chapter the animal diversity · bùitấnanh–departementof biology –college of natural science...
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CHAPTER 10
The AnimalDiversity
B.T.Anh
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Overview
• The animal kingdom
– Extends far beyond humans and other animals we may encounter
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Animal are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers
• Several characteristics of animals
– Sufficiently define the group
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Nutritional Mode
• Animals are heterotrophs
– That ingest their food
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Cell Structure and Specialization
• Animals are multicellular eukaryotes
• Their cells lack cell walls
• Their bodies are held together
– By structural proteins such as collagen
• Nervous tissue and muscle tissue
– Are unique to animals
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Reproduction and Development
• Most animals reproduce sexually
– With the diploid stage usually dominating the life cycle
• After a sperm fertilizes an egg
– The zygote undergoes cleavage, leading to the formation of a blastula
• The blastula undergoes gastrulation
– Resulting in the formation of embryonic tissue layers and a gastrula
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• All animals, and only animals
– Have Hox genes that regulate the development of body form
• Although the Hox family of genes has been highly conserved
– It can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
The history of animals
• The history of animals may span more than a billion years
• The animal kingdom includes not only great diversity of living species
– But the even greater diversity of extinct ones as well
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The common ancestor of living animals
– May have lived 1.2 billion–800 million years ago
– May have resembled modern choanoflagellates, protists that are the closest living relatives of animals
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Animals probably evolved from a colonial protist that lived in the Precambrian seas
Colonial protist,an aggregate of
identical cells
Hollow sphere of unspecialized
cells (shown in cross section)
Beginning of cell
specialization
Infolding Gastrula-like “protoanimal”
Somatic cells Digestivecavity
Reproductive cells
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• At the beginning of the Cambrian period, 545 million years ago, animals underwent a rapid diversification
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• To reconstruct the evolutionary history of animal phyla, researchers must depend on clues from comparative anatomy and embryology
Animal Phylogeny
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Four key evolutionary branch points have been hypothesized:
– Tissue
– Symmetry
– Body cavity
– Coelom
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Multicellularity
True tissues
Radial symmetry Bilateral
symmetry
No body cavity
Body cavities
PseudocoelomTrue coelom
Coelom from cell masses Coelom from
digestive tube
1
2
3
4
Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Mollusks Annelids Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Tissues
• Animal body plans
– Also vary according to the organization of the animal’s tissues
• Tissues
– Are collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Symmetry
• Animals can be categorized
– According to the symmetry of their bodies, or lack of it
• Some animals have radial symmetry
– Like in a flower pot
• Some animals exhibit bilateral symmetry
– Or two-sided symmetry
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Bilaterally symmetrical animals have
– A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side
– A right and left side
– Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends
– Cephalization, the development of a head
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Ventral
Dorsal
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Animal embryos
– Form germ layers, embryonic tissues, including ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
• Diploblastic animals
– Have two germ layers
• Triploblastic animals
– Have three germ layers
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Body Cavities
• In triploblastic animals
– A body cavity may be present or absent
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• A true body cavity
– Is called a coelom and is derived from mesoderm
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• A pseudocoelom
– Is a body cavity derived from the blastocoel, rather than from mesoderm
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Organisms without body cavities
– Are considered acoelomates
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Protostome and Deuterostome Development
• Based on certain features seen in early development
– Many animals can be categorized as having one of two developmental modes: protostome development or deuterostome development
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Cleavage
• In protostome development
– Cleavage is spiral and determinate
• In deuterostome development
– Cleavage is radial and indeterminate
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Coelom Formation• In protostome development
– The splitting of the initially solid masses of mesoderm to form the coelomic cavity is called schizocoelous development
• In deuterostome development– Formation of the body cavity is described as
enterocoelous development
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Fate of the Blastopore
• In protostome development
– The blastopore becomes the mouth
• In deuterostome development
– The blastopore becomes the anus
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Invertebrates
MAJOR INVERTEBRATE PHYLA
– Are animals without backbones
– Represent 95% of the animal kingdom
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Phylum Porifera
Sponges
– Includes sessile animals once believed to be plants
– Lack true tissues
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The body of a sponge
– Resembles a sac perforated with holes
– Draws water into a central cavity, where food is collected
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Pores
Water flow
Skeleton fiber
Central cavity
ChoanocyteAmoebocyte
Choanocyte in contact with an amoebocyte
Flagella
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Phylum Cnidaria
• All animals except sponges
– Belong to the clade Eumetazoa, the animals with true tissues
• Phylum Cnidaria
– Is one of the oldest groups in this clade
• Cnidarians have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Cnidarians
– Have diversified into a wide range of both sessile and floating forms including jellies, corals, and hydras
– But still exhibit a relatively simple diploblastic, radial body plan
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The basic body plan of a cnidarian
– Is a sac with a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity
• A single opening
– Functions as both mouth and anus
• There are two variations on this body plan
– The sessile polyp and the floating medusa
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Cnidarians are carnivores
– That use tentacles to capture prey
• The tentacles are armed with cnidocytes
– Unique cells that function in defense and the capture of prey
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The phylum Cnidaria is divided into four major classes:
– Hydrozoa: Hydras, Obelia
– Scyphozoa: jellyfish
– Cubozoa: sea wasps
– Anthozoa: sea anemones, corals
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Hydra (class Hydrozoa)
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Jellyfish (class Scyphozoa)
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sea wasp (class Cubozoa)
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sea anemone (class Anthozoa)
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Most hydrozoans
– Alternate between polyp and medusa forms
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Members of phylum Platyhelminthes
– Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
– Are flattened dorsoventrally and have a gastrovascular cavity
• Although flatworms undergo triploblastic development
– They are acoelomates
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Flatworms are divided into four classes
– Turbellaria: Dugesia
– Monogenea
– Trematoda: flukes (trematodes)
– Cestoda: tapeworm
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Turbellarian
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The best-known turbellarians, commonly called planarians
– Have light-sensitive eyespots and centralized nerve nets
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Monogeneans
• Monogeneans
– are usually ectoparasites on the skin and gills of fish.
– The life cycle involves only one host, for the adult. New hosts are located and infected by free-living larvae.
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
(A) Monopisthocotylea entobdellae (B) Polyopisthocotylea polystoma(C) Gyrodactylus sp., (D) Diplozoon paradoxum
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Trematode
• Trematodes
– Live as parasites in or on other animals
– Parasitize a wide range of hosts
• Trematodes that parasitize humans
– Spend part of their lives in snail hosts
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Tapeworm
• Tapeworms
– Are also parasitic and lack a digestive system
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Phylum Nematoda
• Nematodes are nonsegmented pseudocoelomates covered by a tough cuticle
• Among the most widespread of all animals, nematodes, or roundworms
– Are found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in the body fluids and tissues of animals
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The cylindrical bodies of nematodes
– Are covered by a tough coat called a cuticle
25 µm
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Some species of nematodes
– Are important parasites of plants and animals
50 µmEncysted juveniles Muscle tissue
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Ascaris lubricoides
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Elephanthiasis
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Phylum Mollusca• Phylum Mollusca
– Includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids
• Molluscs have a muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle
• Most molluscs are marine
– Though some inhabit fresh water and some are terrestrial
• Molluscs are soft-bodied animals
– But most are protected by a hard shell
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• All molluscs have a similar body plan with three main parts
– A muscular foot
– A visceral mass
– A mantle
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Most molluscs have separate sexes
– With gonads located in the visceral mass
• The life cycle of many molluscs
– Includes a ciliated larval stage called a trochophore
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• There are four major classes of molluscs
– Polyplacophora: chitons
– Gastropoda: snail, slugs
– Bivalvia: clams, mussels, scallops, oysters
– Cephalopoda: squids, octopuses, cuttle fish, chambered nautiluses
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Chitons
• Class Polyplacophora is composed of the chitons
– Oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Gastropods
• About three-quarters of all living species of molluscs
– Belong to class Gastropoda
• Most gastropods
– Are marine, but there are also many freshwater and terrestrial species
– Possess a single, spiraled shell
• Slugs lack a shell
– Or have a reduced shell
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
A land snail
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
A sea slug
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The most distinctive characteristic of this class
– Is a developmental process known as torsion, which causes the animal’s anus and mantle to end up above its head
Anus
Mantlecavity
StomachIntestine
Mouth
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Bivalves
• Include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
• Have a shell divided into two halves
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Cephalopods
• Class Cephalopoda includes squids and octopuses
– Carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Most octopuses
– Creep along the sea floor in search of prey
• Octopuses are considered among the most intelligent invertebrates
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Octopus
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Squids use their siphon
– To fire a jet of water, which allows them to swim very quickly
• Squids are speedy carnivores with beaklike jaws and well-developed eyes
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Squid
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
`
• One small group of shelled cephalopods
– The nautiluses, survives today
• Chambered nautiluses are the only living cephalopods with an external shell
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Nautilus
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
A cuttlefish
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Phylum Annelida
• Annelids
– are segmented worms
– Have bodies composed of a series of fused rings
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The phylum Annelida is divided into three classes:
– Oligochaeta: earthworm
– Polychaeta
– Hirudinea: leeches
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Oligochaetes
• Oligochaetes (class Oligochaeta)
– Are named for their relatively sparse chaetae, or bristles made of chitin
– Include the earthworms and a variety of aquatic species
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Earthworms eat their way through the soil, extracting nutrients as the soil moves through the alimentary canal
– Which helps till the earth, making earthworms valuable to farmers
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Polychaetes
• Members of class Polychaeta
– Possess paddlelike parapodia that function as gills and aid in locomotion
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Polychaetes
Parapodia
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Christmas tree worm
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Leeches
• Members of class Hirudinea
– Are blood-sucking parasites, such as leeches
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Phylum Arthropoda
• Arthropods are segmented coelomates that have an exoskeleton and jointed appendages
• Two out of every three known species of animals are arthropods
• Members of the phylum Arthropoda
– Are found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
General Characteristics of Arthropods
• The diversity and success of arthropods
– Are largely related to their segmentation, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Early arthropods, such as trilobites
– Showed little variation from segment to segment
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• As arthropods evolved
– The segments fused, and the appendages became more specialized
• The appendages of some living arthropods
– Are modified for many different functions
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The body of an arthropod
– Is completely covered by the cuticle, an exoskeleton made of chitin
• When an arthropod grows
– It molts its exoskeleton in a process called ecdysis
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Arthropods have an open circulatory system
– In which fluid called hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs
• A variety of organs specialized for gas exchange
– Have evolved in arthropods
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Molecular evidence now suggests that living arthropods consist of four subphyla
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Cheliceriforms
• Cheliceriforms, subphylum Cheliceriformes
– Are named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae
– Include spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Most of the marine cheliceriforms are extinct
– But some species survive today, including the horseshoe crabs
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
(a) Scorpions (b) Mites (colorized SEM). (c) spiders
50 µm
• Most modern cheliceriforms are arachnids
– A group that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Myriapods
• Subphylum Myriapoda
– Includes millipedes and centipedes
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Millipedes, class Diplopoda
• Millipedes have a large number of legs
• Each trunk segment has two pairs of legs
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Centipedes, class Chilopoda– Are carnivores with jaw-like mandibles
– Have one pair of legs per trunk segment
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Insects
• Subphylum Hexapoda, insects and their relatives
– Are more species-rich than all other forms of life combined
– Live in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh water
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
The internal anatomy of an insect
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Flight is obviously one key to the great success of insects
• An animal that can fly
– Can escape predators, find food, and disperse to new habitats much faster than organisms that can only crawl
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Many insects
– Undergo metamorphosis during their development
• In incomplete metamorphosis, the young, called nymphs
– Resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Insects with complete metamorphosis
– Have larval stages specialized for eating and growing that are known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar
• The larval stage
– Looks entirely different from the adult stage
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Metamorphosis from the larval stage to the adult stage
– Occurs during a pupal stage
Larva (caterpillar)(a)(b) Pupa
(c) Pupa(d) Emerging adult
(e) AdultFigure 33.6a–e
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Crustaceans
• While arachnids and insects thrive on land
– Crustaceans, for the most part, have remained in marine and freshwater environments
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Crustaceans, subphylum Crustacea
– Typically have biramous, branched, appendages that are extensively specialized for feeding and locomotion
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Decapods are all relatively large crustaceans
– And include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp
Ghost crabs
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Planktonic crustaceans include many species of copepods
– Which are among the most numerous of all animals
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Krill
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Phylum Echinodermata
• Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes
• At first glance, sea stars and other echinoderms, phylum Echinodermata
– May seem to have little in common with phylum Chordata, which includes the vertebrates
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Chordates and echinoderms share characteristics of deuterostomes
– Radial cleavage
– Development of the coelom from the archenteron
– Formation of the mouth at the end of the embryo opposite the blastopore
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Echinoderms
• Sea stars and most other echinoderms
– Are slow-moving or sessile marine animals
• A thin, bumpy or spiny skin
– Covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Unique to echinoderms is a water vascular system
– A network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The radial anatomy of many echinoderms
– Evolved secondarily from the bilateral symmetry of ancestors
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Living echinoderms are divided into six classes
– Asteroidea
– Ophiuroidea
– Echinoidea
– Crinoidea
– Holothuroidea
– Concentricycloidea
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sea Stars (class Asteroidea)
• Sea stars,
– Have multiple arms radiating from a central disk
• The undersurfaces of the arms
– Bear tube feet, each of which can act like a suction disk
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sea star
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Brittle Stars (class Ophiuroidea)
• Brittle stars have a distinct central disk
– And long, flexible arms
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sea Urchins and Sand Dollar (class Echinoidea)
• Sea urchins and sand dollars have no arms
– But they do have five rows of tube feet that function in movement
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sea Urchin
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sea Urchin
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sea Urchin
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sand Dollar
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sea Lilies and Feather Stars (class Crinoidea)
• Sea lilies
– Live attached to the substrate by a stalk
• Feather stars
– Crawl about using their long, flexible arms
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sea Lily
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Feather Star
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sea Cucumbers (class Holothuroidea)
• Sea cucumbers
– Upon first inspection do not look much like other echinoderms
– Lack spines, and their endoskeleton is much reduced
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sea Cucumber
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Sea Daisies (class Concentricycloidea)
• Sea daisies were discovered in 1986
– And only two species are known
A sea daisy
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Barnacles are a group of mostly sessile crustaceans
– Whose cuticle is hardened into a shell
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Vertebrates
THE VERTEBRATE GENEALOGY
– Are represented by mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes
– Have unique features, including the cranium and backbone
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Phylum Chordata
Characteristics of Chordates
– Includes the subphylum of vertebrates
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Other subphyla include the lancelets and tunicates, which share four key chordate characteristics
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The four chordate hallmarks are
– A dorsal, hollow nerve cord
– A notochord
– Pharyngeal slits
– A post-anal tail
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• An overview of chordate and vertebrate evolution
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Eras
Cen
ozoi
cM
esoz
oic
Pale
ozoi
cPr
ecam
bria
nTe
rtia
ryC
reta
ceou
sJu
rass
icTr
iass
icPe
rmia
nC
arbo
nife
rous
Dev
onia
nSi
luria
nO
rdov
icia
nC
ambr
ian
Tuni
cate
s
Lanc
elet
s
Agn
atha
(jaw
less
ver
tebr
ates
, su
ch a
s la
mpr
eys)
Cho
ndric
hthy
es (s
hark
s an
d ra
ys)
Ost
eich
thye
s (b
ony
fishe
s)
Am
phib
ia (f
rogs
and
sa
lam
ande
rs)
Rep
tilia
(rep
tiles
)
Aves
(b
irds)
Mam
mal
ia
(mam
mal
s)
Ancestral chordate
Vertebrae
Jaws
Lungs or lung derivatives
Legs
Amniotic egg
Hair
Feathers
Chordates
VertebratesTetrapods
Amniotes
Perio
ds
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The first vertebrates probably evolved during the early Cambrian period, about 540 million years ago
Fishes
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• These early vertebrates, the agnathans, lacked jaws
• Agnathans are represented today by lampreys
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Lampreys are jawless vertebrates
– Inhabiting various marine and freshwater habitats
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Hagfishes
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The two major groups of living fishes are the classes
– Chondrichthyes = Cartilaginous fishes
– Osteichthyes = Bony fishes
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Chondrichthyans (Sharks, Rays, and Their Relatives)
• Members of class Chondrichthyes
– Have a skeleton that is composed primarily of cartilage
• The cartilaginous skeleton
– Evolved secondarily from an ancestral mineralized skeleton
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• The largest and most diverse subclass of Chondrichthyes
– Includes the sharks and rays
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Shark
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Stingray
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Nearly all living osteichthyans
– Have a bony endoskeleton
• Aquatic osteichthyans
– Are the vertebrates we informally call fishes
– Control their buoyancy with an air sac known as a swim bladder
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Fishes breathe by drawing water over four or five pairs of gills
– Located in chambers covered by a protective bony flap called the operculum
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Most bony fishes are ray-finned fishes
• A second evolutionary branch includes lungfishes and lobe-finned fishes
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris)
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Seahorse
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Leafly Sea Dragon
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Coelacanths
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Lung fish
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Members of the class Amphibia
Amphibians
– Exhibit a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial adaptations
– Usually need water to reproduce
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Amphibians
– Were the first vertebrates to colonize land
– Descended from fishes that had lungs and fins with muscles
Lobe-finned fish Early amphibian
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Terrestrial vertebrates are collectively called tetrapods, which means “four legs”
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Urodeles (salamanders)
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Poisson Dart Frog
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Golden Toad
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Caecilian
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Class Reptilia
Reptiles
– Includes snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and alligators
– Can live totally on land
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Adaptations for living on land include
– Scales to prevent dehydration
– Lungs for breathing
– The amniotic egg
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Reptiles are ectotherms, which obtain their body heat from the environment
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Thorny devil lizard
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Komodo dragon
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Squamate
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Snakes
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Turtle
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Alligators
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Class Aves
Birds
– Evolved during the great reptilian radiation of the Mesozoic era
– Evolved the ability to fly
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Bird anatomy and physiology are modified for flight
– Bones are honeycombed, which makes them lighter
– Some specific organs are absent, which reduces weight
– A warm, constant body temperature is maintained through endothermy
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• A bird’s wings
– Illustrate the same principles of aerodynamics as the wings of an airplane
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Emu
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Ostrich
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Eagle
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Mallards
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Penguin
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Class Mammalia
Mammals
– Evolved from reptiles about 225 million years ago
– Includes mostly terrestrial organisms
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• Two features are mammalian hallmarks
– Hair
– Mammary glands that produce milk and nourish the young
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• There are three major groups of mammals
– Monotremes: the egg-laying mammals.
– Marsupials: the pouched mammals
– Eutherians: the placental mammals
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Monotremes
• Monotremes
– Are a small group of egg-laying mammals
– Consist of echidnas and the platypus
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Echidnas
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Platypus
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Marsupials
• Marsupials
– Include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Opossums
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Kangaroo
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Koala
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
• A marsupial is born very early in its development
– And completes its embryonic development while nursing within a maternal pouch called a marsupium
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
A young brushtail possum
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science
Eutherians
• Eutherians
– Their placentas provide more intimate and long-lasting association between the mother and her developing young than do marsupial placentas
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Bùi Tấn Anh – Departement of Biology – College of Natural Science