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Chemical Structures
Glycine
GlutamateGABA
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Neurotransmitters
Excitatory Inhibitory
Process that
controls
Depolarization of cell
membrane
Hyperpolarization of cell
membrane
Functions Stimulate the brain
Calm the brain and help
create balance
Examples Glutamate Glycine/ GABA
*Acetylcholine has both excitatory and inhibitory properties
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Neurotransmitters Receptors
Ionotropic Metabotropic
Types of receptors
Ligand-gated ion channels
G protein-coupled
receptors
Response takes place
Directly Through
biochemical cascades
Second messenger chemicals
No Yes
Reaction rate Fast Slow*Almost all neurotransmitters have both ionotropic and
metabotropic receptors
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How do Neurotransmitters Receptors actually WORKS?
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Ionotropic SynapsesExcitatory Inhibitory
Functioning Ions
Positive Ions
(Calcium)
Negative Ions
(Chloride)
Examples ofRelated
Neurotransmitters
Glutamate Glycine/GABA
Postsynaptic
Potential
EPSP
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Diseases due to lack of certain neurotransmitters
•GABA
Anxiety disorders, Epilepsy
•Glutamate
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( Lou Gehrig’s disease )
•Glycine
Hereditary hyperekplexia
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GABA is one of the most abundant inhibitory
neurotransmitters
What is GABA ?
Gamma - AminoButyric Acid
(GABA)
Additional Information on
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Differences between GABA and sleeping pills
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GABA gives birth to mortality?!
Cortex V1
GABA/ Muscimol
Neurons Regenerated
Monkeys become Active