cheema seminar
TRANSCRIPT
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EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODSEFFECT OF PLANTING METHODSAND SPACINGS ON GROWTH ANDAND SPACINGS ON GROWTH AND
YIELD OF COTTONYIELD OF COTTON
GURTEJ SINGH CHEEMAGURTEJ SINGH CHEEMA
(L(L--20032003--AA--33--M)M)
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COTTON THE KING OF FIBRESCOTTON THE KING OF FIBRES
IndustrialIndustrial commoditycommodity ofof worldwideworldwideimportanceimportance
GrownGrown forfor fibre,fibre, fuelfuel andand edibleedible oiloil ProvidesProvides 6565--7070%% rawraw materialmaterial forfortextiletextile industryindustry
EmploymentEmployment generatorgenerator (Provides(Provides 200200--
manman--days/hadays/ha ofof employment)employment)..
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RECENT CRISIS IN COTTONRECENT CRISIS IN COTTON
Rising cost of productionRising cost of production Heavy insect/pest attackHeavy insect/pest attack
Heavy use of pesticidesHeavy use of pesticides Cultivation of nondescript varietiesCultivation of nondescript varieties Shortage of certified seedShortage of certified seed
Inadequate price support systemInadequate price support system
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Today,Today, II willwill discussdiscuss withwith youyou thethetwotwo importantimportant aspectsaspects ofof cottoncotton
productionproduction
PlantingPlanting methodsmethods SpacingSpacing
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PLANTING METHODSPLANTING METHODS
PlantingPlanting methodsmethods playplay aa veryvery importantimportant roleroleinin cropcrop productivityproductivity byby affectingaffecting thethe cropcropestablishmentestablishment.. PlantingPlanting methodsmethods maymay varyvary fromfromplaceplace toto placeplace keepingkeeping inin viewview thethe soil,soil, climaticclimatic
andand waterwater availabilityavailability conditionsconditions ofof aa particularparticularareaarea..
Various planting methods includeVarious planting methods include
1.1. Flat bed methodFlat bed method
2.2. Raised bed methodRaised bed method
3.3. Furrow methodFurrow method
4. Ridge Method4. Ridge Method
5.5. Crowbar methodCrowbar method
6.6. Transplanting methodTransplanting method
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FLAT BED METHODFLAT BED METHOD ConventionalConventional // NormalNormal sowingsowing methodmethod MostMost commonlycommonly usedused methodmethod
BullockBullock (or)(or) TractorTractor operatedoperated drillsdrills usedusedforfor sowingsowing..
FloodFlood irrigationirrigation isis usedused
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RAISED BED METHODRAISED BED METHOD
SowingSowing onon bedsbeds mademade atat aa heightheight aboveabove thethefieldfield surfacesurface.. CommonlyCommonly usedused techniquetechnique inin cropscrops likelike
Wheat,Wheat, Soybean,Soybean, GramGram andand MaizeMaize etcetc..
NewNew techniquetechnique forfor cottoncotton plantingplanting ImprovesImproves waterwater distribution,distribution, WUE,WUE, FUEFUE.. FacilitatesFacilitates easeease inin mechanicalmechanical weedingweeding
besidesbesides improvingimproving soilsoil physicalphysical structurestructure..
CropCrop escapesescapes fromfrom waterloggingwaterlogging duringduring rainyrainyseasonseason PossibilityPossibility forfor BroadbedBroadbed andand controlledcontrolled traffictraffic
farmingfarming
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37.5 CM
30.0 CM
NORMAL RAISED BEDS
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105.0 CM
30.0 CM
BROADBEDS
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FURROW METHODFURROW METHOD
Sowing in furrowsSowing in furrows Hills are marked at appropriateHills are marked at appropriate
distancesdistances More efficient use of inputsMore efficient use of inputs Leads to proper seedlingsLeads to proper seedlings
establishmentestablishment Higher soil moisture content atHigher soil moisture content at
sowing than ridge, FIRBSsowing than ridge, FIRBS
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RIDGE METHODRIDGE METHOD
Better crop establishmentBetter crop establishment Improve water use efficiencyImprove water use efficiency Crop escapes from waterloggingCrop escapes from waterlogging
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CROWBAR METHODCROWBAR METHOD
InvolvesInvolves makingmaking holesholes atat markedmarked hillshillsbyby usingusing CrowbarCrowbar HolesHoles ofof 1515 cmcm depthdepth andand 1010 cmcm
diameterdiameter areare mademade
HolesHoles areare filledfilled withwith eithereither wheatwheat strawstraworor FYMFYM andand mixedmixed withwith BHCBHC 1010%% inin2525::11 ratioratio
TwoTwo seedsseeds sownsown atat eacheach hillhill 55 cmcm awayaway
andand thenthen coveredcovered withwith soilsoil.. EachEach hillhill isis wateredwatered dailydaily tilltillestablishmentestablishment ofof thethe seedlingsseedlings
CommonlyCommonly usedused inin MaharashtraMaharashtra andand
adjoiningadjoining regionregion
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TRANSPLANTING METHODTRANSPLANTING METHOD
SeedlingsSeedlings raisedraised inin tubestubes (or)(or)PolythenePolythene bagsbags
Tubes/bagsTubes/bags areare filledfilled withwith soilsoil && FYMFYM((22::11))
Tubes/bagsTubes/bags areare wateredwatered dailydaily tilltillestablishmentestablishment ofof seedlingsseedlings
SavingSaving ofof costlycostly seedseed TimelyTimely cropcrop establishmentestablishment afterafter wheatwheat CropCrop escapesescapes fromfrom crustcrust formationformation
resultingresulting fromfrom showersshowers
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April 20 Transplanting April 20 Direct Sown
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PERFORMANCE OF COTTON UNDERPERFORMANCE OF COTTON UNDERFLAT AND FIRB SYSTEMFLAT AND FIRB SYSTEM
PlantingPlantingsystemsystem
Bolls/plantBolls/plant Yield (kg/ha)Yield (kg/ha)
Flat BedFlat Bed 28.8028.80 23042304
FIRBSFIRBS 28.6028.60 22162216
Kharub & Chauhan (2002)
Karnal
2nd International Agronomy Congress, New Delhi
Nov. 26-30, 2002
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EFFECT OF LAND CONFIGURATION ON GROWTHEFFECT OF LAND CONFIGURATION ON GROWTHAND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF COTTONAND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF COTTON
LandLandconfigurconfigur
ationation
MonopodMonopodialial
branchesbranches/ plant/ plant
SympodialSympodialbranches/branches/
plantplant
No. ofNo. ofBolls/Bolls/
plantplant(opened)(opened)
Wt. ofWt. ofseedseed
cotton/cotton/plant (g)plant (g)
YieldYield(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
Flat BedFlat Bed 2.762.76 15.9415.94 18.0518.05 54.1554.15 14551455
RidgesRidges 2.662.66 16.2716.27 18.7218.72 56.6556.65 15071507
SEdSEd .07.07 .08.08 .25.25 .03.03 21.221.2
Dangore et al(2001)
Nagpur
Soils and Crop Journal 11 (2) : 219-222N-L, P-M, K-H
Soil- M Black pH-8.3
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EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS ON DRYEFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS ON DRYMATTER AND SEED COTTON YIELD (kg/ha)MATTER AND SEED COTTON YIELD (kg/ha)
Planting MethodPlanting Method Dry matterDry matter
(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
Seed cottonSeed cottonyield (kg/ha)yield (kg/ha)
Normal sowingNormal sowing 1773.31773.3 1065.61065.6CrowbarCrowbarmethodmethod
2435.62435.6 1514.41514.4
TransplantingTransplanting 2098.92098.9 1213.31213.3
RidgesRidges 1954.41954.4 1154.41154.4
CD (P=0.05)CD (P=0.05) 336.61336.61 221.70221.70
Pundarikakshudu et al (1992)
NagpurJ Agric Sci62 (4) :263-67
N-L, P-M, K-H
pH-8.1
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EFFECT OF PLANTING AND IRRIGATION METHODS ON SEEDEFFECT OF PLANTING AND IRRIGATION METHODS ON SEEDCOTTON YIELD AND WATER USE PARAMETERSCOTTON YIELD AND WATER USE PARAMETERS
TreatmentsTreatments SeedSeedcottoncotton
yieldyield(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
IrrigationIrrigationwaterwater
appliedapplied(cm)(cm)
ProfileProfilewaterwater
depletiondepletion(cm)(cm)
TotalTotalwaterwater
expenseexpense(cm)(cm)
Water UseWater Useefficiencyefficiency
(kg ha(kg ha
--11
cmcm--11))
MM11 Conv. PlantingConv. Planting(75 cm) + flood(75 cm) + floodirrigationirrigation
19601960 40.440.4 12.712.7 82.482.4 26.126.1
MM22 Ridge/furrowRidge/furrow(75 cm) planting(75 cm) planting irrigation eachirrigation eachfurrowfurrow
19821982 30.130.1 11.311.3 71.171.1 32.032.0
MM33--Ridge/ furrowRidge/ furrow(75 cm) planting +(75 cm) planting +irrigationirrigationalternative furrowalternative furrow
19901990 23.323.3 12.212.2 65.065.0 35.735.7
MM44 Paired row,Paired row,ridge and furrowsridge and furrows(150 cm) +(150 cm) +irrigation eachirrigation eachfurrowfurrow
20102010 24.424.4 9.29.2 63.763.7 36.736.7
Aujla et al(1991)
Arid Soil Research & Rehabitelation 5: 225-34
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EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS ON SEEDCOTTON YIELD
Planting methodPlanting method Seed cotton yieldSeed cotton yield
(q/ha)(q/ha)Bed PlantingBed Planting 23.523.5
Flat plantingFlat planting 21.521.5
CD (p=0.05)CD (p=0.05) NSNSDhillon et al 2000
Ludhiana
15th Conference of Intl. Tillage Research
Organization, Texas, USA
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EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS, ONSEED COTTON YIELD
Planting methodPlanting method Seed cotton yieldSeed cotton yield
(q/ha)(q/ha)
BedBed 22.022.0
FurrowFurrow 13.313.3
FlatFlat 17.517.5
Deol
Ludhiana (Unpublished)
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SPACINGSPACING
ConnectedConnected withwith rootroot development,development,plantplant growthgrowth andand fruitfruit formationformation
OptimumOptimum numbernumber ofof plantsplants perper unitunit areaarea
mustmust bebe sownsown toto getget potentialpotential yieldsyields TooToo highhigh oror tootoo lowlow plantplant densitiesdensitiesresultresult inin yieldyield reductionreduction
CloserCloser spacingspacing causescauses competitioncompetition
betweenbetween plantsplants andand increasedincreased pestpest andanddiseasedisease attackattack
WiderWider spacingspacing avoidsavoids plantsplants fromfrom takingtakingfullfull useuse ofof soil,soil, light,light, airair andand otherother
inputsinputs
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EFFECT OF SPACING ON SEED COTTON YIELDEFFECT OF SPACING ON SEED COTTON YIELDAND YIELD ATTRIBUTING CHARACTERSAND YIELD ATTRIBUTING CHARACTERS
SpacingSpacing(cm)(cm)
Boll weightBoll weight(g)(g)
Bolls/Bolls/plantplant
PlantPlantheightheight
(cm)(cm)
SeedSeedcottoncottonyieldyield
(kg/ha)(kg/ha)67.5 x 1567.5 x 15 3.543.54 25.1125.11 130.0130.0 15221522
67.5 x 3067.5 x 30 3.543.54 26.0426.04 123.5123.5 16001600
67.5 x 4567.5 x 45 3.543.54 26.4626.46 128.0128.0 13981398
CDCD(P=0.05)(P=0.05)
NSNS NSNS NSNS NSNS
Nehra and Chandra (2001)
Sri Ganganagar
Cotton
Res J15 (2) : 147-150
N-L, P-M, K-H
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EFFECT OF SPACING ON YIELD ANDEFFECT OF SPACING ON YIELD ANDGROWTH OF COTTONGROWTH OF COTTON
SpacingSpacing(cm)(cm)
Boll /plantBoll /plant Boll weightBoll weight
(g)(g)
PlantPlantheightheight
(cm)(cm)
SeedSeedcottoncottonyieldyield
(kg/ha)(kg/ha)60 x 1560 x 15 17.0217.02 2.642.64 78.7278.72 10261026
60 x 3060 x 30 22.6622.66 2.732.73 74.7674.76 825825
60 x 4560 x 45 25.6025.60 2.842.84 75.9775.97 695695
CDCD(P=0.05)(P=0.05)
0.650.65 NSNS NSNS 117117
Sharma et al(2001)
KhandwaCotton Res J15 (2) : 151-53
N-L, P-M, K-M
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SEED COTTON YIELD OFHYBRID DHB-105AS INFLUENCED BY SPACING
Spacing (cm)Spacing (cm) Seed cotton yield (kg/ha)Seed cotton yield (kg/ha)
60 x 6060 x 60 17281728
90 x 6090 x 60 17611761
120 x 60120 x 60 17701770
CD (P=0.05)CD (P=0.05) NSNS
Hallikeri et al(2002)
Siruguppa
Cotton Res J16 (2) : 147-48
Soil-Deep Black
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EFFECT OF SPACING ON SEED COTTON
YIELD (kg/ha)
Spacing (cm)Spacing (cm) Seed cotton yield (kg/ha)Seed cotton yield (kg/ha)
75 x 3075 x 30 14961496
75 x 1575 x 15 14301430
90 x 3090 x 30 14751475
90 x 1590 x 15 14031403
Hallikeri & Halemani (2002)
Siruguppa
Cotton Res J16 (2) : 184-85
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GROWTH AND YIELD OF A COTTON ASGROWTH AND YIELD OF A COTTON ASAFFECTED BY DIFFERENT SPACINGSAFFECTED BY DIFFERENT SPACINGS
SpacingsSpacings(cm)(cm)
PlantPlantheightheight
(cm)(cm)
Bolls/Bolls/plantplant
BollsBollsweightweight
(g)(g)
Seed cottonSeed cottonyield (kg/ha)yield (kg/ha)
70 x 2070 x 20 131.5131.5 16.616.6 3.63.6 22002200
70 x 3070 x 30 123.2123.2 17.117.1 3.63.6 23702370
70 x 4070 x 40 117.0117.0 17.417.4 3.53.5 20002000
70 x 5070 x 50 115.2115.2 18.318.3 3.63.6 20402040
100 x 20100 x 20 129.3129.3 18.418.4 3.53.5 18501850
100 x 30100 x 30 124.9124.9 18.918.9 3.43.4 18501850
100 x 40100 x 40 121.3121.3 20.120.1 3.63.6 16301630
100 x 50100 x 50 116.2116.2 22.322.3 3.63.6 15401540
LSDLSD(P=0.005)(P=0.005)
7.37.3 4.14.1 NSNS 470470
Deol and Brar (2003)Ludhiana
JCotton Res & Dev Assoc17 (2) : 247-48
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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INTEREFFECT OF DIFFERENT INTER--AND INTRAAND INTRA--ROWROWSPACINGS, ON NUMBER OF BOLLS AND SEED COTTONSPACINGS, ON NUMBER OF BOLLS AND SEED COTTON
YIELD OF DESI VARIETIES (LUDHIANA)YIELD OF DESI VARIETIES (LUDHIANA)
SpacingSpacing
(cm)(cm)
LDLD--327327 LDLD--694694
Bolls/Bolls/
plantplant
YieldYield(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
Bolls/Bolls/
plantplant
YieldYield(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
67.5 x 3067.5 x 30 18.018.0 11601160 18.518.5 12881288
67.5 x 4067.5 x 40 19.819.8 10241024 17.617.6 12771277
67.5 x 6067.5 x 60 17.817.8 919919 16.016.0 11611161
100 x 30100 x 30 18.018.0 926926 17.517.5 12591259
100 x 45100 x 45 20.220.2 923923 19.819.8 10721072
100 x 60100 x 60 19.519.5 734734 21.621.6 10711071
Brar et al(2002)
Ludhiana
Contd..
CD (P=0.05 = NS)
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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INTEREFFECT OF DIFFERENT INTER--AND INTRAAND INTRA--ROW SPACINGS, ONROW SPACINGS, ON
NUMBER OF BOLLS AND SEED COTTON YIELD OF DESI VARIETIESNUMBER OF BOLLS AND SEED COTTON YIELD OF DESI VARIETIES
(ABOHAR)
SpacingSpacing
(cm)(cm)
LDLD--327327 LDLD--694694
Bolls/planBolls/plantt
YieldYield(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
Bolls/planBolls/plantt
YieldYield(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
67.5 x 3067.5 x 30 22.222.2 20282028 21.421.4 22942294
67.5 x 4067.5 x 40 25.025.0 18111811 23.023.0 24772477
67.5 x 6067.5 x 60 24.424.4 20232023 23.323.3 26522652
100 x 30100 x 30 23.023.0 19401940 25.125.1 22212221
100 x 45100 x 45 23.123.1 19161916 24.424.4 23242324
100 x 60100 x 60 22.622.6 16191619 24.024.0 22302230
Brar et al(2002)
Abohar
CD (P=0.05 = NS)
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SEED COTTON YIELD OF DESI COTTON ASSEED COTTON YIELD OF DESI COTTON ASAFFECTED BY DIFFERENT PLANT SPACINGSAFFECTED BY DIFFERENT PLANT SPACINGS
Spacing (cm)Spacing (cm) Total seed cotton yield (q/ha)Total seed cotton yield (q/ha)
20032003 20042004
3030 26.126.1 30.730.7
4545 25.525.5 30.730.7
6060 21.321.3 27.227.2
LSD (P=0.05)LSD (P=0.05) 2.42.4 2.92.9
Annual Reports, Deptt of Agron & Agromet
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EFFECT OF PLANT SPACING ON GROWTH, YIELDEFFECT OF PLANT SPACING ON GROWTH, YIELDAND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OFAND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF HIRSUTUMHIRSUTUM COTTONCOTTON
SpacingSpacing(cm)(cm)
Seed cottonSeed cottonyieldyield
(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
Boll weightBoll weight(g)(g)
Bolls/plantBolls/plant Plant heightPlant height(cm)(cm)
67.5 x 3067.5 x 30 21782178 3.103.10 37.6637.66 152.70152.70
67.5 x 4567.5 x 45 22272227 3.383.38 45.3645.36 149.40149.40
CD (P=0.05CD (P=0.05 NSNS 0.170.17 4.424.42 NSNS
Nehra and Kumawat (2003)
Sriganganagar
J Cotton Res Dev 17 (1) : 41-42
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EFFECT OFDIFFERENT INTRA ROW SPACINGS ON YIELD
AND RELATED CHARACTERS OFHIRSUTUMCOTTON
SpacingSpacing(cm)(cm)
PlantPlantheight (cm)height (cm)
Bolls/plantBolls/plant Boll weightBoll weight(g)(g)
Seed cottonSeed cottonyieldyield
(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
67.5 x 3067.5 x 30 161161 16.816.8 3.483.48 15011501
67.5 x 4567.5 x 45 147147 22.622.6 3.403.40 13871387
CDCD(P=0.05)(P=0.05)
NSNS 3.63.6 NSNS NSNS
Singh et al(2003)
Faridkot
J Cotton Res Dev 17 (2) : 249
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EFFECT O
FSPACING ON GROWTH, YI
ELD ANDYIELD PARAMETERS OFUPLAND COTTON
SpacingSpacing(cm)(cm)
PlantPlantheightheight
(cm)(cm)
Bolls/Bolls/
PlantPlant
BollBollweight (g)weight (g)
SeedSeedcottoncottonyieldyield
(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
60 x 3060 x 30 85.9885.98 18.2018.20 3.123.12 887887
60 x 4560 x 45 87.0487.04 23.0523.05 2.862.86 883883
60 x 6060 x 60 86.3786.37 24.9524.95 2.872.87 863863
Tomar et al(2000)
Indore
Indian J Agron45 (4) : 776-81N-L, P-L, K-H
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EFFECT O
FSPACING ON YI
ELDATTRIBUTES AND SEED COTTON YIELD
Spacing (cm)Spacing (cm) No. ofNo. ofbolls/plantbolls/plant
BollBoll
Wight (g)Wight (g)
Seed cottonSeed cottonyield (kg/ha)yield (kg/ha)
60 x 1560 x 15 10.910.9 3.193.19 14881488
60 x 3060 x 30 12.912.9 3.043.04 13811381
60 x 4560 x 45 13.313.3 2.992.99 12491249
CD (P=0.05)CD (P=0.05) 1.11.1 0.090.09 6565
Srinivasan et al(2001)
Tamil Nadu
Madras Agric J88 (10-12) : 689-90N-M, P-M, K-H
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EFFECT OF PLANT SPACING ON COTTONSpacingSpacing(cm)(cm)
PlantPlantheightheight
(cm)(cm)
Bolls/Bolls/
PlantPlant(opened)(opened)
BollBollweight (g)weight (g)
SeedSeedcottoncottonyieldyield
(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
67.5 X 1567.5 X 15 127.80127.80 15.2015.20 3.4403.440 16.9016.90
67.5 X 3067.5 X 30 124.50124.50 20.9020.90 3.4703.470 19.1019.10
67.5 x 4567.5 x 45 117.90117.90 23.5023.50 3.4803.480 14.8014.80
CDCD(P=0.05)(P=0.05)
3.293.29 0.820.82 NSNS 1.221.22
Brar et al (2002)
Ludhiana
J Res P A U
N-L, P-M, K-M
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EFFECT O
FSPACING ON GROWTH, YI
ELDPARAMETERS AND SEED-COTTON YIELD
SpacingSpacing(cm)(cm)
PlantPlantheightheight
(cm)(cm)
Bolls/Bolls/
PlantPlant
(opened)(opened)
BollBollweight (g)weight (g)
SeedSeedcottoncottonyieldyield
(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
60 x 1060 x 10 77.077.0 18.718.7 4.24.2 18.718.7
60 x 2060 x 20 78.378.3 20.420.4 4.54.5 20.420.4
60 x 3060 x 30 77.977.9 19.619.6 4.64.6 19.619.6CDCD(P=0.05)(P=0.05)
NSNS 0.540.54 0.020.02 0.880.88
Prasad and Prasad (1993)
New Delhi
Indian J Agron38 (4) : 606-608
N-L, P-M, K-M
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Seed cotton yield (q/ha) of AmericanSeed cotton yield (q/ha) of American
cotton as affected by plant spacingscotton as affected by plant spacingsSpacingSpacing
(cm)(cm)20012001 20022002 20032003
3030 19.819.8 27.127.1 20.420.4
4545 19.119.1 25.925.9 18.518.5
6060 18.318.3 27.127.1 18.518.5
LSDLSD(p=0.05)(p=0.05)
NSNS NSNS NSNS
Annual Progress Reports
Department of Agronomy & Agromet
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Beds made dry then irrigated for settlement
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Normal flat bed sowing
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Beds made at optimum moisture
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Furrow method
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Sowing on dry beds followed by irrigation
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Seed cotton yield of American cotton as affected by planting
methods and spacings
TreatmentTreatment Seed Cotton Yield (q/ha)Seed Cotton Yield (q/ha)
Planting methodsPlanting methods
Sowing on dry beds followed bySowing on dry beds followed byirrigationirrigation
31.831.8
Sowing on beds at optimum moistureSowing on beds at optimum moisture 29.429.4
Sowing on beds made dry and thenSowing on beds made dry and thenirrigated for settlementirrigated for settlement
32.132.1
Furrow plantingFurrow planting 32.632.6
Flat plantingFlat planting 34.134.1
LSD (p=0.05)LSD (p=0.05) NSNS
Spacings (cm)Spacings (cm)
4545 31.131.1
6060 32.932.9
7575 32.132.1
LSD (p=0.05)LSD (p=0.05) NSNS
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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
FIRBS due to its numerous advantages is beingFIRBS due to its numerous advantages is beingadopted in many crops. In cotton too ifadopted in many crops. In cotton too ifrecommended it may result in saving ofrecommended it may result in saving ofresources.resources.
Transplanting of cotton can also prove beneficialTransplanting of cotton can also prove beneficialfor establishing an early crop and for saving onfor establishing an early crop and for saving oncostly seeds.costly seeds.
A. cotton varieties do well at wider spacingsA. cotton varieties do well at wider spacingswhereas desi varieties require relatively closerwhereas desi varieties require relatively closer
spacing.spacing. Hybrids require still wider spacing.Hybrids require still wider spacing.