chapter one introduction to the human body. understanding the human body curiosity illnesses,...
TRANSCRIPT
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C H A P T E R O N E
Introduction to the Human Body
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Understanding the Human Body
Curiosity Illnesses, injuries, death
Obtained knowledge regarding the human body as science and medicine advanced
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Anatomy: examines the structures, or morphology, or body parts – their forms, organization -tomy: (Greek) cutting up Anatomists rely on examination
Physiology: considers the functions of body parts – what they do and how they do it Also Greek origin; relationship to
nature Physiologists rely on experimentation
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A few definitions…
Regional anatomy: study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body; emphasis on relations between the structures of that region
Systemic anatomy: study of anatomy based on body systems and their functioning throughout the body
Gross anatomy: study of anatomy that is visible to the naked eye; macroscopic
Microscopic anatomy: study of anatomy at the microscopic level; cells
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Levels of OrganizationThe human body is composed of parts within parts, which
vary in complexity
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Maintenance of Life
Requirements of Organisms Water metabolic processes; transport of
substances Food/Nutrients energy Oxygen release energy from food substances Heat regulation of metabolic reaction rates Pressure breathing (atmospheric); blood
circulation (hydrostatic)Although we require the aforementioned,
these factors alone are not enough to ensure survival; quality and quantity matter.
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HomeostasisEquilibrium of the body’s internal environment
produced by the interaction of organ systems and regulatory processes (feedback systems). Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in response to
changing conditions. So important that it requires most of our metabolic energy
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CONTINUED…
Body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems – homoeostatic mechanisms Receptors: provide information
about the stimuli in the internal environment
Control center: includes a set point, tells what a particular value should be (body temperature)
Effectors: elicit responses that alter conditions in the internal environment ; muscles or glands
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Feedback Mechanisms
Negative feedback: almost all homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. These mechanisms reduce the variable back to its original state or “ideal value”. Blood sugar receptors sense the change pancreas
(control center) secretes insulin blood sugar levels reduce
Positive feedback: the output enhances the original stimulus. Child birth: oxytocin is released that intensifies and
speeds up contractions. Blood clotting: vessel is damaged, platelets start to
cling to the injured site and release chemicals that attract more platelets. The platelets continue to pile up and release chemicals until a clot is formed.
Just remember that positive feedback mechanisms
enhance the original stimulus and negative feedback mechanisms inhibit it.
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D AY T W O – C H A P T E R O N E
Body Cavities and Terminology
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Anatomical Position
Standing straight, body erect
Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away
from body
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Body PlanesSagittal: divides the
body into right and left parts
Frontal/coronal: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse: divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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Superior
Inferior
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Body CavitiesDorsal cavity: protects the nervous
system, and is divided into two subdivisionsCranial cavity: within the skull; encases the
brainVertebral cavity: runs within the vertebral
column; encases the spinal cordVentral cavity: houses the internal
organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions
ThoracicAbdominopelvic
Any fluid filled space in a multicellular organism
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Cranial cavity
(contains brain)
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity(contains bladder,
reproductive organs,and rectum)
Vertebral cavity(contains spinal
cord)
Key:
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity
(contains heartand lungs)
(a) Lateral view
Dorsalbody
cavity
Ventral body cavity
(thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities)
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Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Right & Left Pleural
cavities: each houses a lung Mediastinum: contains the
pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs Pericardial cavity: encloses
the heart
Thoracic Cavity
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Figure 1.9b(b) Anterior view
Superiormediastinum
Pleuralcavity
Cranialcavity
Vertebralcavity
Pericardialcavity
Thoraciccavity(contains
heartand lungs)
Key:
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
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Abdominopelvic cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
Composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity–
contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, gall bladder
Pelvic cavity– lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.9b
Abdomino-pelviccavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity(contains bladder,
reproductive organs,and rectum)
Key:
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
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Facial/Head CavitiesOral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive
organsNasal –located within and posterior to the noseOrbital – house the eyesMiddle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that transmit
sound vibrationsSynovial – joint cavities
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ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
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Right upper
Left upperRight lower
Left lower
Figure 1.12
Abdominopelvic Quadrants