chemical bonds: the formation of compounds from atoms
DESCRIPTION
Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms. Dr. Bixler-Zalesinsky. 11.1. Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties. Metals and Nonmetals (review). Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron; corresponds to their charge. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms
Dr. Bixler-Zalesinsky
![Page 2: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
PERIODIC TRENDS IN ATOMIC PROPERTIES
11.1
![Page 3: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Metals and Nonmetals (review)
![Page 4: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron; corresponds to their charge
![Page 5: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Atomic Radii increase going down a group and decrease across a period
![Page 6: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
LEWIS DOT DIAGRAMSValence Electrons
![Page 7: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Valence Electrons & Per. Table
![Page 8: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Lewis Structures of an atom shows the valence electrons (ones involved in bonding)
![Page 9: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Octet Rule
• Every atom aspires to have eight electrons in its outermost shell (2 s electrons and 6 p electrons just like the noble gases)
• They must borrow (covalent molecules), release or accept (ionic compounds) electrons to get to the eight.
![Page 10: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Types of bonding
![Page 11: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
BONDINGIons and
![Page 12: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ionic bonding occurs between metals (cations) and nonmetals (anions)
![Page 13: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The nonmetal accepts the electron(s) and the metal donates the electron(s) ionic bond is the attractive between oppositely charged ions
![Page 14: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Form large crystals; our formulas are the smallest whole number ratios not
the true number of atoms
![Page 15: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The charges must cancel out and equal zero to form stable compounds If you have a +2 ion then you need either two -1 ions or one -2 ion
![Page 16: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Link to Video clip on Ionic Bonding (1:39)
![Page 17: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
COVALENT V. IONIC
Bonding
![Page 18: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
11.5 Covalent Bonding: Sharing Electrons
• Covalent bonding occurs between two nonmetal atoms
• Electrons are shared between two atoms
![Page 19: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
11.7 Lewis Structures of Molecules
1. Find the number of valence electrons for each element in the structure
2. Multiply the number of valence electrons times the number of atoms you have of that element
3. Determine which element can make the most bonds and put it in the center and attach the other elements to it
4. Make each atom have 8 valence electrons around it. 5. Add up the number of electrons you used in the
structure. This number must match the total number of electrons you started with
![Page 20: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
H2.1Li1.0
Na1.5
He
B2.0
C2.5
N3.0
O3.5
F4.0 Ne
Na 0.9
Mg1.2
Al1.5
Si 1.8
P2.1
S2.5
Cl3.0
Ar
K08
Ca1.0
Br2.8
Kr
Rb0.8
Sr1.0
Se2.4
Cs0.7
Ba0.9
I 2.5
Fr0.7
Ra0.9
Xe
Rn
Number of Valence Electrons:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 3 2 1 0 (number of bonds each can make) S S/D/T S/T S/D S 0 (types of bonds
s=single, D= double, T= triple)
Page 151 in textbook
![Page 21: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ex. Write the Lewis Dot Diagrams for the following molecules• I2• H2O
• FCl
• CF4
• NBr3
![Page 22: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Molecule (Covalent) Nomenclature• Naming: These binary inorganic
molecules are named using prefixes like mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-,
• The first element only gets a prefix if there is more than one of it; otherwise, the element name remains the same.
• The second element ALWAYS gets a prefix and the ending changes to –ide.
• Ex. CO is carbon monoxide (two words not capitalized)
![Page 23: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
HW p. 164 # 2 a – f Write the question and answer!
![Page 24: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Multiple Bonds
Double and Triple Bonds Double and Triple Bonds Knowing when NOT to use them is as important as understanding when to use them!
![Page 25: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Multiple Bonds
• Some times using the correct number of electrons will not give you a full octet. When this happens:
• 1st double check your math and counting
• 2nd see if the atoms involved can make a double or triple bond
![Page 26: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Double Bonds
• O, S, and C can make double bonds with each other than themselves but no others!
• Double bond is 4 electrons in a bond
• Symbolized by an = sign
• Take a look at CO2
![Page 27: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Triple Bonds
• P, N, and C can make a triple bond with each other or themselves
• A triple bond is 6 electrons in a bond
• The symbol for a triple bond is =
• Let’s try N2
![Page 28: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Molecular Geometry
VSEPR Theory and Application
![Page 29: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Structural Formula
• Shows how elements of a molecule are connected to each other
![Page 30: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
VSEPR • V = valence• S = shell• E = electron• P = pair• R = repulsion• Electrons will arrange themselves as far
apart from one another as possible • Unbonded pairs take up more room than
bonded ones
![Page 31: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
3-D
Hybridized orbitals, shapes, and decision tree
![Page 32: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Linear Shape
![Page 33: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Bent Shape
![Page 34: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Trigonal planar
![Page 35: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Pyramidal
![Page 36: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Tetrahedral
![Page 37: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
VSEPR Video Review (3:21)
![Page 38: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
sp hybridization
![Page 39: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Path to hybridization
![Page 40: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Sp3 hybridization
![Page 41: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
HYBRIDIZATIONVideo Review (1:36)
![Page 42: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
VSEPR Theory of Molecular Geometry # of atoms
Central Atom
Shape Bond angle
Example
![Page 43: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
VSEPR Theory of Molecular Geometry # of atoms
Central atom
Shape Bond Angle
(in
degrees)
Example
2 None Linear 180 HF
3 Any Linear 180 CO2
3 S or O Bent 105 H2O
4 B Trig. Planar
120 BCl3
4 (3-D) P or N Pyramidal 107 NH3
5 (3-D) C or Si Tetrahedral
109.5 CH4
![Page 44: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Shape Decision Tree
![Page 45: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Polar Covalent v.
Nonpolar Covalent
![Page 46: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds• If they are shared equally they are said to be nonpolar
bonds if they are not equally shared they are said to be polar bonds
• Sharing of electrons has to do with the pull of one element compared to the other element sharing the electron pair. This pulling is called electronegativity (eneg) which increases across the period and up the group
• The larger the electronegativity the greater the time the electrons spend with the more electronegative atom giving it a slightly positive charge and because of this imbalance we call this a polar molecule
• If the eneg difference lies between 0.5 to 1.6 it is a polar bond
![Page 47: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Polar or Nonpolar Molecules1. Determine the shape of the molecule2. Determine how many polar bonds
there are in the molecule3. If there are NO polar bonds the
molecule must be NONpolar.4. If there is exactly one polar bond, the
molecule is polar. 5. If there is more than one polar bond,
follow the chart below.
![Page 48: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Molecules with more than one polar bond (assuming polarity is equal)
Shape # of polar bonds
Molecular polarity
Linear 2 Nonpolar
Bent 2 Polar
Trig Planar 2 Polar
Trig Planar 3 Nonpolar
Pyramidal 2 Polar
Pyramidal 3 Polar
Tetrahedral 2 Nonpolar
Tetrahedral 3 Polar
Tetrahedral 4 Nonpolar
![Page 49: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
VSEPR Theory of Molecular Geometry # of atoms
Central Atom
Shape Bond angle
Example
![Page 50: Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081419/56814e2f550346895dbb9529/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Polarity of Molecules with more than one polar bondShape # of polar
bondsMolecular Polarity