Chapters 19-23Created by: Yu, Stephanie; Tabujara, Kelly;

Dabalos, John; Habil, Oliver; Rodriguez, Gerardo

Turmoil

Chapter 19: Civil War in Kansas erupted in 1856 and continued until it merged with the large-scale civil war of 1861-1865. The American Party, also known and the “Know-Nothing Party” because of its secrecy, was organized by “nativist”. Many Northerners, anxious to save both the Union and their profitable business connections with the South, were intimidated into voting for Buchanan. Southerners threatened that Lincoln’s election would result in Southern succession. President Buchanan did nothing to force the confederacy back into the Union, partly because Union troops were needed in the West because the North was still apathetic towards succession; he simply left the issue for Lincoln to handle. The dispute over Kansas property brought the destruction of millions of dollars worth of property, paralyzed agriculture, and cost many their livelihoods. The rolling plains of Kansas had meanwhile been providing an example of the worst possible workings of popular sovereignty. Most of the Northerners who moved into Kansas were anti-slavery organizations like the New England Emigrant Aid Company. The dispute over the Kansas-Nebraska territory showed the turmoil that happens when the issue of a slave of free territory conflicts with the views of the inhabitants. Tensions mounted as settlers also feuded over conflicting land claims. Lincoln won with only 40% of the popular vote in his presidential election.

Restoration

Chapter 20: President Lincoln took the presidential oath of office on March4, 1861. Lincoln’s top goal was the restoration of the Union. The first major crisis with Britain came over the Trent affair, late in 1861. Congress passed the Morrill Tariff Act, superseding the low Tariff of 1857. It increased the existing duties some 5 to 10 percent, boosting them to about the moderate level of the Walker Tariff of 1846. The war began not as one between slave soil and free soil, but one for the Union-with slave-holders on both sides and many proslavery sympathizers in the North. Confederate warships that could destroy wooden Union ships and wreck havoc on the North but after the threat of war by the U.S., Britain backed down and used those ships for it’s Royal Navy. The South had a disadvantage because of a shortage of factories and manufacturing plants, but during the war. The South found itself with a shortage of shoes, uniforms, blankets, clothing, and food, which didn’t reach soldiers due to supply problems. North had a huge economy. Many more men available to fight and it controlled the sea, though it’s officers weren’t as well-trained as some in the South. A split U.S. brought up questions about the sharing of the national debt and the allocation of federal territories. The only slave states during the dispute over the North and South were Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and later West Virginia.

Contentment

Chapter 21: The plan for the South from the North were to slowly suffocate the South by blockading its coasts, liberate the slaves and hence undermine the very economic foundations of Old South, cut the Confederacy in half, chop the Confederacy, decapitate it by capturing its capital at Richmond, and lastly try everywhere to engage the enemy’s main strength and to grin it into submission. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln said the slaves would be free in the seceded states. The Union victory at Vicksburg came the after the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg. Defeat was better than victory for the Union, because it dispelled all illusions of one-punch war and caused the Northerners to buckle down to the staggering task at hand. Union strategy now turned toward total war. The northern military had plan six components after their victory in the war. The was was now to end slavery and restore the Union. The proclamation was very controversial, as many soldiers refused to fight for abolition and deserted. The Emancipation Proclamation did succeed in one of its purposes; to undermine the labor of the South. The removal of Lincoln was the last ghost of a hope of Confederate victory, and the Southern soldiers. U.S. survived, proving its strength and further increasing its growing power and reputation: plus, slavery was also eradicated. The war paved the way for the United States’ fulfillment of its destiny as the dominant republic of the Western Hemisphere-and later, the world. The Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in not-yet-conquered Southern territories.

Emancipate

Chapter 22: Lincoln’s Union part in 1864 needed to attract support from the War Democrats and other pro- Southerner elements. On May 29, 2865, Johnson issued his own Reconstruction Proclamation. It disfranchised certain leading Confederates. Congress and President Johnson the Civil Rights Bill, which conferred on blacks the privilege of American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes. The Republicans now undertook to rivet the principles of the Civil Rights Bill into the Constitution as the 14th amendment. The 14th Amendment defined equal national citizenship. The 15th Amendment proposed to prohibit denial of the votes on the basis race color. The 14th Amendment was the heart of the Republicans for Reconstruction. Congress pass Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 because of the K.K.K. rush of murdering blacks. Ten of thousands of emancipated blacks took to the roads, some to test their freedom, others to search for long-lost-spouses, parents, and children. Emancipation also meant education for many blacks. Economic life has creaked to a halt. Banks and businesses had locked their doors, ruined runaway inflation. Loyalty to the plantation master prompted some slaves to resist the liberating Union Armies. The Cotton Kingdom could not rise from its weeds until the fields were once again put under hoe and plow. Many whites resented the success and ability of black legislators as much as they resented alleged corruption. Freedom was legally recognized, as were some other privileges, such as the right to marry.

Chapter 23: In 1868 Grant defeats Seymour for the presidency. 1869 Fisk and Gould corner the fold market and in 1871 tweed scandal in New York. In 1872 Liberal Republicans break with Grant and the Panic of 1873 begins. Civil Rights Act was established in 1879 and so was the Resumption Act. The Compromise of 1877 was made and Reconstruction ends. Economically the railroad strikes paralyze nation. Garfield defeats Hancock for presidency in 1880 and he is assassinated in 1881. Arthur becomes president. In 1882 the Chinese Exclusion Act is established. Afterwards, Pendleton Act sets up Civil Service Commission. Cleveland defeats Blaine for presidency in 1884 then Harrison defeats Cleveland for presidency. In 1890 “Billion- Dollar” Congress, McKinley Tariff Act, and Sherman Silver Purchase Act is established. Depression of 1893 begins.

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