16.3: Tokugawa Japan and 16.3: Tokugawa Japan and KoreaKorea

Tokugawa Shogunate in JapanTokugawa Shogunate in Japan• Time of chaos• Three Great Unifiers

–Nobunaga–Hideyoshi–Tokugawa

• Tokugawa Shogunate –1598-1868–Restored central authority– “Great Peace”

• Edo (Tokyo) – large city; shogun’s court location

• Economic and Social Changes–Trade and manufacturing flourish

• Large merchant class emerges

–Rigid social classes• Emperor and imperial court families• Warriors (shogun, diamyo, samurai, ronin)• Peasants (farmers)• Artisans (craftspeople)• Merchants (distributors of others work)• Eta – social outcasts

Role of Men and WomenRole of Men and Women• Upper class

–Males = household heads• Controlled property, marriage, divorce

–Females = restricted rights;

• Common classes–Parents arranged marriages

• Wife to move in with husband

–Females = child bearers, homemakers, field workers

Literature and Arts• Literature

– Began to be written for and by the people– Ihara Saikaku – Five Women Who Loved Love– Light-hearted literature intended to please its audiences

• Poetry– Serious form of literary expression– Matsuo Basho – wrote about nature, 17th century

• Kabuki Theater– Action, music and dramatic gestures to entertain– Government officials believed it might corrupt the moral

standards of the people– Women were banned from appearing on stage – male actors

portray females• Architecture

– Magnificent mansions and lavish furnishings, gold foil on walls• Borrowed Korean pottery ideas to create ceramic pieces.• Japanese studied Western medicine, astronomy, languages

and painting styles, and, in turn, Europeans wanted Japanese ceramics.

Europeans in Tokugawa Japan• At first Europeans were welcomed.

– Traded; brought firearms, Christianity

• 1587 – Japanese edict prohibiting Christian activities

• Wanted to protect Japan from European influence

• Europeans forced out! ISOLATION

Korea: The Hermit Kingdom• Yi Dynasty – 1392; lasted 5 centuries• Distinctive Culture

– Borrow from Chinese, but remain distinct– Unique alphabet, Hangul; phonetically based

writing system• Cultural Isolation

– Elite classes divide– Japanese and Chinese invasions devastated

Korea– After Japanese invasion by Hideyoshi, many

farmlands, towns and cities were devastated.– Korean rulers sought to limit contact with

foreign countries and tried to maintain isolation from the outside world. It remained largely untouched by European merchants and Christian missionaries, earning its nickname, “The Hermit Kingdom”

– Manchus (China) invade and takeover in early 17th century

16.4: Spice Trade in Southeast Asia

Emerging Mainland States• Malay Peninsula and Indonesian archipelago• Creation of Islamic trade network in SE Asia, along

spice trade route • Melaka becomes leading power in region• Christianity and Islam gain converts

Europeans in SE Asia

• Spices of Southeast Asia were highly valued by Europeans– Used for flavoring, medicine, and

food preservers– Salt, pepper, ginger, cloves,

cinnamon, nutmeg– Sought to find quicker sea routes to

Melaka, • Portugal found the route; Vasco da

Gama in 1498 in Calicut• Portugal seized Melaka and

eventually the Moluccas, the Spice Islands

• “For Christ and spices!”• Portugal set up small settlements

along the coasts as trading posts

• A Shift in Power– Shift from Portuguese power to (better-financed)

Dutch and British power in the Indies– Portuguese, and then British, are gradually pushed

out by the Dutch– Dutch consolidate political and military power over

entire area. Establish a fort on the island of Java at Batavia in 1619 to protect their possessions.

• Impact on the Mainland– Early 17th century, other European nations begin to

compete for trade and missionary privileges in Southeast Asia. Mainland states drive Europeans out, and non-mainland area are exploited