Chemistry Day 18 Friday, October 18th – Monday, October

21st, 2019

Do-Now: “Ch. 11 Inquiry Demo” 1. Write down today’s FLT 2. What was wrong with Rutherford’s atomic

model? 3.  Sketch a diagram of Bohr’s model (without

looking at your notes). Label it. 4.  Summarize Bohr’s model in 1-2 sentences. 5.  Explain what happens when electrons move

up or down an energy level.

Take out your planner and ToC

FLT •  I will be able to describe the quantum

atomic model by completing Ch. 11 Notes B

Standard HS-PS1-1:Usetheperiodictableasamodeltopredicttherelativepropertiesofelementsbasedonthepatternsofelectronsintheoutermostenergylevelofatoms.

Ch. 11 B: Quantum Atomic Model

Atomic Models

Need for a New Model

Bohr Model •  ShortcomingsoftheBohrModel:

– e-scan’torbitthenucleus– Onlyexplainedthebehaviorofhydrogenatomsàdidnotexplainthepropertiesoflargeratoms

The Quantum Mechanical Model •  Anewmodelneededtobedevelopedtoexplaintheforcesandbehaviorofatoms

Quantum Mechanical Model

Quantum Model

The Quantum Mechanical Model •  Thequantummechanicalmodelisbasedonquantumtheory

•  Scientists,suchasSchrödinger,notedthatmattercanbehavelikewaves,anddevelopedcomplexmathematicalequationsthatcoulddescribethebehaviorofe-s

The Quantum Mechanical Model •  QuantumTheoryandHeisenberg:•  UncertaintyPrinciple=it’simpossibletoknowboththeexactpositionandmomentumofane-atthesametime

The Quantum Mechanical Model •  QuantumMechanicalModel–Determinestheallowedenergiesane-canhaveandhowlikelyitistofindthee-invariouslocationsaroundthenucleus

The Quantum Mechanical Model •  Inthequantummechanicalmodel,theprobabilityoffindinganelectronwithinacertainvolumeofspacesurroundingthenucleuscanberepresentedasafuzzycloud

•  Thecloudismoredensewheretheprobabilityoffindingtheelectronishigh.

The Quantum Mechanical Model •  Insteadoforbits,themodelusesorbitals•  AtomicOrbitals=regionsofspaceinwhichthereisahighprobabilityoffindingane-

•  Orbitalsaresometimescallede-clouds

Atomic Orbital Shapes – Each type can hold up to TWO electrons

Quantum Model

Pair-Share-Respond 1. What was wrong with Bohr’s atomic

model?

2.  State the uncertainty principle. 3. What does the quantum model use instead

of orbits?

4. Define the term “atomic orbital”5.  Are atomic orbitals actually part of an

atom?

Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers •  Fournumbers,calledquantumnumbers,describethecharacteristicsofelectronsandtheirorbitals

Quantum Numbers •  n=PrincipalQuantumNumber•  l=AngularMomentumQuantumNumber•  ml=MagneticQuantumNumber•  ms=SpinQuantumNumber

Quantum Numbers •  n=PrincipalQuantumNumber

– nrepresentsthespecificenergylevelandthesizeoftheorbital(higherenergylevelsarelarger)

– n=1,2,3,…– Ex/n=2meanselectronsinthe2ndenergylevel

– n=3means…?– n=5means…?

Quantum Numbers •  n=PrincipalQuantumNumber•  Thetotalnumberofe-sthatanenergylevelcanholdis2n2

•  Ex/n=2isthe2ndenergylevel.Itcanhold2(2)2electronsà8electronstotal

•  Howmanyelectronscanbeonthe3rdenergylevel?

Quantum Numbers •  l=AngularMomentumQuantumNumber

– Thisspecifiestheshapeoftheorbital:s,p,d,orf

– l =0,…,n-1– Ex/ifn=1,thenl=0àsorbitals– Ex/Ifn=3…? l=0 l=1 l=2 l=3

s p d f

Quantum Numbers •  l=AngularMomentumQuantumNumber

– Ifn=2,lcanbe0or1(upton-1)– Ifn=3,lcanbe0,1,or2– Ifn=4?

l=0 l=1 l=2 l=3s p d f

Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers •  Ex/Ifn=3andl=0,thenitisthe3ssublevel

– Thismeansthesorbitalonthe3rdenergylevel

•  Ex/Ifn=2andl=1,then•  …Itisthe2psublevel•  Ex/Ifn=4andl=2,then•  …Itisthe4dsublevel

Quantum Numbers •  ml =MagneticQuantumNumber•  Describestheorientationoftheorbitals•  Maybe–l…,0,…+l•  Ex/n=2andl=1àsoml=-1,0,+1(3orbitals)

• Whatifn=3andl=2?

Quantum Numbers •  ml =MagneticQuantumNumber•  Justremember:

– ssublevelhasoneorbitals– psublevelhasthreeorbitals– dsublevelhasfiveorbitals–  fsublevelhassevenorbitals

Quantum Numbers •  ms=SpinQuantumNumber

– Thisdescribesthedirectionoftheelectron–eitherclockwiseorcounterclockwise

– Onlytwovalues:+1/2or-1/2– Therefore,therecanonlybeuptotwoe-sineachspecificorbitalwithoppositespins•  Ex/OnesorbitalcanholduptoTWOelectrons•  Ex/OneporbitalcanholduptoTWOelectrons•  Ex/Oneforbitalcanholdupto…youguessedit…

– TWOelectrons

•  Note:Thefewerthequantumnumbers,thelessweknowabouttheelectrons.–  Ex/Ifn=3,Icouldbetalkingabout2n2or18electronsonthe3rdenergylevel

•  TheMOREquantumnumberswehave,themoreweknowabouttheelectrons.–  Ex/Ifn=3andl=2,Icouldbetalkingaboutanyelectronsinthedorbitals.Sincethereare5dorbitals,thismeansIcouldbetalking

about10electrons.–  Ex/Ifn=3,l=2,andml=0,thenIamtalkingaboutonespecificdorbital,andtherefore2electrons.

–  Ex/Ifn=3,l=2,ml=0,andms=+½thenIamonlytalkingaboutoneelectron.

Atomic Orbitals •  Differentatomicorbitalsaredenotedbyletters.Thesorbitalsarespherical,andporbitalsaredumbbell-shaped.

Atomic Orbitals •  Fourofthefivedorbitalshavethesameshapebutdifferentorientationsinspace.

Chemistry Day 19 Tuesday, October 22nd – Wednesday,

October 23rd, 2019

FLT •  I will be able to express the arrangements

of e-s in atoms using orbital notation and electron configurations by completing Ch. 11 Notes C

Standard HS-PS1-1:Usetheperiodictableasamodeltopredicttherelativepropertiesofelementsbasedonthepatternsofelectronsintheoutermostenergylevelofatoms.

Ch. 11: Electron Arrangement in Atoms

Electron Configurations

Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms •  Levels(n)

•  Sublevels(l )

•  Orbitals(ml )

Energy Levels

n=1

n=2

n=3n=4

Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms •  Electronconfiguration=arrangementofe-sinatoms

Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms •  e-sassumeanarrangementthatgivestheatomthelowestenergypossible(morestable)

Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms • Whatdoesthislooklike?

Electron Configurations

2p4 EnergyLevel

Sublevel

Numberofelectronsinthesublevel

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f14…etc.

Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms • Whatdoesthislooklike?

Three Principles

Three Principles •  AufbauPrinciple=e-soccupythelowestEorbitalavailable.

•  Thediagonalrulegivesusanideaoftheorder

Diagonal Rule s

s3p3d

s2p

s4p4d4f

s5p5d5f5g?

s6p6d6f6g?6h?

s7p7d7f7g?7h?7i?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Three Principles •  PauliExclusionPrinciple=Nomorethantwoe-scanoccupyasingleorbital

• Wenotethisusingarrowsinoppositedirections

Three Principles •  Hund’sRule=Fillinsinglee-sinseparateequal-Eorbitalsbeforedoublingup!

In Summary: Our Rules

Rules 1)Determinethenumberofe-sbylookingupZ(atomicnumber)•  Assumetheatomisneutralunlessstatedotherwise(moreonthislater).Draworbitalsfirsttohelpyou.

•  Ex/Nitrogen

Rules 2)StartfillingorbitalsinorderofincreasingEaccordingtotheAufbauPrinciple.•  Asingleorbitalcanholdamaxof2e-s

OrbitalType NumberofOrbitals

s 1p 3d 5f 7

Rules 3)Hund’sRule&PauliExclusionApply:Drawallorbitalsforeachtype,andfillinONEe-ineachorbitalbeforedoublingup.Doubledupelectronshaveoppositespin.

Rules 4)Writee-config•  Makesuretotalnumberofe-sinyourconfigurationmatchestheZ(forneutralatoms)

Examples

Write the orbital notation and e- configuration for… •  Fluorine

Write the orbital notation and e- configuration for… •  Magnesium

Write the orbital notation and e- configuration for… •  Titanium

Write the orbital notation and e- configuration for… •  Arsenic

Shorthand Electron Notation

Shorthand Electron Notation

•  Wecanabbreviateourlonge-configurationsbyusingournoblegases

•  ThisisbecauseourNobleGaseshavecompletefullporbitals– Note:onlyuseshorthandwhenaskedto

Shorthand e- Notation 1.   Findtheclosestnoblegastoyouratomwitha

smallerZandputin[]2.   FillorbitalsfromwheretheNobleGasleftoffEx/Na

Shorthand Notation •  Try:Ca

Chemistry Day 20 Thursday, October 24th – Friday, October

25th, 2019

Do-Now: “Ch. 11 Quiz Day Do-Now” 1.  Write down today’s FLT 2.  What are our four types of orbitals? 3.  How many orientations does each type of orbital

have? 4.  How many electrons can one orbital hold? 5.  How many TOTAL electrons can the 5th energy

level hold (n = 5) 6.  How many TOTAL electrons can there be if n =

3 and l = 2? 7.  What four quantum numbers describe an

electron in the 4s orbital spinning clockwise? Take out your planner and ToC

FLT •  I will be able to demonstrate my

understanding of modern atomic models and electron configurations by completing Ch. 11 Quiz

Standard HS-PS1-1:Usetheperiodictableasamodeltopredicttherelativepropertiesofelementsbasedonthepatternsofelectronsintheoutermostenergylevelofatoms.

Quiz/Test Protocol

• Youmayuseyourreferencesheet• Noiselevel0• Eyesonownpaper• Markanswersclearly• DoyourbestJ• Flipoverwhendone