Download - Chapter2powerpoint
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The American RevolutionThe American Revolution
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Road to RevolutionRoad to Revolution
• England tightens control on the colonies after the French and Indian War– Taxes, laws,
reduced rights– felt that
colonies should pay their share of French and Indian War
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• Issued at end of French & Indian War
• Banned new settlement west of Appalachian Mountains
• Infuriated colonials, ignored
The Proclamation of 1763The Proclamation of 1763
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1765 - Stamp Act1765 - Stamp Act
Stamp Act Congress– protested Stamp
Tax• tax on all printed
materials• 1st direct tax on the
colonies
– Decided to boycott English goods
– sent a letter of protest
– tax repealed
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Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams• Father of the American
Revolution– Organizes “Sons of
Liberty”• Led resistance to British
regulations
• “Committees of Correspondence”• Maintain communications
between colonies
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1770-Boston Massacre1770-Boston MassacreBritish soldiers fire on a mob killing 5
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1773-Boston Tea Party1773-Boston Tea Party• Sons of Liberty protest tea policy• Leads to Intolerable Acts
– closes Port of Boston
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1775 - 11775 - 1stst Continental Congress Continental Congress
• Protest the Intolerable Acts
• Boycott British Goods and send a letter of Protest (Stamp Tax Congress)
• British reply with tougher policies
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Patrick HenryPatrick Henry• “Give me Liberty or give me death”
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1775-Lexington/Concord1775-Lexington/Concord first battles of the Revolution
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Retreat to Boston
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Battle of Bunker Hill
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Battle of Bunker Hill
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1776-Second Continental 1776-Second Continental CongressCongress
• 11stst National Government National Government
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George Washington
• appointed Commander in Chief
of Colonial Army
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adopts The Declaration of Independencewritten mainly by Thomas Jefferson
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Committee of FiveCommittee of Five
• With help from Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston, John Adams and Roger Sherman
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Unidentified HelperUnidentified Helper
““Dang it Dang it Thomas, i before e , i before e except except…”…”
““Let’s see what you’ve Let’s see what you’ve got so fargot so far.”.”
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Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence
• Has three partsHas three parts• Natural RightsNatural Rights::
– purpose of government is to protect inalienable rights
– rights that all people have
• List of wrongs: – by the British that led to the
Colonies to break away
• Independence:
– announces that colonies are a free and independent nation, The United States of America
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Celebrating the signingCelebrating the signing
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Thomas Paine writes “Common Sense”Thomas Paine writes “Common Sense” lists reasons to rebel lists reasons to rebel
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ColonialColonial
Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages
• Knew the Land Knew the Land
•Allies Allies
• Great military Great military leadersleaders
• Cause: Cause: INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE
•Inexperienced Inexperienced militarymilitary
•Poorly trained Poorly trained MilitiasMilitias
•Poor central Poor central governmentgovernment
•No moneyNo money
•Little supportLittle support
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British British Advantages DisadvantagesAdvantages Disadvantages
•Powerful MilitaryPowerful Military•Mercenaries Mercenaries hired to fight hired to fight for the for the BritishBritish
•Loyal ColonistsLoyal Colonists(Tories)(Tories)
• Distance between Distance between England and the England and the ColoniesColonies
• Did not know the Did not know the landland
• Poor leadershipPoor leadership• Some in British Some in British Government Government sympathized with sympathized with ColoniesColonies
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1776-Battle of Trenton1776-Battle of Trentonfirst colonial victory
crosses Delaware River at night (cheated)
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1777-Battle of Saratoga1777-Battle of Saratogaturning point of War
French Join Colonies
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1777-Valley Forge1777-Valley Forgewinter encampment
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1781-Battle of Yorktown1781-Battle of Yorktown last battle – Lord Cornwallis surrenders
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1783-Treaty of Paris1783-Treaty of Paris• Granted independence• Ended the War• Set boundaries of new nation
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• Received land between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River
• Known as The Northwest Territory
• Fishing Rights in The Grand Banks
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THE EARLY REPUBLICTHE EARLY REPUBLIC
1781-18011781-1801
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• Colonists came to America with concepts of :
• limited government– not all powerful, not
Absolute
• Representative government
• Ordered government– no government
official is above the law
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Rights of EnglishmenRights of Englishmen• Magna Carta-1215
– King cannot tax or declare war without permission of the Nobles
– cannot imprison without a jury trial/due process
• The Petition of Right-1628– protection of civil liberties – no taxation without consent of Parliament
• The Habeas Corpus Act-1679– prevent arbitrary arrest and imprisonment
• English Bill of Rights-1689– prevents abuse by monarchs and guarantees citizens rights
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• The idea of guaranteeing The idea of guaranteeing individual rights developed individual rights developed over time, 1215 – 1689over time, 1215 – 1689
• Not just with the Bill of RightsNot just with the Bill of Rights
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Articles of Confederation• Ran 1781-88• First constitution of the
United States – Provided for a weak central
government – Could tax but could not
enforce – Could declare War– States held most power
• 13 separate governments• Mainly a defensive pact
Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
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• 1783-17891783-1789 known as known as “The Critical Period”“The Critical Period”• Nation nearly failed• New constitution was needed
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Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion
• Daniel Shays– led a rebellion by
farmers against unfair economic conditions and laws.
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• Showed that the Government was ineffective• US political leadership realized something
had to be done
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Constitutional Convention-1787 Constitutional Convention-1787 PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia
12/13 States attend (Rhode Island did not)
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Convened to Strengthen Convened to Strengthen The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation
• Realized early that a new system of government was needed
• Decided to meet in secret sessions
• George Washington-President of the convention
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““Father of the Constitution”Father of the Constitution”
• James Madison– considered best
prepared delegate,– led many
discussions– made many
proposals– Made daily notes
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3 Key conflicts to resolve3 Key conflicts to resolve
• led to concepts of:• Separation of powers
– Created 3 branches of government
• Legislative, Executive, Judicial Branch
• each Branch has its own power and responsibility
• Checks and Balances– Maintains the separation of
powers– Each Branch has some
control over other two– No Branch in total control
• President can veto laws, Congress can over-ride veto
#1 - Strong Central Government vs. Weak Central Government
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#2 - How to decide representation#2 - How to decide representation
• Large States vs. Small States• New Jersey Plan
– each State represented equally, unicameral congress
• Virginia Plan – Representation by population, bicameral
congress
• Resulted in the Great Compromise– bicameral congress/lower house based on
population/upper house equal representation– Both houses had to agree before something is
done.
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#3 - North vs. South
• The 3/5’s Compromise – three out of five slaves would be counted for
representation and taxation
• Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise – congress could regulate trade – slave trade to be outlawed in 20 years (1808)
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Ratification ProcessRatification Process• Acceptance needed for
new constitution to be enforced
• Approval by 9 of 13 States needed
• 1st political parties formed– Federalist – For– Anti-Federalist – Opposed,
wanted rights guaranteed
• 1791 – Bill Of rights Added, protection of individual rights
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Federalist PapersFederalist Papers
• Series of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, John Jay– Reasons why
Constitution should be approved
• Collected and published in book form in New York – to convince people of
New York to support new constitution
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Signing the ConstitutionSigning the Constitution
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The ConstitutionThe Constitution
• The Supreme Law of the Land– establish legitimacy,
right to rule– Establishes “Popular
Sovereignty”• the people have the
final authority in government
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StructureStructure
• Preamble – introduction/purpose of Constitution
• Articles (7) – rules/powers
• Amendments - 27 – 1-10 are the Bill of Rights– 13-15 are the Civil War Amendments – 16-27 are the 20th century amendments
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• protects our individual rights• Added to appease the Anti-Federalists
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Launching the New NationLaunching the New Nation
• George elected first President, 1789-1796
• New York City first capital city
• Built the Executive Branch
• Created the first cabinet – Assist, advise the
President
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• served two terms (8 years) and stepped down– every President after
followed his example
• Farewell Address:– advises U.S. to stay
out foreign affairs, stay neutral.
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John Adams elected 2nd John Adams elected 2nd President, 1797-1800President, 1797-1800
• very blunt, impatient– not very popular
• Fought a Quasi (partial) naval war with France– lasted two years
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• Alien-Sedition Acts, 1798
• allowed President to deport or jail any alien considered to be undesirable or
• expressing “false, scandalous, malicious statements against the Government
• Resulted in two States nullifying the Act as unconstitutional