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Charles Darwin

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Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin aged 45 in 1854 by then working towards publication of On the

Origin of Species

Born 12 February 1809

Mount House Shrewsbury Shropshire England

Died 19 April 1882 (aged 73)

Down House Downe Kent England

Residence England

Citizenship British Citizenship

Nationality British

Ethnicity English

Fields Naturalist

Institutions Royal Geographical Society

Alma mater University of Edinburgh

University of Cambridge

Academic advisors John Stevens Henslow

Adam Sedgwick

Known for

The Voyage of the Beagle

On The Origin of Species

Natural selection

Influences Charles Lyell

Joseph Dalton Hooker

Influenced

Thomas Henry Huxley

George John Romanes

Ernst Mayr

Notable awards

Royal Medal (1853)

Wollaston Medal (1859)

Copley Medal (1864)

Religious stance Church of England though Unitarian family background Agnostic

after 1851

Signature

NotesHe was a grandson of Erasmus Darwin and a grandson of Josiah Wedgwood and married

his cousin Emma Wedgwood

Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 ndash 19 April 1882) was an

English naturalist[I] who realised that all species of life have evolved

over time from common ancestors and published compelling supporting

evidence of this in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species in which he presented his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution

resulted from a process that he called natural selection[1][2]

The fact that

evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific community and much of

the general public in his lifetime[3] but it was not until the emergence

of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a

broad consensus developed that natural selection was the basic mechanism

of evolution[4] In modified form Darwins scientific discovery is the

unifying theory of the life sciences explaining the diversity of life[5][6]

Darwins early interest in nature led him to neglect his course in medicine

at Edinburgh University and instead help to investigate marine

invertebrates then the University of Cambridge encouraged a passion for

natural science[7] His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as

an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles

Lyells uniformitarian ideas and publication of his journal of the voyage

made him famous as a popular author[8]

Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he

collected on the voyage Darwin investigated the transmutation of species

and conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838[9] Although he

discussed his ideas with several naturalists he needed time for extensive

research and his geological work had priority[10] He was writing up his

theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay which described

the same idea prompting immediate joint publication of both of their

theories[11] Darwins work established evolutionary descent with

modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification

in nature[3] In 1871 he examined human evolution and sexual selection in

The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex followed by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals His research on plants was published in a series of books and in his final book he examined

earthworms and their effect on soil[12]

In recognition of Darwins pre-eminence as a scientist he was one of only

five 19th-century UK non-royal personages to be honoured by a state

funeral[13] and was buried in Westminster Abbey close to John Herschel

and Isaac Newton[14]

Contents

bull 1 Life of Darwin

o 11 Childhood and education

o 12 Journey of the Beagle

o 13 Inception of Darwins evolutionary theory

o 14 Overwork illness and marriage

o 15 Preparing the theory of natural selection for publication

o 16 Publication of the theory of natural selection

o 17 Responses to the publication

o 18 Descent of Man sexual selection and botany

bull 2 Darwins children

bull 3 Religious views

bull 4 Political interpretations

o 41 Eugenics

o 42 Social Darwinism

bull 5 Commemoration

o 51 Darwin 2009 commemorations

bull 6 Works

bull 7 See also

bull 8 Notes

bull 9 Citations

bull 10 References

bull 11 External links

Life of Darwin

Childhood and education

See also Charles Darwins education and Darwin-Wedgwood family

The seven-year-old Charles Darwin in 1816

Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury Shropshire England on 12

February 1809 at his family home the Mount[15] He was the fifth of six

children of wealthy society doctor and financier Robert Darwin and

Susannah Darwin (neacutee Wedgwood) He was the grandson of Erasmus Darwin on his fathers side and of Josiah Wedgwood on his mothers side Both

families were largely Unitarian though the Wedgwoods were adopting

Anglicanism Robert Darwin himself quietly a freethinker had baby

Charles baptised in the Anglican Church but Charles and his siblings

attended the Unitarian chapel with their mother The eight year old

Charles already had a taste for natural history and collecting when he

joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817 That July his mother

died From September 1818 he joined his older brother Erasmus attending

the nearby Anglican Shrewsbury School as a boarder[16]

Darwin spent the summer of 1825 as an apprentice doctor helping his father

treat the poor of Shropshire before going to the University of Edinburgh

with his brother Erasmus in October 1825 He found lectures dull and

surgery distressing so neglected his medical studies He learned

taxidermy from John Edmonstone a freed black slave who had accompanied

Charles Waterton in the South American rainforest and often sat with this

very pleasant and intelligent man[17]

In Darwins second year he joined the Plinian Society a student natural

history group whose debates strayed into radical materialism He assisted

Robert Edmund Grants investigations of the anatomy and life cycle of

marine invertebrates in the Firth of Forth and in March 1827 presented

at the Plinian his own discovery that black spores found in oyster shells

were the eggs of a skate leech One day Grant praised Lamarcks

evolutionary ideas Darwin was astonished but had recently read the

similar ideas of his grandfather Erasmus and remained indifferent[18]

Darwin was rather bored by Robert Jamesons natural history course which

covered geology including the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism He

learned classification of plants and assisted with work on the

collections of the University Museum one of the largest museums in Europe

at the time[19]

This neglect of medical studies annoyed his father who shrewdly sent him

to Christs College Cambridge for a Bachelor of Arts degree as the first

step towards becoming an Anglican parson[20] Darwin began there in January

1828 but preferred riding and shooting to studying His cousin William

Darwin Fox introduced him to the popular craze for beetle collecting which

he pursued zealously getting some of his finds published in Stevens

Illustrations of British entomology He became a close friend and follower of botany professor John Stevens Henslow and met other leading naturalists

who saw scientific work as religious natural theology becoming known to

these dons as the man who walks with Henslow When exams drew near

Darwin focused on his studies and was delighted by the language and logic

of William Paleys Evidences of Christianity[21] In his final examination

in January 1831 Darwin did well coming tenth out of a pass list of 178[22]

Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June He studied Paleys Natural Theology which made an argument for divine design in nature explaining adaptation as God acting through laws of nature

[23] He read John Herschels

new book which described the highest aim of natural philosophy as

understanding such laws through inductive reasoning based on observation

and Alexander von Humboldts Personal Narrative of scientific travels Inspired with a burning zeal to contribute Darwin planned to visit

Tenerife with some classmates after graduation to study natural history

in the tropics In preparation he joined Adam Sedgwicks geology course

then went with him in the summer to map strata in Wales[24] After a fortnight

with student friends at Barmouth he returned home to find a letter from

Henslow proposing Darwin as a suitable (if unfinished) gentleman

naturalist for a self-funded place with captain Robert FitzRoy more as

a companion than a mere collector on HMS Beagle which was to leave in four weeks on an expedition to chart the coastline of South America

[25]

His father objected to the planned two-year voyage regarding it as a waste

of time but was persuaded by his brother-in-law Josiah Wedgwood to

agree to his sons participation[26]

Journey of the Beagle

For more details on this topic see Second voyage of HMS Beagle

The voyage of the Beagle

Beginning on the 27th of December 1831 the voyage lasted almost five

years and as FitzRoy had intended Darwin spent most of that time on land

investigating geology and making natural history collections while the

Beagle surveyed and charted coasts[3][27] He kept careful notes of his

observations and theoretical speculations and at intervals during the

voyage his specimens were sent to Cambridge together with letters

including a copy of his journal for his family[28] He had some expertise

in geology beetle collecting and dissecting marine invertebrates but

in all other areas was a novice and ably collected specimens for expert

appraisal[29] Despite repeatedly suffering badly from seasickness while

at sea most of his zoology notes are about marine invertebrates starting

with plankton collected in a calm spell[27][30]

On their first stop ashore at St Jago Darwin found that a white band high

in the volcanic rock cliffs included seashells FitzRoy had given him the

first volume of Charles Lyells Principles of Geology which set out uniformitarian concepts of land slowly rising or falling over immense

periods[II] and Darwin saw things Lyells way theorising and thinking of

writing a book on geology[31] In Brazil Darwin was delighted by the

tropical forest[32] but detested the sight of slavery

[33]

At Punta Alta in Patagonia he made a major find of fossils of huge extinct

mammals in cliffs beside modern seashells indicating recent extinction

with no signs of change in climate or catastrophe He identified the little

known Megatherium with bony armour which at first seemed to him like a giant version of the armour on local armadillos The finds brought great

interest when they reached England[34] On rides with gauchos into the

interior to explore geology and collect more fossils he gained social

political and anthropological insights into both native and colonial

people at a time of revolution and learnt that two types of rhea had

separate but overlapping territories[35][36]

Further south he saw stepped

plains of shingle and seashells as raised beaches showing a series of

elevations He read Lyells second volume and accepted its view of

centres of creation of species but his discoveries and theorising

challenged Lyells ideas of smooth continuity and of extinction of

species[37][38]

As HMS Beagle surveyed the coasts of South America Darwin theorised about geology and extinction of giant mammals

Three Fuegians on board who had been seized during the first Beagle voyage and had spent a year in England were taken back to Tierra del Fuego as

missionaries Darwin found them friendly and civilised yet their

relatives seemed miserable degraded savages as different as wild from

domesticated animals[39] To Darwin the difference showed cultural advances

not racial inferiority Unlike his scientist friends he now thought there

was no unbridgeable gap between humans and animals[40] A year on the

mission had been abandoned The Fuegian theyd named Jemmy Button lived

like the other natives had a wife and had no wish to return to England[41]

Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile and saw signs that the land had

just been raised including mussel-beds stranded above high tide High

in the Andes he saw seashells and several fossil trees that had grown

on a sand beach He theorised that as the land rose oceanic islands sank

and coral reefs round them grew to form atolls[42][43]

On the geologically new Galaacutepagos Islands Darwin looked for evidence

attaching wildlife to an older centre of creation and found

mockingbirds allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island

He heard that slight variations in the shape of tortoise shells showed

which island they came from but failed to collect them even after eating

tortoises taken on board as food[44][45]

In Australia the marsupial

rat-kangaroo and the platypus seemed so unusual that Darwin thought it

was almost as though two distinct Creators had been at work[46] He found

the Aborigines good-humoured amp pleasant and noted their depletion by

European settlement[47]

The Beagle investigated how the atolls of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands had formed and the survey supported Darwins theorising

[43] FitzRoy began

writing the official Narrative of the Beagle voyages and after reading Darwins diary he proposed incorporating it into the account

[48] Darwins

Journal was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume on natural history

[49]

In Cape Town Darwin and FitzRoy met John Herschel who had recently written

to Lyell praising his uniformitarianism as opening bold speculation on

that mystery of mysteries the replacement of extinct species by others

as a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process[50] When

organising his notes as the ship sailed home Darwin wrote that if his

growing suspicions about the mockingbirds the tortoises and the Falkland

Island Fox were correct such facts undermine the stability of Species

then cautiously added would before undermine[51] He later wrote that

such facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species[52]

Inception of Darwins evolutionary theory

For more details on this topic see Inception of Darwins theory

While still a young man Charles Darwin joined the scientific elite

When the Beagle returned on 2 October 1836 Darwin was already a celebrity in scientific circles as in December 1835 Henslow had fostered his former

pupils reputation by giving selected naturalists a pamphlet of Darwins

geological letters[53] Darwin visited his home in Shrewsbury and saw

relatives then hurried to Cambridge to see Henslow who advised on

finding naturalists available to catalogue the collections and agreed to

take on the botanical specimens Darwins father organised investments

enabling his son to be a self-funded gentleman scientist and an excited

Darwin went round the London institutions being fecircted and seeking experts

to describe the collections Zoologists had a huge backlog of work and

there was a danger of specimens just being left in storage[54]

Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon

introduced him to the up-and-coming anatomist Richard Owen who had the

facilities of the Royal College of Surgeons to work on the fossil bones

collected by Darwin Owens surprising results included gigantic extinct

sloths a near complete skeleton of the unknown Scelidotherium and a hippopotamus-sized rodent-like skull named Toxodon resembling a giant capybara The armour fragments were from Glyptodon a huge armadillo-like creature as Darwin had initially thought

[55] These extinct creatures were

related to living species in South America[56]

In mid-December Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to organise work on his

collections and rewrite his Journal[57] He wrote his first paper showing

that the South American landmass was slowly rising and with Lyells

enthusiastic backing read it to the Geological Society of London on 4

January 1837 On the same day he presented his mammal and bird specimens

to the Zoological Society The ornithologist John Gould soon announced

that the Galapagos birds that Darwin had thought a mixture of blackbirds

gros-beaks and finches were in fact twelve separate species of

finches On 17 February Darwin was elected to the Council of the

Geographical Society and Lyells presidential address presented Owens

findings on Darwins fossils stressing geographical continuity of

species as supporting his uniformitarian ideas[58]

Early in March Darwin moved to London to be near this work joining

Lyells social circle of scientists and experts such as Charles Babbage[59]

who described God as a programmer of laws John Herschels letter on the

mystery of mysteries of new species was widely discussed with

explanations sought in laws of nature not ad hoc miracles Darwin stayed

with his freethinking brother Erasmus part of this Whig circle and close

friend of writer Harriet Martineau who promoted Malthusianism underlying

the controversial Whig Poor Law reforms to stop welfare from causing

overpopulation and more poverty As a Unitarian she welcomed the radical

implications of transmutation of species promoted by Grant and younger

surgeons influenced by Geoffroy but anathema to Anglicans defending

social order[50][60]

In their first meeting to discuss his detailed findings Gould told Darwin

that the Galaacutepagos mockingbirds from different islands were separate

species not just varieties and the finch group included the wrens

Darwin had not labelled the finches by island but from the notes of others

on the Beagle including FitzRoy he allocated species to islands[61] The

two rheas were also distinct species and on 14 March Darwin announced

how their distribution changed going southwards[62]

In mid-July 1837 Darwin started his B notebook on Transmutation of Species and on page 36 wrote I think above his first evolutionary tree

By mid-March Darwin was speculating in his Red Notebook on the possibility that one species does change into another to explain the

geographical distribution of living species such as the rheas and extinct

ones such as the strange Macrauchenia resembling a giant guanaco His thoughts on lifespan asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

developed in his B notebook around mid-July on to variation in offspring

to adapt amp alter the race to changing world explaining the Galaacutepagos tortoises mockingbirds and rheas He sketched branching descent then

a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree in which It is

absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another discarding

Lamarcks independent lineages progressing to higher forms[63]

Overwork illness and marriage

While developing this intensive study of transmutation Darwin became

mired in more work Still rewriting his Journal he took on editing and publishing the expert reports on his collections and with Henslows help

obtained a Treasury grant of pound1000 to sponsor this multi-volume Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle a sum equivalent to about pound73000 in present day terms

[64] He stretched the funding to include his planned books

on geology and agreed unrealistic dates with the publisher Darwin

finished writing his Journal around 20 June 1837 just as Queen Victoria came to the throne but then had its proofs to correct

[65]

Darwins health suffered from the pressure On 20 September he had an

uncomfortable palpitation of the heart so his doctors urged him to

knock off all work and live in the country for a few weeks After visiting

Shrewsbury he joined his Wedgwood relatives at Maer Hall Staffordshire

but found them too eager for tales of his travels to give him much rest

His charming intelligent and cultured cousin Emma Wedgwood nine months

older than Darwin was nursing his invalid aunt His uncle Jos pointed

out an area of ground where cinders had disappeared under loam and

suggested that this might have been the work of earthworms inspiring a

new amp important theory on their role in soil formation which Darwin

presented at the Geological Society on 1 November[66]

William Whewell pushed Darwin to take on the duties of Secretary of the

Geological Society After initially declining the work he accepted the

post in March 1838[67] Despite the grind of writing and editing the Beagle

reports Darwin made remarkable progress on transmutation taking every

opportunity to question expert naturalists and unconventionally people

with practical experience such as farmers and pigeon fanciers[3][68]

Over

time his research drew on information from his relatives and children

the family butler neighbours colonists and former shipmates[69] He

included mankind in his speculations from the outset and on seeing an

orangutan in the zoo on 28 March 1838 noted its child-like behaviour[70]

The strain took a toll and by June he was being laid up for days on end

with stomach problems headaches and heart symptoms For the rest of his

life he was repeatedly incapacitated with episodes of stomach pains

vomiting severe boils palpitations trembling and other symptoms

particularly during times of stress such as attending meetings or making

social visits The cause of Darwins illness remained unknown and

attempts at treatment had little success[71]

On 23 June he took a break and went geologising in Scotland He visited

Glen Roy in glorious weather to see the parallel roads cut into the

hillsides at three heights He later published his view that these were

marine raised beaches but then had to accept that they were shorelines

of a proglacial lake[72]

Fully recuperated he returned to Shrewsbury in July Used to jotting down

daily notes on animal breeding he scrawled rambling thoughts about career

and prospects on two scraps of paper one with columns headed Marry and Not Marry Advantages included constant companion and a friend in old age better than a dog anyhow against points such as less money for

books and terrible loss of time[73] Having decided in favour he

discussed it with his father then went to visit Emma on 29 July He did

not get around to proposing but against his fathers advice he mentioned

his ideas on transmutation[74]

Continuing his research in London Darwins wide reading now included the

sixth edition of Malthuss An Essay on the Principle of Population

In October 1838 that is fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry

I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population and being well prepared

to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from

long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants it at once struck

me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be

preserved and unfavourable ones to be destroyed The result of this would be

the formation of new species Here then I had at last got a theory by which

to work[75]

Malthus asserted that unless human population is kept in check it

increases in a geometrical progression and soon exceeds food supply in

what is known as a Malthusian catastrophe[3] Darwin was well prepared to

see at once that this also applied to de Candolles warring of the

species of plants and the struggle for existence among wildlife

explaining how numbers of a species kept roughly stable As species always

breed beyond available resources favourable variations would make

organisms better at surviving and passing the variations on to their

offspring while unfavourable variations would be lost This would result

in the formation of new species[3][76]

On 28 September 1838 he noted this

insight describing it as a kind of wedging forcing adapted structures

into gaps in the economy of nature as weaker structures were thrust out[3]

By mid December he saw a similarity between farmers picking the best

breeding stock and a Malthusian Nature selecting from chance variants so

that every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and

perfected[77] thinking this comparison a beautiful part of my theory

[78]

Darwin chose to marry his cousin Emma Wedgwood

On 11 November he returned to Maer and proposed to Emma once more telling

her his ideas She accepted then in exchanges of loving letters she showed

how she valued his openness in sharing their differences also expressing

her strong Unitarian beliefs and concerns that his honest doubts might

separate them in the afterlife[79] While he was house-hunting in London

bouts of illness continued and Emma wrote urging him to get some rest

almost prophetically remarking So dont be ill any more my dear Charley

till I can be with you to nurse you He found what they called Macaw

Cottage (because of its gaudy interiors) in Gower Street then moved his

museum in over Christmas On 24 January 1839 Darwin was elected a Fellow

of the Royal Society[80]

On 29 January Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were married at Maer in an Anglican

ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians then immediately caught the

train to London and their new home[81]

Preparing the theory of natural selection for publication

For more details on this topic see Development of Darwins theory

Darwin now had the framework of his theory of natural selection by which

to work[82] as his prime hobby

[83] His research included animal husbandry

and extensive experiments with plants finding evidence that species were

not fixed and investigating many detailed ideas to refine and substantiate

his theory[3] For fifteen years this work was in the background to his

main occupation of writing on geology and publishing expert reports on

the Beagle collections[84]

When FitzRoys Narrative was published in May 1839 Darwins Journal and Remarks was such a success as the third volume that later that year it was published on its own

[85] Early in 1842 Darwin wrote about his ideas

to Charles Lyell who noted that his ally denies seeing a beginning to

each crop of species[86]

Darwins book The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs on his theory of atoll formation was published in May 1842 after more than three years

of work and he then wrote his first pencil sketch of his theory of

natural selection[87] To escape the pressures of London the family moved

to rural Down House in September[88] On 11 January 1844 Darwin mentioned

his theorising to the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker writing with

melodramatic humour it is like confessing a murder[89][90]

Hooker replied

There may in my opinion have been a series of productions on different

spots amp also a gradual change of species I shall be delighted to hear

how you think that this change may have taken place as no presently

conceived opinions satisfy me on the subject[91]

Darwins sandwalk at Down House was his usual Thinking Path[92]

By July Darwin had expanded his sketch into a 230-page Essay to be

expanded with his research results if he died prematurely[93] In November

the anonymously published sensational best-seller Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation brought wide interest in transmutation Darwin scorned its amateurish geology and zoology but carefully reviewed his

own arguments Controversy erupted and it continued to sell well despite

contemptuous dismissal by scientists[94][95]

Darwin completed his third geological book in 1846 He now renewed a

fascination and expertise in marine invertebrates dating back to his

student days with Grant by dissecting and classifying the barnacles he

had collected on the voyage enjoying observing beautiful structures and

thinking about comparisons with allied structures[96] In 1847 Hooker read

the Essay and sent notes that provided Darwin with the calm critical

feedback that he needed but would not commit himself and questioned

Darwins opposition to continuing acts of creation[97]

In an attempt to improve his chronic ill health Darwin went in 1849 to

Dr James Gullys Malvern spa and was surprised to find some benefit from

hydrotherapy[98] Then in 1851 his treasured daughter Annie fell ill

reawakening his fears that his illness might be hereditary and after a

long series of crises she died[99]

In eight years of work on barnacles (Cirripedia) Darwins theory helped him to find homologies showing that slightly changed body parts served

different functions to meet new conditions and in some genera he found

minute males parasitic on hermaphrodites showing an intermediate stage

in evolution of distinct sexes[100]

In 1853 it earned him the Royal

Societys Royal Medal and it made his reputation as a biologist[101]

He

resumed work on his theory of species in 1854 and in November realised

that divergence in the character of descendants could be explained by them

becoming adapted to diversified places in the economy of nature[102]

Publication of the theory of natural selection

For more details on this topic see Publication of Darwins theory

Darwin was forced into swift publication of his theory of natural

selection

By the start of 1856 Darwin was investigating whether eggs and seeds could

survive travel across seawater to spread species across oceans Hooker

increasingly doubted the traditional view that species were fixed but

their young friend Thomas Henry Huxley was firmly against evolution Lyell

was intrigued by Darwins speculations without realising their extent

When he read a paper by Alfred Russel Wallace on the Introduction of species he saw similarities with Darwins thoughts and urged him to

publish to establish precedence Though Darwin saw no threat he began

work on a short paper Finding answers to difficult questions held him

up repeatedly and he expanded his plans to a big book on species titled

Natural Selection He continued his researches obtaining information and specimens from naturalists worldwide including Wallace who was working

in Borneo The American botanist Asa Gray showed similar interests and

on 5 September 1857 Darwin sent Gray a detailed outline of his ideas

including an abstract of Natural Selection In December Darwin received a letter from Wallace asking if the book would examine human origins He

responded that he would avoid that subject so surrounded with

prejudices while encouraging Wallaces theorising and adding that I

go much further than you[103]

Darwins book was half way when on 18 June 1858 he received a paper from

Wallace describing natural selection Shocked that he had been

forestalled Darwin sent it on to Lyell as requested and though

Wallace had not asked for publication he suggested he would send it to

any journal that Wallace chose His family was in crisis with children

in the village dying of scarlet fever and he put matters in the hands

of Lyell and Hooker They decided on a joint presentation at the Linnean

Society on 1 July of On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties and

on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection however Darwins baby son died of the scarlet fever and he was too

distraught to attend[104]

There was little immediate attention to this announcement of the theory

the president of the Linnean Society remarked in May 1859 that the year

had not been marked by any revolutionary discoveries[105]

Only one review

rankled enough for Darwin to recall it later Professor Samuel Haughton

of Dublin claimed that all that was new in them was false and what was

true was old[106]

Darwin struggled for thirteen months to produce an

abstract of his big book suffering from ill health but getting constant

encouragement from his scientific friends Lyell arranged to have it

published by John Murray[107]

On the Origin of Species proved unexpectedly popular with the entire stock of 1250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers

on 22 November 1859[108]

In the book Darwin set out one long argument

of detailed observations inferences and consideration of anticipated

objections[109]

His only allusion to human evolution was the understatement

that light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history[110]

His

theory is simply stated in the introduction

As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive

and as consequently there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence

it follows that any being if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable

to itself under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life will have

a better chance of surviving and thus be naturally selected From the strong

principle of inheritance any selected variety will tend to propagate its new

and modified form[111]

He put a strong case for common descent but avoided the then controversial

term evolution and at the end of the book concluded that

There is grandeur in this view of life with its several powers having been

originally breathed into a few forms or into one and that whilst this planet

has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity from so simple a

beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are

being evolved[112]

Responses to the publication

During the Darwin familys 1868 holiday in her Isle of Wight cottage Julia

Margaret Cameron took portraits showing the bushy beard Darwin had grown

by 1866

An 1871 caricature following publication of The Descent of Man was typical of many showing Darwin with an ape body identifying him in popular culture

as the leading author of evolutionary theory[113]

For more details on this topic see Reaction to Darwins theory

The book aroused international interest with less controversy than had

greeted the popular Vestiges of Creation[114] Though Darwins illness kept

him away from the public debates he eagerly scrutinised the scientific

response commenting on press cuttings reviews articles satires and

caricatures and corresponded on it with colleagues worldwide[115]

Darwin

had only said Light will be thrown on the origin of man[116]

but the first

review claimed it made a creed of the men from monkeys idea from

Vestiges[117] Amongst early favourable responses Huxleys reviews swiped

at Richard Owen leader of the scientific establishment Huxley was trying

to overthrow[118]

In April Owens review attacked Darwins friends and

condescendingly dismissed his ideas angering Darwin[119]

but Owen and

others began to promote ideas of supernaturally guided evolution[120]

The Church of Englands response was mixed Darwins old Cambridge tutors

Sedgwick and Henslow dismissed the ideas but liberal clergymen

interpreted natural selection as an instrument of Gods design with the

cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as just as noble a conception of

Deity[121]

In 1860 the publication of Essays and Reviews by seven liberal Anglican theologians diverted clerical attention from Darwin with its

ideas including higher criticism attacked by church authorities as heresy

In it Baden Powell argued that miracles broke Gods laws so belief in

them was atheistic and praised Mr Darwins masterly volume [supporting]

the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature[122]

Asa Gray

discussed teleology with Darwin who imported and distributed Grays

pamphlet on theistic evolution Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology[121][123]

The most famous confrontation was at the

public 1860 Oxford evolution debate during a meeting of the British

Association for the Advancement of Science where the Bishop of Oxford

Samuel Wilberforce though not opposed to transmutation of species

argued against Darwins explanation and human descent from apes Joseph

Hooker argued strongly for Darwin and Thomas Huxleys legendary retort

that he would rather be descended from an ape than a man who misused his

gifts came to symbolise a triumph of science over religion[121][124]

Even Darwins close friends Gray Hooker Huxley and Lyell still expressed

various reservations but gave strong support as did many others

particularly younger naturalists Gray and Lyell sought reconciliation

with faith while Huxley portrayed a polarisation between religion and

science He campaigned pugnaciously against the authority of the clergy

in education[121]

aiming to overturn the dominance of clergymen and

aristocratic amateurs under Owen in favour of a new generation of

professional scientists Owens claim that brain anatomy proved humans

to be a separate biological order from apes was shown to be false by Huxley

in a long running dispute parodied by Kingsley as the Great Hippocampus

Question and discredited Owen[125]

Darwinism became a movement covering a wide range of evolutionary ideas

In 1863 Lyells Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man popularised prehistory though his caution on evolution disappointed Darwin Weeks

later Huxleys Evidence as to Mans Place in Nature showed that anatomically humans are apes then The Naturalist on the River Amazons by Henry Walter Bates provided empirical evidence of natural selection

[126]

Lobbying brought Darwin Britains highest scientific honour the Royal

Societys Copley Medal awarded on 3 November 1864[127]

That day Huxley

held the first meeting of what became the influential X Club devoted to science pure and free untrammelled by religious dogmas

[128] By the end

of the decade most scientists agreed that evolution occurred but only

a minority supported Darwins view that the chief mechanism was natural

selection[129]

The Origin of Species was translated into many languages becoming a staple scientific text attracting thoughtful attention from all walks of

life including the working men who flocked to Huxleys lectures[130]

Darwins theory also resonated with various movements at the time[III]

and

became a key fixture of popular culture[IV] Cartoonists parodied animal

ancestry in an old tradition of showing humans with animal traits and

in Britain these droll images served to popularise Darwins theory in an

unthreatening way While ill in 1862 Darwin began growing a beard and

when he reappeared in public in 1866 caricatures of him as an ape helped

to identify all forms of evolutionism with Darwinism[113]

Descent of Man sexual selection and botany

By 1879 an increasingly famous Darwin had suffered years of illness

More detailed articles cover Darwins life from Orchids to Variation from Descent of Man to Emotions and from Insectivorous Plants to Worms

Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his

life Darwins work continued Having published On the Origin of Species as an abstract of his theory he pressed on with experiments research

and writing of his big book He covered human descent from earlier

animals including evolution of society and of mental abilities as well

as explaining decorative beauty in wildlife and diversifying into

innovative plant studies

Enquiries about insect pollination led in 1861 to novel studies of wild

orchids showing adaptation of their flowers to attract specific moths

to each species and ensure cross fertilisation In 1862 Fertilisation of Orchids gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships making testable

predictions As his health declined he lay on his sickbed in a room filled

with inventive experiments to trace the movements of climbing plants[131]

Admiring visitors included Ernst Haeckel a zealous proponent of

Darwinismus incorporating Lamarckism and Goethes idealism[132] Wallace

remained supportive though he increasingly turned to Spiritualism[133]

The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication of 1868 was the first part of Darwins planned big book and included his unsuccessful

hypothesis of pangenesis attempting to explain heredity It sold briskly

at first despite its size and was translated into many languages He

wrote most of a second part on natural selection but it remained

unpublished in his lifetime[134]

Punchs almanac for 1882 published shortly before Darwins death

depicts him amidst evolution from chaos to Victorian gentleman with the

title Man Is But A Worm

Lyell had already popularised human prehistory and Huxley had shown that

anatomically humans are apes[126]

With The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex published in 1871 Darwin set out evidence from numerous sources that humans are animals showing continuity of physical and mental

attributes and presented sexual selection to explain impractical animal

features such as the peacocks plumage as well as human evolution of

culture differences between sexes and physical and cultural racial

characteristics while emphasising that humans are all one species[135]

His research using images was expanded in his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals one of the first books to feature printed photographs which discussed the evolution of human psychology

and its continuity with the behaviour of animals Both books proved very

popular and Darwin was impressed by the general assent with which his

views had been received remarking that everybody is talking about it

without being shocked[136]

His conclusion was that man with all his noble

qualities with sympathy which feels for the most debased with

benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living

creature with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the

movements and constitution of the solar systemndashwith all these exalted

powersndashMan still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his

lowly origin[137]

His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on

Insectivorous Plants The Power of Movement in Plants The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom different forms of flowers on plants of the same species and The Power of Movement in

Plants In his last book he returned to The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

He died at Down House on 19 April 1882 He had expected to be buried in

St Marys churchyard at Downe but at the request of Darwins colleagues

William Spottiswoode (President of the Royal Society) arranged for Darwin

to be given a state funeral and buried in Westminster Abbey close to John

Herschel and Isaac Newton[138]

Only five non-royal personages were granted

that honour of a UK state funeral during the 19th century[13]

Darwin was perceived as a national hero who had changed thinking and

scientists now accepted evolution as descent with modification but few

agreed with him that natural selection has been the main but not the

exclusive means of modification[139]

In the eclipse of Darwinism most

favoured alternative evolutionary mechanisms but these proved untenable

and the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis with population

genetics and Mendelian genetics from the 1930s to the 1950s brought a broad

scientific consensus that natural selection was the basic mechanism of

evolution Research and debate has continued within this frame of

reference[4]

Darwins children

Darwin and his eldest son William Erasmus Darwin in 1842

Darwins Children

William Erasmus Darwin (27 December 1839ndash1914)

Anne Elizabeth Darwin (2 March 1841ndash23 April 1851)

Mary Eleanor Darwin (23 September 1842ndash16 October 1842)

Henrietta Emma Etty Darwin (25 September 1843ndash1929)

George Howard Darwin (9 July 1845ndash7 December 1912)

Elizabeth Bessy Darwin (8 July 1847ndash1926)

Francis Darwin (16 August 1848ndash19 September 1925)

Leonard Darwin (15 January 1850ndash26 March 1943)

Horace Darwin (13 May 1851ndash29 September 1928)

Charles Waring Darwin (6 December 1856ndash28 June 1858)

In 1851 Darwin was devastated when his daughter Annie died By then his

faith in Christianity had dwindled and he had stopped going to church[140]

The Darwins had ten children two died in infancy and Annies death at

the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents Charles was a

devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children[7] Whenever they

fell ill he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from

inbreeding due to the close family ties he shared with his wife and cousin

Emma Wedgwood He examined this topic in his writings contrasting it with

the advantages of crossing amongst many organisms[141]

Despite his fears

most of the surviving children went on to have distinguished careers as

notable members of the prominent Darwin-Wedgwood family[142]

Of his surviving children George Francis and Horace became Fellows of

the Royal Society[143]

distinguished as astronomer[144]

botanist and civil

engineer respectively His son Leonard on the other hand went on to

be a soldier politician economist eugenicist and mentor of the

statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher[145]

Religious views

For more details on this topic see Charles Darwins views on religion

Darwins family tradition was nonconformist Unitarianism while his

father and grandfather were freethinkers and his baptism and boarding

school were Church of England[16] When going to Cambridge to become an

Anglican clergyman he did not doubt the literal truth of the Bible[21]

He learnt John Herschels science which like William Paleys natural

theology sought explanations in laws of nature rather than miracles and

saw adaptation of species as evidence of design[23][24]

On board the Beagle Darwin was quite orthodox and would quote the Bible as an authority on

morality[146]

He looked for centres of creation to explain

distribution[44] and related the antlion found near kangaroos to distinct

periods of Creation[46]

By his return he was critical of the Bible as history and wondered why

all religions should not be equally valid[146]

In the next few years while

intensively speculating on geology and transmutation of species he gave

much thought to religion and openly discussed this with Emma whose

beliefs also came from intensive study and questioning[79] The theodicy

of Paley and Thomas Malthus vindicated evils such as starvation as a result

of a benevolent creators laws which had an overall good effect To Darwin

natural selection produced the good of adaptation but removed the need

for design[147]

and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in

all the pain and suffering such as the ichneumon wasp paralysing

caterpillars as live food for its eggs[123]

He still viewed organisms as

perfectly adapted and On the Origin of Species reflects theological views Though he thought of religion as a tribal survival strategy Darwin still

believed that God was the ultimate lawgiver[148][149]

Darwin remained close friends with the vicar of Downe John Innes and

continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church[150]

but

from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended

church[140]

He considered it absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent

theist and an evolutionist[151]

[152]

and though reticent about his religious

views in 1879 he wrote that I have never been an atheist in the sense

of denying the existence of a God ndash I think that generally an agnostic

would be the most correct description of my state of mind[151][79]

The Lady Hope Story published in 1915 claimed that Darwin had reverted

back to Christianity on his sickbed The claims were refuted by Darwins

children and have been dismissed as false by historians[153]

His last words

were to his family telling Emma I am not the least afraid of death ndash

Remember what a good wife you have been to me ndash Tell all my children to

remember how good they have been to me then as she laid down for a rest

he repeatedly told Henrietta and Francis Its almost worth while to be

sick to be nursed by you[154]

Political interpretations

Darwins fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas

and movements which at times had only an indirect relation to his writings

and sometimes went directly against his express comments

Caricature from 1871 Vanity Fair

Eugenics

For more details on this topic see Eugenics

Darwin was interested by his half-cousin Francis Galtons argument

introduced in 1865 that statistical analysis of heredity showed that

moral and mental human traits could be inherited and principles of animal

breeding could apply to humans In The Descent of Man Darwin noted that aiding the weak to survive and have families could lose the benefits of

natural selection but cautioned that withholding such aid would endanger

the instinct of sympathy the noblest part of our nature and factors

such as education could be more important When Galton suggested that

publishing research could encourage intermarriage within a caste of

those who are naturally gifted Darwin foresaw practical difficulties

and thought it the sole feasible yet I fear utopian plan of procedure

in improving the human race preferring to simply publicise the

importance of inheritance and leave decisions to individuals[155]

Galton named the field of study Eugenics in 1883 after Darwins death and developed biometrics Eugenics movements were widespread at a time

when Darwins natural selection was eclipsed by Mendelian genetics and

in some countries including the United States compulsory sterilisation

laws were imposed Following the use of Eugenics in Nazi Germany it has

been largely abandoned throughout the world[V]

Social Darwinism

For more details on this topic see Social Darwinism

Taking descriptive ideas as moral and social justification creates the

ethical is-ought problem When Thomas Malthus argued that population

growth beyond resources was ordained by God to get humans to work

productively and show restraint in getting families this was used in the

1830s to justify workhouses and laissez-faire economics[156]

Evolution was

seen as having social implications and Herbert Spencers 1851 book Social Statics based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory

[157]

Darwins theory of evolution was a matter of explanation He thought it

absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another and saw evolution

as having no goal but soon after the Origin was published in 1859 critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian

justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time The term

Darwinism was used for the evolutionary ideas of others including Spencers survival of the fittest as free-market progress and Ernst

Haeckels racist ideas of human development Darwin did not share the

racism common at that time a point examined by the philosopher Antony

Flew who is at pains to distance Darwins attitudes from those later

attributed to him[158]

Darwin was strongly against slavery against

ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species and against

ill-treatment of native people[159][VI]

Darwins views on social and political issues reflected his time and

social position He thought mens eminence over women was the outcome of

sexual selection a view disputed by Antoinette Brown Blackwell in The Sexes Throughout Nature[160]

He valued European civilisation and saw

colonisation as spreading its benefits with the sad but inevitable effect

of extermination of savage peoples who did not become civilised Darwins

theories presented this as natural and were cited to promote policies

which went against his humanitarian principles[161]

Writers used natural

selection to argue for various often contradictory ideologies such as

laissez-faire dog-eat dog capitalism racism warfare colonialism and

imperialism However Darwins holistic view of nature included

dependence of one being on another thus pacifists socialists liberal

social reformers and anarchists such as Prince Peter Kropotkin stressed

the value of co-operation over struggle within a species[162]

Darwin

himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by

concepts of struggle and selection in nature[163]

The term Social Darwinism was used infrequently from around the 1890s

but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by Richard

Hofstadter to attack the laissez-faire conservatism of those like William

Graham Sumner who opposed reform and socialism Since then it has been

used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral

consequences of evolution[164][156]

Commemoration

In 1881 Darwin was an eminent figure still working on his contributions

to evolutionary thought that had had an enormous effect on many fields

of science

During Darwins lifetime many geographical features were given his name

An expanse of water adjoining the Beagle Channel was named Darwin Sound by Robert FitzRoy after Darwins prompt action along with two or three

of the men saved them from being marooned on a nearby shore when a

collapsing glacier caused a large wave that would have swept away their

boats[165]

and the nearby Mount Darwin in the Andes was named in celebration

of Darwins 25th birthday[166]

Another Darwin Sound in British Columbias

Queen Charlotte Islands between Moresby Island and Lyell Island was

named in 1878 by Canadas then-chief geographer George M Dawson for

Darwin[167]

When the Beagle was surveying Australia in 1839 Darwins friend John Lort Stokes sighted a natural harbour which the ships captain

Wickham named Port Darwin[168] The settlement of Palmerston founded there

in 1869 was officially renamed Darwin in 1911 It became the capital city

of Australias Northern Territory[168]

which also boasts Charles Darwin

University[169]

and Charles Darwin National Park[170]

However Darwin College

Cambridge founded in 1964 was named in honour of the Darwin family in

part because they owned some of the site[171]

The Linnean Society of London has commemorated Darwins achievements by

the award of the Darwin-Wallace Medal since 1908

More than 120 species and nine genera have been named after Darwin[172]

In 2009 a remarkably complete fossil primate from 47 million years ago

was announced as a significant transitional fossil and named Darwinius to celebrate Darwins bicentenary

[173] Although related to American

Emberizidae or Tanagers rather than finches the group of species related

to those Darwin found in the Galaacutepagos Islands became popularly known as

Darwins finches following publication of David Lacks book of that name

in 1947 fostering inaccurate legends about their significance to his

work[174]

In 1992 Darwin was ranked 16 on Michael H Harts list of the most

influential figures in history[175]

Darwin came fourth in the 100 Greatest Britons poll sponsored by the BBC and voted for by the public[176]

In 2000

Darwins image appeared on the Bank of England ten pound note replacing

Charles Dickens His impressive luxuriant beard (which was reportedly

difficult to forge) was said to be a contributory factor to the banks

choice[177]

In the Galaacutepagos Islands the Charles Darwin Foundation based at the

Charles Darwin Research Station does research and conservation To mark

2009 they are helping to reintroduce to Floreana Island (Charles Island)

the specific mockingbird which first alerted Darwin to species being

unique to islands It was eradicated from the main island by European

species mainly rats and goats but survived on two small islands

nearby[178]

As a humorous celebration of evolution the annual Darwin Award is

bestowed on individuals who improve our gene pool by removing themselves

from it[179]

Numerous biographies of Darwin have been written and the 1980

biographical novel The Origin by Irving Stone gives a closely researched fictional account of Darwins life from the age of 22 onwards

Darwin 2009 commemorations

Two pound coin commemorating Darwins birth and publication of On the Origin of Species

Statue of Charles Darwin at the Natural History Museum in London

Darwin Day has become an annual celebration and the bicentenary of

Darwins birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species are being celebrated by events and publications around the world

[180] The Darwin exhibition after opening at the American Museum

of Natural History in New York City in 2006 was shown at the Museum of

Science Boston the Field Museum in Chicago the Royal Ontario Museum

in Toronto[181]

then from 14 November 2008 to 19 April 2009 in the Natural

History Museum London as part of the Darwin200 programme of events across the United Kingdom

[182] It also appears at the Palazzo delle

Esposizioni in Rome from 12 February to 3 May 2009[183]

The University of

Cambridge featured a festival in July 2009[184]

His birthplace is

celebrating with Darwins Shrewsbury 2009 Festival events during the

year[185]

In the United Kingdom a special commemorative issue of the two pound coin

shows a portrait of Darwin facing a chimpanzee surrounded by the

inscription 1809 DARWIN 2009 with the edge inscription ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES

1859 Collector versions of the coin have been released at a premium and

during the year the coins will be available from banks and post offices

at face value[186]

To celebrate Darwins life and achievements the BBC

has commissioned numerous television and radio programmes known

collectively as the BBC Darwin Season

In September 2008 the Church of England issued an article saying that

the 200th anniversary of his birth was a fitting time to apologise to

Darwin for misunderstanding you and by getting our first reaction wrong

encouraging others to misunderstand you still[187]

A dramatic motion picture entitled Creation was released in 2009 joining a short list of film dramas about Darwin including The Darwin Adventure released in 1972

Works

For more details on this topic see List of works by Charles Darwin

Darwin was a prolific writer Even without publication of his works on

evolution he would have had a considerable reputation as the author of

The Voyage of the Beagle as a geologist who had published extensively on South America and had solved the puzzle of the formation of coral atolls

and as a biologist who had published the definitive work on barnacles

While The Origin of Species dominates perceptions of his work The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex and The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals had considerable impact and his books on plants including The Power of Movement in Plants were innovative studies of great importance as was his final work on The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms[188]

This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Darwin when citing

a botanical name[189]

Notes

I ^ Darwin was eminent as a naturalist geologist biologist and author after

working as a physicians assistant and two years as a medical student was educated

as a clergyman and was trained in taxidermy[190]

II ^ Robert FitzRoy was to become known after the voyage for biblical literalism

but at this time he had considerable interest in Lyells ideas and they met

before the voyage when Lyell asked for observations to be made in South America

FitzRoys diary during the ascent of the River Santa Cruz in Patagonia recorded

his opinion that the plains were raised beaches but on return newly married

to a very religious lady he recanted these ideas (Browne 1995 pp 186 414)

III ^ See for example WILLA volume 4 Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the

Feminization of Education by Deborah M De Simone Gilman shared many basic

educational ideas with the generation of thinkers who matured during the period

of intellectual chaos caused by Darwins Origin of the Species Marked by the

belief that individuals can direct human and social evolution many progressives

came to view education as the panacea for advancing social progress and for

solving such problems as urbanisation poverty or immigration

IV ^ See for example the song A lady fair of lineage high from Gilbert and

Sullivans Princess Ida which describes the descent of man (but not woman)

from apes

V ^ Geneticists studied human heredity as Mendelian inheritance while

eugenics movements sought to manage society with a focus on social class in

the United Kingdom and on disability and ethnicity in the United States leading

to geneticists seeing this as impractical pseudoscience A shift from voluntary

arrangements to negative eugenics included compulsory sterilisation laws in

the United States copied by Nazi Germany as the basis for Nazi eugenics based

on virulent racism and racial hygiene

(Thurtle Phillip (Updated 17 December 1996) the creation of genetic identity

SEHR 5 (Supplement Cultural and Technological Incubations of Fascism)

httpwwwstanfordedugroupSHR5-supptextthurtlehtml retrieved

2008-11-11

Edwards A W F (01 April 2000) The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection

Genetics 154 (April 2000) 1419ndash1426 PMID 10747041

httpwwwgeneticsorgcgicontentfull15441419The_Eclipse_of_Darwinis

m retrieved 2008-11-11

Wilkins John Evolving Thoughts Darwin and the Holocaust 3 eugenics

httpscienceblogscomevolvingthoughts200609darwin_and_the_holocaust_3

_eug_1php Retrieved 2008-11-11)

VI ^ Darwin did not share the then common view that other races are inferior

and said of his taxidermy tutor John Edmonstone a freed black slave I used

often to sit with him for he was a very pleasant and intelligent man[17]

Early in the Beagle voyage he nearly lost his position on the ship when he

criticised FitzRoys defence and praise of slavery (Darwin p 74) He wrote

home about how steadily the general feeling as shown at elections has been

rising against Slavery What a proud thing for England if she is the first

European nation which utterly abolishes it I was told before leaving England

that after living in slave countries all my opinions would be altered the only

alteration I am aware of is forming a much higher estimate of the negro

character (Darwin 1887 p 246) Regarding Fuegians he could not have

believed how wide was the difference between savage and civilized man it is

greater than between a wild and domesticated animal inasmuch as in man there

is a greater power of improvement but he knew and liked civilised Fuegians

like Jemmy Button It seems yet wonderful to me when I think over all his many

good qualities that he should have been of the same race and doubtless partaken

of the same character with the miserable degraded savages whom we first met

here(Darwin 1845 pp 205 207ndash208)

In the Descent of Man he mentioned the Fuegians and Edmonstone when arguing

against ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species[191]

He rejected the ill-treatment of native people and for example wrote of

massacres of Patagonian men women and children Every one here is fully

convinced that this is the most just war because it is against barbarians Who

would believe in this age that such atrocities could be committed in a Christian

civilized country (Darwin 1845)

Citations

1 ^ Coyne Jerry A (2009) Why Evolution is True Oxford Oxford University Press p 17 ISBN 0-199-23084-6 In The Origin Darwin provided an alternative hypothesis for the development

diversification and design of life Much of that book presents

evidence that not only supports evolution but at the same time

refutes creationism In Darwins day the evidence for his theories

was compelling but not completely decisive

2 ^ Glass Bentley (1959) Forerunners of Darwin Baltimore MD Johns Hopkins University Press p iv ISBN 0801802229 Darwins

solution is a magnificent synthesis of evidencea

synthesiscompelling in honesty and comprehensiveness

3 ^ a b c d e f g h van Wyhe 2008

4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347

5 ^ The Complete Works of Darwin Online - Biography darwin-onlineorguk Retrieved on 2006-12-15 Dobzhansky 1973

6 ^ As Darwinian scholar Joseph Carroll of the University of MissourindashSt Louis puts it in his introduction to a modern reprint

of Darwins work The Origin of Species has special claims on our attention It is one of the two or three most significant works of

all timemdashone of those works that fundamentally and permanently

alter our vision of the worldIt is argued with a singularly

rigorous consistency but it is also eloquent imaginatively

evocative and rhetorically compelling Carroll Joseph ed

(2003) On the origin of species by means of natural selection Peterborough Ontario Broadview p 15 ISBN 1551113376

7 ^ a b Leff 2000 About Charles Darwin

8 ^ Desmond amp Moore 1991 pp 210 284ndash285

9 ^ Desmond amp Moore 1991 pp 263ndash274

10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187

11^ Darwin - At last American Museum of Natural History Retrieved

on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977

13^ a b BBC NEWS Politics Thatcher state funeral undecided

2008-08-02

httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_newspolitics7538482stm

Retrieved 2008-08-10

14^ Leff 2000 Darwins Burial

15^ John H Wahlert (11 June 2001) The Mount House Shrewsbury

England (Charles Darwin) Darwin and Darwinism Baruch College httpdarwinbaruchcunyedubiographyshrewsburymount


16^ a b Desmond amp Moore 1991 pp 12ndash15

Darwin 1958 pp 21ndash25

17^ a b Darwin 1958 pp 47ndash51

18^ Browne 1995 pp 72ndash88

19^ Desmond amp Moore 1991 pp 42ndash43



22^ Browne 1995 p 97

23^ a b von Sydow 2005 pp 5ndash7


Browne 1995 pp 128ndash129 133ndash141

25^ Darwin Correspondence Project - Letter 105 mdash Henslow J S to

Darwin C R 24 Aug 1831

httpwwwdarwinprojectacukdarwinletterscalendarentry-105

html Retrieved 2008-12-29


27^ a b Keynes 2000 pp ixndashxi

28^ van Wyhe 2008b pp 18ndash21

29^ Gordon Chancellor Randal Keynes (October 2006) Darwins field

notes on the Galapagos A little world within itself Darwin

Online

httpdarwin-onlineorgukEditorialIntroductionsChancellor_K

eynes_Galapagoshtml Retrieved 2009-09-16

30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22


32^ Keynes 2001 pp 41ndash42

33^ Darwin 1958 pp 73ndash74


Darwin 1835 p 7

Desmond amp Moore 1991 p 210

35^ Desmond amp Moore 1991 pp 189ndash192 198

36^ Eldredge 2006

37^ Desmond amp Moore 1991 pp 131 159

Herbert 1991 pp 174ndash179

38^ Darwin Online Hurrah Chiloe an introduction to the Port

Desire Notebook

httpdarwin-onlineorgukEditorialIntroductionsChancellor_f

ieldNotebooks18html Retrieved 2008-10-24





Darwin 1887 p 260

43^ a b Darwin 1958 p 98ndash99

44^ a b Keynes 2001 pp 356ndash357

45^ Sulloway 1982 p 19

46^ a b Darwin Online Coccatoos amp Crows An introduction to the Sydney

Notebook




48^ Darwin Correspondence Project - Letter 301 mdash Darwin CR to

Darwin CS 29 Apr 1836


html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197

51^ Keynes 2000 pp xixndashxx

Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1

53^ Darwin 1835 editorial introduction


55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006


Browne 1995 pp 349ndash350



Sulloway 1982 pp 20ndash23

59^ Darwin Correspondence Project - Letter 346 mdash Darwin C R to

Darwin C S 27 Feb 1837


html Retrieved 2008-12-19 proposes a move on Friday 3 March 1837

Darwins Journal (Darwin 2006 p 12 verso) backdated from August

1838 gives a date of 6 March 1837

60^ Desmond amp Moore 1991 pp 201 212ndash221

61^ Sulloway 1982 pp 20ndash23

62^ Browne 1995 p 360

Darwin C R (Read 14 March 1837) Notes on Rhea americana and Rhea

darwinii Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetitemID=F1643ampviewt

ype=textamppageseq=1 Retrieved 2008-12-17

63^ Herbert 1980 pp 7ndash10

van Wyhe 2008b p 44

Darwin 1837 pp 1ndash13 26 36 74

Desmond amp Moore 1991 pp 229ndash232

64^ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Measuring

Worth UK CPI



Darwin Correspondence Project - Letter 404 mdash Buckland William

to Geological Society of London 9 Mar 1838





69^ Browne 1995 p xii


71^ Desmond amp Moore 1991 pp 252 476 531

Darwin 1958 p 115

72^ Desmond amp Moore 1991 p 254


Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7

77^ Darwin transmutation notebook E p 75

httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtype=textampitem

ID=CUL-DAR124-amppageseq=63 Retrieved 2009-03-17




79^ a b c Darwin Correspondence Project - Belief historical essay

httpwwwdarwinprojectacukcontentview130125 Retrieved

2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120


Fox W D (15 June 1838)



84^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 186ndash192

85^ Darwin 1887 p 32



Darwin 1842 pp xvindashxvii

88^ Darwin 1954 p 114



Hooker J D (11 January 1844)


htmlback-mark-729f6 Retrieved 2008-02-08

91^ Darwin Correspondence Project - Letter 734 mdash Hooker J D to

Darwin C R 29 January 1844




93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


Hooker J D (7 Jan 1845)




97^ Desmond amp Moore 1991 pp 320ndash323 339ndash348


Hooker J D 28 Mar 1849


6html Retrieved 2008-11-24


100 ^ Darwin 1954 pp 117ndash118



103 ^ Desmond amp Moore 1991 pp 412ndash441 457ndash458 462ndash463


105 ^ Browne 2002 pp 40ndash42 48ndash49

106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122


108 ^ Desmond amp Moore 1991 p 477

109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492

113 ^ a b Browne 2002 pp 373ndash379

114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859


119 ^ Browne 2002 pp 110ndash112

120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186

121 ^ a b c d Darwin and design historical essay Darwin

Correspondence Project 2007


2008-09-17

122 ^ Desmond amp Moore 1991 pp 487ndash488 500

123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185



127 ^ Darwin Correspondence Project - Letter 4652 mdash Falconer

Hugh to Darwin C R 3 Nov (1864)



128 ^ Darwin Correspondence Project - Letter 4807 mdash Hooker J

D to Darwin C R (7ndash8 Apr 1865)


7htmlmark-4807f8 Retrieved 2008-12-01

129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196


Browne 2002 pp 128ndash129 138

131 ^ van Wyhe 2008b pp 50ndash55

132 ^ Darwin Correspondence Project Introduction to the

Correspondence of Charles Darwin Volume 14 Cambridge University

Press Retrieved on 2008-11-28

133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405


139 ^ Bowler 2003 pp 222ndash225

van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41


142 ^ Leff 2000 Darwins Children

143 ^ List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 - 2006 A-J

(PDF) httproyalsocietyorgtrackdocaspid=4274amppId=1727


144 ^ OConnor John J Robertson Edmund F Charles Darwin

MacTutor History of Mathematics archive httpwww-historymcsst-andrewsacukBiographiesDarwinhtml

145 ^ Edwards A W F 2004 Darwin Leonard (1850ndash1943) In

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press 146 ^

a b Darwin 1958 pp 85ndash96

147 ^ von Sydow 2005 pp 8ndash14


149 ^ Moore 2006

150 ^ Darwin Correspondence Project - Darwin and the church

historical essay


2009-01-04

151 ^ a b Letter 12041 mdash Darwin C R to Fordyce John 7 May 1879

152 ^ Darwins Complex loss of Faith The Guardian 17-Sept-2009

153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003

154 ^ Darwin Emma (1882) [Reminiscences of Charles Darwins

last years CUL-DAR2109]

httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtype=sideampitem

ID=CUL-DAR2109amppageseq=16 Retrieved 2009-01-08

155 ^ Desmond amp Moore 1991 pp 556ndash557 572 598

Darwin 1871 pp 167ndash173 402ndash403

Corespondence between Francis Galton and Charles Darwin

httpwwwgaltonorglettersdarwincorrespondencehtm


156 ^ a b Wilkins 1997

Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004

158 ^ Flew Antony (1997) Darwinian Evolution (2 ed) Piscataway NJ Transaction ISBN 1-56000-948-9 there seem to be

absolutely no grounds for pillorying Darwin as a racist On the

contrary he sharedprincipled hatredfor Negro slavery

159 ^ Wilkins 2008 pp 408ndash413

160 ^ Vandermassen Griet (2004) Sexual Selection A Tale of Male

Bias and Feminist Denial European Journal of Womens Studies 11 (9) 11ndash13 doi1011771350506804039812

httpejwsagepubcomcgicontentabstract1119 Retrieved

2009-11-24

161 ^ Barta Tony (2 June 2005) Mr Darwins shooters on natural

selection and the naturalizing of genocide Patterns of Prejudice Volume 39 Issue 2 Routledge pp 116ndash137

doi10108000313220500106170

httpwwwinformaworldcomsmppsectioncontent=a713721865ampful

ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225

163 ^ Bannister 1989

164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004

165 ^ FitzRoy 1839 pp 216ndash8

166 ^ Leff 2000 Darwins Timeline

167 ^ Charles Darwin in the BC Geographical Names Information

System

168 ^ a b Territory origins Northern Territory Department of

Planning and Infrastructure Australia Archived from the original

on 2006-09-18

httpwebarchiveorgweb20060918153343httpwwwipentgov

auwhatwedolandinformationplaceoriginspalmdarwinhtml


169 ^ Charles Darwin University Homepage

httpwwwcdueduau Retrieved 2006-12-15

170 ^ Charles Darwin National Park Northern Territory Australia

Government Retrieved on 2006-12-15

171 ^ Darwin CollegeAbout Darwin Darwin College Cambridge

University website Retrieved on 2006-12-10

172 ^ Charles Darwin 200 years - Things you didnt know about

Charles Darwin httpwwwdarwinfactscom Retrieved

2009-05-23

173 ^ Christine McGourty (19 May 2009) Science amp Environment

Scientists hail stunning fossil BBC News

httpnewsbbccouk2hisciencenature8057465stm


174 ^ Sulloway 1982 pp 45ndash47

175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff

176 ^ Ten greatest Britons chosen BBC News 20 October 2002 httpnewsbbccouk2hientertainment2341661stm retrieved

2009-08-18

177 ^ How to join the noteworthy BBC News (7 November 2000) Retrieved on 2006-12-15

178 ^ Lewis Smith (3 January 2009) Mockingbird goes back to its

origins in honour of Charles Darwin - Times Online

httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewsenvironmentarticle543499

9ece Retrieved 2009-02-13

179 ^ Darwin Awards DarwinAwardscom Retrieved on 2007-12-11 180 ^ Darwin Online Darwin 2009 commemorations around the world

Darwin Online httpdarwin-onlineorguk2009html Retrieved

2008-11-23

181 ^ Darwin | American Museum of Natural History Meet the curator httpwwwamnhorgexhibitionsdarwincurator Retrieved 2008-11-28

182 ^ Darwin 200 Celebrating Charles Darwins bicentenary

Natural History Museum httpwwwdarwin200org Retrieved

2008-11-23

183 ^ Palazzo delle Esposizioni Darwin 1809 - 2009 A cura di Niles Eldredge Ian Tattersall e Telmo Pievani httpwwwpalazzoesposizioniitcanaleaspid=236 Retrieved

2009-02-22

184 ^ Darwin 2009 - The Festival University of Cambridge

httpwwwdarwin2009camacuk Retrieved 2008-11-23

185 ^ Darwins Shrewsbury 2009 Festival Birthplace History and

Information httpwwwdarwinshrewsburyorg Retrieved

2008-12-16

186 ^ House of Commons Hansard Ministerial Statements for 12 July

2007

httpwwwpublicationsparliamentukpacm200607cmhansrdcm07

0712wmstext70712m0001htm Retrieved 2008-11-23

187 ^ Good religion needs good science Rev Dr Malcolm Brown Director of Mission and Public Affairs Church of England

Retrieved 17 September 2008

188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882

189 ^ Brummitt R K C E Powell (1992) Authors of Plant Names Royal Botanic Gardens Kew ISBN 1-84246-085-4

190 ^ Desmond Moore amp Browne 2004

191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References

bull Anonymous (1882) Obituary Death Of Chas Darwin The New York Times (21 April 1882)

httpwwwnytimescomlearninggeneralonthisdaybday0212html

retrieved 2008-10-30

bull Balfour J B (11 May 1882) Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin Transactions amp Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh (14)

284ndash298

bull Bannister Robert C (1989) Social Darwinism Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought Philadelphia Temple University

Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4

bull Bowler Peter J (2003) Evolution The History of an Idea (3rd ed) University of California Press ISBN 0-520-23693-9

bull Browne E Janet (1995) Charles Darwin vol 1 Voyaging London Jonathan Cape ISBN 1-84413-314-1

bull Browne E Janet (2002) Charles Darwin vol 2 The Power of Place London Jonathan Cape ISBN 0-7126-6837-3

bull Darwin Charles (1835) Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow Cambridge [privately printed]

httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetitemID=F1ampviewtype=t

extamppageseq=1 retrieved 2008-11-01

bull Darwin Charles (1837) Notebook B [Transmutation of species] Darwin Online CUL-DAR121

httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtype=sideampitemID

=CUL-DAR121-amppageseq=1 retrieved 2008-12-20

bull Darwin Charles (1839) Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majestys Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836

describing their examination of the southern shores of South America

and the Beagles circumnavigation of the globe Journal and remarks

1832ndash1836 III London Henry Colburn

httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetitemID=F103ampviewtyp

e=textamppageseq=1 retrieved 2008-10-24

bull Darwin Charles (1842) Pencil Sketch of 1842 in Darwin Francis The foundations of The origin of species Two essays written in 1842

and 1844 Cambridge University Press 1909

httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtype=textampitemID

=F1556amppageseq=33

bull Darwin Charles (1845) Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of HMS Beagle

round the world under the Command of Capt Fitz Roy RN 2d edition

London John Murray

httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetitemID=F20ampviewtype=

textamppageseq=1 retrieved 2008-10-24

bull Darwin Charles Wallace Alfred Russel (1858) On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and

Species by Natural Means of Selection Zoology 3 Journal of the

Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London pp 46ndash50

bull Darwin Charles (1859) On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for

Life (1st ed) London John Murray

httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetitemID=F373ampviewtype

=textamppageseq=1 retrieved 2008-10-24

bull Darwin Charles (1868) The variation of animals and plants under domestication London John Murray

httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetitemID=F8801ampviewty

pe=textamppageseq=1 retrieved 2008-11-01

bull Darwin Charles (1871) The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1st ed) London John Murray

httpdarwin-onlineorgukEditorialIntroductionsFreeman_TheDes

centofManhtml retrieved 2008-10-24

bull Darwin Charles (1872) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for

Life (6th ed) London John Murray



bull Darwin Charles (1887) Darwin Francis ed The life and letters of Charles Darwin including an autobiographical chapter London John

Murray

httpdarwin-onlineorgukEditorialIntroductionsFreeman_Lifean

dLettersandAutobiographyhtml retrieved 2008-11-04

bull Darwin Charles (1958) Barlow Nora ed The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809ndash1882 With the original omissions restored Edited and

with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow London

Collins



bull Darwin Charles (2006) Journal in van Wyhe John [Darwins personal Journal (1809-1881)] Darwin Online CUL-DAR1581-76


=CUL-DAR1581-76amppageseq=1 retrieved 2008-12-20

bull Desmond Adrian Moore James (1991) Darwin London Michael Joseph Penguin Group ISBN 0-7181-3430-3

bull Desmond Adrian Moore James Browne Janet (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford England Oxford University Press

doi101093refodnb7176

bull Dobzhansky Theodosius (March 1973) Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution The American Biology Teacher 35

125ndash129 httpwww2thinkorgdobzhanskyshtml retrieved

2008-11-04

bull Eldredge Niles (2006) Confessions of a Darwinist The Virginia Quarterly Review (Spring 2006) 32ndash53

httpwwwvqronlineorgarticles2006springeldredge-confession

s-darwinist retrieved 2008-11-04

bull FitzRoy Robert (1839) Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle Volume II London Henry Colburn



bull Freeman R B (1977) The Works of Charles Darwin An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist Folkestone Wm Dawson amp Sons Ltd

httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetitemID=A1ampviewtype=t


bull Hart Michael H (2000) The 100 A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History New York Citadel

bull Herbert Sandra (1980) The red notebook of Charles Darwin Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Historical Series (7 (24

April)) 1ndash164


=F1583eamppageseq=1 retrieved 2009-01-11

bull Herbert Sandra (1991) Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author British Journal for the History of Science (24) 159ndash192


=A342amppageseq=1 retrieved 2008-10-24

bull Keynes Richard (2000) Charles Darwins zoology notes amp specimen lists from HMS Beagle Cambridge University Press



bull Keynes Richard (2001) Charles Darwins Beagle Diary Cambridge University Press



bull Kotzin Daniel (2004) Point-Counterpoint Social Darwinism Columbia American History Online

httpcaho-testcccolumbiaedupcp14008html retrieved

2008-11-22

bull Leff David (2000) AboutDarwincom (2000ndash2008 ed)

httpwwwaboutdarwincomindexhtml retrieved 2008-12-30

bull Leifchild (1859) Review of Origin Athenaeum (No 1673 19 November

1859)

httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtype=imageampitemI

D=CUL-DAR22618amppageseq=1 retrieved 2008-11-22

bull Miles Sara Joan (2001) Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 53 196ndash201

httpwwwasa3orgASAPSCF2001PSCF9-01Mileshtml retrieved

2008-11-22

bull Moore James (2005) (PDF) Darwin mdash A Devils Chaplain American

Public Media

httpspeakingoffaithpublicradioorgprogramsdarwinmoore-devi

lschaplainpdf retrieved 2008-11-22

bull Moore James (2006) Evolution and Wonder - Understanding Charles Darwin Speaking of Faith (Radio Program) American Public Media

httpspeakingoffaithpublicradioorgprogramsdarwintranscript

shtml retrieved 2008-11-22

bull Owen Richard (1840) Darwin C R ed Fossil Mammalia Part 1 The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle London Smith Elder and Co

bull Paul Diane B (2003) Darwin social Darwinism and eugenics in Hodge Jonathan Radick Gregory The Cambridge Companion to Darwin

Cambridge University Press pp 214ndash239 ISBN 0-521-77730-5

bull Smith Charles H (1999) Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism Man and Evolution An Analytical Essay

httpwwwwkuedu~smithchessaysARWPAMPHhtm retrieved

2008-12-07

bull Sulloway Frank J (1982) Darwin and His Finches The Evolution of a Legend (PDF) Journal of the History of Biology 15 (1) 1ndash53

doi101007BF00132004 httpwwwsullowayorgFinchespdf


bull Sweet William (2004) Herbert Spencer Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy httpwwwieputmeduspencer retrieved 2008-12-16

bull Wilkins John S (1997) Evolution and Philosophy Does evolution make might right TalkOrigins Archive

httpwwwtalkoriginsorgfaqsevolphilsocialhtml retrieved

2008-11-22

bull Wilkins John S (2008) Darwin in Tucker Aviezer A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography Blackwell Companions

to Philosophy Chichester Wiley-Blackwell pp 405ndash415 ISBN

1-4051-4908-6

bull van Wyhe John (27 March 2007) Mind the gap Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years Notes and Records of the Royal

Society 61 177ndash205 doi101098rsnr20060171



bull van Wyhe John (2008) Charles Darwin gentleman naturalist A biographical sketch Darwin Online

httpdarwin-onlineorgukdarwinhtml retrieved 2008-11-17

bull van Wyhe John (2008b) Darwin The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution London Andre Deutsch Ltd (published 1 September 2008)

ISBN 0-233-00251-0

bull von Sydow Momme (2005) Darwin ndash A Christian Undermining Christianity

On Self-Undermining Dynamics of Ideas Between Belief and Science

in Knight David M Eddy Matthew D Science and Beliefs From

Natural Philosophy to Natural Science 1700ndash1900 Burlington

Ashgate pp 141ndash156 ISBN 0-7546-3996-7

httpwwwpsychuni-goettingendeabt1sydowvon_Sydow_(2005)_D

arwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianitypdf retrieved

2008-12-16

bull Yates Simon (2003) The Lady Hope Story A Widespread Falsehood TalkOrigins Archive httpwwwtalkoriginsorgfaqshopehtml


Known for

The Voyage of the Beagle

On The Origin of Species

Natural selection

Influences Charles Lyell

Joseph Dalton Hooker

Influenced

Thomas Henry Huxley

George John Romanes

Ernst Mayr

Notable awards

Royal Medal (1853)

Wollaston Medal (1859)

Copley Medal (1864)

Religious stance Church of England though Unitarian family background Agnostic

after 1851

Signature

NotesHe was a grandson of Erasmus Darwin and a grandson of Josiah Wedgwood and married

his cousin Emma Wedgwood

Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 ndash 19 April 1882) was an

English naturalist[I] who realised that all species of life have evolved

over time from common ancestors and published compelling supporting

evidence of this in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species in which he presented his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution

resulted from a process that he called natural selection[1][2]

The fact that

evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific community and much of

the general public in his lifetime[3] but it was not until the emergence

of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a

broad consensus developed that natural selection was the basic mechanism

of evolution[4] In modified form Darwins scientific discovery is the

unifying theory of the life sciences explaining the diversity of life[5][6]

Darwins early interest in nature led him to neglect his course in medicine

at Edinburgh University and instead help to investigate marine

invertebrates then the University of Cambridge encouraged a passion for

natural science[7] His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as

an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles

Lyells uniformitarian ideas and publication of his journal of the voyage

made him famous as a popular author[8]

Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he

collected on the voyage Darwin investigated the transmutation of species















Contents













o 41 Eugenics




bull 6 Works

bull 7 See also

bull 8 Notes

bull 9 Citations

bull 10 References


Life of Darwin



































at the time[19]

























[25]

























[33]















species[37][38]



























[43] FitzRoy began


[48] Darwins


[49]













































































[65]


















Over

































to work[75]


















[78]




































Hooker replied






























He







selection






























Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16

















Contents













o 41 Eugenics




bull 6 Works

bull 7 See also

bull 8 Notes

bull 9 Citations

bull 10 References


Life of Darwin



































at the time[19]

























[25]

























[33]















species[37][38]



























[43] FitzRoy began


[48] Darwins


[49]













































































[65]


















Over

































to work[75]


















[78]




































Hooker replied






























He







selection






























Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16



Life of Darwin



































at the time[19]

























[25]

























[33]















species[37][38]



























[43] FitzRoy began


[48] Darwins


[49]













































































[65]


















Over

































to work[75]


















[78]




































Hooker replied






























He







selection






























Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16












at the time[19]

























[25]

























[33]















species[37][38]



























[43] FitzRoy began


[48] Darwins


[49]













































































[65]


















Over

































to work[75]


















[78]




































Hooker replied






























He







selection






























Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16
























[33]















species[37][38]



























[43] FitzRoy began


[48] Darwins


[49]













































































[65]


















Over

































to work[75]


















[78]




































Hooker replied






























He







selection






























Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16









species[37][38]



























[43] FitzRoy began


[48] Darwins


[49]













































































[65]


















Over

































to work[75]


















[78]




































Hooker replied






























He







selection






























Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16




[43] FitzRoy began


[48] Darwins


[49]













































































[65]


















Over

































to work[75]


















[78]




































Hooker replied






























He







selection






























Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16

























































[65]


















Over

































to work[75]


















[78]




































Hooker replied






























He







selection






























Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16


















Over

































to work[75]


















[78]




































Hooker replied






























He







selection






























Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16












to work[75]


















[78]




































Hooker replied






























He







selection






























Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16































Hooker replied






























He







selection






























Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16




























He







selection






























Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16





selection






























Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16








Only one review



true was old[106]









objections[109]



His















being evolved[112]




by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16





by 1866









Darwin


but the first




to overthrow[118]



but Owen and






Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16



Deity[121]






Asa Gray
















in education[121]










[126]



That day Huxley


[128] By the end



selection[129]




and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16





and


















































lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16





























lowly origin[137]





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16





















reference[4]

Darwins children


Darwins Children




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16




















Despite his fears






botanist and civil




Religious views










morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16












morality[146]













for design[147]









but


church[140]



[152]








His last words











Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16










Eugenics



















Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16








Social Darwinism







Evolution was


[157]




























Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16







Darwin









Commemoration



of science





boats[165]






Darwin[167]






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16






University[169]















work[174]




In 2000




choice[177]







nearby[178]



from it[179]











in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16










in Toronto[181]





The University of


His birthplace is


year[185]






at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16



at face value[186]









Works









Notes



















from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16














from apes











2008-11-11

































Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16


















Citations










4 ^ a b Bowler 2003 pp 338 347












10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16







10^ van Wyhe 2007 pp 184 187


on 2007-03-21

12^ Freeman 1977


2008-08-02














22^ Browne 1995 p 97













Online



30^ Keynes 2001 pp 21-22





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16





Darwin 1835 p 7



36^ Eldredge 2006




Desire Notebook







Darwin 1887 p 260





Notebook







html

49^ Browne 1995 p 336

50^ a b van Wyhe 2007 p 197


Eldredge 2006

52^ Darwin 1859 p 1



55^ Owen 1840 pp 16 73 106

Eldredge 2006














62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16











62^ Browne 1995 p 360





van Wyhe 2008b p 44




Worth UK CPI












Darwin 1958 p 115



Darwin 1958 p 84



75^ Darwin 1958 p 120



Darwin 1842 p 7









2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16








2008-11-25



82^ Darwin 1958 p 120






85^ Darwin 1887 p 32




88^ Darwin 1954 p 114











93^ van Wyhe 2007 p 188

94^ Browne 1995 pp 461-465


















106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16







106 ^ Darwin 1958 p 122



109 ^ Darwin 1859 p 459

110 ^ Darwin 1859 p 490

111 ^ Darwin 1859 p 5

112 ^ Darwin 1859 p 492


114 ^ van Wyhe 2008b p 48

115 ^ Browne 2002 pp 103ndash104 379

116 ^ Darwin 1859 p 488

117 ^ Browne 2002 p 87

Leifchild 1859



120 ^ Bowler 2003 p 186




2008-09-17


123 ^ a b Miles 2001

124 ^ Bowler 2003 p 185











129 ^ Bowler 2003 p 196







133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16



133 ^ Smith 1999

134 ^ Freeman 1977 p 122




Darwin 1887 p 133

137 ^ Darwin 1871 p 405



van Wyhe 2008

Darwin 1872 p 421

140 ^ a b van Wyhe 2008b p 41













149 ^ Moore 2006


historical essay


2009-01-04



153 ^ Moore 2005

Yates 2003











Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16




Moore 2006

157 ^ Sweet 2004








2009-11-24



doi10108000313220500106170


ltext=713240928 Retrieved 2009-05-20

162 ^ Paul 2003 pp 223ndash225


164 ^ Paul 2003

Kotzin 2004




System



on 2006-09-18












2009-05-23






175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











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April)) 1ndash164














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1859)





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1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








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175 ^ Hart 2000 pp 82ff


2009-08-18








2008-11-23




2008-11-23


2009-02-22





2008-12-16


2007





188 ^ Balfour 1882

van Wyhe 2008

Anonymous 1882



191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16




191 ^ Darwin 1871 pp 214 232

References





284ndash298


Press ISBN 0-87722-566-4



















=F1556amppageseq=33



London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16




London John Murray





















Murray





Collins











2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16







2008-11-04












April)) 1ndash164














2008-11-22




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16




1859)





2008-11-22


Public Media











2008-12-07







2008-11-22



1-4051-4908-6








ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16






ISBN 0-233-00251-0








2008-12-16



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