chapters 17 and 18. a. describe the policies of the tokugawa and qing rulers; include how oda...
TRANSCRIPT
a. Describe the policies of the Tokugawa and Qing rulers; include how Oda Nobunga laid the ground work for the subsequent Tokugawa rulers and how Kangxi came to rule for such a long period in China.
b. Analyze the impact of population growth and its impact on the social structure of Japan and China.
SSWH 11Students will investigate political and social changes in Japan and in China from the 17th century to mid-19th century
Mongols:Conquered ChinaEstablished the Yuan Dynasty
1368—Mongols are overthrown
Ming Dynasty is establishedfounder: Zhu Yuanzhang (Joo Yoo-en-JAHNG)
Ming means “Brilliant”Dynasty lasts 300 years
Background on CHINA
PRESS
Society divided into four classes:
Restored Confucianism
Scholar-gentry Farmers Artisans Merchants
This landed, highly literate class helped staff the royal bureaucracy.
They produced food and paid the taxes that supported the empire.
They made beautiful and useful objects.
At the bottom of the social order, they made their living by selling objects that peasants and artisans had produced.
Confucianism restored as the official philosophy of the government
1. Drove the Mongols out of Chinaa. Centralized government control; faced new
invasions from the Mongolsb. Rebuilt and repaired the Great Wall to
prevent northern invasions.c. Restored Chinese cultural traditions and
civil service examinations
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
2. Ming Declinea. trade disrupted by pirates, 1520s-1560sb. Government corruption c. Famines and peasant rebellions during
the 1630s and 1640sd. Manchu (Manchurians) invaders with
peasant support led to final Ming collapse, 1644
Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty conquered by Manchuria (unified tribes that formed a single people, the Manchu)
They were outsiders who conquered China
Established their own dynastyNot Chinese, but adopted Chinese culture
Ruled with traditional Chinese techniques
Qing (ching) Dynasty 1644-1912
Manchu people, a minority, were kept separate from the Chinese
Manchu people, had to study Manchu language and cultural traditions
Qing emperors could marry only Manchu women
Chinese could not move to Manchuria
All Chinese men had to wear their hair tied in a queue [kyoo](tail), it symbolized Chinese submission to Manchu rule.
Qing Dynasty SocietyManchu—remained an ethnic elite
Economy increasesGrowth of citiesGrowth of popular cultureStudied ancient writingsCreated library for rare books from their
past.However, most people lived in the
countryside-farmersSociety—based on the family---it reflected
Confucian belief that each person had a role in life.
Qing—Econ0my, Culture, and Society
Population increasesMore crops = able to feed more peoplePeace and stability—caused population
increaseEventually—enormous peasant class in
China
Qing Dynasty—Peace and Prosperity
•Kangzi ruled from 1661 to 1722
•the longest reign on the throne in China's history, 61 years
•Many famous works on literature and art were compiled under his order.
•During Kangxi's reign, the society accumulated huge wealth and most of the time enjoyed peace and prosperity.
KangxiPolicy of strict control on foreign trade
Western merchants restricted to certain areas of China
Considered technological change disruptive
Believed that China’s abundant labor, labor-saving technologies were unnecessary
Background on Japan1467—Ashikaga family dispute over
who would be next shogun (chief military and governmental officer)
100 years of warfareLate 1500s—3 daimyo (powerful local
lords in feudal Japan) emerged victorious
These powerful daimyo established themselves as overlords over other daimyo and built a centralized feudal system in Japan.
1568—captured the city, Kyoto through conquests and alliances
Ended the Ashikaga shogunate in 1573
Started to strengthen his power in Japan
Attacked by one of his own vassals in 1582
Wounded, he committed suicide
Oda Nobunaga—first of the overlords
The other 2 daimyo (overlords)2nd—Hideyoshi-succeeded
NobunagaCarried out a “sword hunt”
to disarm peasantsPeasants could no longer
become warriorsOnly men born into warrior
families could become warriors.
Ruled until he died in 1598
Succeeded HideyoshiEstablished capital at Edo [AY-doh]
(now Tokyo)1603—he became shogun (chief
military and governmental officer)He crushed his defeated rivalsThe Tokugawa family—kept title of
shogun for more than 250 yearsEstablished a government known as
the Tokugawa shogunate
Tokugawa Ieyasu
PRESS
A cross between feudalism and a central monarchy
Within his domain, each daimyo governed as an almost absolute ruler
Local peasants paid taxes to support the daimyo
NOTE: The Tokugawa family had its own private domain—included ¼ of the nation’s resources.
Tokugawa rule
1630s—adopted a policy of isolation from outside world
Foreign trade was under tight restriction at the port of Nagasaki
Despite the policy, Japan was never completely isolatedJapanese people were prohibitedfrom traveling abroad.
ISOLATION!
Foreign Relations
Shoguns did not promote changeStability more important to the JapaneseAdopted—with some changes—the
Confucian ideal of social classes.1. Warrior classTherefore the samurai stood at the top of the Japanese social order. Peasants, artisans, and merchants followed in descending order of importance.
A person’s social class –determined at birthSons—followed occupation of their fathers.
Life in Tokugawa Japan
Agriculture production doubled between 1600 and 17006
Population rose by a one-third from 1600 to 1700
THUSInternal trade expands (regions specialized in certain crops and handicrafts)Cities grewArtisans and merchants grow wealthier
Population growth
Rise in popular culture: art, literature, and theater
1858—Japan and United States sign a new treaty
Samurai angered by agreement1860s –Japanese Civil War1867--anti-Tokugawa overthrew the
shogunateEmperor’s power restoredMore centralized government in Japan
Meiji reign— “Enlightened Rule”
The End of Japan’s Isolation
SSWH12 The student will examine the origins and contributions of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires.
a.Describe the geographical extent of the Ottoman Empire during the rule of Suleyman the Magnificent, the Safavid Empire during the reign of Shad Abbas I, and the Mughal Empire during the reigns of Babur and Akbar.
b.Explain the ways in which these Muslim empires influenced religion, law, and the arts in their parts of the world.
SuleymanThe greatest Ottoman sultan• Ruled 1520-1566• Known as “The
Magnificent” in Europe
• “The Lawgiver” by his own people
• Expanded the empire—conquered Hungary
• Ruled most of eastern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa.
Ottoman Empire—made up of different groups of peopleMuslim Turks—lived in the heart of the empireChristians and Jews—lived in the BalkansMuslim Arabs lived in the Fertile Crescent and
northern AfricaReligious differences = TENSION
Sultans allowed the different groups to practice their own religions. They were organized into separate religious communities called
millets.
The millet system
PRESS
Suleyman the Magnificent• died in 1566
• His death marked the start of a slow decline of Ottoman power and influence
• 1600s—Empire lost control of the silk and spice trade between Europe and Asia• New sea routes—they
bypassed the Turks• Destroyed their trade
monopoly
Late 1700s• Ottomans lost the Crimean Peninsula and
lands around the Black Sea—to the Russians
1798• The French invaded Egypt—an Ottoman
possession• Land in the Balkans were also lost
• 1923—The Ottoman Empire endsTurkey established itself as a republic
The Safavid [sah-FAH-vid] Empire
Ottoman Empire on the westMughal Empire on the east
Today:
Muslims
1399—shifted from the Sunni to the Shi’ah sect
Use the ancient title of shah or “king of kings”
Shi’ah—official religion
Persian language and history—strong sense of identity
Shah ‘Abbas the Great1587---became shah died in 1626• Reformed their
military—used slave soldiers
• Recovered territory that had been lost
• Moved capital to Esfahan—a beautiful city
political, spiritual, and commercial center• Economic
development—manufacturing and foreign tradePersian rugs, rich fabrics (brocade, damask, and silk) and beautiful tiles
The empire began to decline and had ended by 1736. Eventually Persia split into a number of small states.
Ancient Persian rug
“Babur the Tiger”
1526—he attacked the Sultanate of Delhi
Occupied Deli and the surrounding region.
This territory become the core of the Mughal Empire.
Akbar
Babur’s grandson“the greatest Mughal
emperor”(r. 1556-1605)
• Tax System—based on average of what a village might produce over a 10-year period
• He encouraged Hindu and Muslim artists
• Encouraged literature, architecture (blending Persia, Islamic, and Hindu styles).
Akbar
Tolerant of ALL religions
• Repealed the special tax that non-Muslims had been forced to pay
• Thought of himself as a divine ruler
• Established a creed called the Divine Faith
• Creed blended elements of Islam, Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity, and others.
Note: Muslim strongly opposed it!
Allahu Akbar“God is great” or“Akbar is God”
Economy and TradeEconomy improvedWealth and great resourcesLocation—sea route to Asia = European
tradersJewels and goldClimate—variety of crops grownCities—seemed larger than any in
EuropeLeaders lived in greater luxury than
those in Europe