, Greek culture spread.
Alexander the Great
(pages 176–179)
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Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
The Spread of Greek Culture
• Hellenistic cities became centers of learning and culture.
• Epicurus and Zeno showed the world different ways to look at happiness.
• Hellenistic scientists made major discoveries in math and astronomy.
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Greek Culture Spreads
• Philosophers, poets, scientists, and writers moved to the new Greek cities in southwest Asia, particularly Alexandria, during the Hellenistic Era .
(page 183)
• Hellenistic kings wanted to make their cities like those in Greece, so they hired Greek architects and sculptors.
• The writers of the Hellenistic Era produced a large body of literature.
The Spread of Greek Culture
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Greek Culture Spreads (cont.)
• Appolonius wrote the epic poem Argonautica, recounting the legend of Jason and his band of heroes.
(page 183)
• Theocritus wrote short poems about beauty and nature.
• Athenians still created plays, but the plays of the Hellenistic Era were about love and relationships.
The Spread of Greek Culture
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Philosophy
• Epicurus, the founder of Epicureanism, taught that happiness was the goal of life.
(page 184)
• Stoicism was developed by a Phoenician named Zeno.
The Spread of Greek Culture
• This philosophy believes that happiness comes from reason, not emotions.
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Greek Science and Math
• Astronomers study the stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies.
(pages 185–186)
• Aristarchus was an astronomer who claimed that the sun was at the center of the universe and that Earth revolved around the sun.
• Eratosthenes was an astronomer who believed that the earth was round and measured Earth’s circumference.
The Spread of Greek Culture
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Greek Science and Math (cont.)
• Euclid, one of the most famous Greek mathematicians, described plane geometry.
• Plane geometry is the study of points, lines, angles, and surfaces.
• Archimedes was the most famous scientist of the Hellenistic Era.
The Spread of Greek Culture
(pages 185–186)
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Greek Science and Math (cont.)
• He worked on solid geometry—the study of spheres and cylinders.
• He also determined the value of pi, a number used to measure the area of circles.
• Archimedes invented the catapult, among other weapons.
The Spread of Greek Culture
(pages 185–186)
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__ 1. a short tale that teaches a lesson
__ 2. traditional story about gods and heroes
__ 3. long poems told about heroic deeds
Review Vocabulary
A. epicB. fableC. mythC
A
Define Match the vocabulary word that completes each sentence.
B
Greek Civilization
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