chapter two arthrology chapter two arthrology department of anatomy 张正洪 博士 / 副教授
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Chapter two Chapter two ArthrologyArthrology
Department of AnatomyDepartment of Anatomy张正洪 张正洪 博士博士 // 副教授副教授
ClassificationClassification There are two major types of articulaThere are two major types of articula
tions tions (( or jointsor joints )) .. Continuous joints/immovable jointsContinuous joints/immovable joints
Fibrous joints : bones are united Fibrous joints : bones are united by fibrous connective tissue by fibrous connective tissue
Cartilaginous joints : bones are uCartilaginous joints : bones are united by cartilagenited by cartilage
SynosteosisSynosteosis Discontinuous joints Discontinuous joints -- synovial joisynovial joi
ntsnts
Synovial jointsSynovial joints Basic structuresBasic structures Articular surfaceArticular surface: : covered covered
byby articular cartilagearticular cartilage Articular capsuleArticular capsule
Fibrous membraneFibrous membrane Synovial membraneSynovial membrane
Articular cavityArticular cavity: : containincontaining a trace of synovial fluid; sg a trace of synovial fluid; subatmospheric pressure in ubatmospheric pressure in itit
Accessory structurAccessory structureses
LigamentsLigaments(lig.)(lig.): : extrextra- and intracapsular a- and intracapsular ligamentsligaments
Articular discArticular disc and and ararticular labrumticular labrum
Synovial fold Synovial fold andand sysynovial bursanovial bursa
Movements of jointsMovements of joints Translation Translation Flexion and extension Flexion and extension Adduction and abductiAdduction and abducti
on on Rotation Rotation
Medial and lateral rotMedial and lateral rotation ation
Pronation and supinaPronation and supinationtion
Circumduction Circumduction
Classification of synovial jointsClassification of synovial joints
Uniaxial jointsUniaxial joints
Biaxial jointsBiaxial joints
Multiaxial jointMultiaxial jointss
Articulations of Bones of Articulations of Bones of TrunkTrunk
The The vertebral vertebral
column consistscolumn consists
of of 24 vertebrae24 vertebrae, ,
the the sacrumsacrum, and , and
the the coccyxcoccyx..
Joints of the vertebral Joints of the vertebral bodiesbodies Intervertebral discsIntervertebral discs
between bodies of adbetween bodies of adjacent vertebrae, cojacent vertebrae, composedmposed of:of:
Nucleus pulposusNucleus pulposus, , aan inner soft, pulpy, hn inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structurighly elastic structure (gelatinous core )e (gelatinous core )
Annulus fibrosusAnnulus fibrosus
an outer fibrous ring an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocaconsisting of fibrocartilagertilage
Anterior longitudinal Anterior longitudinal ligamentligament
Maintains stability of the intervertMaintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperexteebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral columnnsion of the vertebral column
Posterior longitudinal ligamPosterior longitudinal ligamentent
Prevents hyperflexion of the vertePrevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusbral column and posterior protrusion of the discsion of the discs
Joints of the vertebral Joints of the vertebral archesarches
Ligamenta flavaLigamenta flava ― ― elastic ligament, unelastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and cent vertebrae, and complete the posteriomplete the posterior wall of vertebral or wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevecanal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of tnt hyperflexion of the vertebral columhe vertebral columnn
Interspinal ligament Interspinal ligament Supraspinal ligamenSupraspinal ligamen
t t Ligamentum nuchaeLigamentum nuchae Intertansverse ligamIntertansverse ligam
ent ent Zygapophysial jointZygapophysial joint
Atlantooccipital joint Atlantooccipital joint Between superior arBetween superior ar
ticulating surfaces oticulating surfaces of atlas and occipital f atlas and occipital condylescondyles
Supported by membSupported by membrances and ligamentrances and ligaments that join occipital bs that join occipital bone and atlasone and atlas
Action ― nodding of Action ― nodding of head, lateral tilting ohead, lateral tilting of headf head
Atlantoaxial joint Atlantoaxial joint
Three synovial joiThree synovial joints between atlas ants between atlas and axisnd axis
Supported by ligaSupported by ligaments ments
Action ― allow atlAction ― allow atlas (and head) to pias (and head) to pivot on the axis and vot on the axis and vertebral columnvertebral column
Cervical curvature Cervical curvature Thoracic curvatureThoracic curvature Lumbar curvatureLumbar curvature Sacral curvatureSacral curvature
View of bertebral column as a whole Anterior view Posterior view Lateral view:
Movement of the Movement of the vertebral columnvertebral column
flexion flexion extensionextension lateral flexion lateral flexion RotationRotation circumductioncircumduction
Thoracic cageThoracic cage (thorax) (thorax)
CompositionCompositionBonesBones ― ― consists oconsists o
f twelve thoracic f twelve thoracic vertebraes, twelvvertebraes, twelve pairs of ribs ane pairs of ribs and costal cartilaged costal cartilages, and sternums, and sternum
JointsJoints
Costovertebral jointsCostovertebral joints Joints of costal head Joints of costal head Costotransverse jointCostotransverse joint
ss
Sternocostal jointsSternocostal joints Sternocostal synchSternocostal synch
ondrosis of first riondrosis of first ribb
Sternocostal joints Sternocostal joints Interchondral joinInterchondral join
ts: between costal ts: between costal cartilages 8, 9, and cartilages 8, 9, and 10 to form the 10 to form the costcostal archal arch
General features of General features of thoracic cagethoracic cage
Roughly cone-shape, Roughly cone-shape, narrow above and bronarrow above and broad below, flattened frad below, flattened from before-backwards,om before-backwards, longer behind than in longer behind than in frontfront
Inlet of thoraxInlet of thorax Outlet of thoraxOutlet of thorax Infrasternal angleInfrasternal angle Intercostal spacesIntercostal spaces
Function:Function:
protects the organs in the thoracic cavity protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity; and upper abdominal cavity;
plays a vital role in the process of plays a vital role in the process of breathingbreathing
Inspiration Expiration
Joints of skullJoints of skull
Continuous jointContinuous joints: sutures, synchs: sutures, synchondrosis or synoondrosis or synosteosissteosis