chemical analyses of seeds ii: oil and protein content of 759 species

Chemical Analyses of Seeds II: Oil and Protein Content of 759 Species

Q U E N T I N J O N E S 1 AND F. R. E A R L E 2

The large plant screening program of the U. S. Department of Agriculture continues to reveal chemical emnpositions significant both to fundamental understanding of the plant kingdom and to future practical usage of selected species as crop plants. To date more than 5,000 seed samples from 160 plant families have been chemically analyzed. The present paper reports results on 1,010 samples, representing 32 orders, 103 families, 465 genera, and 759 species of seed plants. Presentation of data follows the format used in the first paper of this series (1). Comparison of Table I of the first paper with Table I of the present paper reveals many species common to both. Such duplication represents a deliberate effort to assess the extent of variabil i ty within species collected at different times and places. Here, however, Table I includes 4ata from 2 orders, 24 families, and 257 genera not represented in the earlier paper.

Since the appearance of the first paper in this series, articles (4 through 39) deal- ing with oils, proteins, and gums of unusual composition or plant groups of special prom- ise have been published. These papers give results of the survey and provide more intensive information on the outstanding discoveries of the program. A number of these discoveries are now subjects of de- velopmental research in agronomy and utilization chenfistry. Some will eventually form the basis of entirely new crops for agriculture and new plant raw nmterials for industry.

S c o p e a n d I m p l i c a t i o n s of D a t a Analytical results in the table require cir-

cumspect use. The survey of a large num-

1 Crops Research Division, Agricultural Re- search Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland.

2 Northern Utilization Research and Devel- opment Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois.

Received for publication April 28, 1965.

ber and variety of samples by standardized procedures introduces the need to interpret answers strictly in accordance with the meth- od(s) employed, including consideration of possible interference and limitations. For example, a qualitative test for presence of starch by iodine-KI is extremely sensitive; therefore a negative test is much more definitive than a positive one. Tl~e latter could be due to a very small proport ion of starch in any component tissue or structure of the plant par t analyzed. Other methods may be much less sensitive. Thus, a negative test for presence of cyclopropenoid acid in a seed oil by infrared procedures using a thin fihn is less definitive than a positive one, since the absorption band for the cyclo- propene group is relatively weak. About 10% or more cyelopropenoid acid nmst be present before detection by infrared indi- cates presence of such a component. Still other methods lack specificity. Thus, hydro- gen bromide ti tration of an oil as used in the present survey does not distinguish epoxide from cyclopropenoid groupings. With suitable cognizance given the methods used, the screening results continue to provide extremely valuable leads in suggesting species with unusual chemical composition that merit more detailed followup studies.

Figures 1 and 2 combine data front Table I of the first paper in this series with that presented in Table I of this paper. These graphic presentations of range and vari- ability of protein (Fig. 1) and oil (Fig. 2) content in 137 plant families provide some useful guidelines for future oilseed screening research. Data reported in Figs. 1 and 2 are, for many families, based on more information than was available for the cor- responding figures in our earlier paper. Comparisons between the two sets of bar graphs reveal that additional sampling has not materially changed the range of vari- ability in protein and oil content of those families which were previously known from

127

128 E C O N O M I C B O T A N Y

more than one or a few samples. I t should be emphasized that sampling of the families represented is still inadequate in terms of total numbers of species in these families. I t is also evident that some families are more adequately sampled than others. For these reasons only broad trends can be accepted as having validity. One such broad

trend is clearly depicted in Fig. 3. Here average oil content is plotted against average protein content. 0nly families from Figs. 1 and 2 represented by five or more samples were used. I t is evident that a strong, positive correlation exists between average oil and protein content on a family basis. Families rich in seed oils also tend

N o . o f F a m i l y 5 u m p l e s

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Fig. 1. Protein content of seeds. Range and mean shown for the samples analyzed in each family. Includes data from Part I of this series (1).

CHEMICAL A~ALYSES OF SEEDS 129

to be rich in seed proteins. Positions of some of the better known families, rich in herbaceous members, are labeled in Fig. 3. Flagged dots represent families having at least some members with starchy seeds.

Our data indicate that families low in seed oils and proteins are more ap t to pro- duce at least some starchy seeds than are

families rich in oils and proteins. Me- Nair (2) concluded, among other things, that " . . . . oily seeds are generally smaller than starchy." ]=[is conclusion was based on the much earlier (1858) work of Nageli (3) who reported the presence or absence of oil and starch in the seeds of species of 216 families. We can now test this hypothe-

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sis in the light of much more extensive data from one family in particular, the Legu- minosae. We have starch and oil data on 678 samples distributed in 96 genera of Leguminosae. Seed samples of legumes which contained starch numbered 235 and had an average seed size of 256 g. per 1,000 seeds. Non-starchy seeds containing 10% or more oil were found in 74 samples and averaged 109 g. per 1,000 seeds. Thus starchy legume seeds would appear to be, on the average, more than twice as large as non-starchy, oil legume seeds. However, a third group in the legume family, those with non-starchy seeds containing less than 10% oil, had an average size, based on 369 samples, of only 32 g. per 1,000 seeds. This could form the basis of a second hypothesis that, in the legumes, starch-free seeds high in oil are larger than starch-free seeds low in oil.

Data from the legume family also per- mit interesting correlations between protein content and seed size, and between protein content and presence or absence of starch.

Seeds having 30% or more protein averaged, oil the basis of 423 samples, 47 g. per 1,000 seeds. Those having less than 30% protein (175 samples) averaged 210 g. per 1,000 seeds. Protein content of starchy legume seeds averaged 28.4% on the basis of 100 samples while starch-free seeds averaged 33.3% protein, also based on 100 samples.

These trends in the Leguminosae can be briefly summarized as guides to future screening in this family :

1. Starch-free seeds offer the best hunt- ing ground for oil and protein.

2. Among the starch-free seeds, larger seeds will tend to be richer in oil while smaller seeds will be richer in protein.

Scatter diagrams provide a convenient means of recording simultaneously varia- tion in several different characters. Protein content and oil content are two such vari- able characters. Although Figs. 1 and 2 nicely provide the range of variabil i ty of each of these characters by family, they provide no indication of possible relationships between the characters. Scatter diagrams given in Fig. 4 (Compositae) and Fig. 5 (Cruciferae) reveal that there may be a strong correlation between protein and oil content (Fig. 4) or the two characters may

(Text continued on page 154)

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CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SEEDS 137

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[,'ig. 5. Relation between oil and protein content in seed samples of Cruciferae.

(Text continued from page 130) wiry independently of each other (Fig. 5). Protein and oil data for seven other promis- ing oilseed families were also subjected to scatter diagram analysis. The Cucurbitaceae, Labiatae, Malvaceae, and Ranunculaceae fol- low a pat tern very similar to that of the Compositae. The Euphorbiaceae, Scrophu- lariaceae, and Umbell i ferae parallel the pat- tern typified by the Cruciferae. The pat- terns suggest that in some families (e.g. Compositae) genetic factors controll ing protein and oil production tend to occur in the same linkage groups, while in other families (e.g. Cruciferae) these factors tend to occur on separate chromosomes and to assort at random. As more evidence accumulates we may be able to assert with confidence that the pat tern exemplified in Fig. 4 for the Compositae, and Fig. 5 for the Cruci- ferae, are family characteristics expressing common ancestry to a degree comparable to such morphological characteristics as phyl lotaxy Or inflorescence types.

Literature Cited 1. Earle, F. R. and Jones, Quentin. Analy-

ses of seed samples from 113 plant families. Econ. Bot. 16(4): 221-250. 1962.

2. McNair, J. B. The taxonomic and climatic distribution of oil and starch in seeds in relation to the physical and chemical

properties of both substanccs. Am. J. Bot. 17(7): 662-668. 1930.

3. Nageli, C., and Cramer, C. Die Starkekor- ner. Zurich, 1858.

References 4. Bagby, M. O., Smith, C. R., Jr., Miwa

T. K., Lohmar, R. L., and Wolff, I. A. A unique fat ty acid from Limnanthes douglasii seed oil: The C22 diene. J. Org. Chem. 26(4): 1261-1265. 1961.

5. , - - , Mikolajczak, K. L., and Wolff, I. A. Thalictrum polycarpum fat ty aeids--A new class of fat ty acids from vegetable seed oils. Biochemistry 1(4) :632-639. 1962.

6. Barclay, A. S., and Earle, F. R. The search for new industrial crops. V. The South African Calenduleae (Compositae) as a source of new oil seeds. Econ. Bot. 19 (1) :33-43. 1965.

7. Binder, R. G., Applewhite, T. H., Diamond, M. J., and Goldblatt, L. A. Chromato- graphic analysis of seed oils. II . Fat ty acid composition of Dimovphotheca oil. J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 41: 108-111. 1964.

8. Daxenbichler, M. E., VanEtten, C. H., and Wolff, I. A. Identification of a new, naturally occurring, steam-volatile iso- thiocyanate from Lesquerella lasiocarpa seed. J. Org. Chem. 26(10): 4168-4169. 1961

9. , - - , Zobel, H., and Wolff, I. A. Isothiocyanates from enzymatic hydroly- sis of Lesquerella seed meals. J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 39~(5) : 244-245. 1962.

10. Diamond, M. J., Knowles, R. E., Binder, R. G., and Go!dblatt , L. A. Hydroxy unsaturated oils. I I . Preparation and characterization of methyl dimorphecolate and methyl lesquerolate from Dimarpho- theca and LesquereUa oils. J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 41: 430-433. 1964.

11. Earle, F. R., Wolff, I. A., Glass, C. A., and Jones, Quentin. Search for new industrial oils. VII . J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 39(9) : 381-383. 1962.

12. , Mikolajczak, K. L., Wolff, I. A., and Barclay, A. S. Search for new industrial oils. X. Seed oils of the Calen- duleae. J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 41 (5): 345-347. 1964.

13. Gentry. H. S., and Miller R. W. Search for new industrial crops. IV. Prospectus of Limnanthes. Econ. Bot. 19(1) : 25-32. 1965.

14. Kleiman, Robert, Earle, F. R., Wolff, I. A., and Jones, Quentin. Search for new industrial oils. XI. Oils of Boraginaceae.

CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SEEDS ] 5 5

J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 41 (7 ) : 459- 460. 1964.

15. Knowles, R. E., Taylor, K. W., Kohler, G. 0., and Goldblatt,. L. A. Hydroxy- unsaturated oils and meal from Dimo~- photheca and Lesquerella seed. J. Agr. Food Chem. 12: 390-392. 1964.

16. Krewson, C. F., Ard, J. S., and Riemen- schneider, R. W. Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. Trivernolin, 1,3-divernolin and vernolic (epoxyoleic) acid from the seed oil. J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 39: 334-340. 1962.

17. , and Luddy, F. E. Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. Highly purified epoxy components from the seed oil. J . Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 41: 134-136. 1964.

18. - - , and Scott, W. E. Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. Extract ion of oil or trivernolin from the seed. J. Am. Oil Chemists ' Soc. 41: 422-426. 1964.

19. Mikolajczak, K. L., Miwa, T. K., Earle, .F R., Wolff, I. A. and Jones, Quentin. Search for new industrial oils. V. Oils of Cruciferae. J . Am. 0i l Chemists' Soe. 38(12) : 678-681. 1961.

20. , Earle, F. R., and Wolff, I. A. Search for new industrial oils. VI. Seed oils of the genus Lesquerella. J. Am. Oil Chem- ists' Soc. 39(2) : 78-80. 1962.

21. , Smith, C. R., Jr. , and Wolff, I. A. Three new oilseeds rich in eis-ll-eico- senoic acid. J. Am. Oil Chemists ' Soc. 40(7) : 294-295. 1963.

22. , Earle, F. R., and Wolff, I. A. The acetylenie acid in Commandra pallida and Osyris alba seed oils. J. Am. Oil Chemists ~ Soc. 40(8) : 342-343. 1963.

23. Miller, R. W., VanEt t en , C tI., and Wolff, I. A. Amino acid composition of Les- querella seed meals. J . Am. Oil Chem- ists' Soc. 39 (2 ) : 115-117. 1962.

24. , , McGrew, Clara, Wolff, I. A., and Jones, Quentin. Amino acid composition of seed meals from forty- o~e species of Cruciferae. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10(5) :426-430. 1962.

25. , Earle, F. R., Wolff, I. A., and Jones, Quentin. Search for new indus- tr ial oils. IX. Cuphea, a versatile source of fa t ty acids. J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 41 (4 ) : 279-280. 1964.

26. Miwa, T. K., and Wolff, I. A. Fa t ty acids, fa t ty alcohols, and wax esters from Lim- nanthes dauglasii (meadowfoam) seed oil. J . Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 39 (7 ) : 320-322. 1962.

27. Placek, L. L. A review on petroselinic acid and its derivatives. J. Am. Oil Chemists'

Soc. 40: 319-329. 1! 28. Scott, W. E., Krewson, C. F., Luddy, F. E.,

and Riemenschneidcr, R. W. Vernonia a~,thelmintica (L.) Willd. Enzyme studies. Conversion of epoxyoleic acid to (+)-threo-12,13-dihydroxyoleic acid. J. Am. Oil Chemists ' Soc. 4,0: 587-589. 1963.

29. Smith, C. R., Jr., Wilson, T. L., and Miko- lajczak, K. L. Occurrence of malvalic, stercalic, and dihydrosterculic acids to- gether in seed oils. Chem. & Ind. (Lon- don) 8: 256-257. 1961.

30. , Miwa, T. K., Zobel, H., Lohmar, R. L., and Wolff, I. A. Les- querolic acid. A new hydroxy acid from Lesquerella seed oil. J . Org. Chem. 26 (8): 2903-2905. 1961.

31. , Bates, R. B., and Schol- field, C. R. Densipolic acid: A unique hydroxy dienoid acid from Lesquerella densipila seed oil. J . Org. Chem. 27(9) : 3112-3117. 1962.

32. Tookey, H. L., Ernst , A. J., Lohmar, R. L., and Wolff, I. A. Evaluation of seed ga- lactomannans from legumes as paper sizes. T A P P I 44(12) : 910-912. 1961.

33. , Lohmar, R. L., Wolff, I. A., and Jones, Quentin. New sources of seed mu- cilages. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10(2) : 131-133. 1962.

34. , Pfeifer , V. F., and Martin, C. R. Gums separated from Crotala~ia inter- media and other leguminous seeds by dry milling. J. Agr. Food Chem. 11(4 ) : 317-321. 1963.

3:5. VanEtten, C. H., Miller, R. W., Earle, F. R., Wolff, I. A. and Jones, Quentin. Hydroxyproline content of seed meals and distribution of the amino acid in kerne l seed coat, and pericarp. J. Agr. Food Chem. 9(6) : 433-435. 1961.

36. - - - - , and - - . The neuroactive fac- tor alpha-gamn~a diaminobutyric acid in argiospermous seeds. Econ. Bot. 17 (2) : 107-109. 1963.

37. , ~ - - , Wolff, I. A., and Jones, Quentin. Amino acid composition of seeds from 200 angiospermous plant species. J . Agr. Food Chem. 11(5) : 399- 410. 1963.

38. Wilson, T. L., Smith, C. R., Jr., and Miko- lajczak, K. L. Characterization of cyclopropenoid acids in selected seed oils. J . Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 38(12) : 696- 699. 1961.

39. , , and Wolff, I. A. Lunaria seed oil---a rich source of C24 fa t ty acids. J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 39 (2 ) : 104-105. 1962.

chemical analyses of seeds ii: oil and protein content of 759 species

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