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AP U.S. Government Student Outline
Introduction: An Introduction to GovernmentChapter 1: Introducing Government in America
I. Two Central Questions
II. Government, Politics, and Public Policy
A. Government
1. What Is Government?
. What Governments !o
". Politics
C. What Politics Is
!. Political Involvement
#. Public Policy
III. The Political $ystem
A. Political Issues and %in&a'e Institutions
". (a&in' Public Policy) The Policyma&in' Institutions
C. Policies *ave Im+acts
I. !emocratic Government
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A. !e-nin' !emocracy
". Traditional !emocratic Theory
C. Three Contem+orary Theories o American !emocracy
1. Pluralism
. #lite and Class Theory
/. *y+er+luralism
. Challen'es to !emocracy
1. *ow Can the Peo+le Conront Com+le0 Issues?
. Are Citiens !oin' Their 2ob?
/. Is American !emocracy Too !e+endent on (oney?
3. Can the Political $ystem Ada+t to Today4s 5a+idly Chan'in'World?
6. !oes America4s !iversity Produce Governmental Gridloc&?
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Part One: Constitutional FoundationsChapter : !he Constitution
I. The 7ri'ins o the Constitution
A. The 5oad to 5evolution
". !eclarin' Inde+endence
C. The #n'lish *erita'e) The Power o Ideas
!. 2e8erson4s *andiwor&) The American Creed
#. Winnin' Inde+endence
9. The :Conservative; 5evolution
G. The Government That 9ailed) 1
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". Philoso+hy into Action
1. iews o *uman @ature
. iews o Political Conict
/. iews o the 7bBects o Government
3. iews o Government
III. The A'enda in Philadel+hia
A. The #uality Issues
1. #uality and 5e+resentation o the $tates
. $lavery
/. Political #uality
". The #conomic Issues
C. The Individual 5i'ht Issues
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Chapter ": FederalismI. !e-nin' 9ederalism
A. What 9ederalism Is
". Why 9ederalism Is $o Im+ortant
II. The Constitutional "asis o 9ederalism
A. The !ivision o Power
". #stablishin' @ational $u+remacy
1. (cCulloch v. (aryland
. 9ederalism as the "attle'round o the $tru''le or #uality
C. $tates4 7bli'ations to #ach 7ther
1. 9ull 9aith and Credit
. #0tradition
/. Privile'es and Immunities
III. Inter'overnmental 5elations Today
A. 9rom !ual to Coo+erative 9ederalism
". 9iscal 9ederalism 1. The 9ederal Grant $ystem) !istributin' the 9ederal Pie
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. The $cramble or 9ederal !ollars
/. The (andate "lues
I. Dnderstandin' 9ederalism
A. 9ederalism and !emocracy
1. Advanta'es or !emocracy
. !isadvanta'es or !emocracy
". 9ederalism and the Growth o the @ational Government
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Chapter #: Civil $i%erties and Pu%lic Polic&
I. The "ill o 5i'hts > Then and @ow
A. The "ill o 5i'hts and the $tates
II. 9reedom o 5eli'ion
A. The #stablishment Clause
". The 9ree #0ercise Clause
III. 9reedom o #0+ression
A. Prior 5estraint
". 9ree $+eech and Public 7rder
C. 9ree Press and 9air Trials
!. 7bscenity
#. %ibel and $lander
9. $ymbolic $+eech
G. Commercial $+eech
*. 5e'ulation o the Public Airwaves
I. 9reedom o Assembly
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1. 5i'ht to Assemble
. 5i'ht to Associate
I. !eendants4 5i'hts
A. Inter+retin' !eendants4 5i'hts
". $earches and $eiures
C. $el>Incrimination
!. The 5i'ht to Counsel
#. Trial by 2ury
9. Cruel and Dnusual Punishment
. The 5i'ht to Privacy
A. Is There a 5i'ht to Privacy?
". 9irestorms over Abortion
C. A Time to %ive and a Time to !ie
I. Dnderstandin' Civil %iberties
Chapter ': Civil (ights and Pu%lic Polic&
I. Two Centuries o $tru''le
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A. Conce+tions o #uality
". #arly American iews o #uality
C. The Constitution and Ineuality
II. 5ace, the Constitution, and Public Policy
A. The #ra o $lavery
". The #ra o 5econstruction and 5ese're'ation
C. The #ra o Civil 5i'hts
!. Gettin' and Dsin' the 5i'ht to ote
#. 7ther (inority Grou+s
III. Women, the Constitution, and Public Policy
A. The "attle or the ote
". The :!oldrums;) 1EF>1E=F
C. The $econd 9eminist Wave
!. Women in the Wor&+lace
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#. Wa'e !iscrimination and Com+arable Worth
9. Women in the (ilitary
G. $e0ual *arassment
I. @ewly Active Grou+s Dnder the Civil 5i'hts Dmbrella
A. Civil 5i'hts and the Grayin' o America
". Are the oun' a !isadvanta'ed Grou+, Too?
C. Civil 5i'hts and the Peo+le With !isabilities
!. Gay and %esbian 5i'hts
. AHrmative Action
I. Dnderstandin' Civil 5i'hts and Public Policy
A. Civil 5i'hts and !emocracy
". Civil 5i'hts and the $co+e o Government
Chapter ): Pu%lic Opinion and Political Action
I. The American Peo+le
A. The Immi'rant $ociety
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". The American (eltin' Pot
C. The 5e'ional $hit
!. The Grayin' o America
II. *ow Americans %earn About Politics) Political $ocialiation
A. The Process o Political $ocialiation
1. The 9amily
. The (ass (edia
/. $chool
". Political %earnin' 7ver a %ietime
III. What Americans "elieve) Public 7+inion and Policy
A. (easurin' Public 7+inion
". The 5ole o Polls in American !emocracy
C. What Polls 5eveal About Americans4 Political Inormation
I. What Americans alue) Political Ideolo'ies
A. !o Peo+le Thin& in Ideolo'ical Terms?
". Peo+le %i&ed 5ea'an but not his Policies
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. *ow Americans Partici+ate in Politics
A. Conventional Partici+ation
". Protest as Partici+ation
C. Class, Ineuality, and Partici+ation
I. Dnderstandin' Public 7+inion and Political Action
A. Public Attitudes Toward the $co+e o Government
". !emocracy, Public 7+inion, and Political Action
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Chapter *: !he +ass +edia and the Political Agenda
I. The (ass (edia Today
II. The !evelo+ment o the (ass (edia
A. The Print (edia
". The "roadcast (edia
III. 5e+ortin' the @ews
A. !e-nin' @ews
". 9indin' the @ews
C. Presentin' the @ews
!. "ias in the @ews
I. The @ews and Public 7+inion
. The Policy A'enda and the $+ecial 5ole o the (edia
I. Dnderstandin' the (ass (edia
A. The (edia and the $co+e o Government
". Individualism
C. !emocracy and the (ediaChapter ,: Political Parties
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I. The (eanin' o Party
A. Tas&s o the Parties
". Parties, oters, and Policy) the !owns (odel
II. The Party in the #lectorate
III. The Party 7r'aniations) 9rom the Grass 5oots to Washin'ton
A. %ocal Parties) The !yin' Drban (achines
". The 9ity $tate Party $ystems
C. $tate Parties as %e'al 7r'aniations
!. The @ational Party 7r'aniations
I. The Party in Government) Promises and Policy
. Party #ras in American *istory
A. 113) The 9irst Party $ystem
". 1>16=) 2ac&son and the !emocrats ersus the Whi's
C. 1=F>1E) The Two 5e+ublican #ras
!. 1E/>1E=3) The @ew !eal Coalition
#. 1EPresent) The #ra o !ivided Government
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I. The Parties Today) !eali'nment and 5enewal
A. The !emocrats) #nsurin' 5e+resentation
". The 5e+ublicans) Puttin' Technolo'y to Dse
C. Third Parties) Their Im+act on American Politics
!. Two Parties) $o What?
II. Dnderstandin' Political Parties
A. !emocracy and 5es+onsible Party Government
". Individualism and Gridloc&
C. American Political Parties and the $co+e o Government
!. Is the Party 7ver?
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Chapter -: ominations and Campaigns
I. The @omination Game
A. !ecidin' to 5un
". Com+etin' or !ele'ates
1. The Caucus 5oad
. The Presidential Primary 5oad
/. #valuatin' the Primary and Caucus $ystem
C. The Convention $end>78
II. The Cam+ai'n Game
A. The *i'h>Tech Cam+ai'n
". 7r'aniin' the Cam+ai'n
C. (oney and Cam+ai'nin'
1. The (ae o Cam+ai'n 9inance 5eorms
. 9ederal #lection Commission 9#CJ
/. The Prolieration o PACs
3. Are Cam+ai'ns Too #0+ensive?
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6. !oes (oney "uy ictory?
!. The (edia and the Cam+ai'n
#. The Im+act o Cam+ai'ns
III. Dnderstandin' @ominations and Cam+ai'ns
A. Are @ominations and Cam+ai'ns Too !emocratic?
". !o "i' Cam+ai'ns %ead to an Increased $co+e o Government?
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Chapter 1/: 0lections and oting 2ehavior
I. *ow American #lections Wor&
II. A Tale o Three #lections
A. 1FF) The 9irst #lectoral Transition o Power
". 1E=) A "itter 9i'ht 7ver #conomic Interests
C. The 1EE= #lection) "uildin' a "rid'e to the Twenty>9irst Century
III. Whether to ote) A Citien4s 9irst Choice
A. Who otes and Who $tays *ome?
". The 5e'istration $ystem
C. A Policy A++roach to !ecidin' Whether to ote
I. *ow Americans ote) #0+lainin' Citiens4 !ecisions
A. Party Identi-cation
". Candidate #valuations) *ow Americans $ee the Candidates
C. Policy otin'
. The %ast "attle) The #lectoral Colle'e
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Chapter 1: CongressI. The 5e+resentatives and $enators
A. The 2ob
". The (embers
II. Con'ressional #lections
A. Who Wins?
". The Advanta'es o Incumbents
1. Advertisin'
. Credit Claimin'
/. Position Ta&in'
3. Wea& 7++onents
C. The 5ole o Party Identi-cation
!. !eeatin' Incumbents
#. (oney in Con'ressional #lections
9. $tability and Chan'e
III. *ow Con'ress is 7r'anied to (a&e Policy A. American "icameralism
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1. The *ouse
. The $enate
". Con'ressional %eadershi+
1. The *ouse
. The $enate
/. Con'ressional %eadershi+ in Pers+ective
C. The Committees and $ubcommittees
1. The Committees at Wor&) %e'islation and 7versi'ht
. Gettin' on a Committee
/. Gettin' Ahead on the Committee) Chairs and the $eniority $ystem
!. Caucuses) The Inormal 7r'aniation o Con'ress
I. The Con'ressional Process
A. Presidents and Con'ress) Partners and Prota'onists
". Party, Constituency, and Ideolo'y
Chapter 1": !he Presidenc&
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I. The Presidents
A. Great #0+ectations
". Who They Are
C. *ow They Got There
1. #lections) The @ormal 5oad to the White *ouse
. The ice Presidency) Another 5oad to the White *ouse
/. Im+eachment and $uccession
II. Presidential Powers
A. Constitutional Powers
". The #0+ansion o Power
III. 5unnin' the Government) The Chie #0ecutive
A. The Cabinet
". The #0ecutive 7Hce
C. The White *ouse $ta8
I. Presidential %eadershi+ o Con'ress) The Politics o $hared Powers
A. Chie %e'islator
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". Party %eadershi+
1. The "onds o Party
. $li++a'e in Party $u++ort
/. %eadin' the Party
C. Public $u++ort
.1. Public A++roval
!. %e'islative $&ills
. The President and @ational $ecurity Policy
A. Chie !i+lomat
". Commander in Chie
C. War Powers
!. Crisis (ana'er
#. Wor&in' With Con'ressChapter 1#: !he Congress3 the President3 And the 2udget: !hePolitics o4 !a5ing and Spending
I. The Government4s $ources o 5evenue
A. Income Ta0
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". $ocial Insurance Ta0es
C. "orrowin'
!. Ta0es and Public Policy
1. Ta0 %oo+holes
. Ta0 #0+enditures
/. Ta0 5eduction
3. Ta0 5eorm
II. 9ederal #0+enditures
A. "i' Governments, "i' "ud'ets
". The 5ise and !ecline o the @ational $ecurity $tate
C. The 5ise o the $ocial $ervice $tate
!. Incrementalism
#. :Dncontrollable; #0+enditures
III. The "ud'etary Process
A. "ud'etary Politics
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1. $ta&es and $trate'ies
. The Players
". The President4s "ud'et
C. Con'ress and the "ud'et
1. 5eormin' the Process
. The $uccess o the 1E
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Chapter 1': !he Federal 2ureaucrac&
I. The "ureaucrats
A. $ome "ureaucratic (yths and 5ealities
". Who they are and *ow they 'ot there
1. Civil $ervice) 9rom Patrona'e to Protection
. The 7ther 5oute to 9ederal 2obs) 5ecruitin' rom the Plum "oo&
II. What They !o) $ome Theories o "ureaucracy
A. The Weberian (odel
". The Acuisitive, (ono+olistic "ureaucracy
C. Garba'e cans and "ureaucracies
III. *ow "ureaucracies are or'anied
A. The Cabinet !e+artments
". The 5e'ulatory A'encies
C. The Government Cor+orations
!. The Inde+endent #0ecutive A'encies
I. "ureaucracies as Im+lementers
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A. What Im+lementation (eans
". Why the "est>%aid Plans $ometimes 9lun& the Im+lementation Test
1. Pro'ram !esi'n
. %ac& o Clarity
/. %ac& o 5esources
3. Administrative 5outine
6. Administrators4 !is+ositions
=. 9ra'mentation
C. A Case $tudy) The otin' 5i'hts Act o 1E=6
. "ureaucracies as 5e'ulators
A. 5e'ulation in the #conomy and in #veryday %ie
1. A 9ull !ay o 5e'ulation
". 5e'ulation) *ow it Grew, *ow it Wor&s
C. Toward !ere'ulation
Chapter 1): !he Federal CourtsI. The @ature o the 2udicial $ystem
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A. Partici+ants in the 2udicial $ystem
1. %iti'ants
. Grou+s
/. Attorneys
II. The $tructure o the 9ederal 2udicial $ystem
A. !istrict Courts
". Courts o A++eal
C. The $u+reme Court
III. The Politics o 2udicial $election
A. The %ower Courts
". The $u+reme Court
I. The "ac&'rounds o 2ud'es and 2ustices
. The Courts as Policyma&ers
A. Acce+tin' Cases ". (a&in' !ecisions
C. Im+lementin' Court !ecisions
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I. The Courts and the Policy A'enda
A. A *istorical 5eview
1. 2ohn (arshall and the Growth o 2udicial 5eview
. The :@ine 7ld (en;
/. The Warren Court
3. The "ur'er Court
6. The 5ehnuist Court
II. Dnderstandin' the Courts
A. The Courts and !emocracy
". What Courts $hould !o) The $co+e o 2udicial Power
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Chapter 1*: 0conomic Polic&ma6ingI. Government and the #conomy
A. #lections and the #conomy
". Political Parties and the #conomy
II. Government4s Instruments or Controllin' the #conomy
A. (onetary Policy and the 9ed
". 9iscal Policy) Keynesian ersus $u++ly>side #conomics
III. 7bstacles to Controllin' the #conomy
I. Arenas o #conomic Policyma&in'
A. "usiness and Public Policy) $ubsidies Amid 5e'ulations
1. The Chan'in' 9ace o Cor+orate Ca+italism
. 5e'ulatin' "usiness
/. "ene-tin' "usiness
". Consumer Policy) The 5ise o the Consumer %obby
C. %abor and Government
. Dnderstandin' #conomic Policyma&in'Chapter 1,: Social 7el4are Polic&ma6ing
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I. Income, Poverty, and Public Policy
A. Who4s Gettin' What?
". Who4s At the "ottom? Poverty in America
II. The @ature o Wealth and Poverty
A. Is There a Culture o Poverty?
". *ow Public Policy A8ects Income
1. Ta0ation
. Government #0+enditures
III. $ocial Welare Pro'rams
A. #ntitlement and Poverty Pro'rams
". $ocial Welare Policy #lsewhere
I. The #volution o America4s $ocial Welare Pro'rams
A. The @ew !eal and the #lderly
". President 2ohnson and the Great $ociety
Chapter 1-: Polic&ma6ing 4or 8ealth3 0nerg&3 and the0nvironment
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I. *ealth Care Policy
A. The *ealth o Americans
". The Cost o *ealth Care
C. Access to *ealth Care
!. The 5ole o Government in *ealth Care
#. Policyma&in' or *ealth Care
II. #ner'y Policy
A. America4s #ner'y Pro-le
". Policyma&in' or #ner'y Issues
III. #nvironmental Policy
A. #conomic Growth and the #nvironment
". Public Concern about the #nvironment
C. #nvironmental Policies in America
!. !ealin' with To0ic Wastes
Chapter /: Foreign and 9e4ense Polic&ma6ing
I. American 9orei'n Policy) (ethods and Actors
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A. Actors on the World $ta'e
". The Policyma&ers
1. The !i+lomats
. The @ational $ecurity #stablishment
/. Con'ress
II. American 9orei'n Policy) An 7verview
A. The Cold War
1. Containment and Korea
. The $wellin' o the Penta'on
/. The ietnam War
". The #ra o !Ltente
C. The 5ea'an 5earmament
!. The 9inal Thaw in the Cold War
III. The Politics o !eense Policy
A. !eense $+endin'
". Personnel
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C. Wea+ons
I. The @ew Global A'enda
A. The !ecreasin' 5ole o (ilitary Power
". The International #conomy
1. International Trade
. "alance o Trade
C. International Ineuality and 9orei'n Aid
!. The Global Connection, #ner'y, and the #nvironment
1. Growin' #ner'y !e+endency
. #nvironment and the World Commons
. Dnderstandin' 9orei'n and !eense Policyma&in'