CHEMICAL WORKS (SCHEDULE-12)

HOUSE KEEPING

◼ CLEANING OF SPILLAGE

◼ FLOOR, PLATFORM,STAIRWAYS, PASSAGS, GANG WAYS TO BE FREE FROM OBSTRUCTIONS

◼ EASY ACCESS TO ALL PARTS OF PLANT FOR CLEANING

IMPROPER USE OF CHEMICALS

◼ NO CHEMICALS, SOLVENTS, EMPTY CONTAINR SHALL BE USED FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSE APART

FROM PROCESS.

◼ NO FOOD, DRINK, TOBACCO, PAN , ANY EDIBLE SHALL BE CONSUMED, STORED ON OR NEAR

ANY PART OF PLANT.

CAUTIONARY

◼ DISPLAY NOTICES IN LANGUAGE UNDERSTOOD BY MAJORITY OF WORKERS IN ALL HAZARDOUS

AREAS.

◼ INSTRUCT AND EDUCATE ABOUT SPECIFIC HAZARDS & OBTAIN UNDERTAKING

EVALUATION AND SAFE GUARD BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF PROCESS

◼ MATERIALS

◼ ACTUAL OPERATIONS

◼ CHEMICAL REACTIONS

◼ EFFECTS ON WORKERS

◼ HAZARDS

◼ STEPS TAKEN

◼ EFFECTIVE SAFEGUARDS FOR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION, OPERATION,

MAINTENANCE, DISPOSAL.

AUTHORIZE ENTRY

◼ ENTRY OF AUTHORIZED PERSONS ONLY AT HAZARDOUS PROCESS / MATERIALS

◼ EXAMINATION OF ALL INSTRUMENTS AND SAFETY DEVICES AT LEAST ONCE A MONTH AND

AFTER REPAIR TO THEM BY COMPETENT PERSON. MAINTAIN RECORDS IN REGISTER.

◼ INSTRUMENT AND SAFETY DEVICES TO BE OPERATED DAILY OR AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE TO

MAINTAIN THEM IN EFFICIENT WORKING CONDITION.

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

◼ ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT TO BE OF APPROVED TYPE AND SAFE AGAINST DUST, DAMPNESS,

CORROSION, FLAMMABILITY, EXPLOSIBILITY & CONFORMING TO ISI STANDARD.

HANDLING AND STORAGE OF CHEMICALS

◼ COMPATIBILITY AND STRENGTH OF CONTAINER WITH CONTENT

◼ ADEQUATE LABELING AND COLOR CODING

◼ FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS OF LABEL

◼ DAMAGE CONTAINERS TO BE HANDLED UNDER SUPERVISION

◼ SPILLAGE TO BE RENDERED INNOCUOUS IN SAFE MANNER

◼ SAFE CHARGING OF CHEMICALS IN VESSEL

◼ AVOID FORMATION OF TOXIC / EXPLOSIVE CONCENTRATION

◼ SUITABLE VENTILATION FOR VESSEL

◼ TYPE OF FLOORING

◼ COMPATIBILITY OF FLOORING AND CHEMICALS STORED NEAR BY.

◼ LIMIT QUANTITIES OF HIGHLY UNSTABLE/ REACTIVE/ EXPLOSIVE CHEMICALS, INTERMEDIATE,

FOR TWO MONTHS

◼ BIGGEST CONTAINER TO BE AVAILABLE TO TRANSFER TOXIC MATERIALS IN STAND BY

CONTAINER QUICKLY

◼ FRP (FIBER GLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS), ALL GLASS VESSEL TO BE OF ADEQUATE STRENGTH

TO WITH STAND STRESSES. WORKING PLATFORM, LADDER, ACCESS, PIPE LINES TO BE

INDEPENDENTLY SUPPORTED.

FACILITY FOR ISOLATION

◼ ENABLE QUICK ISOLATION OF PLANT OR PART OF PLANT WITH APPROPRIATE INDICATION

◼ LAYOUT OF ISOLATION PLAN WITH ISOLATION FACILITIES TO BE AVAILABLE WITH SECURITY

PERSONNEL / MAINTENANCE / SAFETY PERSONNEL

◼ CHECK ISOLATION FACILITIES ONCE IN MONTH FOR ITS EFFECTIVENESS

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

◼ ENSURE CLEAN, STERILE, AND HYGIENIC CONDITION BEFORE ISSUE

◼ INFORM/ EDUCATE /SUPERVISE TO ALL WORKERS ON JOB

ALARM SYSTEM

◼ CHECK DAILY

◼ TEST MONTHLY

◼ TO BE INSTALLED NEAR TOXIC MATERIALS/ CHANCE OF SPILLAGE OR LEAKAGES

◼ CONTROL OF PARAMETERS BY ALARM SYSTEM ON EXCEEDING PREDETERMINED SAFE LEVELS

CONTROL OF ESCAPE OF SUBSTANCES INTO WORK ATMOSPHERE

◼ PROVISION OF ENCLOSURE / BY PASS / EFFICIENT EXHAUST DRAUGHT / MAINTENANCE OF

NEGATIVE PRESSURE/ INERT OR STEAM PURGING

◼ DILUTION BY AIR / WATER OR OTHER SUITABLE AGENT

◼ CONTROL OF DANGEROUS CHEMICAL REACTION BY AUTOMATIC FLOODING / BLANKETING/

OTHER ARRANGEMENTS

TESTING, EXAMINATION AND REPAIR OF PLANTS AND EQUIPMENTS

◼ PARTS ON FAILURE GIVE RISE EMERGENT SITUATION TO BE TESTED BY COMPETENT PERSON AT

LEAST ONCE IN TWO YEARS.

◼ PRESSURE VESSELS

◼ MAINTAIN RECORDS

◼ ALTERATION / MODIFICATION / ADDITION UNDER SUPERVISION OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON

STAGING

◼ STABLE / RIGID / SUBSTANTIAL MATERIALS / ADEQUATE STRENGTH

◼ CONFORM TO INDIAN STANDARD

◼ NO STAGING OVER CLOSED / OPEN VESSEL UNLESS EXPOSURE IS PREVENTED

◼ PROPER ACCESS TO STAGING WITH HAND RAILS TO A HEIGHT OF 1 M AND TOE BOARD.

ENTRY INTO CONFINED SPACE

◼ IDENTIFY ALL CONFINED SPACES

◼ NATURE OF HAZARDS UNDER NORMAL AND ABNORMAL CONDITION

◼ ENSURE APPROPRIATE SAFEGUARDS

◼ REGULATE ENTRY THROUGH PERMIT TO WORK SYSTEM

◼ TEST BEFORE ENTRY BY COMPETENT PERSON

◼ RENDER SAFE BY DRAINING, WASHING, PURGING, ISOLATION AND VENTILATION

◼ EDUCATE AND TRAIN PERSONNEL

◼ USE OF PPE

◼ WORK UNDER SUPERVISION

◼ READY WITH RESCUE, RESURRECTION, FIRST AID

◼ LOG OF ALL ENTRY WITH DETAILS OF PERSON ASSIGNED WITH TASK, LOCATION OF WORK,

◼ MAINTAIN LOGBOOK AND RETAIN AS LONG AS THE CONCERNED WORKERS ARE IN SERVICE.

MAINTENANCE WORK

◼ ALL WORK INCLUDING CLEANING OF EMPTY CONTAINEROF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL UNDER

PERMIT TO WORK SYSTEM

◼ UNDER SUPERVISION OF TRAINED AND RESPONSIBLE PERSON

◼ NO RISK TO NEAR BY OR PASSER BY DURING MAINTENANCE

◼ AREA TO BE CORDONED OFF

PERMIT TO WORK SYSTEM

◼ ISOLATION

◼ RENDER SAFE BY CLEANING, PURGING. DRAINING

◼ PREDETERMINED WORK PROCEDURE WITH INTEGRATION OF SAFETY

◼ PERIODIC REVIEW OF PROCEDURES

◼ PERESON RESPONSIBLE FOR COMPLIANCE OF PROCEDURES SHOULD BE ADEQUATELY

INFORMED

◼ ADEQUATE RESCUE ARRANGEMENT / FIRST AID / RESSURRECTION ARRANGEMENTS

◼ USE OF APPROPRIATE PPE

◼ DECLARATION AND JOINT CANCELLATION

SAMPLING OPERATION

◼ SAFETY OF PERSONS ASSIGNED FOR COLLECTION OF SAMPLES

◼ DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLE PROCEDURES

◼ PPE

◼ PROPER ACCESS

◼ TYPE OF VALVE FOR COLLECTION

◼ PLAN OF SAMPLE POINTS

VENTILATION

◼ ADEQUATE VENTILATION AT ALL TIMES FOR DANGEROUS FUMES, TOXIC FUMES, FLAMMABLE

VAPOR AND EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES

PROCEDURES FOR MEETING EMERGENCIES

◼ IDENTIFY EMERGENCIES

◼ FORMULATE DETAIL PLAN FOR SUMMONING OUTSIDE HELP FOR RESCUE, FIREFIGHTING,

MEDICAL HELP

◼ SEND PLAN TO CIF

◼ INSTALL DINSTINCTIVE AND RECOGNIZABLE WARNING FOR PLANT PERSONNEL AND

COMMUNITY

EMERGENCIES

◼ CHECK ARRANGEMENT EVERY MONTH

◼ ALTERNATE POWER SUPPLY AND KEPT INTERLOCKED WITH NORMAL SUPPLY

◼ EVACUATION

◼ ASSIGNED RESPONSIBILITIES DURING EMERGENCY

◼ TRAIN EMPLOYEE ABOUT ACTION TO BE TAKEN DURING EMERGENCY.

◼ REHERSAL OF EMERGENCY PROCEDURES EVERY THREE MONTHS

◼ 10% OF WORKERS TRAINED IN FIRST AID / FIRE FIGHTING APPLIANCES

DANGER DUE TO EFFLUENTS

◼ NO MIXING OF EFFLUENTS FROM DIFFERENT PROCESS / OPERATIONS AS POSE RISK OF RELEASE

OF POISONOUS GAS.

◼ INDEPENDENT DRAINAGE

◼ RENDERING SAFE

FIRE AND EXPLOSION RISKS

◼ ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS SUITABLE TO AREA

◼ AREA CLASSIFICATION IN TERM OF HAZARD POTENTIAL

◼ HOT EXHAUST PIPE OUTSIDE BUILDING IF INSIDE SUITABLY PROTECTED

◼ IF POSSIBILITY OF FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERE, NO METAL IN SOLE OF FOOT WEAR

◼ WHEELS OF TRUCK OR CONVEYOR CONDUCTIVE TYPE

◼ USE OF NON SPARKING TOOLS

◼ PROHIBIT SMOKING, DISPLAY WARNING NOTICE

◼ CONTROL STATIC ELECTRICITY BY EARTHING , BONDING, REGULATING HUMIDITY, USE OF

METALLIC CONTAINER

◼ MOBILE TANKER TO BE EARTHED BEFORE FILLING

◼ SPARK ARRESTER AT OUT LET OF EXHAUST OF VEHICLE

◼ LIGHTNING PROTECTION ARRANGEMENT

◼ AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF PROCESS HEATING BY SHUTTING FUEL SUPPLY AND PURGING

◼ CONFINE LEAKED FLAMMABLE IN BUND WALL, DYKE, SUMP ETC

◼ DISPOSAL OF WASTE MATERIAL

◼ ADEQUATE AND SUITABLE FIRE FIGHTING APPLIANCES

◼ SAFETY VALVE AND PRESSURE GAUGE ON VESSELS OPERATED ABOVE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

◼ EXAMINE PIPE LINES PERIODICALLY FOR DEFECTS, ACCUMULATION OF FLAMMABLE / EXPLOSIVE

SUBSTANCES

◼ FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS (MINIMUM 8 TRAINED FIRE FIGHTER AT ANY TIME, SQUAD CONSIST OF

WATCH AND WARD PERSONNEL, FIRE PUMP MAN, OPERATOR TRAIED IN OPERATION OF FIRE

AND EMERGENCY SERVICES, SUPERVISOR, PROVISION OF CLOTHINGS INCLUSIVE OF HELMET,

BOOTS BELTS, MUSTER ROLL SHOWING ALLOCATION OF DUTIES, PUMP MAN TO BE

CONVERSANT WITH LOCATIONS OF ALL APPLIANCES AND RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR

MAINTENANCE )

RISK OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES

◼ LOCALISE AND PREVENT ANY ESCAPE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES

◼ PROVISION OF CATCH PITS BELOW JOINTS, BUND WALL, DYKE

◼ ADEQUATE DRAINAGE LEADING TO COLLECTION TANKS FOR NEUTRALISATION , / SCRUBBING

◼ AVOID PHYSICAL CONTACT

◼ CONTINUOUS EXHAUST ARRANGEMENT INTERLOCKED WITH PROCESS

◼ WASTE DISPOSAL BY SUITABLE RECEPTACLE OF NON ABSORBABLE MATERIAL WITH TIGHT

FITTED COVER

◼ SAFETY OF INTERMEDIATE

◼ EMPTY CONTAINER TO BE CLEANED BEFORE DISPOSAL UNDER SUPERVISION OF RESPONSIBLE

PERSON.

SPECIAL PROVISIONS

◼ PROCESS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS CARRIED OUT IN ALL GLASS VESSELS TO BE PROVIDED

WITH COVERING OF SUBSTINTIAL WIRE MESH TO PROTECT PERSON IN THE EVENT OF

BREAKAGE.

◼ DILUTION OF SUCH MATERIAL WITH WATER OR SOLVENTS

◼ NO SUPPORT LADDER / PLATFORM OVER NONMETALLIC TANK. ALL PIPE WORK TO BE

SUPPORTED.

◼ PROVISIONS OF TAPS FOR WASHING ( ONE TAP FOR EVERY 115 WORKERS), LIQUID SOAP IN

CONTAINER WITH TILTING ARRANGEMENT, NAIL BRUSH IN CLEAN AND HYGENIC CONDITION

◼ SEPARATE WASHING FACILITIES FOR WOMAN WITH ADEQUATE PRIVACY

◼ PROVISION OF SHIFT MESS ROOM IF WORKER EXCEED 50 WITH COLD WATER FACILITIES AND

MAINTAIN IN HYGENIC CONDITION

◼ CLOAK ROOM FACILITIES WITH TWO LOCKERS FOR WORK / PERSONNEL CLOTHINGS CAPABLE

OF KEEPING IN HANGING CONDITION.

◼ CLEANING AND WASHING FACILITIES FOR WORK CLOTHINGS

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS IN AMBULANCE

◼ 1. WHEELED STRETCHER WITH FOLDING AND ADJUSTING DEVICES. HEAD OF STRETCHER

CAPABLE OF TILTING UPWARDS

◼ 2. FIXED SUCTION UNIT WITH EQUIPMENTS

◼ 3. FIXED O2 SUPPLY WITH EQUIPMENT

◼ 4. PILLOW WITH CASE

◼ 5. SHEETS

◼ 6. BLANKETS

◼ 7. TOWELS

◼ 8. EMESIS BAG

◼ 9. BED PAN

◼ 10. URINALS

◼ 11. GLASS

SAFETY EQUIPMENTS

◼ FLARES WITH LIFE OF 30 MINUTES

◼ FLOOD LIGHTS

◼ FLASH LIGHTS

◼ FIRE EXTINGUISHER DRY POWDER TYPE

◼ INSULATED GAUNTLETS

EMERGENCY CARE EQUIPMENTS

◼ RESUSCITATION

◼ PORTABLE SUCTION UNIT

◼ PORTABLE O2 UNIT

◼ BAG- VALVE- MASK

◼ HAND OPERATED ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION UNIT

◼ AIRWAYS

◼ MOUTH GAGS

◼ TRACHEOSTOMY ADAPTORS

◼ SHORT SPINE BOARDS

◼ IV FLUIDS WITH ADMINISTRATION UNIT

◼ B.P. MANOMETER

◼ CUGG

◼ STETHOSCOPE

IMMOBILIZATION

◼ LONG AND SHORT PADDED BOARDS

◼ WIRE LADDEN SPLINTS

◼ TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

◼ LONG AND SHORT SPINE BOARDS

DRESSINGS

◼ GAUZE PADS-4”X4”

◼ UNIVERSAL DRESSINGS- 10” X 36”

◼ ROLL OF ALUMINIUM FOIL

◼ SOFT ROLLER BANDAGES 6” X 5 YARDS

◼ ADHESIVE TAPE IN 3” ROLL

◼ SAFETY PINS

◼ BANDAGE SHEETS

◼ BURN SHEET

POISONING

◼ SYROP OF IPECAC

◼ ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

◼ SNAKE BITE KIT

◼ DRINKING WATER

◼ EMERGENCY MEDICINES AS PER REQUIREMENT

========================================================================

SAFETY IN THE USE OF CONVEYOURS

A horizontal, inclined or vertical device for moving or transporting bulk material, packages or

objects in a path determined by the design of the device and having points of loading and

unloading/discharge, fixed or selective

TYPES OF CONVEYORS 1.SLAT AND APRON CONVEYOR

2.FLIGHT CONVEYORS

3.CHAIN CONVEYORS

4.TROLLEY CONVEYORS

5.SHACKLE CONVEYORS

6.SREW CONVEYORS

7.BUCKETY CONVEYORS

8.SCREW CONVEYOR

9.GRAVITY CONVEYOR

10.PORTABLE CONVEYORS

11.GRAVITY CONVEYORS

Fig.-BELT CONVEYOR

Fig.-BELT CONVEYOR (WITH STOPP CORD)

Fig.-BELT CONVEYOR (Guard on inboard side of Walkway)

Fig.-BELT CONVEYOR with hand rail/ Angle Posts)

Fig.-BELT CONVEYOR

FLIGHT CONVEYORS

SLAT AND APRON CONVEYOR

SLAT CONVEYORS

SHACKLE CONVEYORS

SREW CONVEYORS

BUCKETY CONVEYORS

BUCKETY CONVEYORS

GRAVITY CONVEYORS

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

I.ALL SHOULD BE DESIGNEDAND CONSTRUCTEDTO CONFORM WITH THE APPLICABLE CODES&

REGULATIONS.

II.MANUALLY LOADED CONVEYORS IN A VERTICAL PATH SHOULD HAVE A CONSPICUOUS SIGN AT

EACH LANDING POINT SHOWING THE SAFE LOAD THAT CAN BE RAISED OR LOWERED

III.GEARS,SPROCKETS,SHEAVES &OTHER MOVING PARTS MUST BE PROTECTED EITHER BY STANDARD

GUARDS OR BY POSITION.

IV.THE ENTIRE CONVEYOR MECHANISM SHOULD BE INSPECTED PERIODICALLY.

V.ALL M/C PARTS SHOULD BE LUBRICATED AS PER MNFR’S INSTRUCTIONS

VI.ALL CONVEYORS WITHIN 6’8’’(2 M) OF A FLOOR OR WALKWAYS MUST HAVE ALTERNATE

PASSAGEWAYS IF THE WALKWAY IS AMEANS OF EGRESS UNDER PASSES SHOULD HAVE SHEET

METAL CEILINGS WHERE OVERHEAD CONVEYORS DIP DOWN AT WORK STATIONS,GUARDS OR HAND

RAILS SHOULD BE PROVIDED.GUARDS SHOULD BE PROVIDED BELOW ALL CONVEYORS PASSING

OVER ROADS.

VIII.CONVEYORS RUNNING IN TUNNELS,PITS & SIMILAR ENCLOSURES SHOULD BE PROVIDED WITH

ADEQUATE DRAINAGE,LIGHTING,VRNTILATION , GUARDS & ESCAPE WAYS., SUFFICIENT SIDE

CLEARANCE SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO ALLOW SAFE ACESSWAY & OPERATING SPACCE FOR

ESSENTIAL INSPECTION,LUBRICATION,REPAIR & MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS.

IX.WHERE CONVEYORS PASS THROUGH BUILDING FLOORS,THE OPENINGS SHOULD BE GUARDED BY

STANDARD HANDRAILS & TOE-BOARDSAS A FIRE PRECAUTION EACH OPENING SHOULD BE

PROTECTED AGAINST PASSAGE OF FLAME

X.ELEVATED CONVEYORS SHOULD HAVE ACCESS PLATEFORMS OR WALKWAYS ON ONE OR

BOTHSIDES.HANDRAILS SHOULD BE 42”(1M) HIGH WITH AN INTERMEDIATE RAIL,AND PLATEFORMS

SHOULD HAVE 4”(10 CM) TOEPLATES.FLOORING SHOULD BE CHECKERED PLATE OR NON-SLIP TYPE

XI.CROSSOVERS OR UNDERPASSES WITH PROPER SAFEGUARDS SHOULD BE PROVIDED FOR PASSAGE

OVER OR UNDER ALL CONVEYORS.CROSSING OVEROR UNDER CONVEYORS EXCEPT WHERE SAFE

PASSAGEWAYS ARE PROVIDED,SHOULD BE PROHIBITED.

XII.RIDING ON A CONVEYOR SHOULD BE ABSOLUTELY FORBIDDEN

OPERATING PRECAUTIONS I.THE STARTER BUTTON OR SWITCH FOR A CON VEYOR SHOULD BE LOCATED SO THAT THE

OPERATOR CAN SEE AS MUCH OF CONVEYOR AS POSSIBLE.START/STOP DEVICES SHOULD BE

MARKED CLEARLY.

II.ELECTRICAL OR MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING DEVICES SHOULD BE PROVIDED,WHICH WILL

AUTOMATICALLY STOP A CONVEYOR IT FEEDS

III.IF TWO OR MORE CONVEYORS OPERATE IN SERIES,CONTROL SHOULD BE DESIGNED SO THAT,IF

ONE CONVEYOR IS STOPPED ALL OTHER CONVEYORS FEEDING IT ARE STOPPED ALSO.

IV.EMERGENCY STOP DEVICES SHOULD BE LOCATED NOT MORE THAN 75 FEET (23 M) APART ALONG

WALKWAYS.

FOR SOME INSTALLATIONS,AGOOD SOLUTION IS TO HAVE A LEVER-OPERATED EMERGENCY STOP

DEVICE AT THE TAIL END OF THE CONVEYOR,WITH STRONG CORD OR WIRE STRUNG ON EACH SIDE

OF THE CONVEYOR FOR ITS ENTIRE LENTH.A PULL ON THE CORD OR WIRE TO STOP THE

CONVEYOR.

V.ON CONVEYORS WHERE THERE IS A POSSIBILITY OF REVERSING OR RUNNING

AWAY,ANTIRUNAWAY AND BACKSTOP DEVICES SHOULD BE PROVIDED OR CONVEYOR DESIGN

SHOULD TAKE CARE OF ITOR GUARDS CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING THE IMPACT SHOCK AND OF

HOLDING.

VI.IN ADDITION TO THE OVERLOAD PROTECTION DEVICE CUSTOMARILY PROVIDED A DEVICE BE

DESIGNED TO PROTECT THE CONVEYOR AND MECHANICAL DRIVE PARTS IN SUCH AWAY THAT

DEVICE SHUT-OFF THE POWER OR LIMIT THE APPLIED TORQUE THE CONVEYOR AND MECHANICAL

DRIVE PARTS .IN THE EVENT OF AN OVER LOAD,THE DEVICE MUST SHUT-OFF THE ELECTRIC POWER

QUICKLY,DISCONNECT THE DRIVE PARTS FROM THE MOTIVE POWER,OR LIMIT THE APPLIED

TORQUE.

VII.THE LOADING AND DISCHARGE POINTS OF A CONVEYOR CARRYING MATERIAL IN FINE OR

POWDERED FORM SHOULD BE COVERED WITH EXHAUST HOODS AND SHOULD HAVE GOOD

GENERAL VENTILATION TO PREVENT THE FORMATION OF DUST CLOUDS

VIII.IF THE MATERIAL IS COMBUSTIBLE,THE CONCENTRATION OF THE DUST MUST BE KEPT BELOW

THE LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMITS.THE CONVEYOR SHOULD BE GROUNDED AND ITS PARTS BE BONDED

ELECTRICALLY.

IX.PERSONS WORKING NEAR OR ON CONVEYORS SHOULD WEAR CLOSE- FITTING CLOTHING.SAFETY

SHOES ARE RECOMMENDED.

X.WORKERS SHOULD ALWAYS BE WARNED TO PLACE MATERIAL CAREFULLY ON A CONVEYOR SO

THAT IT WILL RIDE SAFELY.

MAINTENANCE PRECAUTIONS

I.PADLOCK THE MAIN POWER CONTROL IN OFF POSITION BEFORE MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL

CMMENCE ON CONVEYOR FOR WORKING.

II.AREA SHOULD BE READILY ACCESSIBLE SO THAT MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL CAN CHANGE THE

POSITION OF THE PULLEYS & CAN WORK WITH EASE/COMFORT.MOVING PARTS SHOULD BE

THOROUGHLY GUARDED

IF ADJUSTMENT IS TO BE DONE WHILE EQUIPMENT IS OPERATING.

III.THE ON-RUNNING BELT SHOULD BE GUARDED FOR ATLEAST 18 INCH (45 CM) FROM THE POINTS

OF TANGENCY BETWWEN THE BELT AND THE HEAD & TAIL PULLEYS AND BETWEEN THE BELT AND

THE TRIPPER AND HUMP PULLEYS.IF THE HAZARD IS OUT OF REACH (>8FT OR 2.4 M ) ABOVE THE

FLOOR OR PLATFORM WORKERS IN NORMAL COURSE WILL NOT GET EXPOSED TO IT.

IV.IF A PERSON’S ARM MAY BE CAUGHT AND BELT COULD NOT BE RAISED SUFFICIENTLY TO ALLOW

THE ARM TO RIDE OVER AN IDLER PULLEY UNDER THE BELT GUARDS SHOULD BE INSTALLED AT THE

SWIDES OF THE CONVEYOR AT THE LOADING BOOT.

V.THE SLOT THROUGH WHICH COAL FROM THE TRIPPER CHUTE IS DISCHARGED INTO THE BUNKER

(IN POWER PLANT) SHOULD BE PROTECTED BY BARS PLACED ACROSS IT & SLOT BE COVERED WITH A

PIECE OF DISCARDED BELTING OF REQUIRED WIDTH AND LENTH WITH ITS ENDS SECURELY

ANCHORED.

VI.A GATE OR PADDLE CAN BE SUSPENDED AS LOW AS PRACTICABLE ABOVE THE BELT NEAR THE

HEAD PULLEY,SO THAT THE PERSON’S BODY (IF HE HAD FALLEN) RIDING ON THE BELT WOULD

AUTOMATICALLY PULL A STOP ROPE AND QUICKLY STOP THE CONVEYOR.

VII. SHOLDA BELT CONVEYOR AT FLOOR OR GALLERIES BE PROVIDED WITH A SHIELD GUARD OR

HOUSING TO COMPLETELY ENCLOSE IT AT EACH END.GUARD RAIL AND TOEBOARDS SHOULD

EXTEND THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE CONVEYOR.

VIII.TO HELP REMOVE STATIC FROM BELT CONVEYORS,TINSEL OR NEEDLE POINT COLLECTORS CAN

BE USED WITH THE DRIVING PULLEYS AND SHAFTING WHICH CAN BE GROUNDED THROUGH

CARBON OR BRONZE BRUSHES RUNNING ON THE SHAFT.

IX.ONE OF THE OUTSTANDING DANGERS OF BELT CONVEYORS IS THAT WORKERS ARE TEMPTED TO

CLEAN OFF MATERIAL THAT STICKS TO THE TAIL DRUMS OR PULLEYS WHILE THEY ARE IN

MOTION.FIXED SCRAPERS AND REVOLVING BRUSHES ELIMINATE THE NEED FOR A HAND

OPERATION.

X.BARRIER GUARDS CAN BE PLACED DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF PINCH POINTS OF THE BELTS AND

DRUMS TO PRTECT THE WORKERS,SHOULD THEY ATTEMPT TO CLEAN OR DRESS THE BELTS WHILE

THEY ARE MOVING.

Cyanide Poisoning:

Cyanide is regarded as a notorious poison dating back to antiquity. The ubiquitous existence of cyanide

in the environment is associated with the toxic gases produced by pyrolysis of plastic or nitrile-based

polymer fibers, ingestion of extracts of plants containing cyanogenic glycosides (e.g., cassava) or

inhalation from industrial or occupational causes (e.g., electroplating). Administrations of certain drugs

(e.g., sodium nitroprusside and laetrile) also release cyanide when metabolised in the body. Cyanide

poisoning also results from exposure to aliphatic nitrile compounds (e.g. acetonitrile) or by dermal

absorption /ingestion of cyanide salts and aliphatic nitriles. Its notoriety as a suicidal, homicidal and

genocidal agent is well known. Use of Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) as a potent chemical warfare agent is

also well documented. HCN and Potassium Cyanide (KCN) both are very rapid poison which impairs the

cellular respiration leading to a cascade of events culminating in cell death. There are a number of

antidotes available for cyanide poisoning.

Routes of Exposure and Lethal Dose:

Human cyanide poisoning is associated with a mortality rate of 95%. Taken orally the fatal dose of HCN

to adult is estimated at 50-100 mg, and for potassium cyanide (KCN), about 150-250 mg. However,

victims ingesting as much as 3g of KCN have been saved with immediate therapy. Inhalation of HCN at a

concentration of 270 ppm (approximately 0.3 mg HCN per litre) will be immediately fatal. Victims having

a blood cyanide level of 2.5-3.0 μg/ml frequently succumb to respiratory cessation within 20-30 min of

exposure or may survive even upto 3 h.

Clinical Manifestations:

The clinical picture of acute cyanide poisoning varies in both time and intensity depending upon the

magnitude of exposure. Various non-specific signs and symptoms like headache, dizziness, nausea,

vomiting, confusion, coma and incontinence of faeces and urine occur. Physiologically a series of events

like dyspnoea, in coordination of movement, cardiac irregularities, convulsive seizures, coma and

respiratory failure may occur leading to death.

Antidotes:

A wide variety of compounds have been used as cyanide antidotes and they have been classified into

four major groups based on their mechanism of action: (i) Scavengers, (ii) Detoxification, (iii)

Physiological and (iv) Biochemical

I. Scavengers:

These are compounds that inactivate cyanide by binding it or by forming methaemoglobin, which in turn

sequesters cyanide.

1) Methemoglobin formers:

The basic aim of rapid detoxification of cyanide is prevention or reversal of inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by cyanide. This is usually accomplished by providing a large pool of ferric iron in the form of methemoglobin to complex cyanide. Cyanide preferentially competes with the Fe+++ of methemoglobin as compared to that of cytochrome oxidase, and eventually binds with the former to form

cyanmethemoglobin. Thereby, the activity of inhibited cytochrome oxidase is restored. The various methemoglobin formers employed as cyanide antidotes are discussed below.

Amyl nitrite:

Inhalation of amyl nitrite as a first aid measure to cyanide poisoning is known for many years. However,

the efficacy of amyl nitrite as methemoglobin inducer remained disputed on account of its inability to

generate methemoglobin greater than 6%, while about 15% is required to challenge one LD50 dose of

cyanide. Artificial ventilation with amyl nitrite broken into ambu bags has been reported as a life saving

therapy in cyanide poisoned dogs, prior to induction of significant level of methemoglobinemia

Sodium nitrite:

Sodium nitrite (SN) is the most prevalent drug of choice for cyanide poisoning. When given

intravenously (i.v.) it takes about 12 min to generate approximately 40% of methemoglobin. Since SN

induced methemoglobinemia impairs oxygen transport, it cannot be recommended for fire victims

where in most instances HCN exposure is accompanied by carbon monoxide poisoning. Since carbon

monoxide also impairs oxygen carrying capacity of blood, administration of SN would further aggravate

the hypoxic condition.

4 – Dimethylaminophenol:

The relatively slow rate of methemoglobin formation by SN prompted the development of rapid

methemoglobin formers like aminophenols. 4-dimethylaminophenol (DMAP) is the treatment of choice

for cyanide poisoning in Germany. A dose of 3.25 mg/kg., i.v. of DMAP was reported to produce

methemoglobin level of 30% within 10 min and 15% methemoglobinemia was attained within one

minute

2) Cobalt containing compounds:

Cobalt ion which forms a stable metal complex with cyanide is an effective therapeutic agent against

cyanide poisoning.

Dicobalt edetate (Kelocyanor):

This agent (300 mg of dicobalt edetate in glucose solution; i.v.) is the current treatment of choice in

France and United Kingdom.

Hydroxocobalamin (Vitamin B 12a):

This agent is perhaps the most promising cyanide antidote used in human toxicology. An injectable

solution of hydroxocobalamin (5 g in water) is now available in France and Germany. In France a 4g

hydroxocobalamin solution in 80 ml of sodium thiosulphate (STS) has also been developed.

3) Cyanohydrin formers:

Alfa-ketocarboxylic acid and Alfa-ketoglutaric acid (a-KG) qre currently being pursued widely as a

cyanide antidote. Prophylactic or therapeutic ability of Alfa-KG was also shown to be augmented by

oxygen. Cyanide induced histotoxic hypoxia was reversed by Alfa-KG which was found to be more

effective than cobalt edetate and sodium pyruvate.

II. Detoxification:

Under this group those agents are listed which enzymatically detoxify cyanide by converting it to a

relatively non-toxic product which is readily eliminated from the body. The major mechanism of

removing cyanide from the body is its enzymatic conversion by the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanese

(thiosulphate-cyanide sulfur transferase, EC 2.8.1.1) to thiocyanate. The enzymatic conversion of

cyanide to thiocyanate requires a source of sulfane sulfur (a divalent ionised sulfur bound to another

sulfur atom) which is usually offered by thiosulfates or other biological compounds containing sulfane

sulfur, like polythionates, thiosulfonates, persulfides etc. Exogenously administered thiosulfate usually

in the form of STS would supplement this reaction rapidly. STS alone administered i.v. may be sufficient

in moderate cases of cyanide poisoning while severe cases of poisoning may necessitate co-

administration of other antidotes, preferably SN. STS is contra-indicated in patients with renal

insufficiency as the thiocyanate formed may cause toxicity.

III. Physiological:

Oxygen appears to be a physiological antagonist. Oxygen alone at hyperbaric pressure has slight

protective effect in cyanide poisoning but it dramatically potentiates the protective efficacy of SN and/

or STS. It is proposed that oxygen accelerates the oxidation of sulphite, thereby enhancing cyanide

detoxification.

IV. Biochemical:

The compounds classified as biochemical antidotes have largely unexplained mechanism of action and

are also regarded as non-specific antidotes. These compounds are usually not very effective per se but

as adjuncts significantly augment the efficacy of conventional antidotes. A few chemicals belonging to

this class of antidotes are discussed below.

1) Chlorpromazine:

The potent vasodilatory action of nitrites prompted the examination of vasogenic drugs as cyanide

antagonist. Chlorpromazine a neuroleptic phenothiazine, was found to significantly potentiate the

efficacy of SN and STS combination in cyanide toxicity.

2) Other agents:

Alfa-adrenergic blocking agents like phenoxybenzamine and various autonomic drugs, vasodilators such

as papaverine, organic nitrates and anti-histaminic compounds have shown some antidotal efficacy in

cyanide poisoning. Role of neuronal calcium in cyanide induced neurotoxicity and beneficial effects of

calcium channel blocker (diltiazem) are also well documented.

Global Attitude and the Popular Treatment:

A retrospective examination of various cyanide antidotes reveals that there is no unanimity of opinion

regarding the efficacy of a particular treatment regimen. Adoption of a particular treatment in a country

is dictated by various factors including the regulatory bodies and the legislations. There is no global

unanimity on this issue, like SN and STS combination is the drug of choice for cyanide poisoning in U.S.A.

and many other countries, France and U.K. have adopted kelocyanor while Germany is still continuing

with DMAP and STS combination. However, SN (10 ml of 3% solution) and STS (50 ml 25% solution)

combination is still the most prevalent treatment in cyanide poisoning. Artificial ventilation with 100%

oxygen via Ambu bag containing the contents of two ampoules of amyl nitrite (0.6 ml) is usually

practiced as the first aid therapy. The use of antidote should be restricted to patients in deep coma with

respiratory insufficiency.

*This document is for Educational Purpose Only

SAFETY PROVISIONS IN THE ELECTRICITY ACTS AND RULES

The Indian Electricity (IE) Rules, 1956 was made under section 37 of the

Indian Electricity Act, 1910 and redefined after enactment of The Electricity

Act, 2003. CEAR namely Central Electricity Authority (Measures relating to

Safety and Electric Supply) Regulations, 2010 came into effect from 20th

September 2010, in place of The Indian Electricity Rules, 1956. IE rules mainly dealt with

• Appointment of inspectors & their duties

• Licensing provisions.

• General safety requirements

• Conditions relating to supply and use of energy.

• Electric supply lines and systems for LV & MV

• Electric supply lines and systems for HV & EHV.

• Overhead lines, underground cables and generating stations

• Electric traction.

• Precautions in mines & oil fields

IMPORTANT STATUTORY SAFETY PROVISIONS • In every registered factory, where more than 250 KW of electrical load is connected, there

SHALL BE A PERSON authorized by the management for ensuring the safety provisions laid

under the Act and the rules made there under,

• Shall periodically inspect such installation.

• Get them tested & keep a record

• Records shall be made available to the Inspector [or any officer of a specified rank and class

appointed to assist the Inspector

• All suppliers of electricity including generating companies, transmission companies and

distribution companies shall appoint A SAFETY OFFICER for proper observance of safety

measures in their organization in construction, operation and maintenance of power station,

sub-station, transmission and distribution lines

• No person shall be authorised under sub-rule (1) unless he is COMPETENT to perform the duties

assigned to him and POSSESSES either an appropriate certificate of competency or permit to

work.

• Adequate ratings of the Electrical Installation ,Mechanical Strength, as per Indian Standards.- All

electric supply lines and apparatus shall be of sufficient ratings for power, insulation and

estimated fault current and of sufficient mechanical strength, for the duty which they may be

required to perform under the environmental conditions of installation, and shall be

constructed, installed, protected, worked and maintained in such a manner as to ensure

safety of human beings, animals and property.

• Isolating (CUT OUT) arrangement by supplier

• Identification system of earth and Earth Neutral conductor

• Earthing system.

• Inaccessibility of bare conductors.

(a) Ensure that they are inaccessible;

(b) Provide in readily accessible position switches for rendering them dead whenever

necessary

(c) Take such other safety measures as are considered necessary by the Inspector.

• Danger Notice. (sign of skull and bones ) Permanently in a conspicuous position

• Handling of electric supply lines and apparatus-

• To discharge electrically such conductor or apparatus.

• Gloves, rubber shoes, safety belts, ladders, earthing devices, helmets, line testers, hand

lines etc.

• Authorised person.

• Distinction of different circuits.(Permanent nature)

• Ensure by means of indication of a permanent nature that the respective circuits are

readily distinguishable from one another (By numbering).

• The owner of the every installation including sub-station, double pole structure, four

pole structure or any other structure having more than one feed, shall ensure by

means of indication of a permanent nature, that the installation is readily

distinguishable from other installations

• Prevention of accidental charge

• The owners of all circuits and apparatus shall so arrange them that there shall be no danger of any part thereof becoming accidentally charged to any voltage beyond the limits of voltage for which they are intended.

• Protection equipment, Fire buckets, First aid box ,Gas mask (5MW & Above) etc.

• Fire buckets filled with clean dry sand and ready for immediate use for extinguishing fires, in addition to fire extinguishers suitable for dealing with electric fires, shall be conspicuously marked and kept in all generating stations, enclosed sub-stations and switch stations in convenient situation. The fire extinguishers shall be tested for satisfactory operation at least once a year and record of such tests shall be maintained.

• First-aid boxes or cup boards conspicuously marked and equipped with such contents as the State Government may specify shall be provided and maintained in every generating station, enclosed sub-station and enclosed switch station so as to be readily accessible during all working hours. All such boxes and cupboards shall, except in the case of unattended sub-stations and switch stations, be kept in charge of responsible persons who are trained in first-aid treatment and one of such person shall be available during working hours.

• Two or more gas masks shall be provided conspicuously and installed and maintained at accessible places in every generating station with capacity of 5 MW and above and enclosed sub-station with transformation capacity of 5 MVA and above for use in the event of fire or smoke. Provide that where more than one generator with capacity of 5 MW and above is installed in a power station, each generator would be provided with at least two separate gas masks in accessible and conspicuous position.

• Instructions for restoration of persons suffering from electric shock • Instructions, in English or Hindi and the local language of the district and where Hindi is

the local language, in English and Hindi for the restoration of persons suffering from

electric shock, shall be affixed by the owner in a conspicuous place in every generating

station, enclosed sub-station, enclosed switch-station and in every factory as defined in

clause (m) of section 2 of the Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948) in which electricity is

used.

• The owner of every generating station, enclosed sub-station, enclosed switch-station

and every factory or other premises to which this rule applies, shall ensure that all

authorized persons employed by him are acquainted with and are competent to apply

the instructions

• In every manned high voltage or extra-high voltage generating station, substation or

switch station, an artificial respirator shall be provided and kept in good working

condition.

• Precautions to be adopted by consumers, owners, occupiers, electrical contractors, electrical workmen and suppliers:-

• All electrical installation works shall be carried out by a person holding certificate of competency and by a person holding a permit issued or recognized by the State Government.

• No electrical installation work which has been carried out in contravention of sub-rule(1)

UNAUTHORIZED PERSON shall not be energized or connected to the works of any supplier.

• Periodical inspections and testing of Equipments • Installation shall be periodically inspected and tested at intervals not exceeding five years

either by the Inspector or any officer appointed to assist the Inspector or by the supplier as may be directed by the State Government in this behalf or in the case of installations belonging to, or under the control of the Central Government.

• Testing of consumer’s installation

• Upon receipt of an application for a new or additional supply of energy and before

connecting the supply or reconnecting the same after a period of six months, the

supplier shall inspect and test the applicants’ installation. • Installation and Testing of Generating Units

• Installation and Testing of Generating Units- Where any consumer or occupier installs a generating plant, he shall give a thirty days’ notice of his intention to commission the plant to the supplier as well as the Inspector.

• Precautions against leakage before connection. • High Voltage Equipments installations

▪ High Voltage Equipments shall have the IR value as stipulated in the relevant Indian Standard.

▪ At a pressure of 1000 V applied between each live conductor and earth for a period of oneminute the insulation resistance of HV installations shall be at least 1 Mega ohm or as specified by the 1 [Bureau of Indian Standards] from time to time.

• Supply and use of energy

• A linked switch with fuse(s) or a circuit breaker by low and medium voltage consumers.

• A linked switch with fuse(s) or a circuit breaker by HV consumers having aggregate installed

transformer/apparatus capacity up to 1000 KVA to be supplied at voltage upto 11 KV and

2500 KVA at higher -voltages (above 11 KV and not exceeding 33 KV).

• A circuit breaker by HV consumers having an aggregate installed transformer/apparatus

capacity above 1000 KVA and supplied at 11 KV and above 2500 KVA supplied at higher

voltages (above 11 KV and not exceeding 33 KV).

• A circuit breaker by EHV consumer ; Provided that where the point of commencement of

supply and the consumer apparatus are near each other one linked switch with fuse(s) or

circuit breaker near the point of commencement of supply as required by this clause shall be

considered sufficient for the purpose of this rule;

• Provisions applicable to medium, high or extra-high voltage installations

• All conductors (other than those of overhead lines) shall be completely enclosed in

mechanically strong metal casting or metallic covering.

• All metal works, enclosing, supporting or associated with the installation, other than that

designed to serve as a conductor shall be connected with an earthing system.

• Every switchboard shall comply with the following provisions, namely: -

– A clear space of not less than 1 metre in width shall be provided in front of the

switchboard

– If there are any attachments or bare connections at the back of the switchboard, the

space (if any) behind the switchboard shall be either less than 20 centimetres or more

than 75 centimetres in width, measured from the farthest outstanding part of any

attachment or conductor

– If the space behind the switchboard exceeds 75 centimetres in width, there shall be a

passage-way from either end of the switchboard clear to a height of 1.8 metres.

OTHER PROVISIONS

ELECTRIC SUPPLY LINES, SYSTEMS AND APPARATUS FOR LOW AND

MEDIUM VOLTAGES • Test for resistance of insulation.

• Where any electric supply line for use at low or medium voltage has been disconnected from a system for the purpose of addition, alteration or repair, such electric supply line shall not be reconnected to the system until the supplier or the owner has applied the test prescribed under rule 48.

• The provision of sub-rule (1) shall not apply to overhead lines except, overhead insulated cables unless the Inspector otherwise directs in any particular case.

• Connection with earth. • Neutral conductor of a phase, 4 wire system and the middle conductor of a2 phase, 3-wire

system shall be earthed by not less than two separate and distinct connections with a

minimum of two different earth electrodes of such large number as may be necessary to

bring the earth resistance to a satisfactory value both at the generating station and at the

sub-station. The earth electrodes so provided, may be interconnected to reduce earth

resistance. It may also be earthed at one or more points along the distribution system or

service line in addition to any connection with earth which may be at the consumer’s

premises.]

• The frame of every generator, stationary motor, portable motor, and the metallic parts (not

intended as conductors) of all transformers and any other apparatus used for regulating or

controlling energy and all medium voltage energy consuming apparatus shall be earthed by

the owner by two separate and distinct connections with earth.

• Earth leakage protective device

• The supply of Energy to every electrical installation other than low voltage installation below 5 KW and those low voltage installations which do not attract provisions of section 30 of the Indian Electricity Act, 1910, shall be controlled by an earth leakage protective device so as to disconnect the supply instantly on the occurrence of earth fault or leakage of current.

• Approvals by Inspector-

• Before making an application to the Inspector for permission 1[to commence or recommence supply after an installation has been disconnected for one year and above] at high or extra-high voltage to any person, the supplier shall ensure that the high or extra-high voltage electric supply lines or apparatus belonging to him are placed in position, properly joined and duly completed and examined. The supply of energy shall not be commenced by the supplier unless and until the Inspector is satisfied that the provisions of rules 65 to 69 both inclusive have been complied with and the approval in writing of the Inspector have been obtained by him.

OVERHEAD LINES, UNDER GROUND CABLES AND GENERATING STATIONS • Material and strength-

• All conductors of overhead lines other than those specified in sub-rule (1) of rule 86

shall have a breaking strength of not less than 350 kg.

• Where the voltage is low and the span is of less than 15 metres and is on the owner’s

or consumer’s premises, a conductor having an actual breaking strength of not less

than 150 kg may be used.

• Joints between conductors of overhead lines shall be mechanically and electrically

secure under the conditions of operation. The ultimate strength of the joint shall not

be less than 95 per cent of that of the conductor, and the electrical conductivity not

less than that of the conductor.

• Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor

OVER HEAD LINES ALONG ANY STREET Meter

FOR LOW AND MEDIUM VOLTAGE LINES 5.5

FOR HIGH VOLTAGE LINES 5.8

ELSEWHERE THAN ALONG OR ACROSS ANY STREET SHALL BE NOT LESS THAN-

UP TO AND INCLUDING 11,000 VOLTS, IF BARE 4.6

LINES UP TO AND INCLUDING 11,000 VOLTS, IF INSULATED 4.0

FOR HIGH VOLTAGE LINES ABOVE 11,000 VOLTS 5.2

For extra-high voltage lines the clearance above ground shall not be less than 5.2 metres PLUS 0.3 metre

for every 33,000 volts or part thereof by which the voltage of the line exceeds 33,000 volts

• Clearances from buildings of high and extra-high voltage lines

ABOVE OR ADJACENT TO ANY BUILDING OR PART (VERTICAL) Meter

For High Voltage Lines Up to And Including 33,000 Volts 3.7

For Extra-high Voltage 33,000 V Lines ( + 0.30 Metre For Every Additional 33,000 Volts Or Part Thereof) 3.7+

For High Voltage Lines Up to And Including 11,000 Volts HORIZONTAL CLEARENCES

1.2

For High Voltage Lines Above

11,000 Volts And Up To And Including 33,000 Volts For Extra-high Voltage Lines (Metres Plus 0.3 Metre

For Every Additional 33,000 Volts For Part Thereof.)

2.0

2.0+

• Maximum interval between supports (65 meter. for low and medium voltage) • Guarding-

– Every guard-wire shall be connected with earth at each point at which its electrical

continuity is broken.

– Every guard-wire shall have an actual breaking strength of not less than 635 kg and if

made of iron or steel, shall be galvanised.

Minimum clearances in metres between lines crossing each other

• Safety and protective devices

• Every overhead line, erected over any part of street or other public place or in any factory or mine or on any consumers’ premises shall be protected with a device approved by the Inspector for rendering the line electrically harmless in case it breaks.

Sl. No. Nominal System Voltage

11-66 KV 110-132KV 220 KV 400 KV 800 KV

1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Low & Medium 11-66 KV

110-132 KV

220 KV

400 KV

800 KV

2.44 2.44

3.05

4.58

5.49

7.94

3.05 3.05

3.05

4.58

5.49

7.94

4.58 4.58

4.58

4.58

5.49

7.94

5.49 5.49

5.49

5.49

5.49

7.94

7.94 7.94

7.94

7.94

7.94

7.94

• The owner of every high and extra-high voltage overhead line shall make adequate arrangements to the satisfaction of the Inspector to prevent unauthorised persons from ascending any of the supports of such overhead lines which can be easily climbed upon without the help of a ladder or special appliances.

• Protection against lightning • The owner of every overhead line which is so exposed as to be liable to injury from lightning

shall adopt efficient means for diverting to earth any electrical surges due to lightning.

• The earthing lead for any lightning arrestor shall not pass through any iron or steel pipe, but shall be taken as directly as possible from the lightning- arrestor to a separate earth electrode and/or junction of the earth mat already provided for the high and extra-high voltage sub-station subject to the avoidance of bends wherever practicable.

• Unused overhead Lines • Where an overhead line ceases to be used as an electric supply line, the owner shall

maintain it in a safe mechanical condition in accordance with rule 76 or shall remove it.

• Where any overhead line ceases to be used as an electric supply line, an Inspector may, by a notice in writing served on the owner, require him to maintain it in a safe mechanical condition or to remove it within fifteen days of the receipt of the notice

PROVISION OF PENALTY ON BREACH OF ACTS AND RULES In case any complaint is filed before the Appropriate Commission by any person or if that

Commission is satisfied that any person has contravened any provisions of this Act or rules or

regulations made thereunder, or any direction issued by the Commission, the appropriate

Commission may after giving such person an opportunity of being heard in the matter, by order

in writing, direct that, without prejudice to any other penalty to which he may be liable under

this Act, such person shall pay, by way of penalty, which shall not exceed one lakh rupees for

each contravention and in case of a continuing failure with an additional penalty which may

extend to six thousand rupees for every day during which the failure continues after

contravention of the first such direction.

Punishment for non-compliance of orders or directions.

Whoever, fails to comply with any order or direction given under this Act, within such time as

may be specified in the said order or direction or contravenes or attempts or abets the

contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or any rules or regulations made thereunder,

shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months or with

fine, which may extend to one lakh rupees, or with both in respect of each offence and in the

case of a continuing failure, with an additional fine which may extend to five thousand rupees

for every day during which the failure continues after conviction of the first such offence.

FLOOR AND WALL OPENING Floor Opening Any opening measuring more than 30 cm should be guarded by railing, fixed or removable, depending on the location. Stairway openings should be provided with fixed railing. However, for hatchway and chutes, the railings should be removable. The pits, manhole trap doors and floor openings should be covered. When the cover is not in place, the pit should be protected by removable railing. Every temporary floor opening should have railing. Wall Opening Every wall opening and chute with more than 120cm drop should be provided with removable type hinged guards, preferably. A toe board placed below the guard will prevent the falling of materials. Extension platform onto which materials may be hoisted should have side rails or guards along the entire length of the opening. Every window wall opening at a stairway landing, floor, platform or balcony having a drop of more than 120 cm and where the bottom of the opening is less than 90 cm above the platform or landing should be provided with guards fitted with toe boards

Form Work

The form works are designed after taking into consideration the span, dead load and working load. Their main use is to support construction material like stone and bricks in arches or concrete and they must retain the final size and shape without causing excessive deflection or loss of moisture. Conventional form work is normally supported by centering made out of wood or mild steel tubular steel. The form work once carefully designed, made and adequately braced will need not much attention or safety precaution. It is the centering, may be of wood or steel, that needs attention to prevent accidents. Erection Suggestions for erection of centering are given below: a) Vertical supports shall be adequately braced. b) Tubular steel centering should be used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. c) Tubular steel should be inspected for rusting, dents, damaged welds, etc, before it is erected. d) The centering should be designed by a competent engineer. Inspection Before Work a) The footings or sills under every post of centering should be sound. b) All upper adjustment screws or heads or a jack should be in full contact with the form work. c) Panels should be plumb in both the directions. d) All cross brace should be placed and locking devices in closed and secure position. e) In case of chajjas and balconies, the prop should be adequate to transfer the load to supporting point. f) The props should be of full length and not made of two pieces and joined by nailing with joint pieces. g) The wedges, if used at the bottom of the prop, should be tight. i) Load test should be carried out as prescribed. Inspection during Work During pouring of concrete, the centering should be constantly inspected and strengthened, wedges below the vertical supports tightened and adjustments screws properly adjusted. Removal of Formwork and Scaffolding a) The formwork should not be removed before concrete has developed sufficient strength to support itself as well as the loads that are on it. Guidelines given in relevant Indian Standards should be followed regarding the period of removal of the form work .

b) Only workmen actually engaged in removing the formwork should be allowed in the area during the operation. c) Workers engaged on this work should wear helmets, gloves, heavy soled shoes and safety belts. d) While carrying any tying wires in tension, care should be taken to prevent backlash which might hit the workman. e) The formwork should be dismantled as per the instruction of site engineer.

Pesticides and Its Toxicity:

Definition:

Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or

mitigating pest (insect, rodent, nematode, fungus, weed, other forms of terrestrial or

aquatic plant or animal life, or viruses or bacteria or other harmful living animals), which

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) declares to be a pesticide.

Any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or

desiccant.

Classification:

Depending upon chemical property, divided into two groups:

• Inorganic

▪ Calcium arsenate

▪ Lead arsenate

▪ Arsenic acid compound

• Organic

▪ Chlorinated hydrocarbon

o DDT

o BHC

o Endosulfan

▪ Organo-phosphorus

o Malathion

o Parathion

▪ Carbamate

o Carbaryl

o Propoxure

Epidemiology:

• Pesticide poisoning is one of the most common causes of chemical poisoning.

• Estimated that 1–3 per cent of agricultural workers in the world suffer in theirlifetime

• Acute intoxications worldwide, no less than one million require hospitalization per

year

• Deaths amounting to an estimated 300 000 cases annually

• Insecticides were found to be the causative agent in 49 % of all cases.

Mode of Toxicity:

▪ Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Route of Absorption:

▪ Inhalation

▪ Ingestion

▪ Skin absorption

Occupational Exposure:

Toxic effects on Health:

Health Surveillance:

• Pre-employment medical examination to detect allergies or medical conditions which

can be exacerbated by pesticide exposure, and to establish a baseline for comparison

in any further evaluation of the worker

• Periodic medical examinations aimed at detecting any early specific adverse health

effects attributable to the pesticide exposure

• A medical examination after prolonged or repeated sickness absence to detect any

significant change in health status which may compromise the ability to continue the

assigned job, and to ensure that any illness is not pesticide related

Monitoring:

• Air Sampling

• Environmental Monitoring

• Skin Exposure Monitoring

▪ Total amount of pesticide that can be found on patches applied on the surface

of various parts of the body

▪ OSHA PEL (Malathion): 15 mg/m3 (average 8-hr work shift)

• NIOSH IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to life or Health): 250 mg/m3

Biological Monitoring:

• Intended to measure the dose that has been absorbed

• The route of exposure for most cases through skin and inhalation

• Biological monitoring has several limitations

▪ Difficult choice of the sampling time due to the variability

▪ The lack of biological exposure limits or reference values

▪ Poor knowledge of the toxicokinetics

• Urinary measurements are specific compound or its metabolites with in 24 hr of

exposure is a useful tool for assessing exposure

Biological Effect Monitoring:

• Cholinesterase activity in plasma or red blood cells in pesticide manufacturers or

applicators

• The greater the inhibition of the cholinesterase levels, the greater the extent of

absorption of the pesticide

• If activity is reduced to 30 per cent or more of the pre-exposure level, the test

should be checked immediately, and removal of the individual from further exposure

considered

• Repeat monitoring should be at least 60 days interval

• The In cases of acute or suspected poisoning, both plasma and erythrocyte enzymes

should be measured

• Blood sample should be taken within three days of exposure.

• It is preferable to keep a blood sample for a couple of days under refrigeration after

venepuncture

• Reference activity range :0.74 +/- 0.06 delta pH units/hour (One unit of AChE

activity is the amount of enzyme that generates 1.0 nmol of Thiocholine per min. at

pH 7.5 at room temperature)

• It is important that serial analyses should be performed by an established method in

the same laboratory and subject to stringent quality control procedures

• Significant absorption of Ops is indicated if the percentage drop between successive

estimations is:

• Plasma AChE activity drop: 15 %

• Erythrocyte AChE activity drop: 12 %

Medical Management:

• Symptoms may arise if 50 % of cholinesterase activity is inhibited

• Most life-threatening situation occurring at 90% or more inhibition

• Appropriate decontamination

• Supportive measures

• Administration of oxygen, respiratory assistance

• Removal of secretions from the respiratory tract

• Maintenance of fluid balance

• General symptomatic treatment, Activated Charcoal

• Induces vomiting: Not Recommended

• Specific Antidote

• Muscarinic antagonists : Reverse the muscarinic effects

• Inj. Atropin

• Oximes: Facilitate Dephosphorylation of the AChE Enzyme

• Infusion Praladoxime chloride

• Not effective against Carbamate

• Benzodiazepines. Control some of the CNS effects

• Inj Diazepam

*This document is for Educational Purpose Only

Personal Protective Equipment

Definition;- PPEs can be define as a devices are designed to interpose an effective barrier between a person and harmful objects, substances or radiations. It must be borne in mind that personal protective equipment does not eliminate a hazard.

PPE Standard & Requirement;-

Personal protection equipment is important. So important, that in 1994, OSHA (the Occupational Safety and Health Administration) established 29 CFR 1910.132-138, the "Personal Protection Equipment" standard. Briefly stated, this standard requires that employers must establish and administer an effective PPE (Personal Protection Equipment) program for employees and that employees be trained in the proper use of PPE.

In the Factories Act 1948, there are specific provisions for providing the personal protective equipment to workers who are exposed to unsafe and unhealthy environment. It is also the intention of the law that theses personal protective equipments shall be of such type and made of such materials that they withstand to such specific hazards for which they are actually being used.

Legal Requirement;-

Under the various provision of the Factories Act and rules there under, suitable personal protective equipment are required to be provided by the management. Requirements of suitable personal protective equipment can be listed as under: Adequate protection against the hazards to which the worker will be exposed. Maximum comfort and minimum weight compatible with protective efficiency. No restriction of essential movements. Durability and susceptibility of maintenance on the premises where it is used. Construction in accordance with accepted standards for performance and material .

Need for Personal Protective Equipment;-

In industry it may be possible to substitute a dangerous substance with a safer substance, to isolate the process, to have automatic and mechanical handling of the substance or to have controlled ventilation of the process or to plan and arrange operation that personal protective devices are not necessary; but sometimes it may not be possible to introduce such measures or there might be a breakdown in the plant or in the control measure.

Under such circumstances it will become necessary to use personal protective equipment.

HAZARD ASSESSMENT;- The employer must assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present that necessitate the use of PPE. Hazards encountered may include chemical exposures, falling or dropping objects, particulates, temperature extremes, light radiation, moving equipment and parts, sharp objects, etc.

Types of Protective Equipment;- Personal protective equipment may be divided into two broad groups: Respiratory Protective Equipment Non-respiratory Protective Equipment

Respiratory Protective Equipment;- Atmospheric contaminants range from the relatively harmless substances to toxic dusts, fumes, smokes, mists, vapours and gases. Processes which present hazards of exposure to harmful substances should, if possible, be enclosed or ventilated to eliminate or minimize the hazard. If enclosure, ventilation or other engineering means of control are not possible for become very costly to apply to the degree required to ensure absolute safety, respiratory equipment should be provided to the workers exposed to possible danger. Respiratory protective equipment should be considered a last resort, or as stand by protection and never a substitute for effective engineering control . Respiratory protective equipment are required when employees are in areas where effective engineering controls are not feasible to protect the health of the employee from harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays or vapors.

CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS;-

Types of hazards to which a worker is exposed in the basis of selection of the right type of respiratory protective equipments. The hazards may be classified as under: a) Oxygen Deficiency;- Atmosphere in confined spaces such as vats, tanks, holds of the ships, etc. may contain air with oxygen content much lower than the normal (21% by volume). This may be due to dilution or displacement of the air by other gases or vapours or because of loss of oxygen due to decay of organic matter, chemical reaction and natural oxidation over a long period of time. A person breathing air with oxygen content of 16% or less may exhibit symptoms ranging from increased rate of breathing, acceleration of pulse rate to unconsciousness and death. Such oxygen deficiency condition can easily be detected as the flame or a safety lamp will be extinguished in such atmosphere. The respiratory protective equipment, in such conditions, should either supply normal air or oxygen to the wearer.

b) Gaseous Contaminants;-

These may be toxic or inert gases. The toxic gases may produce harmful effect even if they are present in relatively low concentration. The inert gases produce undesirable effects primarily by displacement of oxygen. 1. Gaseous Contaminants Immediately Dangerous to Life: These contaminants are gases present in concentrations that would endanger life of a person breathing them even for a short period of time. In other words, a gas is ‘immediately dangerous to life’ if it is present in certain concentration. Where it is not possible to determine the extent of concentration or the kind of gas is not know, all gases should be considered as ‘immediately dangerous to life’. Ex. Chlorine,ammonia,acetone,benzene etc. 2 . Gaseous Contaminants not Immediately Dangerous to Life : These contaminants are gases present in concentrations that could be breathed by a person for a short time without endangering his life but which may cause possible injury after a prolonged single exposure or repeated short exposures. Ex.H2s,So2 etc.

c ) Particulate Contaminants ;- (dusts, Fumes, Smokes, Mists, Fogs)

Majority of particulate contaminants are not immediately dangerous to life. They may be solid, liquid or a combination of solid and liquid and may be classified into three broad groups 1 Toxic particulate contaminants: These when inhaled many pass from the lungs into the blood stream and are then carried to the various parts of the body. The effect may be chemical irritation, systematic poisoning or allergic reactions. Common contaminants in this group are antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromic acid and chromates, lead and manganese. 2 Fibrosis-producing dusts: These dusts do not pass into the blood stream but remain in the lungs and may cause pulmonary impairment. The common examples under this group are asbestos, coal, bauxite and free silica.

3 Nuisance Dusts : These may dissolve and pass directly into the blood stream or may remain in the lungs neither producing local or systematic effects ex.silica dust. d)Combination of Gaseous and Particulate Contaminants;- The gaseous and particulate contaminants may be entirely of different substances like carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen produced by blasting and the dust from the blasted material or they may be the same substances in liquid and vapour from like volatile liquids.

TYPES OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT;- Respiratory protective equipment may be classified as indicated below: 1. Air-line Respirator: Air line respirator essentially consists of a face piece (half or full mask or a loose fitting helmet or hood) to which air is supplied through a small diameter hose. It may be continuous flow type or demand type. Air-line respirators provide protection so long as the air supply is maintained but the wearer’s travel is restricted by the length of the air supply hose. Care should be taken to ensure that the air supply is respirable and is not contaminated and is free from objectionable odours, oil or water mist and rust particles from the supply line. 2. Suction Hose Mask: It consists of a full face-piece connected to a large diameter flexible hose. The wearer draws in air by his own breathing effort. The hose is attached to the wearer’s body by a suitable safety harness with safety line and the air inlet end of the hose is provided with a filter to arrest particulate matter. Air can be drawn in by inspiratory effort of the wearer up to 30ft. length of the hose.

Air line respirator Suction hose mask 3. Pressure Hose Mask: The hose mask is similar to suction hose mask except that the air is forced though a large diameter hose by a hand or motor-operated blower. The blower is to be operated continuously while the mask is in use. 4 . Self contained Compressed air or Oxygen Breathing Apparatus: This is a device by means of which the user obtains respirable air oxygen from compressed air or oxygen cylinder which is an integral part of the apparatus. From respiratory point of view, self-contained breathing apparatus has no limitation as to the concentration of the gas or deficiency of oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere but other factors may limit the time that the wearer can remain in a contaminated atmosphere. Many gases are very irritating to the skin and many can be absorbed in dangerous amount through the unbroken skin.

Pressure Hose mask Oxygen breathing apparatus

5. Oxygen-Regenerating Re-circulating type Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus: In this apparatus moisture content from the wearer’s exhaled breath reacts with granular chemical in a canister to liberate oxygen. Also the exhaled carbon-dioxide is absorbed by the chemicals in the canister. This oxygen enters the breathing bag from which the wearer inhales through a corrugated breathing tube connecting the bag to the face-piece .

Air-Purifying Respirators;- 1. Canister Gas Mask: This consists of a canister, containing appropriate chemical, a full face-piece and body harness to hold the canister in place of the body of the wearer. Air is drawn through the canister by the wearer and during its passage through the chemical in the canister the contaminant present in the incoming air is absorbed reacted with a neutralizer. The canisters are designed for specific gases and it is very important that the appropriate type is used. The canister gas mask can only be used in atmosphere not deficient in oxygen and not containing more than 2% by volume of most toxic gases.

Also, the life of the canister will depend upon the type of canister, the concentration of gas and the activity of the wearer.

Air purifying respirator 2. Chemical Cartridge Respirator: This consists, of, usually, a half-mask attached to one or two cartridges. Like canisters, the cartridges are filled with appropriate chemicals to absorb gases or vapours drawn through them. This respirator is a non-emergency gas respirator and it should not be used in an atmosphere deficient in oxygen. Like canister gas mask, chemical cartridge respirator provides respiratory protection for a period that depends on the type of cartridge used the connection of the gas or vapour, and the wearer’s activity. It is recommended for low concentration gases and vapours. (max. of 0.1.% of organic vapour)

Chemical cartridge respirator

3. Self-rescue Type Respirators: This is designed to provide the greatest possible respiratory protection consistent with the practicability of carrying the device at all times so that it is always available for use during escape. It consists of a small filter element, a mouth piece, a nose clip and means of carrying conveniently on the body. The filter elements are similar to chemical cartridge. The extent of protection afforded is between that provided by canister gas mask and that provided by a chemical cartridge respirator. 4. Mechanical Filter Respirators: These remove particulate matter form the inspired air which passes through a filter. These filters may be of the single use or re-usable type. If these respirators are used in heavy concentrations of particulate matter, the filling will be clogged with dust particles too quickly and they may have to be replaced every now and then. Micro filters are special filters designed to arrest ultra microscopic size of dust particles and these are used where extremely fine dusts are encountered. 5. Combination of Chemical and Mechanical Filter Respirators: They remove toxic gases and vapours and particulate matter from inspired air. Common example of their use is in spray painting work.

Self rescue, Mechanical filter and combination of both respirators SELECTION OF A RESPIRATOR;- The following factors should be considered: Nature of the hazard. Severity of the hazard. Type of contaminant. Concentration of the contaminant. Period for which Respiratory Protection must be provided. Location of the contaminated area with respect to source of respirable air. Expected activity of the wearer, and Operating characteristic and limitations of the available respirator.

CARE OF RESPIRATORS;- Instructions in the use of Respirators, among other things, should include the following aspects: Why it is to be used How it is to be used Checking that it is in good operating condition Fitting of respirator on the wearer, and Proper use and maintenance of the respirator.

TYPES OF NON-RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT;- Personal protective equipment for various parts of the body can be divided into five broad groups: 1. HEAD PROTECTION ;- Head protectors may be had hats and caps made of aluminium, PVC, fibre-glass, laminated plastic or vulcanized fibre. They may be fitted with brackets for fixing welding masks, protective face screen, or a lamp. The hats and caps are provided with replaceable harness which provides sufficient clearance between the top of the head and shell. Soft caps and hoods are also used for protection against heat, spark and other dangerous materials and are made of appropriate materials. Some times hoods are made with rigid frame which is held away from the head. Safety Helmets as per IS:2925-1984 is tested for its Clearance above the head, Shock Absorption Resistance, Penetration resistance, Flammability resistance, Water Absorption, Heat Resistance, Sterilization and the Resistance to corrosion of metal parts. Class A designed to: - Protect you from falling objects; and - Protect you from electrical shocks up to 2,200 volts. Class B are designed to: - Protect you from falling objects; and - Protect you from electrical shocks up to 20,000 volts. Class C are designed to : - Protect you from falling objects; - DO NOT protect you from electrical shocks; and - DO NOT protect you from corrosive substances Safety helmet are required when employees are in areas where there is a potential for injury to the head from falling or moving objects or when they are exposed to electrical conductors which could be contacted by the head.

EYE & FACE PROTECTION;- Required when employees are in areas where there is exposure to eye and face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids, caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors or potentially injurious light radiation. Numerous eye injuries are caused by dusts, flying particles, splashes and harmful radiation. It is difficult to cover precisely the various processes in which the worker may be required to wear goggles. Eye protectors may be safety spectacles, mono-goggles, impact goggles, welding goggles, foundry goggles, chemical goggles, gas tight goggles, face shields, welding helmets, etc.

Eye protector as per IS:5983-1980 and Safety Goggles/Spectacles as per IS: 7524-1979(Part-I) are tested for non Optical tests such as Stability at Elevated Temperature, Robustness, Resistance to corrosion of metal parts, Disinfection and Proof against Chemical splashes. The Optical tests as per IS: 7524-1979(Part II) is Spherical, Cylindrical & Prismatic Powers and Visible Transmittance. Welding Helmet & Hand Shields as per II: 1179-1967/IS: 5983-1980 is tested for Resistance to corrosion of Metal parts, Disinfection and Flammability, Filters (UV, IR Day light &Filter Cover) as per above specification are tested for Stability at elevated Temperature, Spherical, Cylindrical & Prismatic Powers, Robustness and Transmittance for UV, VIS & IR. Visors as per IS: 9973-1981/IS: 5983-1980 are tested for Impact Resistance, Penetration Resistance, Flammability, Spherical, Cylindrical & Prismatic Powers and Visible Transmittance. Face Shields with plastic Visors as per IS: 8521-19997(Part I) & IS: 8521-1994(Part II) are tested for Visual & Dimensional Examination, Impact Resistance, Penetration Resistance , Visible Transmittance, Flammability and Disinfection.

HEARING PROTECTION;- Required when employees are in areas where there is exposure to excessive noise levels (8 hour TWA > 85 dbA) Recommended for use in high noise areas such as MER’s and for use with high noise operations Must have appropriate NRR (muffs do not always provide more protection).

HAND & SKIN PROTECTION;- Required when employees are in areas where their hands and body are exposed to skin absorption of harmful substances, severe cuts or lacerations, chemical or thermal burns, etc. Protection must be compatible with hazard.

3 HAND & ARM PROTECTION;- Protecting of the hands and arm becomes necessary when workers have to handle materials having sharp and sharp edges or when hot and molten metals, chemicals and corrosive substances have to be handled. The protective devices may be gauntlet gloves, wrist gloves, mittens, hand pads and thump and finger guards and sleeves. It is important not only that the various parts of arm and hand are adequately covered, but that they should be covered by a material suitable for withstanding the specific hazard involved. Safety Hand gloves (Natural, Synthetic, rubber or PVC) as per IS: 4770-1991 & IS: 13774-1993 are tested for Size & Dimension, Thickness, Tensile Strength, Elongation at Break, Tear Strength, Tension Set, Tensile Stress at 200% Elongation, Moisture Absorption, Tensile strength after ageing and elongation at break after ageing.

Rubber/PVC Coated fabrics as per IS: 4501-1981/IS:5915-1970 are tested for weight, proofing content, breaking strength, resistance to cold , acid & alkali Leather, cotton and canvas hand gloves as per IS : 2573-1986 & IS:6994-1973 (Part-I) are tested for size and dimension ,thickness, double hole stitch tear strength, Extractable chromate content, chromium content, pH of aqueous extract, mass and breaking strength.

SELECTION OF GLOVES/CLOTHING;- Dependent upon type of hazard Check MSDS for guidelines for chemical hazards Not every job requires gloves as they can become a hazard Allergies - Latex, powder Clothing and jewelry can also become hazards.

FOOT PROTECTION;- Required when employees are in areas where there is danger of foot injuries due to falling and rolling objects, slip hazards or objects piercing the sole, and where employees are exposed to electrical hazards. Adequate foot protection may have to be provided to the workers employed in certain jobs. Risk of injury may be in handling of heavy materials, caustic and corrosive liquids, wet conditions, molten metals, etc. Common foot and leg protective devices are safety shoes and boots, leggings, foot-guards and leg guards. Shoes and boots may be provided with steel toe-box and inner steel able, and they may be ankle, calf or thigh or hip high. They may be made of leather, asbestos, neoprene, natural rubber, synthetic rubber. Leg protectors may be in the form of leggings whish may be know high and they may be spats which should be lower shin, ankle and instep. They may be held in position by straps or spring clips or snap fasteners. Safety shoes as per IS:5852-1996,IS:11226-1993,IS:1989(Part-I)-1986,IS:14544-1998,IS:5557-1999and IS:3976-1995 are tested for mass and Impact Test for steel toe cap (Performance Test). Leather sole as per IS: 5914-1970 are tested for apparent density, water absorption , total ash, & pH value of aqueous extract. Rubber ,PVC sole and heels as per IS: 11226-1993,IS:13469-1992,IS: 13695-1993 and IS :12240-1988 are tested for Ross Flexing Test ,relative density, hardness, electrical resistivity (Anti static),oil resistance, tensile strength, elongation at break. Poly Urethane sole as per IS: 13893-1994 are tested for relative density, hardness, and tensile strength and ageing strength. There are many types of footwear that are designed to protect your feet. 1.Electrostatic dissipating footwear conducts static electricity to floors that are grounded. 2.Electrical hazard footwear are insulated with tough rubber to prevent shocks and burns from electricity. 3.Disposable footwear includes shower slippers, clear polyethylene and nonwoven booties used in dust free work areas.

ELECTRICAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES;- Required when employees are in areas where there may be exposure to substantial electrical voltage Rubber is considered best material Must comply with ANSI requirements for rubber insulating gloves, matting, blankets, hoods, line hose and sleeves.

FALL PROTECTION;- Required when risk of falling at heights of 6 feet or greater when area not guarded or protected by other fall protection measures Work at any height in aerial lifts, powered platforms and similar equipment Body Harnesses vs. Belts.

EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES;- Employees must use PPE in accordance with training and instructions Most job activities require the use of PPE PPE use is a requirement of the job If the employee cannot use the PPE then alternative PPE must be selected, the job must be modified to eliminate the hazard requiring PPE or the employee must change jobs

EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES;- The employer SHALL ensure that employees are provided and use appropriate personal protective equipment when they are exposed to hazards requiring their use Use of PPE has been incorporated into employee work plans and will be enforced as any other key responsibility/dimension including disciplinary action and may affect workers’ compensation eligibility.

PPE TRAINING REQUIREMENTS;- When is PPE necessary. What PPE is necessary. How to properly don, doff, adjust and wear PPE. The limitations of PPE. The proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of PPE.

This documents is for education purpose only.

PRECAUTIONS BEFORE STARTING DEMOLITION WORK 1. On every demolition job, danger signs shall be conspicuously posted all around the structure and all doors and openings giving access to the structure shall be kept barricaded or manned except during the actual passage of workmen or equipment. However, provision shall be made for at least two independent exits for escape of workmen during any emergency. 2. During nights, red lights shall be placed on or about all the barricades. 3. Where in any work of demolition it is imperative, because of danger existing, to ensure that no unauthorized person shall enter the site of demolition outside working hours; a watchman should be employed. In addition to watching the site he shall also be responsible for maintaining all notices, lights and barricades. 4. All the necessary safety appliances shall be issued to the workers and their use to be explained. It shall be ensured that the workers are using all the safety appliances while at work. 5. The removal of a member may weaken the side wall of an adjoining structure and to prevent possible damage, these walls shall be supported until such time as permanent protection is provided. In case any danger is anticipated to the adjoining structure, the same shall be got vacated to avoid any danger to human life. 6. The power on all electrical service lines shall be shut off and all such lines cut or disconnected at or outside the property line, before the demolition work is started. Prior to cutting of such lines, the necessary approval shall be obtained from the electrical authorities concerned. The only exception will be any power lines required for demolition work itself. 7. All gas, aster steam and other service lines shall be shut off and capped or otherwise controlled at or outside the building line, before demolition work is started. 8. Walkways and passageways shall be provided for the use of the workmen who shall be instructed to use them and ail such walkways and passageways shall be kept adequately lighted, free from debris and other materials. 9. All nails in any kind of lumber shall be withdrawn, hammered or bent over as soon as such lumber is removed, from the structure being demolished, and placed in piles for future PROTECTION OF THE PUBLIC

a. Before any demolition work is started, every sidewalk or road adjacent to the work likely to be affected shall be closed or protected.

b. Children and members of the public shall be kept out of the building and the adjoining yard.

c. If the structure to be demolished is more than two storeyed or 7.5 m high, measured from the sidewalk or street which cannot be closed or safely diverted, and the horizontal distance from the inside of the sidewalk to the structure is 4.5 m or less a substantial sidewalk shed shall be constructed over the entire length of the sidewalk adjacent to the structure of sufficient width with a view to accommodating the pedestrian traffic without causing congestion. The sidewalk shed shall be lighted sufficiently to ensure safety at all times.

d. A toe board of at least 1 m high above the roof of the shed shall be provided on the outside edge and ends of the sidewalk shed. Such boards may be vertical or inclined outward at not more than 45 degrees.

e. Except where the roof of a sidewalk shed solidly abuts the structure, the face of the sidewalk shed towards the building shall be completely closed by providing sheeting/planking to prevent falling material from penetrating into the shed.

SEQUENCE OF DEMOLITION OPERATIONS 1. The demolition work shall be proceeded with in such a way that:

a) it causes the least damage and nuisance to the adjoining building and the members of the public, and b) it satisfies all safety requirements to avoid any accidents.

2. All existing fixtures required during demolition operations shall be well protected with substantial covering to the entire satisfaction of the rules and regulations of the undertakings or they shall be temporarily relocated.

3. Before demolition work is started, glazed sash, glazed doors and windows, etc, shall be removed. All fragile and loose fixtures shall be removed. The lath and all loose plaster shall be stripped off throughout the entire building. This is advantageous because it reduces glass breakage and also eliminates a large amount of dust producing material before more substantial parts of the buildings are removed.

4. All floor openings and shafts not used for material chutes shall be floored over and be enclosed with guard rails and toe boards.

5. The demolition shall always proceed systematically storey by storey in descending order and the work on the upper floors shall be completely over before any of the supporting members or other important portion on the lower floor is disturbed. These requirements shall not prohibit the demolition of structure in sections, if means are taken to prevent injuries, to persons or damage to property.

SAFETY PROVISIONS IN THE

ELECTRICITY ACTS AND RULES AGENDA

• Electrical Safety • Statutory Safety provisions • Reasons of accidents • Case studies • Provision of penalty on breach of Acts and Rules • Suggestions • Conclusion

STATUTORY SAFETY PROVISIONS

I.E. Rule – 3, Sub rule – (6):

• In every registered factory, where more than 250 KW of electrical load is connected, there

SHALL BE A PERSON authorized by the management for ensuring the safety provisions laid

under the Act and the rules made there under,

• Shall periodically inspect such installation.

• Get them tested & keep a record

• Records shall be made available to the Inspector [or any officer of a specified rank and class

appointed to assist the Inspector],

I.E. Rule – 3, Sub rule – (7):

• All suppliers of electricity including generating companies, transmission companies and

distribution companies shall appoint A SAFETY OFFICER for proper observance of safety

measures in their organization in construction, operation and maintenance of power station,

sub-station, transmission and distribution lines.

Rule 3, Sub-Rule (2)

• No person shall be authorised under sub-rule (1) unless he is COMPETENT to perform the duties

assigned to him and POSSESSES either an appropriate certificate of competency or permit to

work.

Rule – 9 Records of tests available with the owner for inspection.

Rule – 29 Adequate ratings of the Electrical Installation ,Mechanical Strength, as per Indian

Standards.- All electric supply lines and apparatus shall be of sufficient ratings for power,

insulation and estimated fault current and of sufficient mechanical strength, for the duty which they

may be required to perform under the environmental conditions of installation, and shall be

constructed, installed, protected, worked and maintained in such a manner as to ensure safety of

human beings, animals and property.

Rule – 30 Service line and apparatus of the supplier on Consumer’s premises are SAFE.

Rule – 31 Isolating (CUT OUT) arrangement by supplier.

Rule-32 Identification of earth and Earth Neutral conductor

Rule – 33 Earthing system.

Rule – 34 Inaccessibility of bare conductors.

(a) Ensure that they are inaccessible;

(b) Provide in readily accessible position switches for rendering them dead whenever necessary; and

(c) Take such other safety measures as are considered necessary by the Inspector.

EARTHING ELECTRODE

The resistance of a ground electrode has 3 basic components:

A) The resistance of the ground electrode itself and the connections to the electrode.

b) The contact resistance of the surrounding earth to the electrode.

c) The resistance of the surrounding body of earth around the ground electrode. It consists of three

basic components:

1. Earth wire

2. Connector 3. Electrode

EARTHING RESISTANCE

EFFECTIVE EARTHING VALUES OHMS

POWER STATIONS 0.5

MAJOR SUBSTATIONS 1.0

OTHER SUBSTATIONS 2.0

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS AND STATIONS

5.0

OVERHEAD LINE SUPPORT 25.0

Rule – 35 Danger Notice. (sign of skull and bones )

Permanently in a conspicuous position

Rule – 36 Handling of electric supply lines and apparatus-

– To discharge electrically such conductor or apparatus.

– Gloves, rubber shoes, safety belts, ladders, earthing devices, helmets, line testers, hand

lines etc.

– Authorised person.

Rule – 41 Distinction of different circuits.(Permanent nature)

– Ensure by means of indication of a permanent nature that the respective circuits are

readily distinguishable from one another (By numbering).

– The owner of the every installation including sub-station, double pole structure, four

pole structure or any other structure having more than one feed, shall ensure by

means of indication of a permanent nature, that the installation is readily

distinguishable from other installations.]

Rule – 42 Prevention of accidental charge.

The owners of all circuits and apparatus shall so arrange them that there shall be no danger of

any part thereof becoming accidentally charged to any voltage beyond the limits of voltage for which

they are intended.

Where A.C. and D.C. circuits are installed on the same support they shall be so arranged and protected

that they shall not come into contact with each other when live.

Rule – 43 Protection equipment, Fire buckets, First aid box Gas mask (5MW & Above) etc.

• (1) Fire buckets filled with clean dry sand and ready for immediate use for

extinguishing fires, in addition to fire extinguishers suitable for dealing with

electric fires, shall be conspicuously marked and kept in all generating stations,

enclosed sub-stations and switch stations in convenient situation. The fire

extinguishers shall be tested for satisfactory operation at least once a year and

record of such tests shall be maintained.

• (2) First-aid boxes or cup boards conspicuously marked and equipped with such

contents as the State Government may specify shall be provided and

maintained in every generating station, enclosed sub-station and enclosed

switch station so as to be readily accessible during all working hours. All such

boxes and cupboards shall, except in the case of unattended sub-stations and

switch stations, be kept in charge of responsible persons who are trained in

first-aid treatment and one of such person shall be available during working

hours.

• Two or more gas masks shall be provided conspicuously and installed and

maintained at accessible places in every generating station with capacity of 5

MW and above and enclosed sub-station with transformation capacity of 5 MVA

and above for use in the event of fire or smoke. Provide that where more than

one generator with capacity of 5 MW and above is installed in a power station,

each generator would be provided with at least two separate gas masks in

accessible and conspicuous position. Provided further that adequate number of

gas masks would be provided by the owner of every generating station and

enclosed sub-station with capacity less than 5MW and 5MVA respectively, if so

desired by the Inspector.

Rule – 44 Instructions for restoration of persons suffering from electric shock

• (1) Instructions, in English or Hindi and the local language of the district and where Hindi is the

local language, in English and Hindi for the restoration of persons suffering from electric shock,

shall be affixed by the owner in a conspicuous place in every generating station, enclosed sub-

station, enclosed switch-station and in every factory as defined in clause (m) of section 2 of the

Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948) in which electricity is used.

• (2) The owner of every generating station, enclosed sub-station, enclosed switch-station and

every factory or other premises to which this rule applies, shall ensure that all authorized

persons employed by him are acquainted with and are competent to apply the instructions

referred to in sub-rule (1).

• (3) In every manned high voltage or extra-high voltage generating station, substation or switch

station, an artificial respirator shall be provided and kept in good working condition.

Rule- 45. Precautions to be adopted by consumers, owners, occupiers, electrical contractors, electrical workmen and suppliers:-

• (1) All electrical installation work ……shall be carried out ….. a person holding certificate of

competency and by a person holding a permit issued or recognized by the State Government.

• (2) No electrical installation work which has been carried out in contravention of sub-rule(1)

UNAUTHORIZED PERSON shall not be energized or connected to the works of any supplier.

Rule – 46 Periodical inspections and testing of equipments.-

• Installation shall be periodically inspected and tested at intervals not exceeding five years either

by the Inspector or any officer appointed to assist the Inspector or by the supplier as may be

directed by the State Government in this behalf or in the case of installations belonging to, or

under the control of the Central Government.

Rule-47. Testing of consumer’s installation

• Upon receipt of an application for a new or additional supply of energy and before connecting

the supply or reconnecting the same after a period of six months, the supplier shall inspect

and test the applicants’ installation.

Rule- 47A. Installation and Testing of Generating Units

• Installation and Testing of Generating Units- Where any consumer or occupier installs a

generating plant, he shall give a thirty days’ notice of his intention to commission the plant

to the supplier as well as the Inspector.

Rule- 48. Precautions against leakage before connection.

• (i) High Voltage Equipments installations-

(a) High Voltage equipments shall have the IR value as stipulated in the relevant Indian Standard. (b) At a pressure of 1000 V applied between each live conductor and earth for a period of one minute the insulation resistance of HV installations shall be at least 1 Mega ohm or as specified by the 1 [Bureau of Indian Standards] from time to time.

Rule - 50. Supply and use of energy

• As to be readily accessible and capable of being easily operated to completely isolate the supply

to the installation such equipment being in addition to any equipment installed for controlling

individual circuits or apparatus: -

• (i) A linked switch with fuse(s) or a circuit breaker by low and medium voltage consumers.

• (ii)A linked switch with fuse(s) or a circuit breaker by HV consumers having aggregate installed

transformer/apparatus capacity up to 1000 KVA to be supplied at voltage upto 11 KV and 2500

KVA at higher -voltages (above 11 KV and not exceeding 33 KV).

• (iii)A circuit breaker by HV consumers having an aggregate installed transformer/apparatus

capacity above 1000 KVA and supplied at 11 KV and above 2500 KVA supplied at higher voltages

(above 11 KV and not exceeding 33 KV).

• (iv)A circuit breaker by EHV consumer ; Provided that where the point of commencement of

supply and the consumer apparatus are near each other one linked switch with fuse(s) or circuit

breaker near the point of commencement of supply as required by this clause shall be

considered sufficient for the purpose of this rule;

Rule - 51. Provisions applicable to medium, high or extra-high voltage installations

• (a) All conductors (other than those of overhead lines) shall be completely enclosed in

mechanically strong metal casting or metallic covering.

• (b) All metal works, enclosing, supporting or associated with the installation, other than that

designed to serve as a conductor shall be connected with an earthing system .

• (c) Every switchboard shall comply with the following provisions, namely: -

– (i) A clear space of not less than 1 metre in width shall be provided in front of the

switchboard;

– (ii)If there are any attachments or bare connections at the back of the switchboard, the

space (if any) behind the switchboard shall be either less than 20 centimetres or more

than 75 centimetres in width, measured from the farthest outstanding part of any

attachment or conductor;

– (iii) If the space behind the switchboard exceeds 75 centimetres in width, there shall be

a passage-way from either end of the switchboard clear to a height of 1.8 metres.

OTHER PROVISIONS

ELECTRIC SUPPLY LINES, SYSTEMS AND APPARATUS FOR LOW AND MEDIUM VOLTAGES

Rule - 60. Test for resistance of insulation.

• (1)Where any electric supply line for use at low or medium voltage has been disconnected from a

system for the purpose of addition, alteration or repair, such electric supply line shall not be

reconnected to the system until the supplier or the owner has applied the test prescribed under

rule 48.

• (2)The provision of sub-rule (1) shall not apply to overhead lines except, overhead insulated

cables unless the Inspector otherwise directs in any particular case.

Rule - 61. Connection with earth.

• (a) Neutral conductor of a phase, 4 wire system and the middle conductor of a2 phase, 3-wire

system shall be earthed by not less than two separate and distinct connections with a minimum

of two different earth electrodes of such large number as may be necessary to bring the earth

resistance to a satisfactory value both at the generating station and at the sub-station. The

earth electrodes so provided, may be interconnected to reduce earth resistance. It may also be

earthed at one or more points along the distribution system or service line in addition to any

connection with earth which may be at the consumer’s premises.]

• (2) The frame of every generator, stationary motor, portable motor, and the metallic parts (not

intended as conductors) of all transformers and any other apparatus used for regulating or

controlling energy and all medium voltage energy consuming apparatus shall be earthed by the

owner by two separate and distinct connections with earth.

Rule - 61A. Earth leakage protective device

• The supply of Energy to every electrical installation other than low voltage installation below 5

KW and those low voltage installations which do not attract provisions of section 30 of the Indian

Electricity Act, 1910, shall be controlled by an earth leakage protective device so as to disconnect

the supply instantly on the occurrence of earth fault or leakage of current.

Rule – 63 Approvals by Inspector-

• Before making an application to the Inspector for permission 1[to commence or recommence

supply after an installation has been disconnected for one year and above] at high or extra-high

voltage to any person, the supplier shall ensure that the high or extra-high voltage electric supply

lines or apparatus belonging to him are placed in position, properly joined and duly completed

and examined. The supply of energy shall not be commenced by the supplier unless and until the

Inspector is satisfied that the provisions of rules 65 to 69 both inclusive have been complied with

and the approval in writing of the Inspector have been obtained by him.

OVERHEAD LINES, UNDER GROUND CABLES AND GENERATING STATIONS

Rule -74. Material and strength-

– (1)All conductors of overhead lines other than those specified in sub-rule (1) of rule 86

shall have a breaking strength of not less than 350 kg.

– (2)Where the voltage is low and the span is of less than 15 metres and is on the owner’s

or consumer’s premises, a conductor having an actual breaking strength of not less than

150 kg may be used.

Rule - 75. Joints-

• Joints between conductors of overhead lines shall be mechanically and electrically secure under

the conditions of operation. The ultimate strength of the joint shall not be less than 95 per cent of

that of the conductor, and the electrical conductivity not less than that of the conductor.

Rule - 76. Maximum stresses: Factors of safety

Rule -77. Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor

Rule -78. Clearance between conductors and trolley wires

FACTOR OF SAFETY

THE OWNER OF EVERY OVERHEAD LINE SHALL ENSURE THAT IT HAS THE FOLLOWING MINIMUM

FACTORS OF SAFETY

FOR METAL SUPPORT 1.5

FOR MECHANICALLY PROCESSED CONCRETE

SUPPORTS

2.0

FOR HAND-MOULDED CONCRETE SUPPORTS 2.5

FOR WOOD SUPPORTS 3.0

Rule- 77. Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor

OVER HEAD LINES ALONG ANY STREET Mt

FOR LOW AND MEDIUM VOLTAGE LINES 5.5

FOR HIGH VOLTAGE LINES 5.8

ELSEWHERE THAN ALONG OR ACROSS ANY STREET SHALL BE NOT LESS THAN-

UP TO AND INCLUDING 11,000 VOLTS, IF BARE 4.6

LINES UP TO AND INCLUDING 11,000 VOLTS, IF INSULATED 4.0

FOR HIGH VOLTAGE LINES ABOVE 11,000 VOLTS 5.2

• For extra-high voltage lines the clearance above ground shall not be less than 5.2 metres

• PLUS 0.3 metre for every 33,000 volts or part thereof by which the voltage of the line exceeds

33,000 volts

Rule- 80. Clearances from buildings of high and extra-high voltage lines

ABOVE OR ADJACENT TO ANY BUILDING OR PART (VERTICAL) Mts

For High Voltage Lines Upto And Including 33,000 Volts 3.7

For Extra-high Voltage 33,000 V Lines ( + 0.30 Metre For Every Additional 33,000 Volts Or Part Thereof)

3.7+

For High Voltage Lines Upto And Including 11,000 Volts HORIZONTAL CLEARENCES

1.2

For High Voltage Lines Above

11,000 Volts And Up To And Including 33,000 Volts For Extra-high Voltage Lines (Metres Plus 0.3 Metre

For Every Additional 33,000 Volts For Part Thereof.)

2.0

2.0+

Rule- 79. Clearances from buildings of low and medium voltage lines and service lines

Rule -80. Clearances from buildings of high and extra-high voltage lines

Rule - 81. Conductors at different voltages on same supports

Rule - 82. Erection of or alternation to buildings, structures, flood banks and elevation of roads

Rule 82A. Transporting and Storing of material near overhead lines

Rule - 83. Clearances: General

Rule - 84. Routes: Proximity to aerodromes

Rule - 85. Maximum interval between supports (65 mts. for low and medium voltage)

Rule -86. Conditions to apply where telecommunication lines and power lines are carried on same supports Rule - 87. Lines crossing or approaching each other

Rule - 88. Guarding-

– (a)Every guard-wire shall be connected with earth at each point at which its

electrical continuity is broken.

– (b)Every guard-wire shall have an actual breaking strength of not less than 635

kg and if made of iron or steel, shall be galvanised.

Rule - 89. Service-lines from Overhead lines

Rule - 90. Earthing

Rule - 93. Unused overhead lines

Minimum clearances in metres between lines crossing each other

Sl. No. Nominal System Voltage

11-66 KV 110-132 KV

220 KV 400 KV 800 KV

1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Low & Medium 11-66 KV

110-132 KV

220 KV

400 KV

800 KV

2.44 2.44

3.05

4.58

5.49

7.94

3.05 3.05

3.05

4.58

5.49

7.94

4.58 4.58

4.58

4.58

5.49

7.94

5.49 5.49

5.49

5.49

5.49

7.94

7.94 7.94

7.94

7.94

7.94

7.94

Rule - 91. Safety and protective devices-

• Every overhead line, erected over any part of street or other public place or in any factory or mine

or on any consumers’ premises shall be protected with a device approved by the Inspector for

rendering the line electrically harmless in case it breaks.

• The owner of every high and extra-high voltage overhead line shall make adequate arrangements

to the satisfaction of the Inspector to prevent unauthorised persons from ascending any of the

supports of such overhead lines which can be easily climbed upon without the help of a ladder or

special appliances.

Rule - 92. Protection against lightning

• The owner of every overhead line which is so exposed as to be liable to injury from lightning

shall adopt efficient means for diverting to earth any electrical surges due to lightning.

• The earthing lead for any lightning arrestor shall not pass through any iron or steel pipe, but shall

be taken as directly as possible from the lightning- arrestor to a separate earth electrode and/or

junction of the earth mat already provided for the high and extra-high voltage sub-station subject

to the avoidance of bends wherever practicable.

UNUSED OVERHEAD LINES

• Where an overhead line ceases to be used as an electric supply line, the owner shall maintain it in

a safe mechanical condition in accordance with rule 76 or shall remove it.

• Where any overhead line ceases to be used as an electric supply line, an Inspector may, by a

notice in writing served on the owner, require him to maintain it in a safe mechanical condition or

to remove it within fifteen days of the receipt of the notice.

OTHER RULES/STANDARDS

• Beside above I.E. Rule, the Various code of practice as per I.S. & Standards shall be referred for

construction. Operation & maintenance of lines / sub-stations.

• Code of practice for Earthing (IS3043 – 1966)

• Code of practice for installation & maintenance of transformer (IS1886 – 1961)

• Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of transformers (IS10028 part-III –

1981)

• Specification of insulating oil for transformers and switchgear (IS335 – 1963)

• Code of practice for maintenance of insulating oil (IS1866 – 1961)

• Guide for safety procedure and practices in electrical work (IS5216 – 1969)

• R.E.C. safety manual 3/1974

• R.E.C. specifications and construction standards 1/1971 & 1981

• R.E.C. manual 6/1976 installation & maintenance manual for 33/11 KV sub-station.

• R.E.C. manual 7/1975 maintenance manual for 33 KV, 11 KV lines, medium & low voltage lines.

• R.E.C. manual 10/1976 manual for design of 33/11 KV sub-stations for rural electrification

system.

REASONS OF ACCIDENTS

1. SNAPPING OF CONDUCTORS.

2. ACCIDENTAL CONTACT WITH LIVE ELECTRIC WIRE / EQUIPMENT.

3. VIOLATION / NEGLECT OF SAFETY MEASURES / LACK OF SUPERVISIONS.

4. DEFECTIVE APPLIANCES / APPARATUS / TOOLS.

5. INADEQUATE / LACK OF MAINTENANCE.

6. UNAUTHORISED WORK / SUB-STANDARD CONSTRUCTION.

7. OTHERS REASONS (INADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE / TRAINING OF THE WORK

FORCE, LEAKAGE OF CURRENT ETC.)

SNAPPING OF CONDUCTORS

• Snapping of Conductors attributed to

– Ageing of conductors / insulators.

– Improper sag.

– Non-standard spans.

– Inadequate supervision during construction and monitoring thereafter.

– Inadequate maintenance.

– Non-availability of skilled manpower and tools to carry out repair works etc.

• Remedial measures:

– Proper inspection during construction and before energisation followed by regular monitoring.

– History of the line is to be built up as a data base to asses the ageing of conductors / insulators.

– Replacement of aged conductors / insulators wherever warranted.

– Maintaining the standard spans and proper stringing

ACCIDENTAL CONTACT WITH LIVE ELECTRIC WIRE / EQUIPMENT

ABOUT 11% OF TOTAL REPORTED CASES / FATALITIES ARE DUE TO ACCIDENTAL CONTACT WITH LIVE SYSTEM

– Operating staff not properly skilled / trained.

– Work is not being supervised by qualified personnel

– Inadequate ground clearance / operational clearance of the live parts.

– Ignorance about the discharging line / equipment before starting of maintenance work / repair works.

– Error in isolation of supply.

– Non-availability of safety tools & devices (as per IE Rule 36)

– Absence of clear instructions and supervision i.e. standard codified maintenance manuals should be prepared which will guide the maintenance personnel to follow the standard instruction including line clearance / return procedure

Violation/neglect of safety measures/lack of supervision

• FORMULATION of safety policy

• TRAINING to the workforce

• ENFORCEMENT of safety practices

• ADEQUATE supervision

• Fast acting protection relays / releases may be considered for distribution lines.

Unauthorized work/ defective appliance/apparatus/tools

• Around 6 to 7% of the reported cases of accidents / fatalities is due to the reason of un-authorised work / defective appliances / apparatus etc

• Unauthorised work should be checked in accordance with the various available legal / mandatory provisions.

• Scrupulous follow up of various quality control orders of Govt. may help in reducing the large number of accidents caused by sub-standard appliances / equipment.

• The owners of the installation should provide approved type of safety tools and protective equipment to operating staff / workmen and ensure use of safety devices.

PRESENT SCENARIO

ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE CLASS

PROVISION OF PENALTY ON BREACH OF ACTS AND RULES

Rule -142. Non-compliance of directions by Appropriate Commission.

In case any complaint is filed before the Appropriate Commission by any person or if that

Commission is satisfied that any person has contravened any provisions of this Act or rules or

regulations made thereunder, or any direction issued by the Commission, the appropriate

Commission may after giving such person an opportunity of being heard in the matter, by order

in writing, direct that, without prejudice to any other penalty to which he may be liable under

this Act, such person shall pay, by way of penalty, which shall not exceed one lakh rupees for

each contravention and in case of a continuing failure with an additional penalty which may

extend to six thousand rupees for every day during which the failure continues after

contravention of the first such direction.

146. Punishment for non-compliance of orders or directions.

Whoever, fails to comply with any order or direction given under this Act, within such time as

may be specified in the said order or direction or contravenes or attempts or abets the

contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or any rules or regulations made thereunder,

shall be punishable with imp- risonment for a term which may extend to three months or with

1% 6%

61%

32%EHV

33 KV

11 KV HT

MV

fine, which may extend to one lakh rupees, or with both in respect of each offence and in the

case of a continuing failure, with an additional fine which may extend to five thousand rupees

for every day during which the failure continues after conviction of the first such offence.

SUGGESTIONS

• DISPLAY telephone nos. of the key persons and area Electrical Inspector for general public so

that information on accidents can be reported by the any public.

• TRAINING AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT of the workforce shall be a mandatory activity of the

utilities.

• Prepare and follow a MAINTENANCE MANUAL for lines and sub-stations. The manual must

include the procedure of taking line clearance (LC) & LC returns.

• District administration need to ensure Electrical Safety Clearance Certificates on every

temporary connection given to Melas, Yatras, Exhibitions etc.

• All the utilities shall be advised to prepare a Safety Manual for their activities and specify the

functions and responsibilities of each category of involved personnel / Officers. The safety office

of the utilities has the responsibilities to oversee to the adherence of the duties / functions.

• AVOID MISUSES OF DANGER BOARD / danger notice. Use in the appropriate places to

create the potentially of electricity danger.

NEED OF THE HOUR

• The accident figures of the past few years indicates a rising trend.

• Need to reduce (eliminate) accidents and fatalities

• Detailed study on the subject to identify the causes and adopt remedial measures

Scaffolding Scaffolds are essential practically at all stages of construction. All those work that cannot be conveniently carried out from ground floor or with the use of the ladder needs scaffolds. Accidents happen due to either collapse of the scaffold or falls of workers and materials from the top of the scaffold. Great care is, therefore, necessary in erection, use and dismantling of scaffolds. Design Safety The design of scaffolding needs the same skill and attention as the design of any permanent structure. The designer should ensure that drawings and instructions show sufficient details and that they are easily understood by erectors. Lateral stability is equally important. Most of the centering are designed for vertical loads. Horizontal bracings are essential at various levels to ensure that support struts and scaffold tubes do not buckle under vertical load. The Designer/Erector should ascertain from the manufacturer the safe load it can carry and the scaffolding should be inspected before use. Materials A scaffold framework may be constructed of timber or metal or a combination of the two. Metal scaffolds are commonly constructed throughout with 50 mm diameter nominal seamless mild steel tubing. Working platforms are nearly always constructed with timber planks of about 40 mm thick x 3.4 m long x 230 mm wide. All the components and materials should comply with relevant statutory requirements and standards. Hazards Accidents due to scaffold collapse are common. Apart from collapses, the principal hazards are the following: a) Unsecured ladders slip, b) Use of unsuitable or faulty materials, c) Inadequately supported scaffold board, d) Inadequate or irregular platform width, e) Omission of guards rails or toe boards, f) Overloading of platform and scaffolds

Safety Measures a) Scaffolds must always be erected, maintained and dismantled by competent and trained workmen. b) Scaffolds must be properly braced and when necessary tied into building or the structure. Platforms must be properly supported and span of planks should not be too great. They should not be overloaded.

c) Guard rails and toe boards must always be fitted and be maintained in position. d) Loose packaging such as bricks should never be used below standards. Standards should be vertical and if of metal, should be mounted on steel base plates. e) Ledgers should be horizontal and always be connected to the standards by load bearing lashings, if of timber or by right angle load bearing couplers, if of metal. f) Transoms and putlog should be horizontal and at right angle to the ledgers, to which they should be secured by right angle couplers or putlog couplers. g) Platforms should be close boarded; overlapping of boards and excessive overhangs should be avoided. h) Diagonal bracing parallel to the face of the building and full height of the scaffold should be provided at 30 m intervals

Structural Steel Works

Columns

The basic safety practice is that, the erector should get the first four columns of a bay, facing diagonally opposite to one another grouted soon after the bracing of the steelwork and its aligning and plumbing the portion of structure. It is advisable to use anchored heavy duty bolts with open pockets. It will facilitate easy erection and alignment. Levelling, Aligning and Plumbing of Columns For levelling, aligning and plumbing of columns, level pads are generally provided. In some cases, they are not provided for columns of light and medium structures. It becomes difficult to bring the structure in plumb subsequently in the absence of level pads. Thus the structure remains out of plumb and it may collapse if subjected to winds of high velocity. Such mishaps can be minimized by getting the level pads fixed on footings of all main columns. Fastening The upper parts of tall structures are subject to higher wind pressure due to higher wind velocity at higher altitude. It is advisable to stabilize the erected anchored columns by fastening temporary wire guys till four column-square is completely braced, levelled and plumbed. Lifting of Columns Usually, the foundation pits are back filled with loose earth but the area is seldom rammed. Thus, while lifting the heavy columns by a crane, the earth under the forefront of the crawler gets depressed, the front portion of the crawler sinks and the load gets thrown out of radius. Consequently, the crane looses its stability and topples over, causing fatalities. Therefore, the filled in pits must be either manually rammed or rolled over by a heavy roller, and sleepers should be laid over the area. This arrangement will increase the stability of the crane. Safety in Erection Safety practices for erection will vary as per the job. For buildings, riveting or welding should be done to maintain stability of the structural frame at all times during the construction. Safety nets shall be provided within two stories or 10 m below the height of work which is being performed. Safety belt with lanyards attached to catenary line or other substantial anchorage should be used by workers on work which exposes to working at heights. Personal protection equipment of the specified standard should be used by all workers. Welding and Gas Cutting (Safe Practices) :- a) Welding machines should be controlled by a switch mounted on or near the machine framework, which when opened immediately cuts off the power from all conductors supplying the machine. b) Cables should be supported so as not to create dangerous obstructions. c) Frames of arc-welding machines should be effectively earthed.

d) Electrode holders should have adequate current carrying capacity arid· be adequately insulated to prevent shock, short-circuiting or flash overs. e) Circuit connections should be waterproof f) Connections to welding terminals should be made at distribution boxes, socket outlets by bolted joints. g) Electric-arc welding equipment should not be left unattended with the current switches on. h) Welding circuits should be switched off when not in use. i) Trained workers only should do these works. j) No combustible materials should be present within 5 m radius of the work area. n) Clearance should be obtained from the authorities for work in explosive/ hazardous areas. o) For gas welding all precautions should be taken for safe handling of gas cylinders. p) Suitable precautions against fire, like keeping portable fire extinguishers, fire buckets near the works spot before doing welding work be taken. q) Workers should wear welding goggle/shields and leather gloves while doing welding. r) Before doing welding on drums/containers which had earlier contained combustible liquid, such containers should be cleaned thoroughly and water filled up to the level of the welding work.