Chemical Structures

Glycine

GlutamateGABA

Neurotransmitters

Excitatory Inhibitory

Process that

controls

Depolarization of cell

membrane

Hyperpolarization of cell

membrane

Functions Stimulate the brain

Calm the brain and help

create balance

Examples Glutamate Glycine/ GABA

*Acetylcholine has both excitatory and inhibitory properties

Neurotransmitters Receptors

Ionotropic Metabotropic

Types of receptors

Ligand-gated ion channels

G protein-coupled

receptors

Response takes place

Directly Through

biochemical cascades

Second messenger chemicals

No Yes

Reaction rate Fast Slow*Almost all neurotransmitters have both ionotropic and

metabotropic receptors

How do Neurotransmitters Receptors actually WORKS?

Ionotropic SynapsesExcitatory Inhibitory

Functioning Ions

Positive Ions

(Calcium)

Negative Ions

(Chloride)

Examples ofRelated

Neurotransmitters

Glutamate Glycine/GABA

Postsynaptic

Potential

EPSP

Diseases due to lack of certain neurotransmitters

•GABA

Anxiety disorders, Epilepsy

•Glutamate

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( Lou Gehrig’s disease )

•Glycine

Hereditary hyperekplexia

GABA is one of the most abundant inhibitory

neurotransmitters

What is GABA ?

Gamma - AminoButyric Acid

(GABA)

Additional Information on

Differences between GABA and sleeping pills

GABA gives birth to mortality?!

Cortex V1

GABA/ Muscimol

Neurons Regenerated

Monkeys become Active