check basin , furrow and border strip method

DESIGN ASPECTS INBORDER STRIP IRRIGATION,

CHECK BASIN IRRIGATION &FURROW IRRIGATION METHOD

PREPARED BY - TILVA RAJ

KOYANI UMANG

JADEJA DEVRATSINH

DODIYA RAVI

CHAROLA ANAND

BORDER STRIP IRRIGATION


WHAT IT IS ?

Borders are long,

uniformly graded strips of

land , seperated by earth

bunds.


WHAT IT IS ?

In contrast to basin irrigation these bunds are not to contain the

water for ponding but to guide it as it flows down the field.

In contrast to furrows these bunds are prevents lateral movement

of water within the bunds where as furrows are provided for lateral

percolation of the water in the sub soil directly.

WHEN it USED ?

Larger merchanized farms

Where machines operations are involved in agriculture

Less suited to small scale farms involving hand labour or animal powered cultivation methods.

Uniform slope(min. 0.05% and max. 2% slope)

Deep homogenous loam or clay of medium infiltration rate.

For close growing crops


Border layout

The dimensions and shape of borders are influenced by the soil type,

stream size,

slope,

irrigation depth and

other factors such as farming practices and field or farm size.


DESIGN ASPECTS

IRRIGATING BORDERS

BORDERS ARE IRRIGATED BY DIVERTING A STREAM OF WATER FROM THE CHANNEL TO THE UPPER END OF THE BORDER.

ON CLAY SOILS(INFLOW STOPPED AT 60% OF THE BORDER)

ON LOAMY SOILS(IT IS AT 70% - 80% OF BORDER)

ON SANDY SOILS(ENTIRE BORDER COVERED)


INFILTRATION RATE & STREAM SIZE(BORDER SIZE)

STREAM SIZE TOO SMALL


INFILTRATION RATE & STREAM SIZE(BORDER SIZE)

STREAM SIZE TOO LARGE


CROSS-SLOPE OF BORDER

if the land is not properly graded and there is a cross-slope,theirrigation water will not spread evenly over the field.

it will flow down the slope always seeking the lowest side of the border.(as shown in fig.)


MAINTENANCE OF BORDERS

BORDERS ARE KEPT FREE FROM WEEDS.

UNIFORMLY SLOPED BORDERS

FREQUENT BUND REPAIRATION

CHANNEL AND DRAINS ARE TO BE WEEDED REGULARLY


CHECK BASIN IRRIGATION

WHAT IT IS ?

Check basins are rectangular or square small plots surrounded by levees or checks.


WHEN It USED ?

Crops roots which required submergence in water for periods longer than 24 hours.

i.e.Potatoes,beet,carrots,rise,citrus,banana,clover, tobacco.

The flatter the land surface,the easy to construct basins.

It is also possible to construct basins on sloping land,even when the slope is quite steep.


BASIN LAYOUT

Basin layout not only refers to the shape and size of the basins but also to the shape and size of the bunds.

♠What is the shape of the basin : Square,rectangular or irregular ?

♠How high should be the bund be : 10,50 or 100cm?

♠What is the shape of bund?


DESIGN ASPECTS

SHAPE AND SIZE OF BASINS

♠BASIN WIDTH

Main limitation of basin width is land slope.

(Steep slope then narrow basins)

Factors affect basin width

1)depth of fertile soil

2)method of basin construction

3)agricultural practices



♠BASIN SIZE

Main limitation of basin width is land slope.

(Steep slope then narrow basins)

Factors affect basin SIZE

1)soil type

2)available water flow to the basin

3)land slope


WHAT IS BUNDS ?

Bunds are earth embankments which contain irrigation water within basins.

They are sometimes called ridges,dykes,or levees.

The height is governed by

1) irrigation depth

2) free board


TEMPORARY BUND


PERMANENT BUND


BASIN CONSTRUCTION

1) SETTING OUT OF THE MARKERS


BASIN CONSTRUCTION

2) MARKING A

CONTOUR LINE


BASIN CONSTRUCTION

3) MAKING THE BUNDS BY WOODEN FRAME & SMOOTHING THE LAND


IRRIGATING BASINS

1) DIRECT METHOD


IRRIGATING BASINS

2) CASCADE METHOD


MAINTENANCE OF BASINS

Erosion control is made which may be caused by rainfall,flooding or the passing of people when used as footpaths

Rats may dig holes in the sides of the bunds.

Levelling of basins also required at regular time.


FURROW IRRIGATION

FURROW IRRIGATION

WHAT IT IS ?

Furrows are small,parallel

channels,made to carry

water in order to irrigate

the crop.

The crop is usually grown

on the ridges between the

furrows.

FURROW IRRIGATION

WHEN IT USED ?

Furrow irrigation is suitable for many crops,especially row crops.

Crops that would be damaged if their stems or crown should be

irrigated by furrows.

I.E. Maize,sunflower,sugarcane,soybean,tomatoes,wheat,

Vegetables,potatoes,citrus,grapes

Land slope does not exceed 0.5%.

FURROW IRRIGATION

FURROW LAYOUT

♠ FURROW LENGTH

( CLAY: 300 TO 400 m

SAND: 60 to 300 m )

1) SLOPE

2) SOIL TYPE

3) STREAM SIZE

4) IRRIGATION DEPTH

5) FIELD LENGTH

DESIGN ASPECTS

FURROW IRRIGATION

FURROW LENGTH

FURROW IRRIGATION

♠ FURROW SHAPE

DESIGN ASPECTS

STABLE

Shape is either

u-shaped,

V-shaped,

Parabolic shaped or

Trapezoidal shaped

FURROW IRRIGATION

♠ FURROW SHAPE

DESIGN ASPECTS

LATERAL INFILTRATION IS HIGH

FURROW IRRIGATION

♠ FURROW SIZE

DESIGN ASPECTS

For low permeability of soils

wide and shallow furrow is preferred.

For highly permeable soils

narrow and deep furrows is provided.

Furrows of 75mm to 125 mm depth are provided for ROW

crops.

FURROW IRRIGATION

FURROW LAYOUT

♠ FURROW SPACING

1) SOIL TYPE

SANDY (30-60 cm,

30 cm for coarse and

60 cm for sand)

CLAY (75-150 cm)

Normally 1 m-2 m is provided

DESIGN ASPECTS

FURROW IRRIGATION

FURROW CONSTRUCTION

FURROW IRRIGATION

WETTING PATTERNS

FURROW IRRIGATION

IDEAL WETTING PATTERN

FURROW IRRIGATION

SPACING OF FURROWS

FURROW IRRIGATION

STREAM SIZE

1) STREAM SIZE TOO SMALL

FURROW IRRIGATION

STREAM SIZE

1) STREAM SIZE TOO LARGE

FURROW IRRIGATION

PLANTING TECHNIQUES

MAINTENANCE OF furrows

water should be reach the d/s end of all furrows is regularly checked.

There should be no dry places or spots where water stays ponding.

Overtopping of ridges should not occur.

Field channels and drains should be kept free from weeds.

FURROW IRRIGATION

Thank you

check basin , furrow and border strip method

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