chapters1 5 appendix (1) - sample thesis

7/27/2019 Chapters1 5 Appendix (1) - sample thesis

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

With the advent of a variety of effective childhood vaccinations, we now

have very low rates of many of once deadly childhood diseases. However, they

have not completely disappeared. The bacteria and viruses that cause them are

still around so it is extremely important that children are immunized. A child who

has not been adequately immunized may suffer from illnesses, a lifetime of

disability or even death.

Immunizations are used to protect the human body against preventable

diseases. Immunizations are usually given in the form of a shot or vaccine. When

one gets immunized, the body develops the ability to fight off a given disease.

Immunizations safeguard the body from illnesses and death caused by certain

infectious diseases. Some immunizations are given to prevent a single disease,

while others will take care of two or three diseases. Immunizations help control

infectious diseases that were once common. They have reduced, and in many

cases, eliminated, diseases that routinely killed or harmed infants, children, and

adults.

As stated in Public Health Nursing (2007), immunization is the process by

which vaccines are introduced into the body before infection sets in. Vaccines

are administered to induce immunity thereby causing the recipients immune

system to react to the vaccine that produces antibodies to fight infection.


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Vaccinations promote health and protect children from disease-causing agents.

Infants and newborns need to be vaccinated at an early age since they belong to

vulnerable age group. They are susceptible to childhood diseases. Vaccination

among infants and newborns (0-12months) against the seven vaccine

preventable diseases. These includes: tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis,

tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles and Hepatitis. The standard routine immunization

schedule for infants is adopted to provide maximum immunity against the seven

vaccine preventable diseases before childs first birthday. A child is said to be

Fully Immunized Child when a child receives one dose of BCG, 3 doses of

OPV, 3 doses of DPT, 3 doses of HB and one dose of measles before a childs

first birthday.

The primary goal of immunization is to prevent the contraction of disease.

This is especially important for infants who are born without a fully developed

immune system or the antibodies needed to fight of potentially dangerous

illnesses. Target diseases include measles, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis,

poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus and hepatitis B.

For the children to receive vaccines mothers should submit them to the

nearest health centers and have their shots. It is extremely necessary that

mothers should follow the schedule for each shot to complete the immunization.

Though vaccines are given free in health centers many still fail to get their child

vaccinated, for that matter researchers got interested in the knowledge, attitudes

and practices on childhood immunization among mothers in Purok 3, barangay

Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna.


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Background of the Study

The study was done at Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna, located along the

old national hi-way, the 14 th barangay in Bian City, Laguna with the total number

of population of 7, 656 and a household number of 1, 310. It is currently led by

Hon. Ceferino B. Mercado, the barangay captain of Sto. Nio, Bian CIty,

Laguna. The number one leading cause of infant morbidity in the said barangay

is acute respiratory infections (ARI), while pneumonia is the leading cause of

mortality. The said area has no available health center, so the mothers and the

residents go to the health center of Barangay San Vicente to gain access in

immunizing their children which is located beside barangay Sto. Nio. This is the

reason why we conducted the study on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices

on childhood immunization among mothers.

Theoretical Framework

To ensure the greatest quality of research, one must possess a strong

foundation, as for the researchers title, researchers chose the Health Belief

Model (HBM), It was developed in the 1950s by a group of U.S. Public Health

Service social psychologists who wanted to explain why so few people were

participating in programs to prevent and detect disease. HBM is a good model for

addressing problem behaviors that evoke health concerns (e.g., parents do not

like their children immunized because it is taking risks rather than not

immunizing). The health belief model proposes that a person's health-related

behavior depends on the person's perception of four critical areas: the severity of


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a potential illness, the person's susceptibility to that illness, and the benefits of

taking a preventive action, and the barriers to taking that action.

HBM is a popular model applied in nursing, especially in issues focusing

on patient compliance and preventive health care practices. The model

postulates that health-seeking behavior is influenced by a persons perception of

a threat posed by a health problem and the value associated with actions aimed

at reducing the threat. HBM addresses the relationship between a persons

beliefs and behaviors. It provides a way to understanding and predicting how

clients will behave in relation to their health and how they will comply with health

care therapies. The six major concepts in HBM are as follow: Perceived

Susceptibility: refers to a persons perception that a health problem is personally

relevant or that a diagnosis of illness is accurate; Perceived severity: even when

one recognizes personal susceptibility; action will not occur unless the individual

perceives the severity to be high enough to have serious organic or social

complications; Perceived benefits: refers to the patients belief that a given

treatment will cure the illness or help to prevent it; Perceived Costs: refers to the

complexity, duration, and accessibility and accessibility of the treatment;

Motivation includes the desire to comply with a treatment and the belief that

people should do what; Modifying factors include personality variables, patient

satisfaction, and socio-demographic factors.

In this theory, peoples perception on health is divided among 6 concepts,

these concepts explains how a person respond to their health care needs, as


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Level of knowledge of the

mothers on immunization

Attitude of the mothers

towards immunization

Practices of the mothers

on immunization

5

related to the title, the researchers will want to know how these mothers respond

regarding their childs immunization.

Conceptual Framework

The researchers determined the knowledge, attitudes and practices on

childhood immunization among mothers of Purok 3, barangay Sto. Nio, Bian

City, Laguna. For the independent variable are the profile of the respondents as

to age, educational attainment, employment status, number of children and

combined family monthly income. On the other hand, the dependent variables

are the problems being measured in terms of level of knowledge of the mothers

on immunization, attitude of the mothers towards immunization, and practices of

the mothers on immunization.

Figure 1The Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the Mothers on Immunization

Profile of the respondents in

terms of:

Age

Educational attainment

Employment status

Number of children


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Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices on

childhood immunization among mothers of Purok 3, barangay Sto. Nio, Bian

City, Laguna.

The study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Educational attainment

1.3 Employment status

1.4 Number of children

1.5 Combined family monthly income

2. What is the level of knowledge of the mothers on childhood immunization?

3. What is the attitude of the mothers towards childhood immunization?

4. What are the practices of the mothers on childhood immunization?

5. Is there a relationship between the demographic profile of the mothers

and:

5.1 Their level of knowledge on childhood immunization

5.2 Their attitude towards childhood immunization

5.3 Their practices on childhood immunization

6. Is there a relationship between the practices of the mothers on childhood

immunization and:

6.1 Their level of knowledge on childhood immunization.

6.2 Their attitude towards childhood immunization


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Statement of the Hypothesis

Ho1: There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile

of the mothers and their level of knowledge, attitudes and practices on childhood

immunization.

Ho2: There is no significant relationship between the level of knowledge

and attitude of the mothers, and their practices on childhood immunization.

Scope and Delimitation

Certain information was based on surveys and focused on fifty (50)

mothers residing in Purok 3, barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna and their

knowledge, attitudes and practices on childhood immunization for their children.

Assumptions of the Study

During the conduct of the study, the following assumptions were made by

the researchers:

1. The respondents answered the questionnaire to the best of their

knowledge and whatever personal opinion elicited was honest and true.

2. The statistical methods used in this study were accurate and reliable.

Significance of the Study

The researchers conducted the study to know the knowledge, attitudes

and practices of mothers that will signify their childrens health through

immunization.

These findings of the study will prove significant to the following:


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Respondents. This study will educate the mothers regarding the diseases that

can be prevented by their children in having immunization vaccine.

Community. This research will give information for the whole community about

the benefits of completing immunizations.

Health Practitioner. This research will help minimize the prevalence of disease

and decreasing mortality and morbidity rates among infants.

Student Nurse. As a student nurse, this study will help us in providing

appropriate health teachings and other interventions to help respondents

complete their childrens immunization.

Other Researchers. This study is also an advantage to other researchers for

conducting further studies related to this research. They can differentiate the

problems today and the near future to help enhance the wellness of newborns.

Definition of Terms

For research purposes, the following terms were used extensively in the

study, and the established definitions intended for the operational use of the

terms in the study are as follows:

Antibody. This is a protein produces by the immune system that help

identify and destroy foreign germs (virus/bacteria) that attack the body.

Attitude. Is the way of the respondents deal with the immunization of their

children, the way they feel about immunization.

Awareness.


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childhood immunization in various locales. Additionally, citations were made of

published articles relevant to the subject of this research. Data on immunization

from previous journals, as well as epidemiologic data coming from the study

locale were also utilized to lend further support to assertions made in the analysis

of findings obtained by this research.

Related Literature

As stated in Health and Education by Commission on Health (2009),

educational attainment among adults is linked with childrens health as well,

beginning early in life: babies of more-educated mothers are less likely to die

before their first birthdays, and children of more-educated parents experience

better health. Education can increase peoples knowledge and cognitive skills,

enabling them to make better-informed choices among the health-related options

available for themselves and their families, including those related to obtaining

and managing medical care. Greater educational attainment has been

associated with health-promoting behaviors. In addition, changes in health-

related behaviors in response to new evidence, health advice and public health

campaigns tend to occur earlier among more-educated people. More education

can lead to higher-paying jobs, which enable people to obtain health care when

needed, provide themselves and their families with more nutritious foods, and

live in safer and healthier homes and neighborhoods with supermarkets, parks

and places to exerciseall of which can promote good health by making it easier

to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors. Lower-paid workers experience greater


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stress because they have fewer financial resources to cope both with everyday

challenges, including child care and other family responsibilities, and with

unexpected challenges such as illness. Parents educational attainment is also

linked to their childrens health and their childrens educational attainmentboth

of which influence their childrens health as adults.

When a child is immunized, the health worker should record the vaccine,

which dose it is (first, second, etc.) and the date on an immunization or health

card given to the parents or other caregiver. The immunizations should also be

recorded and kept at the health clinic. It is important for the parents or other

caregiver to keep the immunization card and bring it with them the next time the

child is vaccinated. With it, the health worker can record which vaccines the child

has received and the date they were given. The health worker can also provide

information to the parents or other caregiver on vaccines that are missing or

remaining. (Facts for Life Goal, 2007)

All health care providers are legally required to keep a record of

immunizations in their patient's chart. Some health care providers may also

supply their patients with handy immunization record cards that allow you to keep

track yourself of which vaccines have and have not been given. Child

immunizations records are vital to ensuring your child receives all of their

vaccines on time and that they do not need to repeat any shots. (Its A Moms

World, Baby Health Immunization Schedule, 2010)

Most vaccinations can be given if the child is not seriously ill or running a

fever. If he has had a cough or cold for more than a few days, the doctor may
http://www.babycenter.in/baby/health/immunisationcoughcoldexpert/http://www.babycenter.in/baby/health/immunisationcoughcoldexpert/


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vaccinations as a public health good. People often recognize the immunization

logo. The key behavioral concepts for parents are the notion of completing a

series of visits and (in most countries) finishing the series before the childs first

birthday. In many communities, the under-one-year old is considered particularly

vulnerable so parents may be reluctant to subject an infant to vaccinations early

enough. In addition to the vaccination card, communication programs have

therefore devised various creative ways of motivating completion in a timely

way .Completion is made a cause for celebration. A central communication focus

is to reward individual parents for finishing a childs series, and communities for

covering large numbers of children by a particular age. On the surface, this does

not sound like a difficult demand creation task. Nevertheless, immunization offers

complex behavioral challenges (Global Health Communication, 2003).

Knowledge (about when, where, and how often to get a child immunized)

is a prime determinant of immunization. Any supplementary strategies add to the

parents challenge of understanding how many vaccinations a child needs and

when and how these should be obtained. Confusing or contradictory messages

make it difficult for families to act, undermine trust in services, and even create

doubts about the product itself. (Global Health Communication, 2003)

Calame (16th January 2007) of New York Times said that a common

argument perpetrated by pro-vaccine doctors is that parents don't vaccinate

because they don't know anything, they are under-educated, poor and

misinformed. However, the opposite is true. Those mothers, who have chosen to

research the issue and read both sides of the argument in depth, often decide


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not to vaccinate, or to choose only some vaccines and not others. A study in the

journal The American Journal of Public Health, which surveyed 11,860 families,

found that mothers who had not finished high school were 16% more likely to

have completed the whole vaccination schedule for their children. Lower

education levels and socio-economic status was associated with higher

completion rates for vaccination. Rates of compliance were also higher in

Hispanic and black low income families. The researchers were puzzled as to

why this was and suggested giving more vaccine information to university

educated mothers, and they suggested a 'cultural' difference may be to blame.

Dr. Kronenfeld, a professor of sociology in the School of Social and Family

Dynamics at Arizona State University, said 'There is a controversy among more

educated mothers about the safety of certain kinds of immunization, that may be

part of what is going on here, but we dont know for sure.

According to Tyler, Tom R. et al (1991), results shown that older people

change in response to personal experience.

As cited by Krosnick et al (1989), there are several ,major perspective on

the relationship between age and openness to attitude change.

Although health providers have a voice in the decision to vaccinate a child,

the personal and philosophical beliefs of the parents are the most influential in

the vaccination decision. Mothers are known to be instrumental in whether

children are up to date with vaccines. Addressing maternal concerns and fears

regarding vaccines is an important factor in the timeliness of vaccine receipt by

preschool-aged children. Several factors can influence a parent's decision to


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them altogether. Fear of adverse reactions or harm from vaccines outweighs

concerns of the child's contracting the disease. Some families may still believe

that the immunity derived from actually having the disease is superior to the

immunity that develops in response to the receipt of a vaccine. Contracting some

diseases, such as varicella, generally provides lifetime immunity. (Stevenson,

2009)

Related Studies

According to Kim et al (2007) Some of the factors that affect whether or

not children are up to date on immunizations include economic, provider, and

parental variables; availability of vaccines; and vaccination policies. In addition,

children in households with 2 or more other children, children with unmarried

mothers having no postsecondary education, non-Hispanic Black children,

children whose families use public immunization service providers, and children

in families in which more than 1 physician provides immunizations are at

increased likelihood of experiencing immunization delays (i.e., delays of 30 days

or more above the recommended vaccination point). Improvements in rates of

compliance with national immunization guidelines are imperative. Mell et al.

showed that the rate of full compliance with recommended immunization

guidelines was about 35.6%, and they showed that 29.7% of children had missed

opportunities for immunizations.

According to Awodele et al (2010) there were significant relationship

between age of respondents; ethnicity; level of education; occupation and


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attitude to immunization. However, there was no significant relationship between

religion and attitude to immunization. Although majority of the mothers were

aware of immunization services, their knowledge of immunization schedule as

well as of vaccine preventable diseases is poor. A better understanding of routine

immunization schedule is important in the design and implementation of

immunization programmes. Educating mothers about the vaccines and vaccine

preventable disease, and improving their performance are recommended.

Markland and Durand, (1976); Marks et al., (1979) revealed that

educational status of mothers has a strong association with a high vaccine

uptake. This study also confirms this assertion from previous studies (Markland

and Durand, 1976; Marks et al., 1979). There is an association between

education status of mothers and missed opportunities for vaccination. More than

two-thirds (70.4%) of mothers with missed opportunities for vaccination had

either primary school education or no formal education. This finding is in support

of a report from Turkey study by Altinkaynak et al.,

(2004) that education of mothers increases the vaccination chance of a child and

reduces missed opportunity. In the study, 33.4% of the children under one year

of age have not completed their vaccination program because of missed

opportunities. Factors identified for missed opportunities in these children are

long trekking distance with bad terrain (27%), high cost of transportation (33%),

poor staff attitude (11%), quality of health services provided (9%), lack of

personnel (15%) and vaccine out of stock (5%).


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knowledge about it .One thing is clear, however: when parents resist vaccination,

it is because they want to protect their children from harm. According to one

school of thought, the demand for vaccination is triggered by a general

perception that vaccines are good for infants and/or a strong feeling of

vulnerability to serious illness. A contrasting viewpoint is that the greatest

determinant of vaccination uptake is the perceived quality of vaccination

services. The situation is likely to differ depending on the context. Cultural

receptivity to perceived modernity and education, as well as trust in health

workers, was considered to be the most important factors influencing attitudes. In

short, knowing little about vaccination does not necessarily translate into

negative attitudes towards it; factors such as trust (e.g. in health-care providers

or western medicine) and culture may be more influential. The impact of high

levels of knowledge on subsequent attitudes towards vaccination is unknown.

According to Schwarz et al (2009) distance from the facility appears to

have been an important factor affecting adherence to EPI: transport costs, loss of

time, clinic queues, social stigma and unfriendly, and even aggressive,

responses by health staff towards latecomers, all interact to become a strong

impediment to future adherence. Fear of rebuke by health staff has been

reported in other studies as contributing to no adherence relating to routine clinic

attendance. Insufficient communication, for example, health workers not

explaining the purpose of vaccinations to mothers seem to be common in health

centers and may deter mothers from coming back in the future. Some mothers

do not return to clinic due to having bad experiences during a previous visit. Bad


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According to Bernsen 2011. Older mothers were less likely to have a

positive attitude towards immunization, regardless of education, knowledge or

number of children. Perhaps, in older women, this reflects a higher prevalence of

traditional nihilistic views, such as destiny being the cause of disease.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

Based on previous studies, mothers knowledge, attitudes and practices

affects the immunization of their child. Many of them lack knowledge about

immunization vaccine that can prevent their child from communicable diseases.

Some of the factors that affect whether or not children are up to date on

immunizations, children are up to date on immunizations include economic,

provider, and parental variables; availability of vaccines and vaccination policies.

There were significant relationship between age of respondents; ethnicity; level

of education; occupation and attitude to immunization. However, there was no

significant relationship between religion and attitude to immunization. Parental

perceptions of vaccine safety and ranked their level of concern. Parental

perceptions of vaccine safety and ranked their level of concern found that

parents with a household income below $30,000 were 2.1 times more likely than

parents with a household income greater than $75,000 to report their level of

concern as a 5 (95% CI: 1.5, 3.2). The presence of maternal illiteracy, educating

mothers about the vaccines and vaccine preventable diseases may be highly

effective in increasing the immunization coverage. The child's gender, education,

residence and job of the mother did not affect the pattern of immunization, while


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negative attitude (mothers afraid from vaccination) significantly affected the

immunization status. This signifies the incomplete knowledge and inappropriate

practice of the people. The outcome of the child being fully immunized depends

on the availability and affordability of vaccine, as well as, the willingness and

effort of their parents. The effects of parents knowledge and attitudes, that

parents knowledge about vaccinations is poor, and the knowledge they do have

is often wrong. It appears that there is no association between parents

knowledge and vaccination coverage rates, and the public accept vaccination

despite limited knowledge about it. Distance from the facility and fear of rebuke

by health staff has been reported in other studies as contributing to no adherence

relating to routine clinic attendance and appears to have been an important factor

affecting adherence to EPI. Reasons children don't get immunized are because

of the following: Mothers have too many competing priorities, daily subsistence

included, and too little time for them. Vaccines produce side-effects that mothers

fear and about which they receive little effective information. Many health

workers do not adequately inform mothers as to why and when they should

return for additional doses. Older mothers were less likely to have a positive

attitude towards immunization. Perhaps, in older women, this reflects a higher

prevalence of traditional nihilistic views, such as destiny being the cause of

disease.


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Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains a discussion of the design plan of the study. It

includes the components of methods of research, respondents of the study,

sources of data and the statistical techniques and methods for data interpretation

and analysis.

Research Design

The descriptive type of research was utilized in the study. Descriptive

research according to Ardales (2008) which aim to find out what prevail in the

present: conditions or relationships, held opinions and beliefs, processes and

effects, and developing trends. It seeks to determine relationships between

variables, tests hypotheses and develops generalization, principles or theories on

the basis of its findings. This helped the researchers determined knowledge,

attitudes and practices on childhood immunization among mothers of Purok 3,

barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna. Descriptive research focuses on how

person, group or thing behaves or function in the present.

Sources of Data

Data obtained for this study were taken from two sources. Primary

sources were the fifty (50) mothers residing from Purok 3, Barangay Sto. Nio,

Bian City, Laguna. They provided vital information through self-developed


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The corresponding percentage was used to describe the profile of the

subjects

Where:

% = percentage

F = frequency

N = number of respondents

2. Frequency Distribution

Frequency Distribution is the organization of raw data in table form, using

classes and frequencies.

Categorical Frequency Distribution is a type of frequency distribution

which is used for data that can be placed in specific categories such as nominal

and ordinal.

Steps in Constructing Distribution

1. Arrange the data in an array

2. Determine the range

R = Highest observed value Lowest observed value

3. Decide on the number of class intervals

K = 1 + 3.3 log N (Sturges Formula)

Wherein:

K = number of class intervals

N = total number of observations


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The simplest formula for computing the appropriate t value to test

significance of a correlation coefficient employs the t distribution:

Where:

t = computed t value

r = Pearson-r value

n = number of respondents

6. Chi square

Chi square is used for the test of homogeneity (concerned with two or

more samples with only one criterion, two or more populations are homogenous)

and for the test of independence (significant relationship or association between

two variables).

Where:

X2 = Chi square

Fo = observed frequencies

Fe = expected frequencies

= summation


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1.4 The Profile in Terms of Employment Status

Table 4 refers to the mothers profile in terms of employment status

whether they are employed or unemployed, the number of frequency and its

percentage

Table 4The Profile of the Mothers in Terms of Employment Status

Employment Status Frequency Percentage (%)

Employed 14 28Unemployed 36 72

TOTAL 50 100

Researchers classified employment status as employed and unemployed.

Seventy two percent (72%) of the respondents were unemployed and the

remaining twenty eight percent (28%) were employed.


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2 The Knowledge of the Mothers on Childhood Immunization

This section shows the following indicators of knowledge each with

weighted mean ranked in numerical order and their corresponding

interpretations.

Table 6The Knowledge of the Mothers on Immunization

IndicatorsWeighted Mean

QualitativeInterpretation

Rank

Mothers should bring their children on theappointed schedule for vaccination.

3.92Highly

knowledgeable1

Mothers should not bring their children forvaccination during times that the children

are acutely ill.2.38

Slightlyknowledgeable

5

Vaccines may produce expected sideeffects, like fever.

3.66Highly

knowledgeable2

Vaccination prevents communicablediseases.

3.14 Knowledgeable 3

Vaccines may be less effective in the

prevention of communicable diseasesover time. 3.02 Knowledgeable 4

Overall Weighted Mean 3.22 Knowledgeable

Respondents showed highly knowledgeable with Mothers should bring

their children on the appointed schedule for vaccination which gathered a score

of 3.92. Mothers should not bring their children for vaccination during times that

the children are acutely ill scored the lowest with a score of 2.38, respondents

were slightly knowledgeable. With the Vaccines producing expected side

effects, it scored 3.66, respondents were highly knowledgeable followed by

Vaccinations prevents communicable diseases with a score of 3.14 and


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Vaccines may be least effective over time scored 3.02, respondents for both

were knowledgeable.

The above data shows that all respondents are knowledgeable to

childhood immunization. It is a good indication that respondents are aware of

what immunization is and its possible effects.

According to Global Health Communication 2003, parents equate

vaccinations with good health (despite the short-term negative consequences of

a child in tears). And the great majority of parents do value vaccinations.


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3 The Attitudes of the Mothers Towards Immunization

This section shows the following indicators of attitudes each with weighted

mean ranked in numerical order and their corresponding interpretations.

Table 7The Attitude of the Mothers on Immunization

IndicatorsWeighted

MeanQualitative

InterpretationRank

It is important for me to follow andcomplete the schedule of my childs

immunization.4.88 Strongly agree 1

I feel it is important to ask for clarificationwhen I dont understand the health staffs

explanation regarding my childsvaccination and its schedule.

2.94Neither agreenor disagree

3

I do not fear vaccines and their commonside effects.

2.7Neither agreenor disagree

4

I believe that having my child immunizedis an important obligation and

responsibility every mother shouldobserve.

4.88 Strongly agree 1

I believe distance or lack of financesshould not be a hindrance to complyingwith my childs immunization schedule.

4.26 Agree 2

Overall Weighted Mean 3.93 Agree

The indicators It is important for me to follow and complete the schedule

of my childs immunization and I perceived that having my child immunized is

an important obligation and responsibility every mother should observe obtained

the highest score of 4.88 in which respondents were strongly agree. Second that

scored the highest with a score of 4.26, in which respondents were agree, was

the indicator I believe distance or lack of finances should not be a hindrance to


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When parents resist vaccination, it is because they want to protect their

children from harm. The demand for vaccination is triggered by a general

perception that vaccines are good for infants and/or a strong feeling of

vulnerability to serious illness. (Newell et. Al., 2008)

4 The Practices of the Mothers on Immunization

This section shows the following indicators of practices each with

weighted mean ranked in chronological order and their corresponding

interpretations.

Table 8The Practices of the Mothers on Immunization

IndicatorsWeighted

Mean

Qualitative

InterpretationRank

I follow the schedule of immunization

visits.

4.86 Always 1

I keep the immunization card for the nextvaccination schedule.

4.72 Always 3

I seek information from a health careprovider when there is a missed dose.

4.54 Always 4

I prepared medications for possible sideeffects of the vaccine.

4.82 Always 2

I make sure that my child has no seriousillness before visiting the health center for

immunization4.38 Often 5

Overall Weighted Mean 4.66 Always

Indicators I follow the schedule in immunization visits. obtained the

highest score of 4.86. Second that scored the highest was the indicator I

prepared medications for possible side effects of the vaccine. with a score of


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4.82. Third that scored the highest was I keep the immunization card for the next

vaccination schedule. with the score of 4.72. Two indicators got the lowest score

which were I seek information from a health care provider when there is a

missed dose. which obtained 4.54 and I make sure that my child has no serious

illness before visiting the health center for immunization which gathered 4.38

only.

It is important to follow the vaccination schedule in accordance with

national guidelines. Children should be immunized at the recommended ages

and should receive subsequent doses at recommended intervals.

When a child is immunized, the health worker should record the vaccine,

which dose it is (first, second, etc.) and the date on an immunization or health

card given to the parents or other caregiver. The immunizations should also be

recorded and kept at the health clinic. It is important for the parents or other

caregiver to keep the immunization card and bring it with them the next time the

child is vaccinated. With it, the health worker can record which vaccines the child

has received and the date they were given. The health worker can also provide

information to the parents or other caregiver on vaccines that are missing or

remaining. (Facts for Life Goal, 2007)

All health care providers are legally required to keep a record of

immunizations in their patient's chart. Some health care providers may also

supply their patients with handy immunization record cards that allow to keep

track of which vaccines have and have not been given. (Its A Moms World, Baby

Health Immunization Schedule, 2010)


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Most vaccinations can be given if the child is not seriously ill or running a

fever. If he has had a cough or cold for more than a few days, the doctor may

want to hear his breathing before deciding whether a vaccination may be

given. (Baby Center India, 2008)

5 The Relationship between the Knowledge of the Mothers on

Immunization and their Profile in Terms of Age, Number of Children and

Combined Family Monthly Income

This section presents the correlation of knowledge of the mothers on

immunization and their profile in terms of age, number of children and combined

family monthly income with each are the numerical results of the statistical tools

utilized and their corresponding interpretations.

Table 9The Relationship Between The Knowledge of the Mothers on Immunization

and their Profile in Terms of Age, Number of Children andCombined Family Monthly Income

Pearson

r

t

computed

t

tabularInterpretation

Age and Knowledge -0.0104 0.0718 2.021

Negligible

negative

correlation; not a

significant

predictor

Number of Children

and Knowledge-0.0094 0.0649 2.021

Negligiblenegative

correlation; not a

significant

predictorCombined Family

Monthly Income and

0.1016 0.7076 2.021 Negligible positive

correlation; not a
http://www.babycenter.in/baby/health/immunisationcoughcoldexpert/http://www.babycenter.in/baby/health/immunisationcoughcoldexpert/


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Knowledgesignificant

predictor

The relationship between age and knowledge, with age, from the table,

Pearson r resulted -0.0104 which is negative, therefore the strength of

relationship as the mother gets older, their knowledge decreases in compliance

to immunization. Since the t computed (0.0718) is lower than the t tabular

(2.021), the age is not a significant predictor of the knowledge of mothers in

immunization

According to Awodele et al (2010) there were significant relationship

between age of respondents; ethnicity; level of education; occupation and

attitude to immunization. Although majority of the mothers were aware of

immunization services, their knowledge of immunization schedule as well as of

vaccine preventable diseases is poor. A better understanding of routine

immunization schedule is important in the design and implementation of

immunization programmes. Educating mothers about the vaccines and vaccine

preventable disease, and improving their performance are recommended.

The relationship between number of children and knowledge, with the

number of children, from the table, Pearson r resulted -0.0094 which is negative

therefore the strength of relationship as the mother tends to have more children,

their knowledge decreases in compliance to immunization. Since the t computed

(0.0649) is lower than the t tabular (2.021), the number of children is not a

significant predictor of the knowledge of mothers in immunization


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mother/household is experiencing food and resource shortages, participating in

an immunization exercise becomes a matter of lesser priority

6 The Relationship Between the Knowledge of the Mothers on

Immunization and their Profile in Terms of educational Attainment and

their Employment Status

This section shows the correlation of knowledge and profile of mothers in

terms of educational attainment and employment status. It also describes the

computed numerical results and interpretation in whether to reject or accept H o.

Table 10The Relationship Between the Knowledge of the Mothers on Immunization

and their Profile in Terms of Educational Attainmentand their Employment Status

Indicator Df 2

ComputedTabular 2 Interpretation

KnowledgeEducationalAttainment 6 47.5473 10.64 Reject Ho

EmploymentStatus

2 33.1736 4.6 Reject Ho

In educational attainment, the degree of freedom is 6, the 2 computed is

47.5473 and its corresponding tabular 2 is 10.64 which indicate reject

hypothesis. The knowledge and educational attainment is related and is

significant. The higher the educational attainment the more knowledgeable the

mother is.

In employment status, the degree of freedom is 2, the 2 computed s

33.1736 and the tabular 2 is 4.6 which indicate reject hypothesis that means the


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knowledge and employment status is related and is significant. Therefore, the

employed one is highly knowledgeable than the unemployed.

As stated in Health and Education by Commission on Health (2009),

Education can increase peoples knowledge and cognitive skills, enabling them

to make better-informed choices among the health-related options available for

themselves and their families, including those related to obtaining and managing

medical care. Greater educational attainment has been associated with health-

promoting behaviors. More education can lead to higher-paying jobs, which

enable people to obtain health care when needed, provide themselves and their

families with more nutritious foods, and live in safer and healthier homes and

neighborhoods with supermarkets, parks and places to exerciseall of which

can promote good health by making it easier to adopt and maintain healthy

behaviors. Lower-paid workers experience greater stress because they have

fewer financial resources to cope both with everyday challenges, including child

care and other family responsibilities, and with unexpected challenges such as

illness.


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7 The Relationship Between the Attitude of the Mothers Towards

Immunization and their Profile in Terms of Age, Number of Children and

Combined Family Monthly Income

This section presents the correlation of attitudes of the mothers on

immunization and their profile in terms of age, number of children and

combined family monthly income with each are the numerical results of the

statistical tools utilized and their corresponding interpretations.

Table 11The Relationship Between the Attitude of the Mothers Towards

Immunization and their Profile in Terms of Age, Number of Children andCombined Family Monthly Income

Pearson

r

t

computed

t


Age and Attitude 0.1287 0.8997 2.021

Negligible positive

correlation; not a

significantpredictor

Number of Children

and Attitude0.0394 0.2733 2.021

Negligible positive

correlation; not a

significant

predictor

Combined Family

Monthly Income and

Attitude

-0.1368 0.9568 2.021

Negligible

negative

correlation; not a

significant

predictor

With age, from the table, Pearson r resulted 0.1287 which is positive

therefore the strength of relationship as the mother gets older, their attitude also


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respondents that affect the significance of the relationship between the number

of children and their attitude.

With the combined family monthly income, the computed Pearson r is

0.1368 which means that the higher the family income, the mothers attitude

towards immunization decreases. The t computed (0.9568) is lower that the t

tabular (2.021) which indicates the combined family income is not a significant

predictor in the attitude of mothers in immunization.

According to Cunningham (2012). Unvaccinated children were more likely

to live in a household whose income was at or near the poverty level because

their families could not afford to have them vaccinated. However, more recent

studies show that, due in large part to programs like the WIC Immunization

Action Plan, lower income families have had increasing rates of childhood

vaccinations. This upward trend has had a positive effect on vaccination rates in

the U.S. overall, despite the decreases in childhood vaccination rates in more

affluent communities.

Furthermore, a study by Bennett and Smith (1992), which also focused on

parental perceptions of vaccine safety and ranked their level of concern on a

scale of 1 (lowest) to 5 (greatest), found that parents with a household income

below $30,000 were 2.1 times more likely than parents with a household income

greater than $75,000 to report their level of concern as a 5 (95% CI: 1.5, 3.2).


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8 The Relationship Between the Attitude of the Mothers Towards

Immunization and their Profile in Terms of Educational Attainment and

their Employment Status

This section shows the correlation of attitude of the mothers in terms of

educational attainment and their employment status. It also describes the

numerical results and its corresponding interpretation.

Table 12The Relationship Between the Attitude of the Mothers Towards

Immunization and their Profile in Terms of Educational Attainment and theirEmployment Status

Indicator Df 2

ComputedTabular 2 Interpretation

AttitudeEducationalAttainment

9 14.1845 14.68 Accept Ho

EmploymentStatus

2 3.8311 4.6 Accept Ho

In educational attainment, the degree of freedom is 9, the 2

computed is

14.1845 and its corresponding tabular 2 is 14.68 which indicate accepted

hypothesis and signifies no relationship between the educational attainment of

mothers and their attitude towards immunization.

According to Borrafaj (2008). Among educated mothers the percentage of

completely immunized children was 71.4% whereas among illiterate mothers it

was 88.3%, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

According to our contingency table the most number of respondents

answered that they strongly agree and agree on the indicators in the attitude part

of the questionnaire. These most numbers were also at their different level of


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educational attainment which only means that these mothers have a positive

attitude in childhood immunization even if they have lower or higher educational

attainment.

In employment status, the degree of freedom is 2, the 2 computed s

3.8311 and the tabular 2 is 4.6 which mean that the hypothesis is accepted and

signifies no relationship between the employment status of mothers and their

attitude towards immunization.

According to Borrafaj (2008). Child gender; education, residence and job

of mothers do not significantly affect the pattern of immunization.

According to our contingency table, the greater number of respondents

either employed or unemployed has agreed on the indicators of attitude.

Therefore, mothers have a positive feeling towards immunization even if they are

employed or not.


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9 The Relationship Between the Practices of the Mothers on Immunization

and their Profile in Terms of Age, Number of Children and Combined

Family Monthly Income

This section presents the correlation of practices of the mothers on

immunization and their profile in terms of age, number of children and

combined family monthly income with each are the numerical results of the

statistical tools utilized and their corresponding interpretations.

Table 13The Relationship Between the Practices of the Mothers on Immunization

and their Profile in Terms of Age, Number of Children andCombined Family Monthly Income

Pearson

r

t

computed

t


Age and Practices -0.1814 1.2774 2.021

Negligible

negative

correlation; not asignificant

predictor

Number of Children

and Practices0.0023 0.0163 2.021

Negligible positive

correlation; not a

significant

predictor

Combined Family

Monthly Income and

Practices

-0.1630 1.1545 2.021

Negligible

negative

correlation; not a

significantpredictor

Since the age is negative and negligible, it implies that the age of mother

does not directly affect their practices which are supported by the result of t-test


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wherein the computed value was lower (1.2774) than the tabular value (2.021) as

a result level of compliance is not significant correlate or a strong predictor.

According to Akesode, (1982) marital status and age of the mothers were

not seen to be associated with the use of immunization services. In addition a

study from Glenda (et al., 2004), in other settings, both younger and older age of

mothers has been reported to be associated with incomplete vaccination.

In terms of number in children, it showed a low value of 0.0023 on the

Pearson r, but since it is positive it showed a direct relationship and that the more

the child a mother has, the higher level of compliance, this was however not

supported by the result of the t-test with a computed value of 0.0163 which is

lower than the tabular value of 2.021 as a result it is not significant or a strong

predictor when it comes to the level of compliance.

As the most number of children in a household in Purok 3, Barangay Sto.

Nio is from 1 to 3, as showed in Table 3, the knowledge of mothers for the

importance of right practices on immunization increases. The researchers

assume that when the mother has one or more children, she has more

experienced about the compliance of immunization, therefore doing the right

practice. But since it is not a significant predictor, the researchers only have 50

respondents that affect the significance of the relationship between the number

of children and their practices.

Combined family monthly income does not significantly affect the level of

compliance as it showed that a computed Pearson r of -0.1630 that indicates it is

negative and negligible, this was also supported by the result of t-test ,with a


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computed value of 1.1545 was lower than the value on the t-test table of

significance which is 2.021. The result indicated that it is not significant correlate

or a strong predictor.

According to Klevens and Luman, 2001; Bates and Wolinsky, 1998;

Zimmerman, 1996, Family income has previously been associated with

immunization coverage levels, and low family income is also a risk factor for low

immunization. Parents with lower household incomes are more likely to

experience barriers, such as transportation or access to health care services that

make staying up-to-date on immunizations difficult. The low-income parents in

this study who had incomplete immunization for their children may have done so

because of similar barriers. The indirect influence of economic factors on

immunization at household levels is a more obvious explanation. When the

mother/household is experiencing food and resource shortages, participating in

an immunization exercise becomes a matter of lesser priority.


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In addition Markland and Durand, (1976); Marks et al., (1979) revealed

that educational status of mothers has a strong association with a high vaccine

uptake. This study also confirms this assertion from previous studies (Markland

and Durand, 1976; Marks et al., 1979). There is an association between

education status of mothers and missed opportunities for vaccination. More than

two-thirds (70.4%) of mothers with missed opportunities for vaccination had

either primary school education or no formal education. This finding is in support

of a report from Turkey study by Altinkaynak et al.,

(2004) that education of mothers increases the vaccination chance of a child and

reduces missed opportunity. In our study, 33.4% of the children under one year

of age have not completed their vaccination program because of missed

opportunities. Factors identified for missed opportunities in these children are

long trekking distance with bad terrain (27%), high cost of transportation (33%),

poor staff attitude (11%), quality of health services provided (9%), lack of

personnel (15%) and vaccine out of stock (5%).

In the employment status, the degree of freedom is 2, the 2 computed is

8.0027 and the tabular 2 is 4.6 which mean that the hypothesis is rejected and

signifies relationship between the employment status of mothers and their

practices towards immunization. The mothers of Purok 3, barangay Sto. Nio,

Bian City, Laguna who is unemployed who focuses their attention their child is

more compliant in terms of practices for the immunization.

Mostly, the mothers of Purok 3, barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna

were unemployed, leaving them mostly at the house doing most of the chores, so


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it focuses their attention to their childs needs, making them more compliant in

terms of observing the right practices for the immunization.

11 The Relationship Between the Knowledge and Attitudes of the Mothers

and their Practices on Immunization

This section presents the correlation of practices of the mothers on

immunization and their knowledge and attitudes on immunization with each are

the numerical results of the statistical tools utilized and their corresponding

interpretations.

Table 15The Relationship Between the Knowledge and Attitudes of the Mothers and

their Practices on Immunization

Pearson

r

t

computed

t


Knowledge and

Practices on

Immunization

0.1834 1.2925 2.021

Negligible positive

correlation; not a

significant

predictor

Attitudes and Practices

on Immunization0.0602 0.4178 2.021

Negligible positive

correlation; not a

significant

predictor

Since the interpreted result in the Pearson r of knowledge and practices is

positive with a value of 0.1834 even though negligible it showed a direct

relationship meaning the greater the knowledge of the mother, the better the

practices on immunization, however this was not a significant correlate or a

strong predictor as computed t-test, the value was 1.2925 lower than in the table

with a value of 2.021.


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Since most of the mothers in Purok 3 finished high school with a

population percentage of 58%, it is assumed by the researchers that they

showed comprehension or understanding of health providers instructions on the

dos and donts of immunization, leaving the mothers doing the right practices.

But since it is not a significant predictor with only fifty (50) respondents, it affects

the relationship of significance between the knowledge of mothers to their

practices.

According to the study ofMapatano, Kayembe, Piripiri, Nyandwe (2008)

A survey conducted in 2001 Out of 1 613 children aged from zero to four years,

86.1% were fully immunised, However, only the mothers of 75.7% of the children declared that

they possessed an immunisation card. The interviewers could only observe cards for 57.4% of the children

more in the HCZ(High Coverage Zone) (70.9%) than in the LCZ(Low Coverage Zone) (46.9%) (p = 0.000),

implying that the mothers in the HCZ looked after the card much better. The card was not available because

it was lost (46%) or kept at the health centre (16.4%). The interviewers noted that when a mother could

produce the vaccination card, it was likely that the child was fully immunised. This was the case in both the

LCZs (96.2%) and the HCZs (94.1%). Based on the card, the immunisation coverage was nearly the same

in both strata, namely around 37%. The childrens full immunisation status according to the mothers, which it

estimated at 45.7%,23 suggesting that the actual coverage in 2001 remained very low. Therefore, high

coverage regarding BCG, which is administered at birth, is not a guarantee for completing the vaccination

schedule. Thus all sites, whether of low or high coverage, need to improve their complete vaccination

coverage.

In terms of attitudes and practices the result of the Pearson r indicated a

negligible correlation with a value of 0.0602 but since it is positive, it implies a

direct relationship meaning a greater positive attitude of mother the better she

practices on her childs immunization, but then it is not a significant predictor


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where in the computed t-test value was 0.4178 which is lower than in the table of

significance with a value of 2.021

Most of the mothers of the said Purok showed a positive attitude whether

in terms of educational attainment and employment statuses. It is assumed by

the researchers to think that when it comes to the health of the mothers children,

they are willing and attentive, maybe because they would not want any crisis

regarding their childrens health in the future. But since fifty (50) respondents

were only chosen, this was not a significant predictor, thus implying a weak

relationship regarding the attitudes of mothers when it comes to immunization.

According to the study of Mapatano, Kayembe, Piripiri, Nyandwe (2008)

Mothers have positive attitudes towards immunisation, which the majority

regarded as an important intervention (98%). In our data, no attitudinal variable

was a strong predictor of child immunisation, as also observed by some other

researchers.17,18 However, these researchers worked in private clinics in the United States. Furthermore,

as Zelaya et al. have warned, a positive attitude is not a guarantee for full immunisation. 19 Mothers may

sometimes not complete the vaccination schedule despite their positive attitude because of their poor

understanding of the concept of vaccination, which health personnel do not take time to explain to them

clearly.19

Yawn et al., studying an affluent community in the USA, identified fear of side

effects as an important factor for under-immunisation.20 Taylor et al.,21 however, could not

find the association, which, possibly as in our study, was confounded by unmeasured socio-cultural factors.

Moreover, as observed in Malawi, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, the Philippines and India, mothers might

understate side effects. Some mothers view them as a normal occurrence, some expect them to disappear

anyway and some see in them a sign that the vaccine is working

www.ajol.info/index.php/safp/article/download/13442/64240


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1.3 Number of Children

The respondents with highest percentage of sixty eight

percent (68%) have 1 3 children. Twenty six percent (26%) of the

respondents have 4 6 children. Lastly, with only six percent (6%)

of the respondent have 7 9 children.

1.4 Employment Status

Majority of the respondent have work gaining a percentage

of seventy two percent (72%) and the remaining percentage of 28%

are unemployed.

1.5 Combined Family Monthly Income

Fifty two percent (52%) of the respondents have monthly

income of Php 5,000 to 9,999. Thirty six percent (36%) of the

respondents have monthly income of Php 4,999 and less. The

remaining twelve percent of the respondents are equally divided

into two, the first six percent (6%) have monthly income of Php

10,000 to 14,999 and the other six percent (6%) have monthly

income of Php 15,000 and above.

2. Level of Knowledge of Mother on Childhood Immunization

Data shows that all respondents are knowledgeable to childhood

immunization where the over-all weighted mean was 3.22. It is a good


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indication that respondents are aware of what immunization is and its

benefits.

3. Attitude of Mothers Towards Childhood Immunization

Most of the respondents had a positive attitude towards

immunization. But for some reason few of them were left undecided to the

two indicators that rank the lowest which were I feel it is important to ask

for clarification when I dont understand the health staffs explanation

regarding my childs vaccination and its schedule which obtained 2.94

and I do not fear vaccines and their common side effects which gathered

2.7 only. The over-all weighted mean is 3.93 which is interpreted as agree.

4. Practices of Mothers on Childhood Immunization

Majority of the mothers do follow the immunization schedule with

the score of 4.86. Second that scored the highest was the indicator I

prepared medications for possible side effects of the vaccine. with a

score of 4.82. Third that scored the highest was I keep the immunization

card for the next vaccination schedule. with the score of 4.72. Two

indicators got the lowest score which were I seek information from a

health care provider when there is a missed dose. which obtained 4.54

and I make sure that my child has no serious illness before visiting the

health center for immunization which gathered 4.38 only.


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6. Relationship Between the Practices of the Mother on Childhood

Immunization and

6.1 Level of Knowledge on Childhood Immunization

In terms of knowledge in immunization of their child it

showed that it does not have a significant predictor and a

relationship when it comes to practices.

6.2 Attitude Towards Childhood Immunization

In terms of attitude in immunization of their child it showed

that it is not a significant predictor and has indirect relationship

when it comes to practices.

Conclusions

In the light of the above findings of the study, the following were the

researchers conclusion:

1. Respondents in general belonged to the age group 21 to 30, had

secondary education, and had a number of children of 1 to 3, unemployed

and with incomes ranging from 5000 to 9999 pesos a month.

2. Respondents have knowledge on childhood immunization especially in the

importance of bringing their children on the appointed schedule of

vaccination and on the fact that vaccines produces side effects like the

most common, fever. They were less knowledgeable on whether child

should not be brought for vaccination when ill.


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3. Respondents showed positive outlook toward childhood immunization.

They expressed doubt on whether asking for clarification is important

when they dont understand health staffs explanation and evidently

unsure of what vaccines do for they were left undecided whether they fear

effects of vaccines and its common side effects.

4. Following the schedule of immunization was noted on majority of the

respondents, this indicate mothers concern for their childrens health and

their willingness to have their child vaccinated. Respondents are reluctant

in submitting their children for immunization when severely ill.

5. The demographic profile of the respondents in terms of educational

attainment and employment status affects the level of knowledge of the

respondents. The demographic profile and attitudes of the respondents

displayed no significant relationship. Employment status has an effect on

the practices of the respondents in childhood immunization.

6. Mothers knowledge and attitudes in immunization showed that it does not

have a significant predictor and a relationship when it comes to practices

Recommendations

1. The community should put effort in understanding the importance of

immunization, not only the mothers should be educated and be informed,

but also the elders and fathers, with this they can also contribute to the

optimum state of health and help lower the rate of childhood diseases that

can spread in their community through vaccination.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books

2007. Public Health Nursing in the Philippines 10th Edition

B. Journals

Abdulrahem et. al. (2011).Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology Vol

3(4),

pp 194-203.

Bennett, P., & Smith, C. (1992). Parents attitudinal and social influences

on

childhood vaccination. Health Education Research, 7(3), 341-348.

Krosnick et. Al.(1989).Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. Aging

and

Susceptibility to Attitude Change, 57, 416-425.

Pillsbury, Barbara. (1990). Immunization: The Behavioral Issues

Tyler, Tom R. et. al. (1991). Aging and Attitude Change

C. Published and Unpublished Researches

Bofarraj Mabrouka A.M. (2008). Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of

Mothers Regarding immunization of Infants and Preschool Children at Al

Beida City, Libya.

Caingles, Slvia E. et al.(2011). Survey on Knowledge, Attitude and Practices

of Parents in Barangay 8A, District 1, Davao City Regarding their

Childrens immunization.


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Coreil, Jeannine. (1987). Use of Ethnographic Research for Instrument

Development in a Case-Control Study of Immunization Use in Haiti

Cunningham, Andrea.(2012). Demographic Characteristics Related to

Vaccination Status in Children Aged 19 to 35 Months.

Kim, Sam. (2007).Effects of Maternal and Provider Characteristics on Up-to-

Date Immunization Status of Children Aged 19 to 35 Months

Manjunath,U .(2003) . Maternal Knowledge and Perceptions About the

Routine Immunization Programm--a study in a semiurban area in

Rajasthan.

Nankabirwa, Victoria. (2008). Maternal Education is Associated with

Vaccination Status of Infants less than 6 Months in Eastern Uganda: a

cohort study

Newell, J. (2008). Childhood Vaccination in Africa and Asia: the effects of

parents knowledge and attitudes

O. Awodele et. al. (2010). The Knowledge and Attitude towards

Childhood Immunization amongst Mothers Attending Antenatal

Clinic in Lagos University Teaching Hospital

Rahman et al. (2003). Mothers' Knowledge about Vaccine Preventable

Diseases and Immunization Coverage of a Population with High Rate of

Illiteracy.

Schwarz, Norbert G. (2009). Reasons for Non-adherence to Vaccination at

Mother and Child care Clinics (MCCs) in Lambarn, Gabon.

D. Electronic Resources


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APPENDICES

(Communication Letters)


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University of Perpetual Help System Laguna

COLLEGE OF NURSING

Old National Highway, Bian City, Laguna

_____________________________________________________________

Date

You are hereby designated as THESIS ADVISER of _______________________

candidates for the degree BS in Nursing. Their thesis title is

________________________________________________________________________

__________________. They intend to graduate on _____________.

Below are the duties and responsibilities of an Adviser.

1. The adviser will plan with the advisee/s a schedule of advising. The partner,

for mutual satisfaction and convenience, will respect the schedule.

2. The research adviser shall log his/her advising activities.

3. The adviser is responsible for safeguarding the integrity of the thesis of the

advisee/s by checking the various parts of the research output/material for

possible duplication from other sources.

4. The adviser is advised not to accept a finished product to prevent the

submission of research report/manuscript authored by someone else or a ghost

writer.

5. The adviser shall assume responsibility for the appropriateness of the research

design, statistical treatment of data, and the institutional format and style of

the research.

Very truly yours,


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ESTRELLA A. SAN JUAN, MAN

Dean

CONFORME

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNASto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna

COLLEGE OF NURSING

To whom it may concern

Greetings in the name of Christ, Our Lord.

We, the fourth year nursing students, Group 7A of the University of PerpetualHelp System Laguna, are undertaking a research study entitled Knowledge,

Attitudes and Practices on Childhood Immunization among Mothers of Purok 3,Barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna.

The purpose of this research is for the researchers to comply with therequirements of our course it should also serve general purposes. Among others,this research can serve as a baseline data for the students, future researchers,clinical instructors, and school administrators.

In connection with this, we would like to seek your kind permission to allow us toconduct a survey to the mothers in your barangay for us to determine theknowledge, attitude, and practices.

Rest assured that their response will be kept confidential and that you will befurnished with the results and findings once the research study is complete.

We are hoping for your favorable response regarding this matter. Thank you.

Respectfully yours,

Sayson, Mary Joyce M.Leader

Noted by:

Dr. Arni Magdamo


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Thesis Adviser

Barangay Captain of Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna


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COLLEGE OF NURSING

Greetings in the name of Christ, Our Lord

We are the group 7A year nursing students of the UPH-DJGTMU you are

selected by our group as a respondents into our research study entitled

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Childhood Immunization among Mothers

of Purok 3, Barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna.

The purpose of our research is to improve knowledge, attitudes &

practices among mothers regarding immunization for their child. Rest assured

the information that you will share with us will be confidential & will be contributed

to the fulfillment of our research, may we ask you to answer a set of questions

with honesty to eradicate any biases.

Thank you & God Bless.

The Researchers

Sayson, Mary Joyce M.

Leader, BSN Level IV Thesis Group 7A

Members:

Casupang, Adrian Laurence L.

Somes, Christian I.

Tesoro, Johnrey J.

Toledo, Mary Felinne A.


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Ugay, Mary Grace C.


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COLLEGE OF NURSING

_______________________

Dr. Mirabelle BenjaminRHU Bian City Laguna

Dear Maam,


We, the fourth year nursing students, Group 7A of the University of Perpetual Help

System Laguna, are undertaking a research study entitled Knowledge, Attitudes andPractices on Childhood Immunization among Mothers of Purok 3, Barangay Sto. Nino,Binan City, Laguna.

In connection with this, we would like to ask your good office the permission to have thetotal population of mothers residing at Purok 3 Sto. Nio Bian City Laguna who submittheir child for immunization in your Rural Health Unit. We are also asking yourpermission to conduct a survey on these selected mothers to determine their knowledge,attitude, and practices on immunization.

Rest assured that their response will be kept confidential and that you will be furnishedwith the results and findings once the research study is complete.


Respectfully yours,

Mary Joyce M. SaysonLeader, BSN Level IV Thesis Group 7A

Members:Casupang, Adrian Laurence L.Somes, Christian I.Tesoro, Johnrey J.Toledo, Mary Felinne A.Ugay, Mary Grace C.

Noted by:

Dr. Arni MagdamoThesis Adviser


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COLLEGE OF NURSING

_________________

Dear Maam/Sir,

Good day! We, the fourth year nursing students of UPH-DGTMU, as part of ourrequirement we are conducting a research entitled Knowledge, Attitudes andPractices on Childhood Immunization among Mothers of Purok 3, Barangay Sto.

Nio, Bian City, Laguna.

In order for us to complete the study, we would like to gain permission to have acopy of the total population and the latest statistics in Purok 3, Barangay Sto.Nio, Bian City, Laguna. This will serve as a valid data for our thesis and ourreference on how many families comprising the said barangay needed for ourdata gathering.

Thank you for your time and consideration.

Respectfully yours,


Members:

Casupang, Adrian Laurence L.Somes, Christian I.

Tesoro, Johnrey J.Toledo, Mary Felinne A.Ugay, Mary Grace C.

Noted By:

Dr. Arni Magdamo


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Thesis AdviserUNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA

Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna

COLLEGE OF NURSING

_______________________

Brgy. San VicenteBian City, Laguna

Dear Maam/Sir


We, the fourth year nursing students, Group 7A of the University of Perpetual HelpSystem Laguna, are undertaking a research study entitled Knowledge, Attitudes andPractices on Childhood Immunization Among Mothers of Purok 3, Sto. Nino, BinanCity, Laguna.

In connection with this, we would like to ask your good office the permission to havethe total mortality and morbidity in Purok 3, Barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Lagunaneeded for our study. We would also like to have the total population of mothers whosubmit their child for immunization.

Rest assured that this information will be only used for our study.


Respectfully yours,


Members:Casupang, Adrian Laurence L.

Somes, Christian I.Tesoro, Johnrey J.Toledo, Mary Felinne A.Ugay, Mary Grace C.

Noted by:

Dr. Arni Magdamo


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Thesis Adviser


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UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA

Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna

COLLEGE OF NURSING


We are the group 7A year nursing students of the UPH-DJGTMU you are selected by our group as

a respondents into our research study entitled Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Childhood

Immunization among Mothers of Purok 3, Barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna.

The purpose of our research is to improve the knowledge, attitudes and practices among mothers

regarding immunization for their child. Rest assured the information that you will share with us will be

confidential & will be contributed to the fulfillment of our research, may we ask you to answer a set of

questions with honesty to eradicate any biases.

Thank you & God Bless.

______________________________________________________________________________________

I. Demographic Profile

Name

(optional):_________________________

Age:

12 20

21 30

31- 40

40 and above

Number of children:

1 3

4 6

7 9

10 and above

Educational attainment:

Gradeschool level

Highschool level

College level

Vocational

Employment status:

Unemployed

Employed


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Combined family monthly income:


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II. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Childhood Immunization among Mothers

Instruction: Kindly check one of the following if you are:

4 - Highly knowledgeable 3 Knowledgeable 2 - Slightly knowledgeable 1 - Not knowledgeable

Knowledge 4 3 2

1. Mothers should bring their children on the appointed schedule for vaccination.

2. Mothers should not bring their children for vaccination during times that the children areacutely ill.

3. Vaccines may produce expected side effects, like fever.

4. Vaccination prevents communicable diseases.

5. Vaccines may be less effective in the prevention of communicable diseases over time.

5 Strongly agree 4 Agree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 2- Disagree 1 Strongly

disagree

5 Always 4 Often 3 Sometimes 2 Seldom 1 - Never

Attitudes 5 4 3 2

1. It is important for me to follow and complete the schedule of my childsimmunization.

2. I feel it is important to ask for clarification when I dont understand the health staffsexplanation regarding my childs vaccination and its schedule.

3. I do not fear vaccines and their common side effects.

4. I perceive that having my child immunized is an important obligation andresponsibility every mother should observe.

5. I believe distance or lack of finances should not be a hindrance to complying withmy childs immunization schedule.

Practices 5 4 3 2

1. I follow the schedule of immunization visits.

2. I keep the immunization card for the next vaccination schedule.

3. I seek information from a health care provider when there is a missed dose.

4. I prepared medications for possible side effects of the vaccine.

5. I make sure that my child has no serious illness before visiting the health center for

immunization


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COLLEGE OF NURSING

Pagbati at magandang araw sa pangalan ng ating Panginoon.

Kami ang BSN ng NCM-106 Group 7A ng Unibersidad ng Perpetual D.J.G.T.M.U. ay magsasagawa ngpananaliksik na may titulong Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Childhood Immunization amongMothers of Purok 3, Barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna.

Ang aming layunin ay mapabuti ang kaalaman, saloobin, at mga kasanayan ng ina tungkol sa pagbabakunapara sa kanilang anak. Aming titiyakin na ang impormasyon na iyong ibabahagi sa amin ay magigingpribado at lubos na maiaambag sa katuparan ng aming pananaliksik. Hinihiling po namin sa inyo na sagutinang mga tanong ng buong katapatan para sa katumpakan ng mga datos at upang matanggal ang anumangmga pagkiling.

Maraming salamat sa inyo at Pagpalain kayo ng Diyos.

Mga Tagapagsaliksik

______________________________________________________________________________________

I. Demographic Profile

Pangalan(opsyonal):__________________

Edad: 12 20

21 30

31 - 40

40 at pataas

Bilang ng mga anak:

1 3

4 6

7 9

10 at pataas

Antas ng edukasyon:

Gradeschool level

Highschool level

College level

Vocational

Trabaho:

WalangTrabaho

May Trabaho

Pinagsamahang buwanang

kita ng pamilya:


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10,000 15,000

15,000 20,0


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I. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Childhood Immunization among Mothers

Panuto: Lagyan ng tsek ang mga sumusunod kung ikaw ay:

4 Lubos na may kaalaman 3 - May kaalaman 2 - May kaunting kaalaman 1 Walang kaalaman

5 Lubos na sang-ayon 4 - Sang-ayon 3- Hindi makapagpasiya

2 - Hindi sang-ayon 1Lubos na hindi sang-ayon

5- Palagi 4 Mali

chapters1 5 appendix (1) - sample thesis

Documents