chapter2powerpoint
DESCRIPTION
RevolutionTRANSCRIPT
The American RevolutionThe American Revolution
Road to RevolutionRoad to Revolution
• England tightens control on the colonies after the French and Indian War– Taxes, laws,
reduced rights– felt that
colonies should pay their share of French and Indian War
• Issued at end of French & Indian War
• Banned new settlement west of Appalachian Mountains
• Infuriated colonials, ignored
The Proclamation of 1763The Proclamation of 1763
1765 - Stamp Act1765 - Stamp Act
Stamp Act Congress– protested Stamp
Tax• tax on all printed
materials• 1st direct tax on the
colonies
– Decided to boycott English goods
– sent a letter of protest
– tax repealed
Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams• Father of the American
Revolution– Organizes “Sons of
Liberty”• Led resistance to British
regulations
• “Committees of Correspondence”• Maintain communications
between colonies
1770-Boston Massacre1770-Boston MassacreBritish soldiers fire on a mob killing 5
1773-Boston Tea Party1773-Boston Tea Party• Sons of Liberty protest tea policy• Leads to Intolerable Acts
– closes Port of Boston
1775 - 11775 - 1stst Continental Congress Continental Congress
• Protest the Intolerable Acts
• Boycott British Goods and send a letter of Protest (Stamp Tax Congress)
• British reply with tougher policies
Patrick HenryPatrick Henry• “Give me Liberty or give me death”
1775-Lexington/Concord1775-Lexington/Concord first battles of the Revolution
Retreat to Boston
Battle of Bunker Hill
Battle of Bunker Hill
1776-Second Continental 1776-Second Continental CongressCongress
• 11stst National Government National Government
George Washington
• appointed Commander in Chief
of Colonial Army
adopts The Declaration of Independencewritten mainly by Thomas Jefferson
Committee of FiveCommittee of Five
• With help from Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston, John Adams and Roger Sherman
Unidentified HelperUnidentified Helper
““Dang it Dang it Thomas, i before e , i before e except except…”…”
““Let’s see what you’ve Let’s see what you’ve got so fargot so far.”.”
Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence
• Has three partsHas three parts• Natural RightsNatural Rights::
– purpose of government is to protect inalienable rights
– rights that all people have
• List of wrongs: – by the British that led to the
Colonies to break away
• Independence:
– announces that colonies are a free and independent nation, The United States of America
Celebrating the signingCelebrating the signing
Thomas Paine writes “Common Sense”Thomas Paine writes “Common Sense” lists reasons to rebel lists reasons to rebel
ColonialColonial
Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages
• Knew the Land Knew the Land
•Allies Allies
• Great military Great military leadersleaders
• Cause: Cause: INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE
•Inexperienced Inexperienced militarymilitary
•Poorly trained Poorly trained MilitiasMilitias
•Poor central Poor central governmentgovernment
•No moneyNo money
•Little supportLittle support
British British Advantages DisadvantagesAdvantages Disadvantages
•Powerful MilitaryPowerful Military•Mercenaries Mercenaries hired to fight hired to fight for the for the BritishBritish
•Loyal ColonistsLoyal Colonists(Tories)(Tories)
• Distance between Distance between England and the England and the ColoniesColonies
• Did not know the Did not know the landland
• Poor leadershipPoor leadership• Some in British Some in British Government Government sympathized with sympathized with ColoniesColonies
1776-Battle of Trenton1776-Battle of Trentonfirst colonial victory
crosses Delaware River at night (cheated)
1777-Battle of Saratoga1777-Battle of Saratogaturning point of War
French Join Colonies
1777-Valley Forge1777-Valley Forgewinter encampment
1781-Battle of Yorktown1781-Battle of Yorktown last battle – Lord Cornwallis surrenders
1783-Treaty of Paris1783-Treaty of Paris• Granted independence• Ended the War• Set boundaries of new nation
• Received land between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River
• Known as The Northwest Territory
• Fishing Rights in The Grand Banks
THE EARLY REPUBLICTHE EARLY REPUBLIC
1781-18011781-1801
• Colonists came to America with concepts of :
• limited government– not all powerful, not
Absolute
• Representative government
• Ordered government– no government
official is above the law
Rights of EnglishmenRights of Englishmen• Magna Carta-1215
– King cannot tax or declare war without permission of the Nobles
– cannot imprison without a jury trial/due process
• The Petition of Right-1628– protection of civil liberties – no taxation without consent of Parliament
• The Habeas Corpus Act-1679– prevent arbitrary arrest and imprisonment
• English Bill of Rights-1689– prevents abuse by monarchs and guarantees citizens rights
• The idea of guaranteeing The idea of guaranteeing individual rights developed individual rights developed over time, 1215 – 1689over time, 1215 – 1689
• Not just with the Bill of RightsNot just with the Bill of Rights
Articles of Confederation• Ran 1781-88• First constitution of the
United States – Provided for a weak central
government – Could tax but could not
enforce – Could declare War– States held most power
• 13 separate governments• Mainly a defensive pact
Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
• 1783-17891783-1789 known as known as “The Critical Period”“The Critical Period”• Nation nearly failed• New constitution was needed
Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion
• Daniel Shays– led a rebellion by
farmers against unfair economic conditions and laws.
• Showed that the Government was ineffective• US political leadership realized something
had to be done
Constitutional Convention-1787 Constitutional Convention-1787 PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia
12/13 States attend (Rhode Island did not)
Convened to Strengthen Convened to Strengthen The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation
• Realized early that a new system of government was needed
• Decided to meet in secret sessions
• George Washington-President of the convention
““Father of the Constitution”Father of the Constitution”
• James Madison– considered best
prepared delegate,– led many
discussions– made many
proposals– Made daily notes
3 Key conflicts to resolve3 Key conflicts to resolve
• led to concepts of:• Separation of powers
– Created 3 branches of government
• Legislative, Executive, Judicial Branch
• each Branch has its own power and responsibility
• Checks and Balances– Maintains the separation of
powers– Each Branch has some
control over other two– No Branch in total control
• President can veto laws, Congress can over-ride veto
#1 - Strong Central Government vs. Weak Central Government
#2 - How to decide representation#2 - How to decide representation
• Large States vs. Small States• New Jersey Plan
– each State represented equally, unicameral congress
• Virginia Plan – Representation by population, bicameral
congress
• Resulted in the Great Compromise– bicameral congress/lower house based on
population/upper house equal representation– Both houses had to agree before something is
done.
#3 - North vs. South
• The 3/5’s Compromise – three out of five slaves would be counted for
representation and taxation
• Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise – congress could regulate trade – slave trade to be outlawed in 20 years (1808)
Ratification ProcessRatification Process• Acceptance needed for
new constitution to be enforced
• Approval by 9 of 13 States needed
• 1st political parties formed– Federalist – For– Anti-Federalist – Opposed,
wanted rights guaranteed
• 1791 – Bill Of rights Added, protection of individual rights
Federalist PapersFederalist Papers
• Series of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, John Jay– Reasons why
Constitution should be approved
• Collected and published in book form in New York – to convince people of
New York to support new constitution
Signing the ConstitutionSigning the Constitution
The ConstitutionThe Constitution
• The Supreme Law of the Land– establish legitimacy,
right to rule– Establishes “Popular
Sovereignty”• the people have the
final authority in government
StructureStructure
• Preamble – introduction/purpose of Constitution
• Articles (7) – rules/powers
• Amendments - 27 – 1-10 are the Bill of Rights– 13-15 are the Civil War Amendments – 16-27 are the 20th century amendments
• protects our individual rights• Added to appease the Anti-Federalists
Launching the New NationLaunching the New Nation
• George elected first President, 1789-1796
• New York City first capital city
• Built the Executive Branch
• Created the first cabinet – Assist, advise the
President
• served two terms (8 years) and stepped down– every President after
followed his example
• Farewell Address:– advises U.S. to stay
out foreign affairs, stay neutral.
John Adams elected 2nd John Adams elected 2nd President, 1797-1800President, 1797-1800
• very blunt, impatient– not very popular
• Fought a Quasi (partial) naval war with France– lasted two years
• Alien-Sedition Acts, 1798
• allowed President to deport or jail any alien considered to be undesirable or
• expressing “false, scandalous, malicious statements against the Government
• Resulted in two States nullifying the Act as unconstitutional