Charo Gil IES Avenida de los Toreros

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Charo Gil IES Avenida de los Toreros

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Direct Speech

• It uses the exact words the speaker has said• It is indicated by quotation marks• Direct speech consists of two parts:

- an introductory clause with a verb as said or asked. This introductory verb is followed by a comma.- the words that have been spoken, using quotation marks.

Charo Gil IES Avenida de los Toreros

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Formats of direct speech:

• The introductory verb is before the words that have been said. The teacher said, “Stop Talking”The teacher said, “Stop Talking”

• Sometimes the words that have been said come first. “When is your friend coming?” asked my mother.When is your friend coming?” asked my mother.

• The introductory verb may be in the middle of the sentence, dividing the sentence into two parts“Stop “Stop Talking”said the teacher, “and do your exercises”Talking”said the teacher, “and do your exercises”

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Reported Speech

• When we convert a sentence from direct to reported speech we have to make many changes:

Punctuation Pronouns Introductory verbs + that Tenses of the introductory verb Adverbs of time and place Questions Commands Exclamations

Charo Gil IES Avenida de los Toreros

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Punctuation changes

• The quotation marks,exclamation marks, question marks and the capital letters must be removed.

• Note that the capital letter can not be removed if it is a proper noun.

Charo Gil IES Avenida de los Toreros

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Pronouns changes

• Pronouns change in order to maintain the meaning.

Mary said: “I’m coming late”

Mary said that she was coming late.

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Introductory verbs + that

• Insert the word that after the introductory verb.

• Usual introductory verbs are: said, says, declared, stated, exclaimed, complained.

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Tenses of the introductory verb

• If the introductory verb is in the present tense in the direct speech, we can maintain the present tense in reported speech if we consider that it has just been said.Peter says, “ I have a headache today”Peter says that he has a headache today.

• If the introductory verb is in the past tense in the direct speech, and it has already occured. We must use the past tense in the introductory verb and report the spoken words in the past tense by putting them one stage back in terms of tense. Peter said, “ I have a headache today”

Peter said that he had a headache that day.