SName : Nikman Adli b. Nor Hashim. ( M04D )

Title : Structure, bonding and properties.

Objective : To try out the structure, bonding and properties of some compound chemically.

Apparatus : 1. Burette. 2. Cotton cloth. 3. Carbon electrodes. 4. Ammeter. 5. Beaker.

Materials : 1. Water. 2. Ethanol. 3. Hexane. 4. Calcium Chloride. 5. Argentum Nitrate. 6. Graphite. 7. Iodine. 8. Ethoxyethane. 9. Ethyl Ethanoate. 10. Trichloromethane.

Methods : Please refer to Chemistry Practical Handbook page 50 and 51.

Results:

Data collection : Experiment 1

Objective : To find the effects of a charged rod on liquid jets.

Liquid ObservationWater Some deflection occurred to the liquid after the charged rod being

placed close to the liquid jet.Water was deflected towards the charged rod.

Ethanol Some deflection occurred to the liquid, but the deflect angle is less than the deflection of water above.Ethanol was deflected towards the charged rod.

Hexane Some deflection occurred to the liquid.Hexane was deflected towards the charged rod.

Table 1 : The observation of the effect of charged rod on liquid jets.

Discussion :

1. From the observation, I can deduce that charged rod really effects on the liquid jet of water, Ethanol and Hexane.

2. When the rod is rubbed, it is positively charged.So, deflection occurred when it is placed close to the liquid jets.All of the flows of the liquid jets was attracted to the charged rod.

Conclusion :

Charged rod really affect the flow of water, Ethanol and Hexane(liquid jets).The magnitude of deflection between the three liquids are different.

Data collection : Experiment 2

Objective : To test the miscibility of liquid.

Liquid ObservationWater and

EthanolThe liquids can mix together and no precipitation was formed.

Water and Hexane

Both liquids cannot mix together and was separated.

Ethanol and Hexane

Both liquids cannot mix together and was separated.

Table 2 : The observation on the miscibility of liquids.

Discussion :

Water can mix together with Ethanol because the OH- molecules are exist in Ethanol.

Conclusion :

Ethanol is soluble in water because of the existence of OH- molecules.

Data collection : Experiment 3

Objective : To test the solubility of Iodine in different liquids.

Liquid ObservationWater Iodine dissolved slightly and the solution becomes light brown in

colour.Ethanol Iodine dissolved better than in water as the solution becomes dark

brown.Hexane Iodine dissolved completely as the solution becomes dark purple.

Table 3 : The observation of the solubility of Iodine in water, Ethanol and Hexane.

Conclusion :

In the experiment, it was found that Iodine is able to dissolve in each of the liquids, but its solubility differs for each different liquids.Iodine dissolved most in Hexane followed by Ethanol and then in water.

Data collection : Experiment 4

Objective : To test the solubility of graphite in liquid.

Liquid ObservationWater Graphite did not dissolved.

Ethanol Graphite did not dissolved.Hexane Graphite did not dissolved.

Table 4 : The observation of the solubility of graphite in different liquids.

Evaluation :

1. From my observation, it is concluded that graphite do not dissolve in any of the three liquids.

2. This is because all the three liquids are covalent bonds.3. Graphite is also a more stable allotropic form of the carbon than diamond, so it is

known that graphite will not dissolve or react in any circumstances in this experiment.

Conclusion :

Graphite does not dissolve in any liquid because graphite is an insoluble compound.

Data collection : Experiment 5

Objective : To test the solubility of Calcium Chloride in liquid.

Liquid ObservationWater After adding silver nitrate, there were a lot of precipitate

occurred.CaCl2 dissolved well in water.Ethanol After adding silver nitrate, there were precipitate occurred. CaCl2

dissolved not as well as in water.Hexane No precipitate occurred after silver nitrate is added in the solution.

CaCl2 dissolved at all in Hexane.

Table 5 : The observation of the solubility of Calcium Chloride in different liquids.

Discussion :

1. From the experiment, Calcium Chloride can only dissolved in water and Ethanol.2. Calcium Chloride cannot dissolve in Hexane, because Hexane is a hydrocarbon

molecule and it is a non-polar molecule, so it cannot be dissolved in Hexane.

Conclusion :

Calcium Chloride is well dissolved in water, followed by in Ethanol but does not dissolve in Hexane.

Data collection : Experiment 6

Objective : To test the volatility of Iodine, graphite and Calcium Chloride.

Material ObservationIodine After solid iodine is being heated, it reacts quickly and turn into

gaseous form for a few seconds.Calcium Chloride

After solid Calcium Chloride is being heated, it turned into gaseous form, but as it contacted with the test tube’s wall, it became solid immediately.

Graphite No reaction occurred after the solid graphite is being heated.

Table 6 : The observation of the volatility of Iodine, Calcium Chloride and Graphite after being heated.

Discussion :

1. Solid Iodine is very volatile as it is reacted easily after being heated.2. Calcium Chloride is also a compound that has high volatility as it turned into

gases after being heated.3. Graphite is a non volatile compound because it has a very strong covalent bond in

the element.

Conclusion :

Iodine is a highly volatility compound, followed by Calcium Chloride which its volatility is less than Iodine.Graphite does not has the ability to volatile.

Data collection : Experiment 7

Objective : To find the conductivity of Iodine in water, Iodine in Ethanol, Iodine in Hexane, Calcium Chloride in water, Calcium Chloride in Ethanol, Calcium Chloride in Hexane, distilled water, Ethanol and Hexane itself.

Solution Observation/Reading (mA)Iodine + Water 70

Iodine + Ethanol 16Iodine + Hexane 0

Calcium Chloride + Water

100

Calcium Chloride + Ethanol

100

Water 100Ethanol 2Hexane 0

Table 7 : The observation of the conductivity on different solutions.

Discussion :

1. From the data, the solution of Calcium Chloride have the highest reading because it is an ionic compound, which can conduct effectively.

2. There is no reading for Hexane because it is a hydrocarbon compound and cannot conduct electricity.

Conclusion :

All ionic compounds can conduct electricity, but covalent compounds which represented by Hexane cannot conduct electricity.

Data collection : Experiment 8

Objective : To test the colour of Iodine in different solutions.

Solution Observation (Colour of Iodine)Ethanol Iodine dissolved, colour of Iodine turned to dark brown.Hexane Iodine dissolved, colour of Iodine turned to dark purple.

Diethyl Ether Iodine dissolved, colour of Iodine turned to reddish brown.

Ethyl Acetate Iodine dissolved, colour of Iodine turned to reddish brown.

Chloroform Iodine dissolved, colour of Iodine turned to purple.

Table 8 : The observation of the colour of Iodine in different solutions.

Discussion :

From the experiment, different solvent will give different colour of iodine.In organic compound, the colour of iodine will change into darker colour, different from the colour of iodine that dissolve in the water.

Conclusion :

Iodine can dissolve in all solutions, but different in colour for this experiment.