chapter v present status of water and link...
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135
CHAPTER V
PRESENT STATUS OF WATER AND LINK PROJECTS IN UPPER
KRISHNA BASIN
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Mahableshwar, Jaoli, Patan, Shirala, Bavda are the tahsils located in the
western rim of Krishna river basin experience surplus water resources whereas,
eastern part of study region has deficit water resources even hardly
completing the domestic basic needs. The Maharashtra Water and Irrigation
Commission (1999) delineated Krishna basin on the basis of natural availability
of water. Thus the upper Krishna basin is divided into major two categories for
planning on the basis of availability of natural water per unit cultivable
command area and per capita. Government of Maharashtra classified sub basin
on the basis of naturally available of quantum of water. According to Water
and Irrigation Planning Commission (1999), had divided basins in the plan
group under the per hectare availability of water (m3) which are highly deficit
(below 1500), deficit (1501 to 3000), normal (3001 to 8000), surplus (8001 to
12000) and abundant (above 12000).
In the present chapter attempt has been made to look into the existing
status of water projects by scrutinizing the hydrological aspects such as water
storages, water utilization for irrigation, domestic and industrial purpose, water
losses through evaporation etc. It is also an effective tool for realistic
understanding and assessment of the present levels of performance, efficiency
of the services and the adaptability of the system for future expansion and
rectification of faults during modernization of the upper Krishna basin in the
respect of reservoirs.
5.2 WATER STORAGE
Water storage of major and minor projects have been looked into with
respect of actual storage capacity and present live storage of water in the
project that provide significant information for proper planning of water
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utilization and also improve the water distribution system and reduce the water
losses.
A) Major Projects
In upper Krishna basin there are seven major projects but the constraint
appropriate data of Koyana project only six major projects are considered for
study of water storage as well as medium and minor projects. Water storage of
projects is depending up on various factors. It includes the project site,
physiography, rainfall and height etc.
Table 5.1: Project-wise Water Storage in Major Projects 2009-2010
(Water Mm³)
Name of
Project
Storage
Capacity
(Mm³)
Live
Storage
(Mm³) Ratio (%)
Height of
Dam (m)
Kanher 271.68 271.68 100.00 50.34
Dhom 331.05 326.73 98.70 50.00
Dudhganga 679.00 678.00 99.90 73.08
Radhanagari 220.00 215.00 97.70 42.68
Tulshi 92.00 92.00 100.00 48.68
Warna 779.00 747.00 95.90 77.00
Source: Based on Water Auditing Report, 2011.
Water storage capacity in major projects is various in all individual
projects. All these water projects are located in western part of study region of
high rainfall zone. The table 5.1 and figure 5.1shows that design water storage
of Warna (779 Mm3) and Dudhganga (679 Mm
3) are more followed that
Dhom (331.05 Mm3) and very low design live storage capacity reported from
Tulshi major project (92 Mm3). Kanher, Dhom and Radhanagari projects
design water storage is more than 200 Mm³. In 2009 - 2010, Kanher and Tulshi
water projects percentage to total design live storage is 100 per cent and Dhom
(98.70%), Dudhganga (99.90 %) and Radhanagari (97.70 %). Warana project
shows the maximum actual storage capacity which is 95.90 per cent to total
design storage capacity of study region. Dam height of Warana and Dudhganga
is more than 77 m facilitating more water storages. Another Dhom (50 m),
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Kanher (50.34 m), Radhanagari (42.68 m) and Tulshi (48.68 m) have moderate
height and therefore have less water storage.
In study region water storage capacity of major projects reveals is vary
from project to project because on 15th
October, 2010. Warana and Dhom
projects were having less volume of water as compare to other projects. The
project site observations and available information indicated that there were
maximum discharges of water, siltation as well as geographical condition
caused to less actual live storage.
Status of Water Storage in Major Projects (Mm3)
0100200300400500600700800900
Ka
nh
er
Dh
om
Du
dh
ga
ng
a
Ra
dh
an
ag
ari
Tu
lsh
i
Wa
rna
Project
Sto
ra
ge
(M
m3
)
Storage Capasity(Mm³) Live Storage(Mm³)
Fig. 5.1
Site of the projects is an important factor concern to the water storage
capacity but in the study region it is found that local people are strongly oppose
the sites and the authority or respective agency changes the sites of water
projects e.g. as per the survey of Warana project first of all proposed site at
Khujgaon (87.12 TMC) in Shirala tahsil due to local people pressure this site
was replaced by Chandoli (34.403 TMC). Due to the site changing water
storage capacity was changed by 52.717 TMC and same happen implemented
with other projects in upper Krishna basin.
All major projects of study region are located in foot hilly area. As far as
concerned to these sites, per TMC construction cost is higher than the plain or
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low land area on one hand but on the other hand it significantly affected on the
volume of water. At the foot hilly area water storage capacity is lower than the
plain area, e.g. the water holding capacity of Koyana project is less than the
water holding capacity of Alamatti project.
B) Medium Projects
Medium irrigation projects are more beneficial by various ways. These
projects are constructed in high and low rainfall area, as far as low capital
investment it requires beside that due to water storage less area is submerged
and it is more significant for environmental loses as compare to major projects.
The collection of water from small watershed area and allocate water to
agriculture and non irrigation use in dry season medium projects are
constructed.
Table 5.2: Water Availability in Reservoirs on 15th
October, 2009(Mm³)
Project
Storage
Capacity
(Mm³)
Live
Storage
(Mm³)
Ratio (% )
Deficit
Storage
(Mm³)
Chikotra 43.06 32.89 76.38 -23.62
Chitri 52.73 53.41 101.29 +1.29
Ghatprabha 43.69 38.64 88.44 -11.56
Jangamhatti 26.88 34.83 129.58 +29.58
Kadvi 70.56 70.56 100.00 0.0
Kasari 77.97 77.97 100.00 0.0
Khodshi 7.62 8.35 109.58 +9.58
Kumbhi 76.50 76.04 99.40 -0.6
Morna 16.64 16.64 100.00 0.0
Patgaon 104.77 105.99 101.16 +1.16
Yeoti Masoli 06.88 6.88 100.00 0.0
Siddhewadi 06.09 6.10 100.16 +0.16
Yeralwadi 19.60 19.60 100.00 0.0
Source: Based on Report of Water Auditing of Irrigation Projects in Maharashtra State,
2009-10.
Storage capacity of the medium projects is different from project to
project. Table 5.2 reveals that water storage is highest in Jangamhatti which is
surplus (29.58 %) than the design storage, followed that Chitri (1.29 %),
Patgaon (1.16 %) and Siddhewadi (0.16 %). In these cases by recognizing
demand and utilization of water the present storage capacity has rather
increased either by shutting off spill ways and increasing their height. Live
storage of water equal to the storage capacity is reported from Kadvi, Kasari,
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Morna, Yeoti Masoli and Yeralwadi. However, deficit water storage than
capacity is observed at Chikotra (76.38 %), which is highest deficit in study
region by 23.62 per cent. On the second position Ghatprabha (88.44 %) while
Kumbhi (99.40 %) stands on third place in the respect of deficit water volume
capacity (Fig.5.2).
Status of Water Storage in Medium Projects (Mm3)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120C
hik
otr
a
Ch
itri
Gh
atp
rab
ha
Jan
gam
hatt
i
Kad
vi
Kasa
ri
Kh
od
shi
Ku
mb
hi
Mo
rna
Patg
ao
n
Yeo
ti M
haso
li
Sid
dh
ew
ad
i
Yera
lwad
i
Project
Sto
ra
ge (
Mm
3)
Storage Capacity (Mm³) Live Storage(Mm³)
Fig. 5.2
C) Minor Irrigation Project
Minor projects includes tanks, percolation tanks, farm ponds, diversion
bunds, earthern bunds and KT weairs etc. These projects are more significant
in semi aried area. Rainfall and period of rainfall, affected on water storage
capasity. Therefore, number of minor projects are observed in eastern parts of
the study region due to less rainfall. For the construction of these projects
required to invest very less amount. The minor projects are more significant
increase the water table up to some level.
140
Table 5.3: Minor Project-Water Storage Capacity in Study Region, 2009 (Mm3)
Water Storage Capacity (Mm3)
> 250 ha 100-250 ha < 100 ha District
No. Storage No. Storage No. Storage
Total
Storage
% of
Total
Storage
Satara 35 70.20 72 644.64 1833 1693.98 2408.82 44.12
Sangli 30 89.37 49 367.04 3232 173.25 629.66 11.53
Kolhapur 33 103.13 89 257.76 10629 2060.37 2421.26 44.35
Source: Based on Annual Irrigation Report of Satara, Sangli & Kolhapur District, 2009
Table 5.3 and fig. 5.3, 5.4 indicates that the distribution of minor
irrigation project and water storage in districts of upper Krishna basin. Types of
minor projects were discussed in third topic. Distribution in the manner of
types based on irrigation command area is uneven. Decreasing the command
area no. of minor irrigation projects is increased in each and every district.
Satara district total storage capacity is 2408.82 Mm and share is 44.12 per cent.
The minor projects are highly located in Khatav and Koregaon tahsil which are
drought prone area and Mahableshwar is lowest in numbers. Sangli (11.53 %)
district have low water storage capacity and no. of water project is less in
numbers. Sangli districts Jath, Kavathemahankal, Tasgaon and Shirala tahsil
have high numbers in minor projects. But the storage in these projects is very
low. Kolhapur district water storage is highest and it observed 2121.26 Mm
and it is 44.35 per cent. In this district water storage in all types of minor
irrigation project is higher than other districts due to heavy rainfall.
District-wise Water Storage in Minor Projects (%)
44.12
11.53
44.35
Satara Sangli Kolhapur
Fig. 5.3
141
District-wise Water Storage in Minor Projects (Mm3)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
> 250 ha 100-250 ha < 100 ha
Project Type
Sto
ra
ge (
Mm
3)
Satara Sangli Kolhapur
Fig.5.4
5.3 WATER UTILIZATION
Need of water in the study region is increased in rural and urban region,
while water availability is decreased day by day because of insufficient rainfall.
To improve utilization of irrigation projects and increase productivity of per
drop of water it is the need of scrutinize water projects in respect of water
storage and water utilization. The water use sectors are irrigation, domestic and
industrial. Water scrutinize is important for water conservation in all sector and
improve the water use efficiency.
A) Major Projects
Water projects are constructed to store water in rainy season and utilize
water in dry spell for various purposes. Large dams are usually multipurpose
structures. Besides providing water for domestic, agriculture, and industrial
uses (the main objectives of reservoir planning and operation), hydropower
production is another objective of development of many river-reservoir systems
(Karmoz, 2003). Water utilization in upper Krishna basin mostly for
agriculture, industrial, domestic, and generates hydro power. Past some
decades population is increasing vary rapidly and due to increasing population
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increase its requirements. Fulfillment of its needs like food grains, vegetables
and others there are necessity of irrigation in agriculture. Production and
productivity of agriculture depend on the irrigation facility and regularity of
irrigation. Beside that water is required to completion for their domestic and
industrial demands. But other hand utilization of water for irrigation, industrial
and domestic purpose is not properly utilized and it causes to losses of water.
Table 5.4: Utilization of Water in Upper Krishna Basin of Major Projects
(Water storage Mm3) in percentage
Project Total
Storage (Mm
3)
Utilizable Storage (Mm
3)
Irrigation (%)
Domestic (%)
Industrial (%)
Dhom 382.27
Kanher 286.00 602.78 79.85 22.55 1.96
Warna 974.19 779.34 98.56 10.59 4.61
Radhanagari 236.79 219.97 89.02 10.98 0.00
Tulshi 96.28 91.92 53.79 46.21 0.00
Dudhganga 719.12 679.11 69.42 24.81 1.83
Total 5492.05 5025.52 39.12 9.03 1.20
Source: Based on Annual Report of Irrigation Department Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur
Districts-2010.
Water utilization for domestic purpose is depending on the population
size and type of settlement. Tulshi project command area water utilization for
domestic purpose is 46.21 per cent due to high population density and high
urbanization. Secondly Dudhganga project water utilization is 24.81 per cent
out of their total utilizable storage. In Satara district Dhom project, domestic
water utilization is 22.55 per cent. Kanher project reported water required for
drinking purpose is 20.10 per cent. Water is released from project in to Krishna
and Venna river for Wai, Satara, Rahimtpur and villages along to Krishna river,
particularly water is utilized for domestic purposes. But the observations of
these villages’ shows those numbers of settlements are not taken permission
from the irrigation department for required water. So, the data available from
irrigation department is not factual. The Government regional water supply
department digging jack well in to bed and according to their opinion they are
143
not lifted water from river. They utilized the ground water for domestic
purpose.
Another water use for non irrigation is industrial use. Out of utilizable
water averagely 1.20 per cent water utilize for industrial purpose. Industrial use
of water from dam is highest of Warana project. Warana projects 4.61 percent
water utilized for industrial use in Kolhapur and Sangli district. Warana project
command area is highly developed by the agro based industries such as sugar,
milk processing and cotton industries. Some another engineering industries are
developed in both Sangli and Kolhapur district.
Fig.5.5
Dhom and Kanher water utilized in industries 1.96 per cent and 2.15 per
cent respectively. Dhom and Kanher command area in Wai, Satara and
Koregaon tahsils are highly irrigated and the agro based and another industrial
development taken places. But the observations and data availability from
irrigation department industrial utilization is less than domestic purpose. Some
industries are taken permission for domestic water and it is reported more than
industrial utilization.
Project-wise Water Utilization (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Dhom &
Kanher
Warna Radhanagari Tulshi Dudhganga
Project
Uti
liza
tio
n (
%)
Irrigation Domestic Industrial
144
Planned and Actual Non Irrigation Utilization
At the time of project construction water utilization was planned by
expert committee. But after completion of project constructions water
utilization of projects are differently observed. The table 5.5 Non irrigation
water utilization is very less in Kanher (12.10%) and Dhom (20.54%) to
planned utilization. Tulshi water projects actual water utilization is 4266.67 per
cent to planned NI use. Warna project (110.01 %) NI utilization is more than
planned share.
Table 5.5: Actual NI and Planned Utilization (Utilization Mm³)
Project NI Use
(Mm³)
Planned NI Use
(Mm³)
% of NI to Planned NI
Dhom 4.21 20.50 20.54
Kanher 1.21 10.00 12.10
Warna 8.57 7.79 110.01
Radhanagari 18.47 19.00 97.21
Tulshi 6.40 0.15 4266.67
Dudhganga 7.81 8.60 90.81
Krishna LIS 59.96 66.50 90.17
Total 106.63 132.54 80.45
Source: Based on Report of Water Aduting, 2009-10.
Note: NI = Non Irrigation
Radhanagari, Dudhganga and Krishna lift irrigation scheme non
irrigation utilization is more than 90 per cent. Non irrigation utilization of
water from projects is increased due to population growth, living standard,
urbanization and industrialization. Kolhapur district present non irrigation
utilization to planned utilization is comparatively high with Satara districts.
Status of NI Water Use of Major Project (Mm3)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Dh
om
Kan
her
Warn
a
Rad
han
ag
ari
Tu
lsh
i
Du
dh
gan
ga
Kri
shn
a L
IS
Project
Wa
ter U
se (
Mm
3)
Actual Planned
Fig.5.6
145
B) Medium Projects
Water storage capacity and also utilizable water of medium project is
less than the major project because the project site and availability of rainfall.
Due the catchment area the size of medium projects are small. Therefore, the
medium projects are fulfilled in rainy season and its stored water is used for
irrigation and non irrigation purpose. The eastern part of the upper Krishna
basin avails numbers of such projects and it is the main source of water for
completing the local demands of water requirements up to some level. Most of
the medium projects were constructed for completing the irrigation, industry
and domestic needs.
Table 5.6 : Water Utilization of Medium Irrigation projects of Upper Krishna
Basin (Mm³)
Name Tahsil
Utilizable
Storage
(Mm³)
Water for
Irrigation
(%)
Water for
Domestic
(%)
Water for
Industries
(%)
Yevti Mahasoli Karad 96.49 54.42 23.26 0.42
Yeralwadi Khatav 59.76 69.18 1.53 0.00
Basspawadi K.mahankal 80.57 100.00 0.00 0.00
Sidhewadi Tasgaon 71.85 45.08 54.92 0.00
Morana(Shirala) Shirala 71.64 100.00 0.00 0.00
Kasari Sahuadi 99.24 100.00 0.00 0.00
Jangamhatti Chandagad 97.05 79.43 15.45 5.12
Chitri Ajara 98.26 69.26 18.33 12.40
Chikotra Ajara 99.74 91.49 8.51 0.00
Kadvi Sahuwadi 99.02 94.78 5.22 0.00
Patgaon Bhudargad 99.52 80.93 11.44 7.64
Kumbhi Bavada 99.48 100.00 0.00 0.00
Total 94.89 87.74 7.67 3.17
Source: Based on Report of Water Aduting, 2009-10.
The above table and fig. 5.7 has shows the utilization of water from
medium projects of upper Krishna basin, which is differ from one another. The
project Patgaon from Bhudargad tahsil reported highest utilizable store (99.52
%) and out of these storage 80.93 per cent, 11.44 per cent, and 7.64 per cent
water are utilized for irrigation, domestic and industrial purpose respectively.
The Yeralwadi medium irrigation project lies in scanty rainfall region of
Khatav tahsil and it is reported the utilization of its water for irrigation (69.18
%), domestic (1.53 %) and due to absents of industries water isn’t supply to
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industrial category. Like the same Morana, Kasari, Basappawadi and Kumbhi
medium irrigation projects catchment area have not confined the industries.
Therefore, water from these projects aren’t utilized for industrial and domestic
purpose but their water is only used for irrigation, which are sent percent and
these projects have water storage capacity Basspawadi (80.57 %), Morana
(71.64 %), Kasari (99.24 %) and Kumbhi (99.48 %). Siddhewadi project
reveals from Tasgaon tahsil which lies in drought prone zone and its water
storage capacity is about 71.85 per cent, out of this water 54.92 per cent and
45.08 per cent water utilized for domestic and irrigation purpose respectively.
Water Utilization S tatus of Medium Project (Mm3)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Yev
ti M
ah
aso
li
Yera
lwad
i
Bass
paw
ad
i
Sid
hew
ad
i
Mo
ran
a(S
hir
ala
)
Kasa
ri
Jan
gam
hatt
i
Ch
itri
Ch
iko
tra
Kad
vi
Patg
aon
Ku
mb
hi
Project
Uti
liza
tio
n (
Mm
3)
Irrigation Domestic Industries
Fig. 5.7
The Ajra tahsil reported two medium projects which are Chitri (98.26
%) and Chikotra (99.74 %). Out of this water Chitri reveals the water
utilization for the 69.26 per cent (irrigation), 18.33 per cent (domestic) and
only 12.40 per cent (industrial) which is stand highest in study region. The
Chikotra projects shows that maximum water utilized for irrigation (91.49 %)
and 8.51 per cent for domestic purpose. The project Jangamhatti located in
Chandgad tahsil with having 97.05 per cent storage and out of this storage
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79.43 per cent for irrigation, 15.45 per cent for domestic and 5.12 per cent
industrial use.
The study region is revealed the 94.89 per cent storage of water and out
of this water 87.74 per cent used for irrigation, 7.67 per cent for domestic and
3.17 per cent water for industrial sectors is used. The above discussion is
revealed that very less quantity of water is utilized for industrial sector,
followed that domestic and highest recorded for irrigation purpose.
C) Minor Projects
The study region avails the numbers of minor projects but its
distribution shows maximum in eastern part and less observed in western part,
but as per storage capacity western minor projects hold more volume of water
than the eastern part. Major intention of various agencies before the
construction of such types projects are to increase the ground water level as
well as this water can be used for irrigation and domestic purpose. As far as
concern to its data, field observations, local people interviews and
questionnaires are provided few information but the official record didn’t able
to provide authentic information of minor projects in the respect of water
utilization.
Minor irrigation project is important surface water asset in upper
Krishna basin. Livestorage in eastern portion of study region is 127.39 Mm³
and 153.93 Mm³ in western area. Live storage in minor project is 85.64 per
cent in eastern tahsils and 96.75 per cent in western tahsils minor irrigation
projects.
Water utilization of minor irrigation projects is various purposes. In
deficit zone Yerala and Agarani basin water of minor irrigation projects water
utilized by canals 13.26 per cent and reserviors lift water utilization is 28.47
per cent. In western part of study region 24.75 per cent water is utilized for
irrigation by canals. But both region mamimum water utilized in rabbi and HW
season. Another source of water utilizatin for irrigation is reserviors lift. By
148
reserviors lift water was utilized in deficit zone is 28.47 per cent and in surplus
zone 55.46 Per cent lift form reservoirs.
It is concluded that the imbalance in water storage and water utilization.
Water storages are high in surplus water zone in western part of study area and
lowest in eastern part of upper Krishna basin. Due to physiographic
unfavorable condition water utilizations by lift source is high in rabbi season.
Actual water utilization for NI use and recorded NI use is different. Apart from
this it is observed that industries getting permission for industrial use less and
drinking purpose is high because tariff for drinking purpose is low.
5.4 WATER LOSSES
Water losses are worldwide phenomenon which suffers the different
activities of human being. As concern to study region loss of water is the chief
problem not only in the western part of the upper Krishna basin but also in the
Yerala and Kanher catchment area (eastern part). Due to the availability of
abundant water in western zone minimize the severity but most of volume of
eastern zone un benefited by various ways of water losses. Water storage and
water distribution methods are the major causes of water lost. It includes
natural and manmade causes. Water losses are due to evaporation from
reservoirs, canal leakage and seepage in project site. Evaporation rate is
depending on the temperature, wind velocity and wind direction, water spared
area and depth of water storage.
A) Major Projects
In upper Krishna basin major water projects evaporation losses is 119.72
Mm³ yearly. But the annual average of water loss by evaporation is 5.23 per
cent to actual live storage. A water loss by evaporation is high in Dudhganga
project. The comparison with actual live storage with evaporation losses is high
in Dhom (9.79 %) project in Satara district. With compare to live storage of
Warana project (2.93 %) evaporation losses (2.93 %) is very less. Another
water projects from Kolhapur district Tulshi and Radhanagari shows
evaporation is 4 to 6 per cent from live storage. It is observed that in Kolhapur
149
district, project evaporation losses is low because of low temperature and in
Satara district it reveals more due to high temperature.
Actual evaporation and projected evaporation rate is different at Dhom
irrigation project. Projected evaporation is 36.24 Mm³ and actual evaporation is
69.15 per cent. The table 5.7 and fig. 5.9 have presented the clear idea about
water loss of the study region.
Table 5.7: Percentage of Actual Evaporation to Projected Evaporation in
Study Region (Mm³)
Project
Actual
Evaporation
(Mm³)
Projected
Evaporation
(Mm³)
Percentage of
Evaporation
Dhom 25.06 36.24 69.15
Kanher 25.76 26.05 98.89
Warna 22.96 23.14 99.22
Radhanagri 14.06 15.07 93.30
Dudhganga 27.04 28.12 96.16
Tulshi 4.83 5.17 93.42
Source: Based on Report of Water Auditing of Irrigation Projects in Maharashtra State,
2009-10.
The major projects namely Kanher, Radhanagari, Dudhganga, Tulshi
and Warana have depicted actual and projected evaporation rates are nearly
equal. The project Warana has maximum evaporation rate which is 99.22 per
cent, followed that Kanher (98.89 %), Dudhganga (96.16 %), Tulshi (93.42 %)
and Radhanagari shows comparatively low and it was 93.30 per cent.
Water Losses by Evaporation Major Project (Mm3)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Dhom Kanher Warana Radhanagri Dudhganga Tulshi
Project
Ev
ap
ora
tio
n (
Mm
3 )
Actual Projected
Fig.5.9
150
B) Medium Projects
Evaporation loss of water from medium project is natural phenomena.
But evaporation losses rate is spatio temporal variation in study area. Total
water available in medium project is 547.9 Mm³ in upper krishna basin. Out of
them 61.79 Mm³ water loss by evaporation. Evaporation losses is low in Kasari
(7.08 Mm³), Ghatprabha (7.14 Mm³) and Patgaon (7.58 Mm³) medium project.
Medium irrigation project of Kadavi, Jangamhatti, Yeoti Masoli, Chitri,
Morana Chikotra and Siddhewadi have 10 to 20 Mm³ medium evaporation
losses. Project from Satara district Krishna Canal and Khodasi Backwater
(38.80Mm³) and Yeralwadi (23.98Mm³) evaporation losses is high.
Evaporation losses is low in Western part of the study region and it increses
towards eastern part of study area (Siddhewadi and Yeralwadi) (fig.5.10).
Table 5.8: Ratio of Actual Evaporation to Live Storage in Study Region (Mm³)
Project Actual Live
Storage (Mm³)
Evaporation
(Mm³)
Ratio %
Evaporation
Chikotra 32.89 5.92 18.00
Chitri 53.41 7.92 14.83
Ghatprabha 38.64 2.76 7.14
Jangamhatti 34.83 4.34 12.46
Kadvi 70.56 8.66 12.27
Kasari 77.97 5.52 7.08
Khodshi 8.35 3.24 38.80
Kumbhi 76.04 5.77 7.59
Morna 16.64 2.86 17.19
Patgaon 105.99 8.03 7.58
Yeoti Masoli 6.88 0.86 12.50
Bassapawadi 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dodda Nalla 0.42 0.09 19.84
Sankh 9.81 2.89 23.98
Siddhewadi 6.10 1.21 18.00
Yeralwadi 19.60 4.70 14.83
Total 547.90 61.79 11.28
Source: Based on Report of Water Auditing of Irrigation Projects in Maharashtra State,
2009-10
151
Fig. 5.9
Evaporation rate and live storage correlation is positive. But medium
project evaporation and live storage r value is 0.002 it idecates the a weak
lenear positive corelation. So, it indecates that the temprature, wind velosity,
natural vegetation cover impact on the evaporation losses. Temprature and
evaporation losses correlation r value is 0.00038 it is weak positive correlation.
But the submergency area of medium project and evaporation losses correlation
r value is 0.046. It shows the weak positive correlation but with comparative to
other factor it is highly positive correlation.
Water Losses by Evaporation Medium Project
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Chik
otra
Chitri
Ghat
pra
bha
Jangam
hat
ti
Kad
vi
Kas
ari
Khodsh
i
Kum
bhi
Morn
a
Pat
gao
n
Yeo
ti M
aso
li
Dodda
Nal
la
Sankh
Sid
dhew
adi
Yer
alw
adi
Project
Wate
r (M
m3)
Actual Live Storage (Mm³) Evaporation (Mm³)
Fig.5.10
152
C) Minor Project
Minor irrigation projects water storage capacity is very low. Evaporation
losses in eastern part are 31.57 per cent of stored water. Western part of study
region water losses due to evaporation losses is 14.16 per cent. Water leakage
of stored water and losses by same procedure at the time of distribution is
22.76 per cent in eastern part and 4.87 per cent in western part.
Table 5.9: Zone-Wise Water Losses of Minor Project in Study Region (%)
Project Evaporation
(%)
Leakage
(%)
Eastern Zone 31.57 22.76
Western Zone 14.16 4.87
Source: Based on Report of Water Auditing of Irrigation Projects in Maharashtra State,
2009-10.
It is concluded that the imbalance in water storage and water utilization.
Water storages are high in surplus water zone in western part of study area and
lowest in eastern part of upper Krishna basin. Due to physiographic
unfavorable condition water utilizations by lift source is high in rabbi season.
Actual water utilization for NI use and recorded NI use is different. Apart from
this it is observed that industries getting permission for industrial use less and
drinking purpose is high because tariff for drinking purpose is low.
Losses of Water Minor Project (Mm3)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Evaporat ion Leakage
Loss Type
Wa
ter L
oss
(M
m3)
Eastern Zone Western Zone
Fig.5.11
153
5.5 STATUS OF EXISTING LINK WATER PROJECTS IN STUDY
REGION
Diverting an excess of water from surplus sources to deficient source is
traditional process. From long time period the farmer’s link wells by the
transferring water. From the time of Dr. K.L Rao, Former Union Minister of
Power and Irrigation who proposed the idea of National water grid to another
proposal of Garland Canal mooted by caption Dinshwa Dastur, it has been
endeavor of the planners of modern India to put in place a project that could
transform a dream into reality (Chatterjee, 2008). The common idea behind the
interlinking of rivers is to avoid the enormous draining of untapped water flow
into sea. To cop up with the every year floods and droughts at the same time in
different area and increasing demand for the water in agriculture, domestic and
industrial utilization there is the need of transferring water from abundant zone
to deficit zone. To overcome on this problem Govt. of India formed a
Taskforce in 2002 to suggest some planning for inter linking the rivers. Present
commission suggested 30 inter basin water transfer project in India. Out of
them 9 links are independent and 21 are mutually supported to each others.
In upper Krishna basin surface water is unevenly distributed. The
western part of the study region is surplus water zone and eastern part is water
deficit zone creates the flood and drought condition in same time. To fulfill
water demand of the eastern part of study region Govt. of Maharashtra planned
some water transfer projects in study region. But the some water transfer
projects are partly completed and other projects are incomplete from last 20
years. So the researcher put forward the present status of link project in study
region. Because the water transfer projects command area can bring the
transformation in agricultural sector as well as socio-economic status.
PARTLY COMPLETED RIVER LINKAGE PROJECT
The eastern part of study region is frequently suffering by water deficit
and its impacts are reflected through the main agriculture and its allied
activities. Due to inadequate rainfall and frequently droughts always disturbed
154
the economy of farmers of eastern part. Some medium and minor irrigation
projects are constructed in drought prone region. But due to the low rainfall in
last ten year, there are 3 to 4 times these projects were fulfilled up to optimum
level. From 2001 to 2004 and 2011 in drought year no. of irrigation projects of
Khatav, Khanapur, Kavtemahankal and Jath tahsils water storage was below
the dead storage. So, overcome on this problem transfer surplus water from
western part to eastern drought prone region by natural gravity or by lifting.
Considering this fact the Government of Maharashtra has planned to linkage
and water transfer program in sub-basins of upper Krishna.
Table 5.10: Inter Basin Water Transfer in Upper Krishna Basin (Mm³)
Name of Project Water
Transfer
Water Transfer Sub Basin
Dhom-Balkawadi Tunnel 109 Remaining Bhima
Jihe Kathapur Lift Irrigation Scheme 38 Upper Krishna East
Jihe Kathapur Lift Irrigation Scheme 22 Remaining Bhima
Tarli Project 48 Remaining Bhima
Tarli Project 48 Upper Krishna East
Urmodi Project 105 Remaining Bhima
Urmodi Project 169 Upper Krishna East
Tembhu Lift Irrigation Scheme 341 Upper Krishna East
Tembhu Lift Irrigation Scheme 282 Remaining Bhima
Krishna Koyana Lift Irrigation Scheme Takari 847 Upper Krishna East
Krishna Koyana Lift Irrigation Scheme Maishal 66 Upper Krishna East
Krishna Koyana Lift Irrigation Scheme Maishal 66 Remaining Bhima
Koyana Hydro Project 1911 Upper Krishna East
Total 4052
Source: Based on Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission Report Vol. II, 1999.
According to Krishna water Dispute Tribunal water transfer in to eastern
side by Koyana project should not be more than 1911 Mm³. Ghatprabha basin
water utilization is not more than 198 Mm³. Upper Krishna basin can utilize
2690 Mm³ (Bhima basin) and 14128 (Upper Krishna basin) whole Krishna
basin can utilize 16818 Mm³. According to Tribunal Government of
Maharashtra planned to transfer surplus water in to deficit zone. Some water is
transfered by Dhom-Balkawadi Tunnel (109 Mm³) into Nira basin in northern
side of study region. Another Jihe Kathapur Lift Irrigation Scheme (22 Mm³),
Tarli project (48 Mm³), Urmodi project (105 Mm³) and Krishna Koyana Lift
155
Irrigation Scheme Maishal (66 Mm³) schemes transfer water in to remaining
Bhima basin.
Jihe Kathapur Lift Irrigation Scheme (38 Mm³), Tarli Project (48 Mm³),
Urmodi Project (169 Mm³), Tembhu Lift Irrigation Scheme (341 Mm³),
Krishna Koyana Lift Irrigation Scheme Takari (847 Mm³) and Krishna Koyana
Lift Irrigation Scheme Maishal (66 Mm³) into upper Krishna east sub basin
namely Yerala and Agarani.
But out of them Krishna Koyana Lift Irrigation Scheme Maishal, Takari
project and Tembhu Lift Irrigation Scheme are partly and Arphal on the way of
completion. These project link the upper Krishna West basin with upper
Krishna east Yerla sub basins. Tembhu lift irrigation scheme lift water from
Krishna river near Tembhu village in Karad tahsil by stage first and second.
After that two stages water flow by Tembhu canal up to Hingaon Khurd in
Hingaon minor irrigation project constructed on Nandni river tributary of
Yerla. That place Krishna links to Nandni.
Another From Kanher dam Arphal canal enters from Arphal tunnel
passing Surli ghat and opens near Shivani village in Kadegaon tahsil. Arphal
canal conduit in Nandani river. That place Venna links to Nandani. Takari lift
irrigation project is constructed near Takari village in Walwa tahsil on Krishna
river. After lifting water from first stage water is stored at second stage at
Sagreshwar. And from second stage water is lifted by pumps passes through
Takari canal. Present Krishna Koyana lift irrigation Takari canal passes
through Kadegaon tahsil and at Nevari in Khanapur tahsil across Yerala river.
That place Krishna links to Yerala. Before that links Yerala is seasonal water in
only rainy season. Yerala is known as ‘Dry River’ in study region. After these
links of Western river with eastern sub basin agricultural set-up is total
changed.
A) Arphal Project
Kanher dam is constructed on the Venna river and reservoirs water is
distributed through left and right bank canal. Left bank canal of the Kanher
dam across the Krishna river near Arphal village then canal name is changed.
156
Arphal project is important for the drought prone tahsils of Sangli district.
Total command area of Arphal canal is 31005 ha. in Satara and Sangli district.
Length of Arphal canal is 192.28 km and water transfer by the natural gravity
system. Another Palus branch (33 km) is constructed to distribute water for
Palus tahsil in Sangli district. Surli ghat is the main barrier to transfer water in
to eastern part of study region. So, irrigation department prepare a tunnel (17
km) at Surli ghat. Tunnel starts near village Vanvasmachi in Karad tahsil and
ends near Shivani village in Kadegaon tahsil. Arphal project connect Venna
river with Nandni, Yerla and Agarni in upper Krishna basin.
Command Area
Arphal project command area is distributed in to two Satara and Sangli
district. Total command area is 31005 ha. Sangli district is highly benefited of
this project. Karad tahsil (7988 ha) command area which is highest in Satara
district secondly Koregaon (5100 ha) and Satara tahsil only 1159 ha command
area.
Table 5.11: Arphal Canal Command Area (ha) Tahsil Area (ha) Water (Mm³)
Satara 1159 119.023
Koregaon 5100 136.779
Karad 7988 51.703
Khanapur 1503 9.729
Tasgaon 10185 65.923
Palus 4414 28.57
Kadegaon 656 4.246
Source: Based on Silent Features of Arphal Project 2010.
Tahsils from Sangli district command area is different from each other.
Tasgaon (10185 ha) command area is highest and Kadegaon tahsil command
area is lowest. Another Palus (4414 ha) and Khanapur (1503 ha) area comes
under Arphal project.
157
Tahsil-wise Command Area of Arphal Project (ha)
1159, 4%
5100, 16%
7988, 26%
1503, 5%
10185, 33%
4414, 14%
656, 2%
Satara
Koregaon
Karad
Khanapur
Tasgaon
Palus
Kadegaon
Fig.5.13
Present Status
Arphal project work is completed in 2006 and from this period water is
distributed by main canal system. Before 2006 Arphal canal work up to Karad
tahsil was completed and Satara, Koregaon and Karad tahsils benefited by this
project from last 15 years. From 2006 Arphal canal links the Venna with Yerla
and more than 45 villages are benefited by this project. But some distribution
canal work is incomplete in Tasgaon tahsil because of low budget sanction and
conflicts with farmers. Due to Arphal project more than 100 villages which
were drought affected in 2002 but in 2012 they are away from drought
condition.
B) Takari Lift Irrigation Project
Government of Maharashtra cannot utilize water share of Krishna by the
gravitational flow because of the unfavorable physiography of western
Maharashtra. So Govt. irrigation department proposed Krishna Koyana lift
irrigation schemes namely Takari and Maishal to provide water for drought
prone region of Sangli district. Takari lift irrigation project sanctioned by Govt.
of Maharashtra in 1984 for 51994 ha command area. The water is lifted from
the Satpewadi barrage constructed on Krishna river in Walwa tahsil. Water
transfer from this project in Yerala and Agarni basin is 9.34 TMC by four
stages. Water transfer by lifting 220 m from the Krishna river by four pump
158
house. Water released by Koyana dam lifted 58 m from first stage in to second
stage located at Sagreshwar ghat. From second stage 55 m water transfer 765 m
long and 55 m height distribution tank constructed at the top of Sagreshwar.
Then water transfer by gravitational flow canal is constructed 7 km and third
stage Chinchni and Sonsal tanks are filling up through 48.35 m water lifting.
Takari water lift project utilized 53884 HP and total annual utilization will be
180.34 million units. Takari lift irrigation lift links the Nandani, Yerala and
Agarani seasonal rivers to Krishna.
Command Area
Revised command area of Takari Lift irrigation scheme is 34397 ha in
upper Krishna basin. Total length of main Takari canal is 134 km. Command
area of Takari project is mainly in Sangli district. Tasgaon (14082 ha) tahsil
command area is high and secondly 14475 ha area irrigated by the Takari
canal. Remaining Khanapur (4685 ha), Palus (548 ha) , Miraj (478 ha) and
Walwa (129ha) area under Takari lift irrigation Scheme.
Table 5.12: Command Area –Takari Project (ha)
Tahsil Area (ha)
Walwa 129
Kadegaon 14475
Khanapur 4685
Tasgaon 14082
Palus 548
Miraj 478
Total 34397
Source: Based on Silent Features of Takari Project 2010.
159
Tahsil-wise Command Area of Takari Project (ha)
129, 0%
14475, 42%
4685, 14%
14082, 41%
548, 2%
478, 1%
Walwa
Kadegaon
Khanapur
Tasgaon
Palus
Miraj
Fig.5.14
Present Status
Out of 182 km canal work 113 km canal construction is complited and 40
km canal is plastered to avoid the percolation losses. But 14 km canal work up
to 2012 not started. Presently up to 91 km canal water is distributed for
irrigation. Under the present project KT weirs are constructed at Bhalavni,
Nevari and Hanmant Wadiye on natural drainages. Construction of Ramapur
KT weir in progress stage. Area of Kadegaon, Khanapur and Tasgaon tahsils
16407 ha irrigated. River Nandni and Yerla are connected by Takari link
project and villages of Kadegaon, Khanapur, Palus and Tasgaon tahsils
benefited and they are away from 2012 drought conditions. But the canal
distributaries work in Tasgaon tahsil is not fully completed so the all farmers
not get the befits of irrigation.
C) Tembhu Lift Irrigation Project
The drought prone area which is 650 to 855 high above from the river level
of Krishna. The project was sanctioned in 1996 to irrigate 80472 ha area of
Satara, Sangli and Solapur tahsil namely Karad, Kadegaon, Tasgaon,
Khanapur, Atpadi, Kavtemahankal and Sangola. The Tembhu lift irrigation
project constructed barrage across the Krishna river near Tembhu village in
Karad tahsil. With the help of five stages raising main, canals and tunnels 22
160
TMC water transfer from Krishna river to eastern part. For lifting water in five
stages total 111 electric pumps are required. Present cost of the project is
1416.59 crore and command area is extended up to 110644 ha. Water available
for the transfer from Koyana (17.27 TMC), Wang (0.93 TMC), Tarali (1.70
TMC) and Solshi (3.00TMC) major and medium projects in western part of
study region. To transfer water from Tembhu project requirement of electricity
is 153.07 MW. Tembhu lift irrigation scheme connected Nandni and Yerala
and Agarni with Krishna through canal.
Command Area
Tembhu lift irrigation total command area is 80472 ha but out of them
44472 ha area in upper Krishna basin eastern part. To transfer the water from
Krishna basin 11 canals and 5 tunnels construction is proposed. Out of these
Surli canal work is 100 per cent work is comleted and water is distributed from
2011 up to Shivajinagar and Hingaon minor tank.
Table 5.13: Command Area of Tembhu Project (ha)
Tahsil Stage I Stage II Stage
III
Stage
IV
Stage V Total
Karad Nil 600 Nil Nil Nil 600
Kadegaon 5925 3400 Nil Nil Nil 9325
Khanapur Nil Nil 12975 4000 2000 18375
Tasgaon Nil Nil 7700 Nil Nil 7700
Kavtemahankal Nil Nil 7872 Nil Nil 7872
Total 5925 4000 28547 4000 2000 44472
Source: Based on Report of Tembhu Irrigation Department, 2011.
Table and fig. show the tahsil-wise command area in study region. Out
of them Khanapur tahsil (18375 ha) has highest command area and Karad (600
ha) lowest commend area benefited by this project.
161
Tahsil-wise Command Area of Tembhu Project (ha)
600, 1%
9325, 21%
18375, 42%
7700, 18%
7872, 18%
Karad
Kadegaon
Khanapur
Tasgaon
Kavathemahankal
Fig.5.15
Present Status
Out of 5 stages first and second stage are completed in sept. 2009 and partly
water lifting from those stages started. But out of total command area by Surli
and Kamathi canal 3437 ha area irrigated from June 2012 in first and second
stage in Karad, Kadegaon tahsils. Water is stored in 25 minor irrigation
projects by link canals in Karad and Kadegaon tahsils. But from Hingaon
project 50 per cent work is till uncompleted so Khanapur, Tasgaon and
Kavtemahankal tahsils command area is away from the irrigation facility
provided by Tembhu project. One 4.5 MW hydro electric project is constructed
near Tembhu barrage and it is on BOT basis started from 2009.
D) Wakurde Budruk Lift Irrigation
Wakurde lift irrigation project is beneficial for the Satara and Sangli
district. Present project proposed to give irrigation facility to hilly regions of
Shirala, Walwa and Karad tahsils. Govt. of Maharashtra gives sanction for
present project in 1998 and cost of this project was Rs. 109.68 crore. Water is
lifted 117 m from the left bank canal of Warana project in four stages. Warana
and Krishna rivers are the major rivers in Western Maharashtra which are
linked together by Wakurde lift irrigation scheme in Shirala tahsil. This project
having in to two parts out of which execution of first stage work is completed.
162
First stage water from Warna river is lifted at about 45 m head from Warana
left bank canal km 24 near village Khiravade and then water goes by link canal
of 3050 m up to Hategaon. From the Hategaon tank water is lifted by pump
house in second stage about 60 m head and placed in Wakurde Minor Irrigation
tank and then through 2400 m canal which includes Badewadi- Biur tunnel up
to 1660 m. From Wakurde tank water of Warana river flows through Yenape tunnel
and goes in South Mand river in Karad tahsil of Satara district which is tributary of
Krishna river. The project is Partly completed and starts from December 2011.
Command Area
Wakurde lift irrigation project is maximum benefited to Sangli district.
Proposed command area of project is 35107 ha and out of them Walwa tahsil
23393 ha) is highest in command area. Secondly Shirala tahsil 8942 ha)
agricultural area comes under the irrigation facility. The southern part of Karad
tahsil benefited for 2772 ha along the south Mand river.
Table 5.14: Wakurde Project Command Area (ha)
District Tahsil Command Area
(ha)
Satara Karad 2772
Sangli Shirala 8942
Sangli Walwa 23393
Source: Based on Silent Features of Wakurde Project 2011.
Tahsil-wise Command Area of Wakurde Project (ha)
2772, 8%
8942, 25%
23393, 67%
Karad
Shirala
Walwa
Fig.5.16
163
Present Status
Wakurde project work was started in 2000 and pump house, link canal,
Khiravade and Hategaon tunnels in first stage, second stage pump house,
tunnels work is completed. From the December 2011 water is released from
Yenape tunnel in to South Mand river and 2772 ha area irrigated in Karad
tahsil. Second part of the project work is not started but some canal work is
complete. According to modified proposal cost of project is Rs. 772.62 crore
and per hactre cost is Rs. 2.20 lakh.
E) Urmodi Project
Urmodi is the main tributary of Krishna river and Urmodi dam is
constructed near Parali village in Satara tahsil. Government of Maharashtra
sanctioned Rs. 212.07 crore for this project. The main aim of project to lift
water from western part to eastern drought prone region and irrigate 32000 ha
area of Khatav and man tahsil. Present project consist Satara left canal (15 km),
Satara right canal (32 km), Kanher link canal (8 km) , Khatav (76 km) and Man
(31 km) canal. Water is lifted from two stages near Wather and Kobadwadi
village in Koregaon tahsil. Urmodi project connect river Venna, Urmodi with
eastern part Yerala.
Command Area
Total command area of Urmodi project is 43870 ha includes Satara,
Khatav and man tahsils of Satara district. The drought prone tahsils Khatav
(16000 ha) and Man 16000 ha) command area are irrigated after completion of
project. Another Satara tahsils 11870 ha area comes under irrigation facility by
natural gravitational. Water from Urmodi project transfer towards eastern part
of study region. Khatav and man tahsils get 3.40 TMC water for irrigation.
164
Tahsil-wise Command Area of Urmodi Project (ha)
16000, 37%
16000, 36%
11870, 27%
Khatav
Man
Satara
Fig.5.17
Present Status
Urmodi project dam construction is completed and 9.96 TMC water was
stored from last two years. Kanher link canal and Khatav canal work is
completed and lift pump house work is partly completed. Satara and Man canal
works are in progressive stage. From 2010 water is released from stage first
and second and 3281 ha area of Khatav tahsil is irrigated. In 2011-12 water
from this project fill up the minor project supplied drinking water for 53
villages. Project revised cost is Rs. 1417.75 crore and per hectare cost is 3.23
lakh.
F) Mhaisal Lift Irrigation Scheme
The water is proposed to be lifted at Mhaisal for this scheme. The
intake is located just upstream of Mhaisal KT weir to take advantage of the
storage behind the existing KT weir. Expected rock is seen on left bank of
Krishna river. The intake is fixed about 300 m upstream of KT weir to
minimize the silt problem. Geology of the intake site is lava flows Deccan trap,
basaltic and geru layers covered by soil. At the river banks rocks are covered
by boulders sand silt and alluvium. Mhaisal lift irrigation project proposed for
Sangli and Solapur district for irrigation. Central Water Commission, New
165
Delhi recommended Krishna Koyana lift irrigation (Takari and Mhaisal) in
1989 and granted permission to lift 24.85 TMC water from Krishna river. After
first approval adding sixth stage of Mhaisal permission was extended up to
25.937 TMC to lift water from Krishna river. In kharif season 6.216 TMC
water will be available between 1st July to 30
th September from run-off of
Krishna and in fair weather and hot season 19.721 TMC from Koyana and
Warana reservoirs. Total cost of the Takari and Mhasial project in 1984 was Rs
82.83 and per hectare cost is Rs 1.85 lakh with 1.55 cost benefit ratio. But due
to delay in work present cost of project is Rs. 3042.48 crore.
Command Area
Command area of Mhaisal lift irrigation scheme is distributed in Sangli
and Solapur district. Total command area of the present scheme is 82922 ha in
Sangli and Solapur district. In Sangli district Miraj (33540), Kavathemahankal
(13964), Jath (22888) and Tasgaon (2380) tahsils agricultural land comes under
the command area.
Command Area of Mhasial Project in
Sangli District
13964, 19%
22888, 31%
2380, 3%
33540, 47%
Miraj
Kavathemahankal
Jath
Tasgaon
Fig.5.18
166
Table 5.15 Canal-wise Command Area of Mhaisal Project
Name of
canal
Length
(km)
Irrigable
Area (ha) Name of canal
Length
(km)
Irrigable Area
(ha)
Bedag 09 2477 Devnal 59 6120
Kalambi 42 9765 Bilur 24 4980
Left Arag 07 2306 Gavan - 645
Lingnoor 15 2346
Banavdi
Kharshing - 225
Salgare 33 10200 Dongarwadi 18 2500
Khanderajuri 36 9375
Agalgaon
Jakhapur 20 1910
K.mahankal 73 9371 KT weir on Agrani - 492
Jath 83 21450 Total 419 84162
Source: Based on Silent Features of Mhaisal Project, 2010.
Present Status
There are six stages of project proposed for lifting water and head work
is in between 21.40 to 69.98 m. Due to up and down topography some tunnels
are proposed in this projects. There are three tunnels in Jath link canal in 0 to
20 km. Mhaisal lift irrigation project work is partly completed in Sangli
district. Stage I to Vth
head work and Gavan stage work is completed.
Dongarwadi and Banewadi stage work is partly completed but Agalgaon
Jakhapur lift irrigation stage work is not started. Main canal and tunnel works
up to Jath tahsil is completed and water is distributed from last year. Project
work is partly completed and in 2011 – 2012, 12000 ha area was seasonally
irrigated in Sangli district.
INCOMPLETE RIVER LINKAGE PROJECTS
Utilization of excess water from western part of upper Krishna basin
government of Maharashtra planned many water transfer link project in study
region. But because of some economical as well as some local problems some
projects are not completed from last 20 years. These projects are as below.
A) Tarali Project
Tarali project constructed on the river Tarali near Dangisthewadi in
Patan tahsil. Present project water transfers to Man and Khatav drought prone
167
tahsils by Urmodi project canal. Total command area of Tarli project 19498 ha
in Patan, Khatav and Man tahsils. Out of them by water transferring 11938 ha
area can irrigated. In present condition more than 90 per cent dam construction
is completed. Khatav canal work also completed but Koparade canal and Man
canal works are awaited because of low budget and local people oppose.
B) Jihe Kathapur
Khatav and Man are frequently drought prone tahsils in Satara district so
Govt. of Maharashtra sanctioned in 1997 Jihe Kathapur lift irrigation project to
transfer 3.17 TMC water from Krishna river to Yerala river. Total command
area of Jihe Kathapur project is 11700 ha in Khatav tahsil and 15000 ha in Man
tahsil. Project consist the barrage , pump house of stage I , II raising mains,
Vardhangad tunnel (4.095 km), Andhali tunnel (13.77 km ) and 17 KT weirs
included. Total cost of project is Rs. 980.07 crore and per hactre project cost is
3.56 lakh.
Project sanction was in 1997 but up to 2007 Govt. have sanction very
low amount for project work. Water lifting barrage work near Kathapur on
Krishna river started in 2012 and 15 per cent work is completed. Rising mains
and tunnels work is partly completed.
River linkage project in upper Krishna basin are seven namely Jihe
Kathapur, Arphal, Urmodi, Tarali, Tembhu, Takari and Maishal. Arphal link
project work is more than 90 per cent completed and another Takari, Maishal,
Tembhu and Urmodi link project are partly completed and water transfer at
eastern part of study region. But project cost at planning year is low but delay
in the work project cost is increased by more than 500 percent. Out of these all
project cost per hectare is more than Rs. 2 lakh except Arphal because other
projects are lift project and Arphal is the utilize natural gravity for river
linkage.
168
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