chapters 30 & 31
TRANSCRIPT
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Poster from the Bolshevik Revolution, celebrating the Red Navy.
Revolution and Nationalism,1900–1939 Political upheavals lead to the formation of a totalitarian state in Russia, civil war in China, and limited self-rule in India.
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Revolution and Nationalism,1900–1939
Map
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
Revolutions in Russia
CASE STUDY: Totalitarianism
Imperial China Collapses
Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia
ChartChart
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Section 1
Revolutions in Russia Long-term social unrest in Russia explodesin revolution, and ushers in the first Communistgovernment.
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Czars Resist Change
Revolutions in Russia
End to Reform• In 1881, Alexander III becomes czar, ends reforms• Institutes autocratic rule, suppressing all opposition,
dissent
SECTION
1
Czars Continue Autocratic Rule• Government censors written criticism; secret police
monitor schools• Non-Russians living in Russia are treated harshly• Jews become target of government-backed
pogroms (mob violence)• In 1894, Nicholas II becomes czar, continues
autocratic ways
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Russia Industrializes
SECTION
1
Rapid Industrialization• Number of factories doubles between 1863 and
1900; Russia still lags• In late 1800s, new plan boosts steel production;
major railway begins
The Revolutionary Movement Grows• Industrialization breeds discontent over working
conditions, wages• Growing popularity of Marxist idea that the
proletariat (workers) will rule• Bolsheviks—Marxists who favor revolution by a
small committed group• Lenin—Bolshevik leader—an excellent organizer,
inspiring leader Image
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Crises at Home and Abroad
SECTION
1
The Russo-Japanese War• Defeat in Russo-Japanese War of early 1900s
causes unrest in Russia
Continued . . .
Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905• In 1905, 200,000 workers march on czar’s palace to
demand reforms• Army fires into the crowd, killing many• Massacre leads to widespread unrest; Nicholas
forced to make reforms• The Duma, Russia’s first parliament, meets in 1906• Czar unwilling to share power; dissolves Duma after
only 10 weeks
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World War I: The Final Blow• Heavy losses in World War I reveal government’s
weakness• Nicholas goes to war front; Czarina Alexandra
runs government• Czarina falls under the influence of Rasputin—
mysterious “holy man”• Nobles fear Rasputin’s influence, murder him• Army losing effectiveness; people at home
hungry and unhappy
continued Crises at Home and Abroad
SECTION
1
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The March Revolution
SECTION
1
First Steps• In March 1917, strikes expand; soldiers refuse to fire
on workers
The Czar Steps Down• March Revolution—protests become uprising;
Nicholas abdicates throne• Duma establishes provisional, or temporary,
government• Soviets—committees of Socialist revolutionaries—
control many cities
Lenin Returns to Russia• In April 1917, Germans aid Lenin in returning from
exile to Russia
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The Bolshevik Revolution
SECTION
1
The Provisional Government Topples• In November 1917, workers take control of the
government
Bolsheviks in Power• Lenin gives land to peasants, puts workers in control
of factories• Bolsheviks sign treaty with Germany; Russia out of
World War I
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Civil War Rages in Russia• Civil War between Bolsheviks’ Red Army and
loosely allied White Army• Red Army wins three-year war that leaves 14 million
dead
Comparing World Revolutions• Russian, French Revolutions similar—both attempt
to remake society
Interactive
continued The Bolshevik Revolution
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Lenin Restores Order
SECTION
1
New Economic Policy• In March 1921, Lenin launches New Economic
Policy; has some capitalism• NEP and peace restore economy shattered by war,
revolution• By 1928, Russia’s farms, factories are productive
again
Political Reforms• Lenin creates self-governing republics under
national government• In 1922, country renamed Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (U.S.S.R.)• Communist Party—new name taken by Bolsheviks
from writings of Marx
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Stalin Becomes Dictator
SECTION
1
A New Leader• Trotsky and Stalin compete to replace Lenin when
he dies• Joseph Stalin—cold, hard Communist Party
general secretary in 1922• Stalin gains power from 1922 to 1927• Lenin dies in 1924• Stalin gains complete control in 1928; Trotsky forced
into exile
Image
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After Lenin dies, Stalin seizes power and transforms the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state.
Section 2Totalitarianism CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia
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A Government of Total Control
Totalitarianism SECTION
2
CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia
Totalitarianism, Centralized State Control• Totalitarianism—government that dominates every
aspect of life• Totalitarian leader often dynamic, persuasive
Police Terror• Government uses police to spy on, intimidate people
Indoctrination• Government shapes people’s minds through slanted
education
Continued . . .
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continued A Government of Total Control
SECTION
2
Propaganda and Censorship• Government controls all mass media, crushes
opposing views
Religious or Ethnic Persecution• Leaders brand religious, ethnic minorities “enemies
of the state”
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Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State Police State• Stalin’s police attack opponents with public force,
secret actions• Great Purge—terror campaign against Stalin’s
perceived enemies• By the end of 1938, Stalin in complete control; 8–
13 million dead
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
Russian Propaganda and Censorship• Government controls newspapers, radio, movies• Artists censored, controlled; work harnessed to
glorify the Party Image
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continued Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
Education and Indoctrination• Government controls all education, from early grades
to college• Children learn the virtues of the Communist Party• Teachers, students who challenge the Party are
punished
SECTION
2
Religious Persecution• Government attacks Russian Orthodox Church• Magnificent churches, synagogues destroyed;
religious leaders killed• People lose all personal rights, freedoms
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New Economic System• Command economy—government makes all
economic decisions
Stalin Seizes Control of the Economy
An Industrial Revolution• Five-Year Plans—Stalin’s plans for developing the
economy• Result: large growth in industrial power; shortage of
consumer goods
An Agricultural Revolution• In 1928, government creates collective farms—
large, owned by state• Peasants resist this change; 5–10 million die in
crackdown• By 1938, agricultural production rising
Chart
SECTION
2
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Gains at Great Cost• People better educated, gain new skills• Limited personal freedoms; few consumer goods
Daily Life Under Stalin
Women Gain Rights• Communists say women are equal to men• Women forced to join labor force; state provides
child care• Many women receive advanced educations,
become professionals• Women suffer from demands of work, family
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2
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Powerful Ruler• By mid-1930s, Stalin has transformed Soviet Union
- totalitarian regime; industrial, political power• Stalin controls all aspects of Soviet life:
- unopposed as dictator, Communist Party leader- rules by terror instead of constitutional government- demands conformity, obedience
Total Control Achieved
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SECTION
2
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Unemployed men in a Chicago soup kitchen during the Great Depression (1930).
Years of Crisis,1919–1939 Societies undergo political, economic, and social changes that lead to renewed aggression.
Section 3
Fascism Rises in Europe In response to political turmoil and economic crises, Italy and Germany turn to totalitarian dictators.
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Fascism’s Rise in Italy New Political Movement• Fascism is new, militant political movement• Emphasizes nationalism and loyalty to authoritarian
leader
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3 Fascism Rises in Europe
Il Duce’s Leadership• Mussolini takes firm control of politics and economy
in Italy
Mussolini Takes Control• Italians want a leader who will take action• Fascist Party leader, Benito Mussolini, promises to
rescue Italy• Italian king puts Mussolini in charge of government
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Hitler Rises to Power in Germany A New Power• Adolf Hitler—obscure political figure in 1920s
Germany
The Rise of the Nazis• Nazism—German brand of fascism• Hitler becomes Nazi leader, plots to seize national
power• Mein Kampf—Hitler‘s book detailing beliefs, goals• Hitler believes that Germany needs lebensraum, or
living space• Germans turn to Hitler when economy collapses
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3
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Hitler Becomes Chancellor Hitler’s New Power• Hitler is named chancellor• Turns Germany into totalitarian state• Uses brutal tactics to eliminate enemies• Nazis take command of economy
Hitler Makes War on the Jews• Nazis deprive Jews of rights, promote violence
against them
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3
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The Führer Is Supreme• Hitler takes control over every aspect of German
life
Image
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Other Countries Fall to Dictators World Is Divided• Most of eastern Europe falls to dictators• Only Czechoslovakia retains democratic
government• World splits into two camps—democratic and
totalitarian
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3
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Section 4
Aggressors Invade Nations As Germany, Italy, and Japan conquer other countries, the rest of the world does nothing to stop them.
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Militarists Take Control of Japan• Military leaders take control of country• Want to solve economic problems through foreign
expansion
Japan Seeks an Empire
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4 Aggressors Invade Nations
Japan Invades China • In 1937, Japan launches war on China
Japan Invades Manchuria• Japan has investments in Manchuria, Chinese
province• In 1931, Japanese army seizes Manchuria• League of Nations protests action; Japan
withdraws from League
Map
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Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia• In 1935, Mussolini attacks Ethiopia• League of Nations does not stop aggression
European Aggressors on the March
SECTION
4
Continued . . .
Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty• In 1935, Hitler begins rebuilding German army• In 1936, Germany occupies Rhineland• Britain urges appeasement, a policy of giving in
to aggression• Germany, Italy, and Japan—the Axis Powers—
form an alliance
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Civil War Erupts in Spain• In 1931, a republic is declared in Spain• In 1936, General Francisco Franco leads
rebellion• Hitler and Mussolini help Franco and his Fascists• In 1939, Franco wins Spanish Civil War • Franco becomes Spain’s Fascist dictator
SECTION
4
continued European Aggressors on the March
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United States Follows an Isolationist Policy• Isolationism—avoidance of political ties with
other countries• In 1935, Congress passes Neutrality Acts
Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace
SECTION
4
Continued . . .
The German Reich Expands• Hitler plans to expand Third Reich—German
Empire• In 1938, Hitler annexes Austria• Hitler demands the Sudetenland from
Czechoslovakia• Czechs refuse, ask France for help
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Britain and France Again Choose Appeasement• Leaders meet at Munich Conference to settle
Czech crisis• Britain and France agree to let Hitler take
Sudetenland• But in 1939, Hitler still takes rest of
Czechoslovakia• Mussolini takes Albania; Hitler demands part of
Poland
SECTION
4
continued Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace
Nazis and Soviets Sign Nonaggression Pact• In 1939, Stalin and Hitler pledge never to attack
one another
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