unit 8 important empires ii. i. map ii. tokugawa shogunate (empire) effects of geography: – island...
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Unit 8
Important Empires II
I. Map
II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire)
• Effects of Geography:– Island location:Japan – 4 main islands and thousands of smaller
islands• Difficult to unite• Isolated from other cultures
– Homogenous: everyone on the culture is similar to one another. The culture of Japan developed sepertely and independently from other cultures.
II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire)
– Mountains:• Little good Land Available for Farming• Very dependent on the sea for
transportation and food– Earthquakes and Volcanoes:
• Could easily destroy the islands• Unstable environment taught the people a
high respect for nature (often used in their art)
II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire)
• Feudalism–Feudal SocietyShogun: Military Commander with the
real power(emperor was symbolic
leader)- Gave land to others (i.e. samurai)
II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire)
• Feudalism– Feudal SocietySamurai: “Those who serve”; warriors
- Given land to protect others Bushido: “The Way of the Warrior” – code of
conduct for samurai (European – Chivalry)• Loyal• Brave• Honorable
II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire)
• Strong Family that ruled for almost 300 years• Brought stability and unity to Japan under the
Tokugawa family of shoguns• Culture bloomed during their reign
II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire)
• Policy of Isolationism:– The Tokugawa isolated Japan from the rest of the
world by CHOICE!– Separated from other cultures (No Foreigners in;
No Japanese out)
III. Mongol Empire
• Origins: Nomadic People from the Grasslands of Central Asia– Built the largest unified empire– Took China then moved westward
III. Mongol Empire
• Genghis Khan– Khan = “World Emperor”– 1200 A.D – unified all Mongols under his rule– Known for spreading terror and destruction
III. Mongol Empire
• Kublai Khan– Grandson of Ghenghis Khan– Centered in China but spread the empire to the
Middle East – stable and peaceful– When he dies the empire fell apart
III. Mongol Empire
• Russia– The Mongols ruled Russia for 250 yearsLong Term Impact
• The Mongols showed Russians how to have an absolute government
• Isolated Russia from Western Europe (No Renaissance ideas)
III. Mongol Empire
• Marco Polo & Ibn BattutaMarco Polo – European Traveler to China
– His writings sparked interest in Europe for Chises goods
Ibn Battuta – an African Muslim, traveled extensively throughout the Middle East and China– His writings are useful today as an historical
resources.
V. West African Empires
• Sahara Trade Route
Beginning between 800 —1000 A.D., Muslim traders in caravans created trade routes across the Sahara Desert
Ghana, Mali, Songhai
V. West African Empires
• Arab Traders: Arabia was a great location for trade - Silk road to China- Sea route to India and the Spice Islands- Mediterranean Sea to Europe- Caravan routes across the Sahara Desert
V. West African Empires
• Products Traded: (In Africa)- Muslims brought salt to Africans in exchange for gold
“A block of salt was worth its weight in gold”
Also:- Ivory, lumber, tin and other resources - Slaves
V. West African Empires
• Arab Cultural Contributions: Arabs introduced other cultural things:
- Islam- Technology (math, science, medicine)
V. West African Empires
Traditional African Social IdentitiesExtended Family:
- More than the nuclear family (mom, dad, kids)- Grandparents or other relatives living in the home
Clan:A group of related extended families who descended from a common ancestor
Tribe:
A group of related clans
V. West African EmpiresMansa Musa:
- Powerful King of the Empire of Mali- Converted to Islam, which facilitated cultural diffusion
V. West African Empires
Oral Tradition:- Passing down customs, traditions and culture through story telling for education and entertainment- How the history of African cultures is passed to future generations
The Lost City
Latin America (5pts)
LAND BRIDGE
MEXICO
RAIN FORESTS
ANDES MOUNAINS (ANDY’S)
MAYA (MY –A)
AZTEC
INCA (INK – A)
Foods from MesoAmerica (5pts)
TOMATOES
BEANS
CHOCOLATE
MAIZE (MAZE)
SQUASH
POTATOES
VANILLA
THE OLMEC (10 pts)
GULF COAST
STONE HEADS
GRINNING JAGUAR
SERPENTS
PRIESTLY LEADERSHIP
TEMPLES
TRADE
THE MAYA (10 Points)
YUCATAN (YOU –KA-TAN)
FARMING
TIKAL (TEA-CALL)
HIEROGLYPOHICS
CALENDAR
ZERO
LOST CITIES
THE AZTEC (10 points)
VALLEY OF MEXICO
FLOATING GARDENS
TRIBUTE EMPIRE
SUN GOD
HUMAN SACRIFICE
BALL GAMES
WARFARE
THE INCA (15 points)
PERU
ROADS
METALWORKING
BRAIN SURGURY
TERRACE FARMING
POLYTHEISTIC
GOVERNMENT CONTROL
Meso-America: "Middle America"
Maya:• Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico• Peaceful farmers
Aztec:• Central Mexico • Fierce warriors
Inca:• Mountains of Peru• Highly organized government
VI. Empires of MesoAmerica
Toltecs: warlike Mesoamerican group which controlled central Mexico from 900-1200 A.D.
Mayas: Mesoamerica society of 300-900 A.D. City-state empire based in Yucatan Peninsula. Reason for decline unknown
El Castillo
The Shadow of the Serpent
Tikal: Capital city of the Mayan Empire.
Tikal was home to the tallest buildings in the Americas till 1903. 212 feet tall.
Aztec: Mesoamerican society which flourished from 1250-1500 A.D. By 1500 had a population of 30 million people established a tribute system to gain wealth
Tenochtitlan: Capital City of the Aztec. now called Mexico City
“Floating Gardens”
Aztec foods chocolate, vanilla, corn, chilies (peppers), peanuts, tomatoes, avocados, squash, beans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, pineapple and papaya.
Huitzilpochtli
Quetzalcoatl: “The Plumed Serpent”, God of the Air to the Aztec. The legend of this deity will eventually haunt the Aztec
Montezuma: Aztec ruler who believed Hernan Cortez to be Quetzalcoatl.
"The divine drink, which builds up resistance and fights fatigue. A cup of
this precious drink [cocoa] permits a man to walk for a whole day
without food."Montezuma II(1502-1520)
Incas: People of South America who ruled the Andes Mountain region from 1200-early 1500.
Incan city built 7000 ft above sea level which was abandoned for 300 yrs before it was rediscovered.
Machu Picchu:
Quipu: a collection of knotted colored strings which the Incas used as a system of keeping records such as population.
VI. Empires of MesoAmerica
Their Significance: More advanced than other "American" cultures of their time
Advanced developments:• Architecture — great temples and cities• Agriculture — able to support large city populations• Science
— Math — used zero— Medicine — performed surgery— Astronomy — 365 1/4 day calendar— Engineering — over 12, 000 miles of roads
VII. Ottoman EmpireOrigin:• Out of central Turkey• Turkish Muslims (not Arab Muslims)
Fall of Constantinople:• Changed the name to Istanbul• Became a "Muslim" capital of the Ottoman
Empire
VII. Ottoman Empire
Suleiman I: "Suleiman the Magnificent" rules during the golden age of the empire (1520-1566) • Added much territory to the empire
Impact on European trade: The Ottomans dominated trade around the Mediterranean Sea forcing Europeans to find others routes to Asia
VIII. Essential Questions
1. How did Japan's geographic location relate to its policy of isolationism?
Japan's island location led to natural isolation from other cultures • Isolationism — later they chose to remain isolated
VIII. Essential Questions2. What are the similarities and differences between Japanese and
European Feudalism?
• Similarities— Owe allegiance to one above you— Warriors (chivalry, bushido — code of honor)— Strict social classes— Land based system
• Differences— Status of women— Where the real power was (king, shogun-emperor had no power)— Position of merchants
VIII. Essential Questions
3. How did the Ottoman Empire's geographical location interfere with European trade with the Eastern cultures?
— Ottoman empire blocked trade with Asia— Europeans were forced to find their own new all-water routes to get to Asia
VIII. Essential Questions
Why were the Maya, Aztec and Inca considered to be advanced civilizations?
— Medicine— Astronomy— Architecture— Engineering
Intellectual developments were far more advanced than other Native American cultures