chemparathy family history -part 1
DESCRIPTION
chemparathy family historyTRANSCRIPT
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
1
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sNºcØn IpSpw_tbmKwapXet°mSw, sXmSp]pg
_\UnIvSv ]Xn\mdma≥ ]m∏mbpsS Bio¿∆mZwLanguage
Malayalam
NameCHEMPARATHY KUDUMBAVUMMALANADUM
Written byProf. George Mathew Chemparathy
Edited byHistorical Research CommitteeChemparathy Family Association
Published byChemparathy Family AssociationMuthalakodam, Thodupuzha.
LayoutThe Author
CoverShares the scenic beauty of native village, EzhumuttomJoby Graphics, Thodupuzha
D.T.P.Kottayil GraphicsThodupuzha
Printed atKottayil Offset PrintersThodupuzha. Ph: 9287267056
EditionFirst - January 2009Copies - 1000Limited Circulation
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KX-Ime kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fn-te-bv°p≈a\p-jys‚ FØn-t\m- -am-Wt√m NcnXw. hc-sam-gn°p ]pdta hmbvsam-gn-bnepw sFXn-ly-ß-fnepw]mc-º-cy-ß-fnepw, ]cm-a¿i-ß-fn-ep-sa√mw Ncn-Xmw-i-ß-fp≠v. thcp-Iƒ tXSn-bp≈ At\z-jWw Ch-Iƒ°n-S-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ Hcp Xo¿∞mS\-amWv. Ah-km\w \mw FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv kXywanYybpambn IqSnt®¿∂ Hcp e£y-Øn-em-bn-
cn°pw. Ime-Øn-\p-am-Xsa HSp-hn¬ kXysØ sXfnbn-s®-Sp-°m-\mhq.CØcw Hcp At\z-j-W-Øns‚ A¥y-amWv Cu KŸw.
kz¥w tKmX-ß-fpsS kvacW \ne-\ndpØp-hm-\p≈ iaw Ncn-Xm-cw`w apX¬ ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. sslµh ]pcm-W-ßfpw, ss__n-fnse ]g-b-\n-b-ahpw Zo¿L-amb hwim-h-en-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-ß-fmWv. “A_m-l-Øns‚ ]pX-\mb Zmho-Zns‚ ]pX≥ tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ hwim-hen KŸ” tØmSp-Iq-Sn-bmWv ]pXnb \nb-a-Ønsehn. aØm-bn-bpsS kphn-tijw XpS-ßp-∂-Xp-Xs∂. bqtdm-∏nse ]`p-°-∑m¿ kz¥w IpSpw-_-N-cnXw Ipdn®p kq£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ PmK-cqIcm-bn-cp∂p. Ncn-Xm-t\z-j-W-Øn¬ Iºw Ib-dnb Ata-cn-°-°m¿ thcp-Iƒ tXSn B^n-°-bnepw bqtdm-∏nepw Ae-bp-∂p≠v. CXn-s‚-sbms°^esa-t∂mWw Ac-\q-‰m-≠mbn tIc-f-Ønepw N-cn-Xm-t\z-j-Whpw,
IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-KŸß-fpsS ]Imi\hpw \S-∂p-h-cp∂p.
GXp IpSpw-_-N-cn-Xm-t\z-jn-bpw t\cn-Sp∂ ][m\ sh√p-hnfnhniz-k-\o-b-amb Ncn-X-km-a-K-n-I-fpsS Zu¿e`y-amWv. X∑qew aShogmØsXfnhn\mbn Hcp Ncn-X-Im-c\pw hmin-]n-Sn-°m-\m-hn√. Ncn-X-Øns‚KXn CXm-bn-cns° 9-mw \q‰m-≠nte InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Ncn-X-th-Zn-bn¬]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p-≈p-sh∂pw, 16-mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-apºv ChnsS ]≈n-I-sfm∂pw D≠m-bn-´n-s√∂pw a‰p-ap≈ Nne Ncn-X-Imc∑m-cpsS \nKa\w\ne-\n-ev°p-∂-X√. sNº-c-Øn-t]mse At\-Iw ]q¿Æ-N-µ-∑msc I≠n-
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lnI taJe-Iƒ Aevam-b-cpsS kz¥w taJ-e-I-fm-sW∂v k`bv°v Dd-∏n®p ]d-tb≠nh∂p. Aßs\ Ac-\q-‰m-≠n-\p-tijw ]cn-an-X-ambA[nImc AhImiß-tfmSpIq-Sn- ]≈n-s∏m-Xp-tbmKw Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn¬h-∂n-´p≠v.
sImSpß√q¿ ItºmfØnep≠mb Iem]sØØpS¿∂v \mSphn´Hcp \kmWn IpSpw_w ae\m´p cmPmhns\ apJw ImWn®vapfIpI®hS°mcmbn apXet°mSØp IqSn. AhcmWv sNºcØnIpSpw_Øns‚ ]q¿∆nI¿ Fs∂mcp hmZap≠v. tIm°-aw-Kew IS-hn¬IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Hcp imJ-bmWv ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ \n∂v sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ FØn sNº-cØn Xe°pSpw_w Bb-sX-∂mWv sNm∆m‰p-Ip-t∂¬ Ncn-X-Im-cs‚ \nco-£-Ww.
aXw amdn-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS Ggv B¨a-°fpwH≥]Xv s]¨a-°fpw sImSp-ß-√q¿ hn v sXmSp-]p-gbpw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepwXma-k-am-°n-sb∂pw Ah-cpsS ]n≥ap-d-°m-cmWv sNº-cØn, amfn-tb-°¬ apX-emb Ggv IpSpw-_-ß-sf-∂p-amWv kz¥w IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Øn¬‰n.-kn. eqt°mkv, ]mem ]kvXm-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
HºXmw \q‰m-≠nse el-f-tbbpw Xosh-bv]n-t\bpw XpS¿∂vsImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ \n∂pw \mSp-I-S∂ \km-Wn-Iƒ ae©c°v hym]mctI-µ-am-bn-cp∂ apX-e-t°m-SØpw ]cn-k-c-ß-fn-ep-ambn Xmakambn F∂vIng-t°-SØv IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v. Ch-cn¬ ]am-Wn-am-cmWv ssae-s°m-ºv, apX-e-t°m-Sw, s\Sn-b-ime, Bc-°pg ]≈n-Iƒ]Wnbn®sX∂pw ]dbs∏Sp∂p.
Ipe-Iq-S-ÿ-\mb ]nXm-a-l≥ Zmhn-Ut\m, _m“-Wt\m F∂vIqe-¶-j-ambn At\z-jn®v Dd-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]tXyIw an\-s°´n´n√. Bcm-bn-cp-∂mepw ]n≥ap-d-°m¿ Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn sshZnI ]mc-º-cyhpw Pohn-X-aq-ey-ßfpw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn® \kmWn InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Db¿∂kmaq-ly-Aw-Ko-Im-chpw, sshZnI tiWnbpw, tijvT IpSpw-_-ß-fp-am-bp≈ sXfn™ _‘-hpw, kmwkvIm-cnI \ne-hm-cw hy‡-am-°p-∂-XmWv. BI-bm¬ XeapdIfmbn ]d-™p-d-®n-´p≈, ]me-bqcnsesshZnI\mbncp∂ _m“W≥ ISpØpcpØnbnse h¿ØI\mb\kmWnbmbn amdnsb∂ hnizmkamWv ChnsS ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv.
]mc-º-cy-kn-≤m¥w ]pcm-X\ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]co-£-W-im-e-bn-seØn B[p-\nIimkvX-ambn ]pd-Øp-h-∂n-cn-°p-I-bmWt√m.
Po\p-I-fpsS hyXymkw h¿§ KpW-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂p.hnhm-l-߃°papºv Po\p-I-fpsS KpW-\n¿Æbw C∂sØ \nebv°v
´p≈ IpSpw-_-߃ Ah-bpsS Dev]Øn, hf¿®, hnI-k\w, XI¿®-bpsS]co-£-W-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bvs°√mw km£y-߃ tXSp-∂Xv auVy-am-bn-cn°pw. Fs¥-¶nepw tijn-∏p-Iƒ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep-s≠-¶n¬Ah Is≠-SpØv bp‡n-k-l-ambn ka-\z-bn-∏n-°p-I-bpw ]ns∂, e`y-amb Npcp°w enJn-X-km£y߃°v _ew \¬Im≥ ]Xn-cn-√mØ ]mc-º-cy-ß-sfbpw, ]m‡-\-ImeIY-I-sfbpw Bi-bn-°pIbpw sNømsXXcan√. hnZq-c-]-cm-a¿i-ß-sfbpw, kml-Ncy sXfn-hp-Isfbpw shdpsXX≈n-°-f-bm-\p-am-hn√.
Hcp tZi-Øns‚ NcnXw AhnsS Pohn®ncp∂ hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw,
IpSpw-_-ß-fp-sSbpw Iq´mb IY-bm-Wt√m. Hcp IpSpw-_hpw Hcp H‰-s∏´ Xpcp-Øm-hp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬ Chn-SsØ lnµp, apkveow, InkvXy≥IpSpw_-ß-fpsS NcnXw ae\mSns‚ NcnXambn amdnbn-´p≠v. cmP-`-c-W-Im-eØv ae\m´nse P\-]-Y-Øn-\p-≠mb hr≤n-£-b-ßfpw hnhcn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Bap-J-ambn tIc-f-Øn-s‚bpw `mcX ssIkvX-h-cp-sSbpwNcnXw Npcp-°-ambn tN¿Øn-´p-≈Xv NcnXIpXpIn-Iƒ°v hnc-k-am-hm-\n-S-bn√.
sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-sØ-t∏mse tIc-f-Ønse an°- ]pcm-X-\-Ip-Spw-_-߃°pw kz¥-ambn ]≈n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p; kz¥-ambn tZi-Øp-]-´-°mcpw. Ccp-]-Øn-b©v BZy-Ime ]≈n-I-sf-¶nepw Cßs\D≠m-b-h-bm-Wv. hnizm-k-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ ta¬∏- -°m¿°v ]q¿Æ-ambpw Iogvhg-ßn-bn-cp∂p. GXp hnizm-kn°pw ]≈n-bnse Xncp-°¿Ω-ßfn¬ ]s¶-SpØv -t]m-Im-am-bn-cp∂p. tkmjy-enkw mh-\-bn¬ t]mepwsXfn-bmØ A°m-eØv Abmfpw ]tXyI Ah-Im-i-ß-sfm∂pw D∂-bn-®ncp∂n√. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn ChnsS `cn-®n-cp∂ hntZ-i-sa-Xm-∑mcmI-s´, hnizm-kn-I-fpsS Bflob Imcy-߃ amXsa At\z-jn-®n-cp-∂p≈p.AXp-sIm≠v ]≈n AXp ]Wn-bn-®-h-cp-sSbpw, Ah-cpsS A\-¥-c-h-∑m-cp-sSbpw amX-am-bn-Øp-S¿∂p. Aßs\ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bpsSIYbpw, sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ IYbpw c≠√mXmbn.
17-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ sat\-knkv saXms‚ ImeØv eØo≥IaØn¬ apX-e-t°mSw Hcp CS-h-I-bm-sb-¶nepw ]≈n- -c-W-Øn¬ ImX-emb am‰-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn√. ]≈n°v 'sXm≈m-bn-c-∏d \nehpw ]pc-bn-S-hp-w' D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn _¿ÆmUv A-®≥ k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]kvXm-hn-°p∂p≠v. F∂m¬ 20˛mw \q‰mt≠msS kztZ-in-sa-Xm-∑m¿ D≠m-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿ ]≈nbpsS `uXnI hkvXp-hII-fnepw CSs]´v XpSßn.XpS¿∂v c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ tcJ-I-fnepw 86-se 'kzmX-¥yhpw hntam-N-\hpw' F∂ NmInIteJ-\-Ønepw kmº-ØnI kmaq-
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km[y-a√. F¶nepw AXn-\p≈ km[yX hnZq-c-a√. GsXmcp IpSpw-_-Øns‚bpw ta∑ \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ hwiip≤nbpw tijvT-]m-c-º-cyhpap≈ IpSpw-_-ßsf kmº-ØnI \ne-bv°-Xo-X-ambn hnhm-l-_-‘-߃°mbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp≠v.
]q¿∆ ]nXm-°-∑msc-∏‰n Ht´sd sFXn-ly-ßfpw sI´p-I-Y-IfpwIpSpw_]pcm-W-Øn-ep≠v. ASna˛DSa _‘-߃ ]≈n-bpsS \S-Øn∏v,]pWy-hms‚ A¤p-X-߃, ]tc-X-]qP, Xosh-´n-sIm-≈ XpSßn ]eXpwCu IY-Iƒ°v hnj-b-amWv. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw hnkva-b-I-chpw H∏wAhn-iz-k-\o-b-hpw BWv. BI-bm¬ Npcp°w Nne kw`-h-߃ amX-amWv Cu KŸ-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≈Xv. A∂sØ kmaq-ly kwhn-[m-\-Øn-te°v shfn®w hoim≥ Cu IuXp-I-I-Y-Iƒ klm-bn-°p-sa∂pIcp-Xp∂p.
Ncn-X-Øns‚ ImWm-∏p-d-߃ tXSn ]e ]pcm-X\ ]≈n-I-fnepw,
t£X-ß-fnepw, C√-ß-fnepw t]mbn-. tIc-f-Ønse apJy-K-Ÿ-im-e-Ifpwam\p-kvIn]v‰v sse_-dnbpw kµ¿in®p. ]mbw sN∂ A®-∑m-cp-sSbpwAevamb]ap-J-cp-sSbpw Hm¿Ω-Iƒ, Xd-hm-Sp-I-fn-ep-≈ Hme-I-c-W-߃ZnhwKXcmb sshZn-I-cpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn. tI´p-tIƒhn-Iƒ°pw sI´p-I-Y-Iƒ°pw sNhn-sIm-Sp-Øp.Aßs\ XpS-ßnb A\p-kyq-X-amb At\z-jWw 1990˛¬ IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw \mSns‚bpw NcnXw Isø-gp-Øp-tc-J-bmbn.
]ns∂ At\I h¿j߃ Dd-ßp-hm-\m-bn-cp∂p Ncn-X-Øns‚hn[n. XnI™ IpSpw-_-kvt\-lhpw, Ncn-Xm-h-t_m-[hpw D≠m-bn-cp∂Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bnse ]nXr-Xp-ey-cmb ]ecpw C°m-e-b-f-hn¬ Cl-tem-I-hmkw shSn-™p. ]qh-Wn-bmØ Ah-cpsS tamlw knan-tØ-cn-bnsekvamc-I-in-e-Iƒ°v Xmsg ]qgn-bn¬ AXn-Po-hn-°p∂p. CXp ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ B aÆn¬\n-∂p-ap-b-cp∂ Ah-cpsS Bfl-l¿jw Rm≥A\p-`-hn®dn-bp∂p. Hcp-]nSn en√n∏q°ƒ.
amXr -Ip -Spw -_-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]eIm -e -ß-fn¬ ]ncn™vhnhn[bnSß-fn¬ kz¥-amb bi-tmsS Ign-bp∂ ]e IpSpw-_-ßfpwAh-cpsS Bfl-_‘w ]p\xÿm]n®n-´p≠v. tKmX-_‘w \ne-\n-¿Øp∂Xn\mbn AhcpsS lkzNcnXw IqSn ChnsS tN¿Øn-cn°p∂p.Nne IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ amXw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv IqSp-X¬hnh-c-߃ In´psa∂ ]Xo£bnemWv.
Ime-K-W-\-bn¬ sX‰p-h∂n´p≠m-hmw. Bh¿Ø\ hnc-k-X-bpwA¬∏w Bfl-]-iw-kbpw h-∂p-t]m-bn-cn°mw. hy‡n-I-sfbpw CXc
kaq-l-ß-tfbpw ]‰n-bp≈ ]cm-a¿i-ß-fn¬ ]ng-hp-Iƒ ]‰nbncn°mw.H∂pw a\-∏q¿∆-a√; £an-°pI. F∂m¬ hmb-\-bpsS Cº-Øn-\mbnBib߃ kwKln®v , Ncn - X -hn -h -cWcoXn Ipd -®n -´p -≈Xva\∏q¿∆amWv.
Cu KŸcN-\bv°v Ht´-sd-t∏¿ klm-bn-®n-´p -≠v. _lp.FΩm\pth¬ sNºcØnb®≥ Ipsd hnhc߃ tiJcn®p X∂p.]pkvX-I-߃ hmbn®v t\m´p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°nbXv Fs‚ ]nXmhv AUz.]n.-hn. amXyp ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ BWv. Ncn-X-`m-K-߃ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v io. sPbnwkv Ipf-tº¬ ]tXyIw klm-bn-®p. io. tPm_v sN≈q-∏-d-ºnepw tPmk^v If-∏p-c-bnepw a‰pw hwim-hen hnhc߃tiJcn°p-∂-Xn¬ i≤ h®p. Ggp-ap-´-sØ-∏‰n Ht´sd hnhc-߃tPm¿÷v amWn ]menb°pt∂¬ \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. A®Sn cwKsØs]m^. tPm¿÷v h¿§okv sN≈q-∏-d-ºnens‚ ap≥]-cn-Nbw klm-bI-am-bn. Fs‚ kl[¿ΩnWnbpsS klmbhpw kam\XIfn√mØXmWv.
]uVamb Hcp AhXmcnI FgpXn Cu NcnXKŸsØhmb\°msc G¬∏n® A\pKloX A≤ym]I\pw ]K¤]kwKI\pw kmlnXyImc\pw aXNn¥I\pamb s]m^. amXypDeIwXdbv°v ]tXyIw \µn]dbp∂p.
]pXnb temI-I-a-Øns‚ `mK-sa-t∂mWw Cu IpSpw-_-ØnseAwK-߃ C∂v temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≠v. Aßs\ ]hm-kn-I-fmbn Ign-bp∂IpSpw-_-߃°v Bizm-kambpw, F√m IpSpw-_mw-K-߃°pw X߃Hcp ]pcmX\-tKm-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv- F-∂p≈ A`n-am-\ambpw `mhn-K-th-j-W-߃°p≈ Hcp \pdp-ßp-sh-´-ambpw Cu KŸw D]-Im-c-s∏-´m¬ Rm≥ IrXm¿∞-\mbn.
£am-]q¿∆w Cu Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-Øns‚ ]Im-i-\-Øn-\mbn ImØn-cp∂ F√m IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-tfmSpw k¿t∆m-]cn k¿∆-i-‡\pw \nXy-\p-amb ssZhn-]n-Xm-hn-t\mSpw F\n-°p≈ \µnbpw kvt\lhpw tcJ-s∏Sp-Øn-s°m-≈-s´.
sXmSp]pg, s]m^. tPm¿÷v amXyp sNºcØn
InkvXpakv 2008.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
21
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
20
NcnXa√; Hcp tZhmebØns‚bpw hwiØns‚bpw tZiØns‚bpw
NcnXamWv. hnkvXrXamb Iym≥hmkn¬ hn]peamb KthjWØns‚
^e߃ kwKln®v EPphpw efnXhpamb `mjbn¬ At±lw Cu
KŸØn¬ AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. CsXmcp tZiØns‚bpw
ImeØns‚bpw kaqlØns‚bpw IYbmWv; cmPhwißfpsSbpw
kmaqly_‘ßfpsSbpw IYbmWv. ImeØns‚ \o≠
hgnØmcbneqsS hoWpw Fgpt∂‰pw \S∂pw HmSnbpw apt∂dnb Hcp
hnizmknkaqlØns‚ kw`h _lpeamb Xo¿∞mS\ IYbmWv.
AhnsS ]≈nIfpw ]Stbm´ßfpw Hfnt®m´ßfpw aXa’cßfpw
al\ob kulrZßfpw Hs°bp≠v. a¿ΩKmlnbmb Hcp
kmlnXym≤ym]Is‚ IcapZIƒ sNºcØn IpSpw_NcnXsØ
\qX\amb Hcp ]mcmbWm\p`ham°n am‰nbncn°p∂p F∂p ]dbmw.
AXnep]cn tIcf NcnXhpw ]mtZinI k`mNcnXhpw H‰t\m´Øn¬
]Xy£am°nØcp∂ Hcp Aaqey tcJbpamWnXv. ]kvXpX
IpSpw_hpambn _‘an√mØ NcnXIpXpInIƒ°pw kq£n®p
hbv°mhp∂ hn[w ap≥hn[nbn√mØ \njv]£ \nKa\ßfm¬
kº∂amWv Cu IpSpw_IYbnse NcnXmhtemI\w .
am¿tØmΩm«olm Icam¿§w k©cn®v C¥ybpsS
hS°p]Sn™mdp `mKØp≈ kn‘p\ZoXSßfnemWv BZyw
kphntij]tLmjWw \SØnbsX∂pw, AhnsS\n∂mWv
InkvXpaXw sXt°m v hym]n®sX∂pw ]Xn\mdmw _\UnIvSv am¿∏m∏m
kmµ¿`nIambn ]kvXmhn®Xp tIcfØn¬ Hcp hnhmZtImemlew
krjvSn°pIbp≠mbt√m. am¿tØmΩmbpsS H∂mw bmX
]›ntamØc `mcXØnse ]m¿Ønbm cmPytØ°mbncp∂psh∂pw
AhnsS F.Un. 20 apX¬ 48 hsc Kp≠^dkv F∂ cmPmhp
`cn®ncp∂psh∂pw ASpØImeØp KthjI¿ Is≠Ønbn´p≠p.
sFXnlyßfpambn CWßnt∏mIp∂ Cu Is≠ج
AwKoIcn®psIm≠p am¿tØmΩmbpsS IS¬am¿§ap≈ c≠mw
bmXbnemWp At±lw tIcfØnseØp∂sX∂pw sImSpß√qcn¬
XºSn®ncp∂ blqZ hym]mcnIsfbmWp BZyw kphntijadnbn
®sX∂pap≈ KŸImcs‚ \nKa\w bp‡nbp‡amWp. am¿∏m∏mbpsS
Ign™ Ac\q‰m≠n\p≈n¬ At\Iw
IpSpw_NcnX߃ ]kn≤oIrXambn´p≠v.
A[nIhpw ItØmen°cpsS IpSpw_
NcnXßfmWv. CXc ]mcºcyk` ItfmSv
_‘s∏´hbpw C√mXn√. Htc IpSpw_Ønse
Nne imJIƒ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv
k`Ifnte°pw \hoIcW k`Ifnte°pw th¿]ncn™v
t]mbn´p≈XpsIm≠v k`m¥c IpSpw_NcnXßfpw A]q¿∆ambn
ImWm\nSbmbn´p≠v. IpSpw_NcnXcN\bn¬ ASpØImeØp≠mb
Cu Xm¬∏cyh¿≤\hv ipt`mZ¿°amb Hcp ]pXnb DW¿∆ns‚
e£Wambn IcpXmhp∂XmWv. IpSpw__‘ßfpsS alXzhpw
hnip≤nbpw ]m[m\yhpw \ΩpsS kKuchNn¥bv°v
hnjbo`hn®ncn°p∂p F∂mWv CXn\¿∞w. AXn\v as‰mcp
sXfnhmWv IpSpw_tbmKßfpsS Bhn¿`mhhpw hf¿®bpw.
IpSpw_tbmK߃ IpSpw_NcnXcN\bv°v t]cIambnØocp∂
A\p`hhpw Xosc Ipdh√.
Cßs\ kao]ImeØv ImWm\nSbmb IpSpw_NcnXKŸ
ßfn¬ h®v AXy¥w hyXykvXhpw it≤bhpamb H∂mWv s]m^.
tPm¿÷v sNºcØn Ct∏mƒ \ΩpsS apºn¬ ka¿∏n®ncn°p∂Xv;
“sNºcØn IpSpw_hpw ae\mSpw” . CsXmcp IpSpw_Øns‚ amXw
AhXmcnI
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
23
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
22
‘ae_m¿ sabn¬ tIkv’ F∂ io¿jIØn¬ KŸImc≥ Npcp°n
]Xn]mZn®ncn°p∂Xv t\m°pI. aqeIpSpw_amb IShn¬°m¿
]Wnbn® ISpØpcpØn ]≈nbpsS IYbpsams° NcnXØns‚
`mKsa∂ \nebv°v hnhcn°s∏´n´p≠v. Im\msXmΩs‚
IpSntb‰IYbpw At±ltØmsSm∏w sImSpß√q¿ sXt°sØcphn¬
h∂v Bÿm\apd∏n® Hutk∏v saXm\n¬\n∂pw Bcw`n°p∂
kpdnbm\n ss]XrIhpsams° ]pXnb Xeapdbv°v IuXpIw
P\n∏n°p∂ AdnhpIfmWv.
sNºcØn IpSpw_Øn¬ \n∂pw XmbvhgnIƒ krjvSn®
]menb°pt∂¬, ]pXnbnSØpIpt∂¬, If∏pcbn¬, apXemb
IpSpw_ßsf°pdn®v CXn¬ ]Xn]mZ\ap≠v. Fs‚ A`nhµy
kplrØmb am¿ amXyp hmWnb°ngt°ens‚ IpSpw_hpw Cu
XmbvhgnIfpsS kz¥amWv F∂ Adnhv BlvfmZIcamWv. hnhmlw
hgn°pw a‰pw _‘s∏´ CXc IpSpw_ßfpw KŸImcs‚ ]Xn]mZ\
]cn[nbn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. Npcp°n∏d™m¿ tZiIme kapZmb
kulrZßfpsS Hcp kwKa ÿm\hpw IqSnbmWv sNºcØn
IpSpw_NcnXw.
ssIcfnbpsS A`nam\`mP\amb almIhbnXn kn. tacn
s_\o⁄ AhcpsS ]q¿∆mia PohnXØn¬ Hcp sNºcØn
IpSpw_mwKhpambn ]Wb_‘Ønte¿s∏´ncp∂psh∂pw AXn¬
\n∂p≠mb ss\cmiyamWv Ahsc k\ymkhrØnbnte°v
Xncn®phn´sX∂pw Hcp InwhZ¥n ap≥Imeßfn¬ ]Ncn®ncp∂p.
AXns‚ AesbmenIƒ C∂pw ian®n´n√. ]Wbw ]IrXnP\yamb
Hcp hnImcamWv. AsXmcp sX‰msWt∂m ]m]amsWt∂m
]d™pIqSm. GsX¶nepw ImcWØm¬ AXv k^eamImsX
hcptºmƒ BfpIƒ thsd hgnIfnte°v Xncn™pt]mIp∂Xpw
kzm`mhnIw Xs∂. F∂m¬ ta¬∏d™ InwhZ¥n°v
bmsXmcSnÿm\hpans√∂v F\n°v Xo¿® ]dbm≥ Ignbpw. hm\ºmSn
F∂ BflIYbn¬ Cu tI´ptIgvhn°v bmsXmcSnÿm\hpans√∂v
knÿ FgpXn h®n´p≠v. AXp hnizkn®ns√¶n¬ t]mepw ]kvXpX
InwhZ¥n \ncmkv]ZamsW∂p≈Xn\v kmlNcyßfpw
]kvXmhsØ AXp icnhbv°pIbpw sNøp∂p. Bcy∑mcpsS
tIcf]thiw, \kmWnIfpsS \ºqXncn ]mcºcyw apXemb
X¿°hnjbßfnepw \n¿_‘_p≤n IqSmØ \njv]£
\ne]mSpIfmWv s]m^. tPm¿÷v kzoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv .
hwim`nam\tØ°mƒ NcnXkXyØn\v hneI¬∏n°p∂
KŸImcs‚ CØcw \ne]mSpIƒ BZymhkm\w BZcWobambn
ImWs∏Sp∂p.
IpSpw_NcnXw, tZhmebNcnXw, IpSpw_tbmKw, hwimhen,
F∂nßs\ \mev `mKßfmbn Xncn®ncn°p∂ Cu KŸw
tIcf]pcmWØnemcw`n®v ssIkvXh k`mNcnXØneqsS apt∂m´v
NphSphbv°p∂p. am¿tØmΩm «olm ]mebqcn¬ kv\m\s∏SpØnb
‘aShq¿a\’ F∂ C√ØnemWv Xs‚ hwimhen Bcw`n°p∂sX∂mWv
At±lØns‚ A`yqlw. sFXnlyßsf Bibn®psIm≠v
apt∂dptºmƒ sImSpß√qcnte°pw ISpØpcpØnbnte°psams°
Xs‚ ]q¿∆nI¿ IpSntbdp∂Xmbn KŸImc≥ Is≠Øp∂p.
ISpØpcpØn c≠mw \q‰m≠n¬ IS¬ØpcpØv Bbncp∂t√m.
AhnsS IShn¬ Xmakapd∏n® ]q¿∆nIcn¬ \n∂pw ]pds∏´ Hcp
imJbmWv sXmSp]pg hS°pwIq¿ cmP[m\nbn¬ A¥nbpdßm≥
CSbmbXv. HuZmcy\n[nbmb hS°pwIq¿ cmPmhv sNºcØn
sNSnbpsS adhn¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂ kmºnbn¬ Ah¿°v
hniakt¶Xw Hcp°nsImSpØphsX. Cu sNºcØn F∂
\mat[tbm¬]Øn IY ]Xnaq∂ma≤ymbØn¬ \ap°v hmbn°mw.
henb C√߃°v IpSpw_t£Xap≠mbncp∂t]mse, \ap°v
InkvXob IpSpw_߃°v kz¥amb ]≈nbpw A°meØp
≠mbncp∂p. Fgp]p∂ ]mdmbnØcI∑mcpsS ]≈nbn¬ Ah¿°v
GXm≠v kºq¿Æ `cWm[nImcw hscbp≠mbncp∂Xmbn F\n°v
Hm¿Ωn°m≥ Ignbp∂p≠v. apXet°mSw ]≈n sNºcØn°pSpw_w
hI ]≈nbmbncps∂∂ NcnX hkvXpXbpw \ntj[nt°≠ Imcyan√.
“]≈nbpsS AhImihpw ]≈ntbmKØns‚ A[nImchpw” tNmZyw
sNøs∏SmhXs√∂v A∂v \kmWnIƒ IcpXnbncp∂p.
cq]Xm[nImcnIfpambp≠mb AhImiØ¿°hpw tImSXnt°kpw
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
25
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
24
t]mepsamcpßmsX l∆m sNbvX ]hrØnbn¬ \n∂mWv
am\halmIpSpw_Øns‚ ]X\w Bcw`n°p∂Xv. Rm≥ ¿Ømhns‚
ASnab√ F∂hƒ hnNmcn®ncn°mw. Rm≥ Fs‚ ktlmZcs‚
Imh¬°mc\√ F∂v AhfpsS koa¥]pX≥ ]Jym]n°p∂Xn
te°mWv B [n°mchmk\ sNs∂Øp∂Xv. ssZhtIm]wc£mhmKvZm\w F∂nßs\ XpS¿∂pt]mcp∂ c£mIcNcnXwIpSpw_ßfpsS NcnXambnØs∂ cNn°s∏´ncn°p∂p.A_lmans‚ IpSpw_w, t\mlbpsS IpSpw_w, bmt°m_ns‚IpSpw_w F∂nßs\bp≈ IpSpw_]cºcbn¬ ZmhoZns‚
]n∑pd°mc\mb butk^ns‚ IpSpw_Øn¬ h∂p c£I≥ ]nd∂p.tbip Xºpcm≥ IpSpw_ßsf kvt\ln®ncp∂p F∂Xn\v emkdns‚IpSpw_hpambp≈ _‘w Dƒs∏sS Ht´sd sXfnepIƒ D≠v. tami\¬Inb HgnhpIgnhpIƒ t]mepw d±m°ns°m≠v IpSpw_Øns‚ASnØdbmb ZmºXysØ Hcp ssZhÿm]nX _‘ambn AhnSp∂v]Jym]n®p.
`mcXob ]pcmWßfmIs´, cmPhwiNcnXßfmIs´ F√mwIpSpw_Ømhgn NcnXßfmsW∂v \ap°dnbmw. IpSpw__‘ßfnep≠mhp∂ Xmfßfpw Xmf∏ngIfpw a\pjyNcnXØnse]X\m`ypZb߃°v ImcWambn tcJs∏SpØs∏´ncn°p∂p. C¥ysbkw_‘n®nStØmfw GI`mcymhXw, ÿncZmºXyw, ]nXrZmbIawF∂nßs\bp≈ hyhÿIƒ°v amXrIbmbnØo¿∂Xv ssIkvXhIpSpw_ßfmWv. AXn\m¬ ssIkvXhIpSpw_߃ CXckapZmb߃ °nSbn¬ D∏mbpw ]Imiambpw h¿Ønt°≠Xp≠v. CXp Hmtcm
hy‡nbnepw G¬∏n°p∂ DØchmZnXzw Nn√db√. “Rm≥ F\n°vtXm∂nbsXms° sNøpw. AXns‚ ehpw Rm\\p`hn®psIm≈mw”F∂p ]dbm≥ Hcp hy‡n°pw AhImian√. Hcp hy‡nbpsSZpjvIrXyw IpSpw_Øn\p apgph≥ NoØt∏cpw IjvS∏mSpwhcpØnhbv°pw. Hcp hy‡nbpsS hnip≤ntbm t\´tamÿm\e_v[ntbm IpSpw_Øns‚ apgph≥ bipw kt¥mjhpwDb¿Øpw. Hcp hy‡nbpsS k¬]hrØn IpSpw_Øns‚ apgph≥‘c£’bv°v ImcWambn F∂v kt°hqkns‚ IYbn¬ \n∂pwhmbn®dnbmw. Pmbncqkns‚ At]£ kzoIcn®mWv At±lØns‚
km£nsamgnIfpw sXfnhp\¬Ip∂p. Xs‚ amXpe\mb m. sska¨
kn.Un.bpsS hm’ey]mXambn am∂m\Øv _meyw ]n∂nSpIbpw
At±lØn¬ \n∂v IhnXmhmk\bpw B≤ymflnIm`n\nthißfpw
Hcpan®v t]mjn∏ns®Sp°bpw sNbvXbmfmWv kn. _\o⁄. KoXmhen,
IhnXmcmaw F∂ c≠v kamlmcßfmWv bu∆\mcw`Øn¬
Bia]thi\Øn\papºv Ah¿ ]kn≤s∏SpØnbn´p≈Xv. B
kamlmcßfn¬s∏´ IhnXIfnseßpw ]WbhnImcØns‚
emRvP\t]mepw ImWp∂n√. AXnep]cn B≤ymflnI Nn¥Ifpw
`mh\Ifpw BZy¥w ]Xn^en°p∂pap≠v. CXn¬\n∂v hyXykvXambn
IhnXmcmaØnse ]`mhXn F∂ H‰°hnX amXta
Nq≠n°mWn°phm\p≈q. ]`mhXnbmIs´, sIm√Øv sSbn\nwKv
kvIqfn¬ knÿ hnZym¿∞n\nbmbncp∂t∏mƒ kw`hn® Hcp
kXo¿∞ybpsS Zpc¥sØ Bkv]Zam°n FgpXnbXmsW∂v AhcpsS
as‰mcp kXo¿∞y˛ ap≥a¥n _n. sh√nwKvSs‚ `mcymamXmhv ˛
]d™ptIƒ°m\pw F\n°nSbmbn´p≠v. IhbnXnbpsS
]mWnKlWw BKln®p\S∂ A°mesØ Nne Ihnbix]m¿∞n
IfpsS \ncmiXbn¬ \n∂pSseSpØXmbncn°Ww Cu Zpjv]NcWw
F∂pw Rm\qln°p∂p. AØcsamcp hnZzm≥ IhbnXnsb
`ojWns∏SpØns°ms≠gpXnb kKv[cmhrØØnep≈ Hcp t«mIw
Cßs\bmWhkm\n°p∂Xv. “Xn´w \n≥ sNºcØn°YIfpaJnew
temIsa√mw ]cØpw.” `·taml\mb B hnZzms\ F\n°dnbmw.
C∂t±lw Pohn®ncn∏n√. kvXoIsf∏‰nbpw IhnIsf∏‰nbpw
Zpjv]hmZw ]dbp∂Xv F√mh¿°pw CjvSamsW∂v almIhn h`qXn
Xs∂ FgpXnh®n´p≠t√m. B Zpjv]hmZØns‚ Hc‰w
sNºcØn°pSpw_Ønt∑¬ ]Xn°m\nSbmbtXm¿ØmWv CXbpw
]dtb≠n h∂Xv.
IpSpw_NcnXcN\bpsS Dt±iysas¥∂v KŸImc≥ Xs∂
kqNn∏n®n´p≠v. a\pjyhwiNcnXw Xs∂ Hcp IpSpw_NcnXamWv.
ZmºXy_‘amWv IpSpw_PohnXØns‚ Aÿnhmcapd∏n°p∂Xv.
AXn\nf°w X´p∂Xv AhnsSh®pXs∂bmWv. ]dpZokmbnemcw`n®
BZnIpSpw_Øns‚ IY t\m°pI. ¿Ømhnt\msSm∂mtemNn°m≥
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
27
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
26
D≈S°wH∂mw `mKw
IpSpw_hpw \mSpw
A≤ymbw ]pdw
1 tIcf]pcmWw ............................................................................... 35
2 ssIkvXh`mcXw ........................................................................ 38
3 \ΩpsS ]q¿∆nI¿ ........................................................................ 43
4 ISpØpcpØnbnte°v................................................................ 46
5 \mephoS¿ ....................................................................................... 49
6 IShn¬ Nm≠n°Ø\m¿ ......................................................... 54
7 sNºnte°v .................................................................................... 60
8 Imcnt°mSpw sXmSp]pgbpw ..................................................... 67
9 ae\mSpw am¿ØmWvUh¿Ωbpw ............................................ 72
10 kmwkvImcnI ss]XrIw ........................................................... 77
11 \kmWn sXm´meXp ip≤amIpw ........................................... 81
12 FSØn¬ I¿Ømhpw FSap´hpw ........................................ 86
13 sXmSp]pgbnte°v ........................................................................ 91
14 A[nhmkw ..................................................................................... 94
15 Iq´w hn´ IpSpw_߃.............................................................. 97
16 IYmhtijw ............................................................................... 104
]pXn°v Znhyc£I≥ ]p\¿÷oh≥ \¬InbXv. amXm]nXm°fmhiys∏´m¬ a°ƒ°v inipkv\m\w \¬In°qSmsb∂v Nne ssIkvXh
hn`mK߃ iTn°p∂Xv InkvXphns‚ IpSpw_k¶¬]Øn\p
hncp≤amWv.
IpSpw_imJbn¬ Hcmƒ Ahi\mbm¬ klmbn°m\pw, Hcmƒ
t\´ap≠m°nbm¬ A\ptamZn°m\pw IpSpw_tbmKmwK߃°v
ISabpw AhImihpap≠v. AXn\pth≠ kmºØnI kwhn[m\߃
hsc sNºcØn IpSpw_tbmKw G¿s∏SpØnbn´p≈
Xmbn°mWp∂Xn¬ kt¥mjap≠v. ssIkvXh IpSpw__‘߃°v
B≤ymflnIamb Hcp ]cnthjap≈Xv i‡nbmbn A\pkvacn∏n°p
∂XmWv sNºcØn IpSpw_hpw ae\mSpw F∂ Cu KŸw.
NcnXhkvXpXIfpw tZiob kmaqlnI hwiob ]mcºcyßfpw
tXSn∏nSn®v Cßs\ kamlcn°p∂Xn\v At\Iw t]cpsS Zo¿LIme
]cniahpw klIcWhpw BhiyamWv. Ahbn¬\n∂v th≠XpamXw
HuNnXy]q¿∆w Acns®SpØv \√ `mjbn¬ kw£n]vXambn
tImUoIcn®v tcJs∏SpØp∂Xn¬ s]m^. tPm¿÷ns‚
A≤zm\ioehpw ]cnNbkºØpw hnPbn®ncn°p∂p. hcm≥t]mIp∂
Xeapdbv°pth≠n A\¿Lamb Cu \nt£]w Xømdm°nb
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36
tXmΩm-bp-sSbpw Iq´-cp-sSbpw IpSn-tb-‰hpw aqew ChnsS IpsdInkvXym-\n-Iƒ D≠m-bn. ]me-bq¿, sImSp-ß-√q¿, sIm√w apX-em-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS tIµ-߃. Ggmw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏mƒ C…mw aXhpwChn-sS-sb-Øn. apkvenw ]mam-Wyw, ]Stbm´w, ]Ir-Xn-t£m`w XpS-ßnb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ A¶-amen, ISp-Øp-cpØn DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn. I®-h-Shpw, Iqdp≈ aÆpw,ITn-\m-≤zm-\hpw Ah¿°v XpW-tb-In.
]c-kv]cw bp≤w sNøp∂ At\Iw sNdp-InS cmPy-ßfpw, hfsck¶o¿Æ-amb aXL-S-\-bpw D≠mbncp∂ Hcp \m´n-te-bv°mWv ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ IS∂p h∂Xv. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏mƒ U®p-Imcpw ChnsS FØn-t®¿∂p. hmWn-Py-Øn\p h∂Ccp-Iq- cpw ItaW Chn-SsØ cmjvSob kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ mK-ambn.thWm-´-c-N-\m-bn-cp∂ hoc-am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω sX°≥tIcfØnsecmPy-ßsf sh´n-∏n-Sn®v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ÿm]n®p. _m“W-im]w b∂vsIm®nsb Hgn-hm°n. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n¬ hym]m-cm-h-iy-߃°mbnChn-sS-sbØnb _n´o-jp-Im¿ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s\bpw sIm®n-sbbpwsacp°n hcpXnbnem°nbpw DØ-c-tI-c-f-Ønse sNdp-cm-Py-ßsf Iog-S°nbpw ae-_m¿ s]mhn≥kv D≠m°n aZm-kn-t\mSp tN¿Øp. ap∂qdph¿j-ß-tfmfw _´ojv \pI-Øn\pIogn¬ Ign-™-tijw Hcp kl-\-k-a-c-Øn-eqsS C¥y kzX-¥-ambn. A[nIw XmaknbmsX Xncp-hn-XmwIqdpw sIm®nbpw tN¿Øv Xncp˛sIm®n kwÿm\w D≠mbn. 1956
¬ ae-_m¿ IqSn- tN¿∂-t∏mƒ sFIy-tI-cfw kwPm-X-ambn. tIc-f-Øn\p38855 N. Intem-ao-‰¿ hnkvXo¿Æ-ap≠v. kap-Z-Xocw 360 ssa¬ BWv.kly-]¿∆Xw 3000 apX¬ 9000 hsc ASn Db-c-ap≈ Hcp tIm´-bmbntIcfsØ Im°p∂p.
C∂v ]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb AXn-cp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ Htc mj, £-W-coXn,kwkvImcw, Imem-hÿ F∂nh-sIm≠v H∂mbn tib-tkmsS hkn-°p∂ lnµp, apkveow, InkvXy≥ aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fpsS Hcp Iq´mbvabmWv'ssZh-Øns‚ Cu kz¥w \mSv'.
blq-Z¿ XpS-ßnb A\y-\m-´p-Im¿ ]∂oSv FØn-t®-cp-tºmƒ ChnsS_p≤-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-Xhpw thtcm-Sn-bn-cp∂p. H∂mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬InkvXym-\n-Ifpw Ggmw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ apk¬am-∑mcpw ChnsS D≠v.Aßs\ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ sIm≠v ka-RvPk-ambn ka-\z-bn-°-s∏´ hnhn[kwkvIm-c-hn-ti-j-ß-fpsS BsI-Øp-I-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse C∂sØh¿§-L-S-\-bpsS Aÿn-hmcw.
]pcm-X\ Imew apX¬ n\ojy¿, tdma-°m¿, Ko°p-Im¿ BZn-bmbhntZ-in-b¿ Im‰n\-\p-Iq-e-ambn I∏-tem-Sn®v ChnsS FØn-bn-cp∂p.kz¿Æw, cXv\-߃, ]´p-h-kvX-߃, kv^Sn-I-h-kvXp-°ƒ XpS-ßn-bhChnsS Cd-°n-b-tijw Ipcp-ap-fIv, Gew XpS-ßnb akm-e-h¿§-ßfpw,
Ip¥n-cn°w, Nµ\w XpS-ßnb kpK-‘-h-kvXp-°fpw, tX°v, Cu´n F∂oXSn-Ifpw Ib-‰n-s°m≠p t]mbn-cp∂p.
InkvXp-h¿jw Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ Z£n-W- m-cXw tNcw,tNmfw, ]mWvUyw F∂n-ßs\ `mKn-bv°-s∏-´n-cp∂p. tIcfw Dƒs∏´tNc-cmPyw ZmhnUhwi-Pcmb \mI-∑m¿ `cn-®n-cp∂p. Bcy-∑m-cpsSi‡n h¿≤n-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂v tIc-fsØ \mep Xfn-I-fmbn Xncn®v Xfn-bm-Xncn `cWw \S-∏n-em°n. At∏mƒ Xfn-bm-Xncn Bcy\pw a¥n -\m-I\pw Bbn-Øo¿∂p. alm-_en Fs∂mcp [¿Ω-cm-Pmhpw tIcfw `cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn sFXn-ly-ap≠v. ho≠pw tIµ-`-cWw sIm≠p-h∂v tIc-f-s∏-cp-am-fmbn Hcp £Xn-bs\ tImb-º-Øq-cn¬ \n∂p sIm≠p-h∂phmgn®p. tImb-º-Øq¿ apX¬ I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc A∂p Hcp hnimetIc-f-ap-≠mbn. Ah-km-\sØ s]cp-amƒ cmPysØ Xs‚ kz¥-°m¿°pw kt\-ln-X-∑m¿°p-ambn `mKn-®p-sIm-SpØp. Aßs\ tNc-cmPyw On∂- n-∂-ambn. At∏m-gmWv hn√m¿h´w F∂ ssIkvX-h-cmPywD≠m-b-sX∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. cmtP-µ-tNm-fs‚ BI-aWw aqe-amWvtIcfw Iodn-ap-dn-bv°-s∏-´-sX∂pw Ncn-X-ap≠v.
C∂sØ tIm´-∏p-dhpw tNµ-aw-K-ehpw a‰p-apƒs∏´ h©n-\-K-c-am-bn-cp∂p cmP-[m\n. henb ]≠-I-im-e-Ifpw Aßm-Sn-Ifpw tIm´-sIm-Ø-f-ßfpw AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ccp-]-tXmfw sNdp-]- -W-ßfpw IpsdKma-ßfpw ItaW tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠mbn. _p≤-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-XhpwChnsS IqSpX¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-embn. F∂m¬ Ah-bpsS A]-N-bsØXpS¿∂v ImeSn ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw Iq´-cp-sSbpw ]h¿Ø\w hgnsslµh kwkvImcw Hcp a-X-ambn ]-Nm-c-Øn-se-Øn. H∂mw \q‰m-≠nseam¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS aX-]-Nm-c-Whpw \memw \q‰m-≠nse Iv\mbn
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
39
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38
thZ-Øn¬ tN¿Øp. F∂m¬ I\y-Im-am-Xm-hns‚ ac-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂vF.Un. 50 t\mS-SpØv At±lw Pdp-k-te-an-te°v aSßnt∏mbn.
IS¬ hgn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±lØns‚ ASpØ bmX. sN¶-S¬ Xo-cØp \n∂pw I∏¬am¿§w sImSp-ß-√q¿ h∂n-dßn. Chn-sSbpw s]cp-amƒ sIm´m-c-Ønse Hcp Cf-ap-d-cm-Pm-hn-s\bpw A\p-N-c-∑m-sc-bp-amWvBZyw am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ Xs∂ 40 blq-Z-Ip-Spw-_-߃ ssIkvX-h-cmbn. XpS¿∂v ]mebq¿ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬Iq´m-bva-Ifpw ]m¿∞\ kuI-cy-ßfpw Hcp°n. tI∏sb apJy-]-`m-j-I-\mbpw ]e-tcbpw t]j-nXcmbpw Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØn. Aßs\ C¥y-bnse BXv-aob t\Xr-\n-c-bnse BZy-I-Æn- am¿ tXmΩm-«olm Xs∂-bmbn.
c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬ Bflob t\XrXzw Ah-km-\n® a´mbn. At∏mƒ Chn-SsØ ]_e kap-Zm-b-߃ kwL-Sn-X-ambn InkvXym-\n-Isf BI-an-°p-Ibpw Iq´m-bva-Isf XI¿°p-IbpwsNbvXp. sNdnb kaq-l-ßsf _e-ambn aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w sNøn°p-Ibpw kΩ-Xn-°m-Ø-hsc \nK-ln°pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu h¿§obhmZnIsf _p≤n-]-c-ambn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn 190-¬ ]WvUn-X-\mb ]t¥-\qkv ChnsS hs∂-¶nepw At±lw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.
F.Un. 345 ¬ Im\m sXmΩ≥ F∂ I®-h-S-°m-cs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬Hcp Hutk^v saXm\pw, Iptd sshZn-Icpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ 472 IpSpw-_-߃ tIc-f-Øn-seØn, t]¿jy-bnse sImSnb aX-]oV\-am-bn-cp∂pImcWw. sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ sXt°-sØ-cp-hn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ sXmΩ-t\bpw Iq -scbpw sX°pw- m-K-sc∂pw hS-t°-sX-cp-hn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂\m´p-In-kvXym-\n-Isf hS-°pw-`m-K-sc∂pw hnfn-®n-cp∂p. A°m-eØvsImSp-ß-√q¿ cmP-\K-cn-bn-se -h¿ØI ]am-Wn-Iƒ apgp-h≥ InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Hutk^v saXms\ kzoI-cn-°pI hgn At±-l-Øns‚amXr-`m-j-bm-bn-cp∂ kpdn-bm\n \Ωp-sSbpw Bcm-[-\- `m-j-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. F_m-b B-bn-cp∂p blq-Z-cpsS amXr-`m-j-sb-¶nepw _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ ASn-a-ØIm-eØv Ahn-SsØ Acm-sa°v mj Ah¿ ]Tn®p.70 h¿jw Ign™v aS-ßn-sb-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Acm-sa°v Ah-cpsS kwkm-c-`m-j-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. I¿Ømhv kwkm-cn-®Xv Cu `mj-bn-em-bn-cp∂p.kpdn-bm\n `mj AXns‚ Hcp XXv`-h-am-b-Xn-\m¬ AXns\ F√m-hcpwBZ-cn-®n-cp∂p.
A≤ymbw 2
ssIkvX-h - m-cXw
BZy- \q-‰m-≠p-ap-X-ep≈ ]mc-ºcyw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ ]e \km
Wn-Ø-d-hm-Sp-Ifpw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠t√m. Cßs\bp≈ IpSpw-_-߃]tXmkv«olm t]jn-X]-h¿Ø\w \S-Ønb C‰-en-bntem, bmt°m_v«olm am¿§w Adn-bn® kvs]bn-\ntem D≈-Xmbn Ah-Im-i-s∏-´n-´n√.
bqtdm-∏n¬ ssIkvX-ho-IX Hcp aX-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpwtdman¬ ]Xn-jvT -t\-Sp -∂Xpw aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ amX-amWv.tXmΩm«olm kphn-tijw Adn-bn® C¥y-bnse ssIkvX-h-cpsSNcnXw, tIc-f-Øn-se ]e ]pcmX\ IpSpw-_-ß-fp-sSbpw H∂mw \q‰m≠papXep≈ NcnXamWv. `mc-X-Ønse kaql-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-°-√p-IƒXs∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fm-Wt√m. \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw, IS-hn¬ amXr-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚bpw k`m-tk-h-\-ß-sf-∏‰n ]pdtI ]kvXm-hn-°p∂XmWv.
'\n߃ temI-saßpw t]mbn Fs‚ kphn-tijw Adn-bn-°p-hn≥'
F∂ InkvXp-\m-Ys‚ Iev]-\-b-\p-k-cn®v t]¿jy-bnse ]h¿Ø-\-߃°p-tijw A^vLm-\n-ÿm-\n¬ IqSn Ic-hgn A.D. 47 ¬ tXmΩm-«olm Chn-sS- FØn-t®¿∂p. kn‘q-\-Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ kphn-tij ]tLm-jWw \SØn, tKm¨U-t^m-dkv cmPm-hn-s\bpw a‰-\-h-[n-t]-scbpw
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41
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40
InkvXym\n s]mXpth kmaq-ly-ambpw, kmº-Øn-I-ambpw aXm-fl-I-ambpw D∂-X-\n-e-bn-em-bn-cp∂p.
F∂m¬ CXv A[n-I-Imew \o≠p-\n-∂n√. tdmanse tNcn-Xn-cnhv,t]¿jy≥ aX-]o-V\w, apl-Ω-Zo-b-cpsS apt∂‰w, thZ-sR-cp°w apX-em-bh sIm≠v Chn-SsØ Bflo-b-t\-XrXzw \in®p. CS-b-\n-√mØBSp-I-fmbn tIc-f-ssI-kvX-h¿. Hcp \q‰m-t≠mfw ChnsS s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]mj-fi-X-bpsS kzm[o-\hpw \ne-\n∂p. sIm®n-bnepw, ]pd°m´pw,sX°p-]-Sn-™msd XocsØ Adp-]-Xn¬∏cw sIm®p-]-´-W-ß-fn-ep-ambnshdpw Adp-]-Ø-øm-bncw InkvXym-\n-I-fmWv A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.
]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬, C¥y-bnse ssIkvX-h-cpsS Npa-Xeam¿∏m∏ t]m¿®p-Ko-kvIm¿°v \¬In. AtXmsS ^m≥kn-kvI≥,
sPkyq v anj-\-dn-am-cpsS kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ t]jn-X-]-h¿Ø\w \S∂p.1652 ¬ sIm®n cq]-X-bp-≠mbn. 17-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Nne ioiva-Ifpw, Iq\≥Ipcnip kXysØ XpS¿∂p ]pØ≥Iq¿ hn`m-Khpw P∑-sa-Sp-sØ-¶nepwam¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS FÆw Hcp-e-£-tØm-f-ambn.
1750 apX¬ 1850 hsc-bp≈ \qdv h¿j-߃ tIc-f-ssI-kvX-h-k-`°v ho≠pw ]oVm-\p-`-h-Im-e-ambn. sshZn-I-£maw aqew ⁄m\-kv\m\w apSßn. lnµp-tZ-i-hm-gn-Ifpw U®p-Imcpw hf-sc-tbsd D]-ZhwsNbvXp. ]ecpw aX-XymKw sNtø-≠n-h∂p. InkvXym\n Bb-Xn-\m¬kh¿Æ-ln-µp-hm-bn-cp∂ tZh-k-lmbw ]n≈ shSn-sh®v sIm√-s∏´p.Poh-c-£m¿∞w ssIkvX-h¿ Ing-°≥ Xo-c-ß-fn-te-bvt°mSn. At\Iwt]¿ ]´n-Wnbpw tcmKhpw aqew acn®p. ssakq¿ ISphm Sn∏p, At\Iw]≈n-Iƒ sIm≈-sN-øp-Ibpw, \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]e-scbpw\n¿_-‘-ambn C…mw aX-Øn¬ tN¿°p-Ibpw AXn\p hg-ßm-Ø-hsch[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ChnsS Ipsd cq]-X-I-fp-≠m-b-X-√msXanj≥ ]h¿Ø\w H∂pw \S-∂n√. _o´ojv `cWw ChnsS anj-\dn]h¿Ø-\sØ \ncp-’m-l-s∏-SpØn. lnµp-°ƒ At\Iw Zpcm-Nm-c-߃°v hg-ßn-bn-cp∂p. apkveoß-fm-Is´ hnZym-hnlo-\cpw aX-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ ISpw-]n-Sp-Ø-°m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-Øn¬cmjvSo -b -kzm -X - ¥y -tØm-sSm∏w , C¥y≥ P\-X-bn¬ Ht´sdkmaqly˛kmwkvIm-cnI am‰-߃ h∂p. imkvX-߃°pw, Ie-Iƒ°p-sam∏w ssIkvX-h- Z¿i-\߃°pw henb ]Nmcw e`n®p. `uXn-I-hm-
F.Un. 542 ¬ Ko°v k©mcn tImkvtamkv, Ipcp-ap-fIv hnf-bp∂amte (ae-\mSv) F∂ ÿeØpw Hcp k`-bp-s≠∂pw AhnsS Ieym-W-bn¬ (sIm√w) Hcp saXm-\p-s≠∂pw FgpXn. 825 ¬ _mtdip apX-emfnF∂ hWnIv Iptd Bfp-I-fp-ambn Ieym-W-bn¬ IpSn-tbdn. cmPmhvCh¿°v ]Wn-Xp-sIm-SpØ ]≈n Bbncw h¿j-߃°p-tijw IS-em-I-aWw aqew \in®p. 880 ¬ _mt_-en¬ \n∂p h∂ kmt∏¿, t]mØvF∂ c≠p _nj∏v ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ Chn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. sImSp-ß-√q-cnse el-f-bn¬ ]cm-Pn-X-cmbn InkvXym-\-nIƒ \mSp-hn-´-t∏mƒ am¿km-t∏¿ hn√m¿h´w ssIkvX-h-cmPmhns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ DZnbw-t]-cqcn¬ Xma-k-am°n.
Ch¿°ptijw Zo¿L-Imew Hcp Uo°¨ amX-ambn cWw \S∂p.]Øpw, ]Xn-s\m∂pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ c≠p tbml-∂m≥ saXm-∑mcpwHcp tXmΩm-sa-Xm\pw ChnsSbp≠mbn. ]¥≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ am¿∏m-∏sb tbml-∂m≥ F∂ C¥y≥ saXm≥ kµ¿in-®n-´p≠v. 1290 Ifn¬Chn-sSsb-Ønb tam≠n-Im¿thmbpw, am¿t°m-t]m-tfmbpw, ChnsSblq-Zcpw ssIkvX-hcpw hfsc a¿±\w kln-°p-∂-Xmbn ]d-™n-cn-°p∂p. sNdp-In-S-cm-Py-ß-fnse \mSp-hm-gn-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS lnµp-°ƒ InkvXym-\n-Isf D]-Z-hn®p. aX-hn-izm-khpw BNm-c-ßfpw Hcpkmaq-ly-]-iv\-ambn Db¿Øn.
1329 ¬ sIm√w cq]X ÿm]n®v Ahn-SsØ saXm-\mbn tPm¿Zm-\p-kns\ am¿∏m∏ t\cn´p \nb-an®p. sIm√w kµ¿in® a¿t°mt]mtfmam¿tXmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]ªnIv B^n-kp-I-fnse A[n-]-∑m-cm-sW∂pw am¿∏m-∏-bpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-bm-I-bm¬ Ah¿ X\n°v ]Xn-amkw100 s]m≥]-Whpw, aS-ßn-t∏m-∂-t∏mƒ 1000 ]Whpw XcpI-bp-≠mbnF∂pw FgpXn. 1439 ¬ bqPn≥ NI-h¿Øn hn√m¿h´w cmPmhv tXmΩm-bvs°-gpXn 'Xm¶fpw Xm¶-fpsS cmPysØ ]P-Ifpw kXy-In-kvXym-\n-I-fm-sW∂ tIƒhn \ΩpsS apºn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw h∂n-´p≠v".
]Xn-\©mw\q‰m-≠n¬ \√- [o-c-∑m-cmb \kmWn∏S-bm-fn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. hmWn-Py-Ønepw cmP-tk-h-\-Ønepw hncp-X-∑m-cmb Ch¿°vIc-®p-¶hpw Agn-®p-¶hpw C√m-bn-cp∂p. Cug-h¿, Nm∂m≥, Bimcn XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Ch¿°v Iogvs∏-´n-cp∂p. D∂-X-Ip-e-Pm-X-sc∂ \ne-bn¬Xo≠epw sXmSoepw BNcn-®n-cp∂p. ]mdmhpw ]√°pw Ch¿°pw A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp∂p. aX-]-c-amb Adnhpw \njvTbpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. C°m-esØ
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
43
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42
A≤ymbw ˛3
\ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿
tIc-f-Ønse am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n -Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ ]e-Xn-
s‚bpw ]q¿∆n-I¿ 'sImSp-ß-√q¿ alm-tZ-h¿]-´-W-Øn¬ \n∂p h∂InkvXym-\ntbm', sIm√-Øp-\n∂p h∂ \km-Wntbm BWt√m. sNº-c-Øn- Ip-Spw-_-Ønse Nne ]pcmX\ kq£n-∏p-I-fn¬s∏´ Hme-I-c-W-ß-fnepw a‰pw CØcw ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp≠v. Xe-apd Xe-ap-d-bmbn ]I¿∂pX∂n-´p≈ hmNn-I-]m-c-º-cyhpw CXn-te°v IqSp-X¬ shfn®w hoip-∂-XmWv. C∂v sFXn-ly-ß-fmbn tXm∂p∂ ]eXpw ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ kw -hn-®n- p-≈-Xns‚ X\n-a-bp-≈tXm, s]mSn∏pw sXmßepw tN¿∂tXm Bbn-cn°pw. C∂sØ coXn°v ]eXpw Ahn-iz-k-\o-bhpw. IrXy-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ°mbn ImØn-cn-bv°msX e`y-am-b-hsb ]cn-tim-[n®v kXyhpwanYy-bpw th¿Xn-cn-°-pItb Ic-Wo-b-am-bn-´p≈p. ASn-th-cp-Iƒ tXSn-bp≈ Cu At\z-j-W-Ønepw AXmWv sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv.
H∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[yZiI-ß-fn¬ _p≤-a-X-°mcpw ssP\-∑m-cp-amWv ChnsS `qcn-]-£-ambn D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Zmhn-U∑m¿°p ]pdtabYm-ÿn-Xn-I-cmb Iptd Bcy-∑mcpw Ah-cpsS I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬apgpIn HXpßn Ign-™p-t]m∂p. Aßs\ Ign™ncp∂h¿ Kma-ß-fn¬ Iq´-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p Xmakw. F¶nepw A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬]e¿°pw \√ kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ch¿°p-]p-d-ta-, bh-\-∑m¿, kndn-
Z-sØbpw, k¶p-NnX tZio-b-X-tbbpw, F√m-Ø-c-Øn-epap≈ h¿§o-b-X-tbbpw, sNdp-°p∂ ssIkvX-h-[¿Ω-Øns‚ ImX¬ km¿∆-P-\o-\-am-sW∂pw AXns‚ ktµiw Ahn-On-∂-amb kXyhpw kulr-Z-hp-am-sW∂pw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ a\-n-em-°n-.
2001 se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v C¥y-bnse P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 2.31 iX-am\amWv InkvXym-\n-Iƒ. 13.4% apkveo-ßfpw, 80.5% lnµp-°-fp-amWv.tIc-f-Øn¬ 19% InkvXym-\n-Iƒ D≠v. Xan-gv\m- n¬ 15.7 iXam\hpwInkvXym-\n-I-fmWv. taLm-e-b-bn¬ 70.3% InkvXym-\n-Iƒ D≈t∏mƒ\mKm-em‚n¬ 90% hpw InkvXym\nIfmWv.
InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ 1000 ]pcp-j\v 1009 kvXoI-fp≠v. apkveo-߃°v936 Dw lnµp-°ƒ°v 931 Dw kvXoItf D≈q. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, ]Ø-\w-Xn´, tIm´bw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq¿ F∂o Pn√-I-fn¬ InkvXym-\n-I-fmWv IqSp-X¬.
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45
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44
Ipf-ß-fpsS \Sp-hn-em-bn-cp∂p, ]qPm-a-WvU]w. sX°p-h-i-Øv HmØp-im-ebpw AI-se-b-√msX hkXn-Ifpw ImW-s∏´p. Xfn-I°p-f-Øn¬X¿∏Ww \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-h-tcmSv sh≈w BIm-iØv \ndp-Øm≥ Ign-bptam F∂v «olm tNmZn-®sX. "X\n-°-Xn\p Ign-bp-s∂-¶n¬ R߃\ns‚ tZhs\ hWßmw" F∂m-bn- Ah¿. DS≥ At±lw Ipf-Øn-en-dßn sh≈w sh≈n-°-´-Iƒ t]mse BIm-iØp \ndpØn. A¤p-X-kvX-_v[-cmb At\-Iw t]¿ At∏mƒXs∂ am\-km-¥-c-s∏´p. Ahsc«olm AtX Ipf-Øn¬ \n∂v Xs∂ Pe-sa-SpØv kv\m\-s∏-SpØn.A∂pw XpS¿∂pw InkvXym-\n-I-fmbnØo¿∂ 23 a\-I-fn¬ s\Sp-ºp≈n,Xe°q¿, FS-∏p≈n, ap√-t»cn, aS-hq¿ F∂nh ]i-kvX- _m“W `h-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
\ΩpsS aqe-Ip-Spw-_-amb aS-hq¿ a\ ]q°p-f-Øns‚ hS-°p-`m-K-Øm-bn-cp∂p. ]me-bq¿ hnt√Pv cPn-Ã-dn¬ Cu ÿe-tØ-∏‰n ]cm-a¿i-ap-≈-XmWv. qcn-]£w IpSpw-_-ßfpw InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°v amdnbXn¬IpWvTn-X-s∏´ Nne C√-°m¿ 'C\n-bsØ Ipfn thtº-\m v' F∂p ]d™vAhnSw hn´p-t]mbn. Aßs\ sXt°m´v Xmakw am‰n-b-hsc 'sImt≠m-Sn-b-h¿' F∂p hnfn®p. Ah-cpsS im]-ta‰ ÿe-amWv 'im]-°mSv'AYhm 'Nmh-°mSv'. aXw amdmsX amdn Xma-kn® GI a\-°m-cn¬ \n∂p'Hcpa\-bq¿' D≠mbn. sImt≠m-Sn-b-h¿ thº\m-s´Øn Iq´-ambn Xma-kn® ÿew ']pXp-a-\-t»cn' Bbn. ]me-bq¿ ItaW Hcp ssIkvX-h-Kmaw Bbn-Øo¿∂p.
tIc-f-Øn-te-bv°p≈ Bcy∑m-cpsS IpSn-tb‰w InkvXp h¿j-Øn-\p aptº XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. tXmΩm-«olm FØp-tºmƒ Bcy∑m-cpsSkzm[o\w tIc-f-km-aqly Pnhn-X-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\vkwLkmln-Xy-Øn¬ sXfn-hp-Iƒ ImWmw. F∂m¬ Kth-j-I-cpsS]pXnb Xe-apd CXv AwKo-I-cn-bv°p-∂n-√.
ASn-th-cp-Iƒ tXSn-bp≈ \ΩpsS At\z-jWw Bcy _m“-W-\ntem BZnZmhn-U-\ntem A¥n-a-ambn Dd-∏n-°p-hm≥ \mw C\nbpw_lp-Zqcw apt∂-td-≠n-bn-c-n°p-∂p.
b-°m¿ XpS-ßnb hntZ-i-I-®-h-°mcpw D≠mbncp∂p. Ah¿°mIs´sImSp-ß-√q¿ s]cp-amƒ tImhn-e-IØv am\y-amb ÿm\hpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p.
InkvXp-h¿jØn\p apºv tIc-fhpw saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ ]tZ-i-ßfpwXΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hn]p-e-amb hmWn-Py-_-‘-ß-fpsS ]n≥_ew,tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS tIc-fm-K-a-\-sØ Dd∏m°p∂p. A.D. 68 ¬ sImSp-ß-√q¿ h∂n-d-ßnb Hcp Iq´w blqZ-∑m¿ ]c-ºcbmbn kq£n-®p-t]m-cp∂ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ A∂p sImSp-ß-√q¿ D≠mbn-cp∂ blq-Z-k-aql-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in°p∂p≠v.
am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-hn-izm-k-]-Imcw lm_m≥F∂ blq-Z-hym-]m-cn-tbm-sSm∏w I∏-en-d-ßnb tXmΩm-«olm bqZt°m-f-\n-bn¬ Xma-kn®p. AhnsS Iptd blqZ IpSpw-_-ßsf InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ tN¿Øp. sImSp-ß-√q¿ sIm´m-c-Ønse Ipam-cn-bpsS hnhm-l-hn-cp-∂n¬ ]s¶-SpØ At±lw A¤p-X-]-h¿Øn-Iƒ hgn ]e cmP-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ß-sfbpw am\-km-¥-c-s∏-SpØn. Ah-tcm-sSm∏w ]e DtZym-K-ÿcpw tkh-Icpw kXy-thZw kzoI-cn®p.
aX-hn-izmkw hy‡n-]-c-amb Hcp hnjbam-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\mepw, AXn\pbmsXmcp kmaq-ly-]-k-‡nbpw C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\mepw aXw amdp-∂XvA∂v Hcp km[mcW kwKXnbmbncp∂p.
]n∂o-Sv A-t±lw tNmf-cm-Py-tØ-°p-t]mbn. AhnsS Hcp h¿j-tØmfw t]jn-X-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ apgpIn. sImSp-ß-√qcn¬ Xncn-s®-Ønb At±lw thZ-Øn¬ tN¿∂-hsc hnfn-®p-Iq´n ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw kvt\l-ip-iqj \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah¿ Iq´p-tN¿∂ÿew ]m¿∞-\m-e-b-ambn amdn. Cf-apd cmPm-hns\bpw, hnizm-k-Xo-jvWX D≠m-bn-cp∂ Nne-tcbpw, ssIshbv]v \¬In A\p-K-ln®p.XpS¿∂v ]d-hq¿, ]≈n-∏pdw, \ncWw, \ne-bv°¬ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬ t]£n-X-the sNøp-Ibpw Iq´m-bva-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.]n∂oSmWv «olm ]me-bq¿ FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv.
]mepd, ]meqcv Fs∂ms° Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ ChnSw Bcy-∑m-cmbIpSn-tb-‰-°m-cpsS Hcp ]pWy-Xo¿∞ÿehpw, kmwkvIm-cnI tIµ-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. sImSp-ß-√q¿°v 40 ssa¬ amX-am-bn-cp∂p Zqcw. A[nIwAI-se-b-√m-Xp≈ sIm√w IqSn Ign-™m¬ ]ns∂ ]me-bq-cm-bn-cp∂p][m\ ]´Ww. sNtº¿Ipfw, ]q°pfw, Xfn-I-°pfw, HmØp-Ipfw F∂o
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47
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46
CXn-\nsS amWn-Iy-hm-N-I¿ Fs∂mcp a¥-hmZn Xan-gv\m- n¬ _p≤˛ssIkvXh aX-ßsf Aa¿Øn Bcy-a-XsØ hf¿Øm≥ ]pd-s∏´p.acWw b∂v Iptd-t∏¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ A`bw tXSn. Chn-sSbpw InkvXym-\n-Isf BI-an-°p-Ibpw H‰-s∏´p Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-hsc sIm√p-IbpwsNbvXp. \q‰n-A-dp-]-tXmfw ssIkvXh IpSpw-_-ßsf ''£ocw Z[n XYmNmPyw aqXw tKma-b-ta-hNm'' ip≤n sNbvXv Bcy-th-Z-Øn¬ tN¿Øp.B aX-`m-¥≥ sNbvX hnIn-b-Ifpw Db¿Ønb sh√p-hn-fnIf-pw Nn√-d-b√. sImSp-ß-√qcpw, ]me-bqcpw t]mepw Cu Iqc-Xbv°v Cc-bmbn.Ahn-SsØ ]pcm-X\ ssIkvX-h¿ t]mepw A¶-amen, ISp-Øp-cpØnXpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn-te°v ]mW-c-£m¿∞w ]em-b\w sNbvXp. CuIme-ØmWv \ΩpsS ]]n-Xm-a-l-∑m-cmb aS-hq¿ C√-°mcpw ]me-bq¿Dt]-£n®v sXt°m´v Xncn-®-Xv.
Im´p-ar-K-ß-sfbpw I≈-∑m-scbpw `b∂v As∂ms° bmXIS¬am¿§-am-bn-cp-∂t√m. c≠mw \q‰m-≠nse Hcp Ko°p-Ir-Xn-bn¬sImSp-ß-√q-cn\p sXm´p-sX-°mbn hnhcn-°p∂ Xpd-ap-J-߃ DZ-nbw-t]-cqcpw, sNºpw, ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bpw BWv. Cu sX°≥ NmephgnbmhWw\ΩpsS ]q¿∆nIcpw k©cn®Xv. hS-°≥]-d-hq¿, Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd,
tIm´bw, Nß-\m-t»cn, \ncWw, Aº-e-∏pg, ]pd-°mSv F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p]Sn-™m-d≥ XocsØ a‰p kt¶-X-߃. C∂sØ sIm®nbpw tN¿Ø-ebpw Be-∏p-gbpw A∂v Ad-_n-°S-ens‚ ASn-Ø-´n-em-bn-cp∂p.
]me-bq¿ ]≈n
Ic-bn¬ \n∂v IS-en¬ Imeq∂n \n∂n-cp∂ Hcp 'IS¬Øp-cpØv'Bbn-cp∂p A∂v ISp-Øp-cpØn. IS-∏p-dØv Ing-°p-]-Sn-™m-dmbn Xma-
A≤ymbw 4
ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn-te°v
P∑-tZiw hn´v A\y-\mSpIfn¬ IpSn-tb-dp-hm≥ s]mXpsh
]e¿°pw CjvS-a√. F∂m¬ IqSp-X¬ ÿew ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw,
kmº-Øn-I-t\-´-߃°p-ambn Bfp-Iƒ IpSn-am-dm-dp-ap≠v. `qIºw,
bp≤w, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ apX-em-bh a\p-jysc \n¿_-‘n®p ÿewam‰p∂p. F∂m¬ aX-]o-V\w aqew \mSp-I-S-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂-hcpw D≠v.\ΩpsS ]]n-Xm-a-l≥ Aßs\ aq∂mw iX-I-Øn-setßm ]me-bq¿hn´v ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ FØn-t®-¿∂ncp-∂p.
']mepd F∂ ÿew blq-Z-cp-sSbpw InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw sFXn-ly-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]gb Kma-w B-Ip∂p. sImSp-ß-√q¿, ]mepd, tImewCh InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Dd® ]´-W-ß-fmWv" F∂v F.Un. 77 ¬ tIcfwkµ¿in® πo\n FgpXn.* F∂m¬ c≠mw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏mƒ Chn-SsØBflo-b-t\-XrXzw A\yw \n∂p. ssIkvX-h-Iq- m-bva-Iƒ A\m-Y-ambn.Ip™p߃°v amtΩm-Zokm \¬Im-\mbn aq∂p sIm√-Øn-sem-cn-°¬Hcp sshZn-Is\ kndn-b-bn¬ \n∂p sIm≠p hcn-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.kam[m\]nb-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ ssP\cpw _u≤cpw £bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p.Zp¿∫-e-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ s]cp-am-°-∑m-cpsS `c-W-Øn¬ Bcy-∑m¿ IqSp-X¬ kzm[o\w t\Sn. kly-\-∏p-dØp \n∂pw IqSp-X¬ Bcy-Pm-X¿ IpSn-tb-dn-s°m-≠p-an-cp∂p. kwL-Sn-X-i-‡ntbm, i‡-amb t\Xr-Xztam C√m-Xn-cp∂ \km-Wn-Iƒ°pw CXv h≥ `oj-Wn-bmbn.
*(Pn.-‰n.-sa-°≥kn)
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49
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48
A≤ymbw 5
\mep-ho-S¿
]ucm-Wn-I-Xzhpw ]i-kvXnbpw GsXmcp IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw
BZysØ BK-l-amWv. Fgp-Xnbpw ]d™pw Ah kz¥-am-°m-\p≈iaw F°m-eØpw D≠m-bn-´p≠v. Chn-SsØ ssIkvX-h-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ XmbvXSn Xß-fm-sW∂p hsc Nne IpSpw-_-߃ s]m≈bmbnAh-Im-i-s∏Sp∂p≠v. hnizm-k-ss]-XrIw, sshZnI-]m-c-ºcyw t]jn-X-]-h¿Ø\w, tZhm-e-b-\n¿ΩmWw F∂nh sIm≠v tIcf \kmWn kaq-l-Øn\p DuSpw ]mhpw s\bvX \mep IpSpw_ßfn¬ H∂mWv sNº-c-Øn-bpsS s]‰-Ω-bmb ISp-Øp-cpØn IS-hn¬ IpSpw_w.
[o£-W im-en-bmb Hcp Cutimk`m sshZn-I-\m-bn-cp∂p tam¨.
^m≥kokv tdmkv. tIc-f-Ønse t]sc-SpØ \kmWn IpSpw-_-ß-fnseIp´n-Iƒ amXw ]Tn-®n-cp∂ tNµ-aw-Kew ssh∏n≥tIm´ skan-\m-cn-bpsSsdIvS-dm-bn-cp∂p Ct±lw. Chn-SsØ kpdn-bm-\n-∏-≈n-I-sfbpw \kmWn-I-sfbpw ]‰n \√ Ah-Km-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ^m. tdmkmbncp∂p DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\l-tZm-kns‚ kqX[mc≥. sat\-knkv saXm≥ kq\-l-tZm-kns‚ Ah-km\w Xs∂ Ct±-l-Øn\v saXm≥ ]´w \¬In. XpS¿∂vAt±lw A¶-amen saXm\mbn. 1624 ¬ acn-°p-tºmƒ _nj∏v tdmkvsImSp-ß-√q¿ AXn-cq-]-X-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eoØ-bm-bn-cp∂p.
kn-®n-cp-∂-h-cpsS ][m\ sXmgn¬ I®-h-S-am-bn-cp∂p. Ae-am-e-Ifn¬\n∂-I∂v henb sI´p-h-≈-߃ ae-©-c-°p-Iƒ Ib-‰m≥ IS-hn¬ImØp-In-S-∂n-cp∂p. I\-I-a-Wn-Iƒ hnf-bp∂ ImSp-I-fn-se-Øm≥ AhnsS\n∂pw ImX-߃ t]mtI-≠n-bn-cp-∂n√. C∂sØ Ce-bv°mSpw Ipd-hn-e-ßmSpw A∂v h≥ hr£-ßfpw Iqc-ar-K-ßfpw \nd™ \n_nV-h-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p.
C∂v sXt°-SØv \mb¿ Xd-hm-Sn-t\mSv sXm´p hS°p ImWp∂Ip∂m-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ XpcpØv. Ct∏mƒ Np‰pw ImWp∂ \ne-߃Ipgn-®m¬ Nn∏nbpw Ncepw In´pw. H∂mw tNc-`-c-W-Im-eØpw ISp-Øp-cpØn Hcp henb hym]m-c-tI-µ-am-bn-cp∂p. [mcmfw ]WvU-I-im-e-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ChnsS \n∂v a[p-cbv°pw t_mUn-\m-bbv°∂q-cn\pwhoXn-tb-dnb ]mX-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Xe-®p-a-Smbn km[-\-߃ ]m≠n-bn-te°pw Xncn®pw sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp∂p. DÆn-\oen ktµ-i-Øn¬ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-sb 'hS-°p-tZ-isØ a[pc' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. \memw iX-I-Øn¬ tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ Iv\mbn-tXm-Ωmbv°v \¬Inb sNt∏-SnseHcp km£n 'IS-t¥-\n' -bnse ]mtZ-in-I -`-c-Wm-[n-Imcn hnI-a≥ Nnß-\m-bn-cp∂p. CXn¬ \ns∂√mw tNc-tZ-iØv Nnß\pw ISp-Øp-cp-Ønbv°pw D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]mamWyw Dulnbv°mw. NnßamkhpwsNß∂qcpw Cu Nnßs‚ km£nIƒ.
h\-hn- -h-߃ hmßm-\p≈ km[yX, Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bv°p≈ kuIcyw,
`c-W-tI-µ-Øns‚ Bÿm\w, F∂o kuI-cy-߃ I≠n-´m-hWw aS-hq¿ a\-bv°se aq∏o∂v ISp-Øp-cpØn IS-hn¬ Xs∂ tXmWn D-d-∏n-®Xv.
Kma-]m-¥-ß-fnse ]tXyIw t]cn-√mØ Im´p-]-tZ-i-ß-fnte°vIrjn e£y-am°n IpSn-tb-dp-∂-h¿°v AhnsS Xß-fpsS kz¥w IpSpw-_ \maw \ne-\n-dp-Øm≥ Ignbpw. Nne-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS ho´p-t]cv ÿe-t∏-cmbn amdn-sb∂pw hcpw. Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sn\v ASpØ 'Imfn-bm-¶¬'
Aßs\bmWv. F∂m¬ ISp-Øp-cpØn IShv (Xpd-apJw) t]mse A\y-\m-Sp-I-fn¬t∏mepw Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ Hcp ÿeØp Xma-kn-°p-tºmƒt\sc Xncn-®mWv kw`hn-°pI. B ÿe-t∏¿ ho´p-t]-cmbn amdpIbpw,]gb IpSpw-_-\maw A]-k-‡-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ISp-Øp-cpØnbnepw CXm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
]me-bq-cnse aS-hq¿ a\ Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnse IS-hn¬ AYhm IS-hØv F∂-dn-b-s∏´p. B IS-hn¬ \n∂p ]Sn-bn-d-ßm-\m-bn-cp∂p sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ \ntbmKw.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
51
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
50
a-tZ-hm-ebw. 10-mw iX-I-Øn¬ hS-°pw-Iq¿ hmWn-cp∂ im¿±mhv ]≈n
\in-∏n®p If™p. Xs‚ aI-fpsS hnhm-l-Øn\p ho™v hnf-ºm≥
'Imkm' sImSp-Ø-b-bv°-W-sa∂ Iev]\ IS-hn¬ IØ-\m¿ \nc-kn-®-
Xm-bn-cp∂p ImcWw.
sh´p-I-√n¬ \n¿Ωn® c≠m-asØ ]≈n°v hmZy-∏p-cbpw ]qap-J-∏p-
cbpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-bnse I_-dn-S-ß-fn¬ Icn-¶-√n¬ ImWp∂
en]n-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn-t‚-Xm-sW∂p
ImWmw. ''a‰-hq¿ a\-°¬ Gen- C-f-b®n'' F∂v \m\wtam\w en]n-bn¬
Fgp-Xnb Hcp kvamcI ine-bp-ap -≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1456 ¬ ]WnX
aq∂masØ tZhm-ebw hn]p-eo-I-cn-®-XmWv C∂sØ ]≈n. 9-mw iX-I-
Øn¬ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂ Iv\m\m-b-cp-ambn D≠mb
X¿°sØ XpS¿∂v am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ kao-]-ap≈ Ip∂n¬
thsd ]≈n ]WnXp. lnµp-°-fpsS ]cmXnsbØp-S¿∂v ISp-Øp-cpØn
alm-tZ-h¿ t£X-Øn-t\m-sSm∏w Db-c-Øn-en-cp∂ ]≈n s]mfn-®p-am-‰m≥
cmP-I-ev]-\-bmbn. Aßs\ Xmsg-]-WnX 'Xmg-sØ-∏≈n'bmWv Ct∏mƒ
hS-°pw-`m-K¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. sNdn-b-]≈n \n¿Ωn® amem\ Gen-
bmΩ IS-hn¬ Xd-hm-´n-se-bm-sW∂v* hn.kn. tPm¿÷v ]kvXm-hn-°p-
∂p≠v.‘‘ sat\-kokv saXm-t∏m-eoØm ISp-Øp-cpØn hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬
sN∂msd P\-ßsf kXy-hn-izmkw Kln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p C´n-a-mØphpwC´n-am-Wnbpw F∂ c≠p Krl-ÿ-∑m¿ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbmSp tN¿∂vhfsc klm-bn®p. ta¬sNm-√nb ISp-Øp-cpØn CS-h-I-°mcpw C´n-am-Øphpw C´n-am-Wnbpw apJm-¥ncw cmPio (cm⁄n) A\p-Iq-e-am-Ip-IbpwsNbvXp’’ .**
ISp-Øp-cpØn Aßm-Snbn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ IS-hn¬ C´n-am-WnbpwC´namØphpw ]m≠n-\m-Sp-ambn I®-hSw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-h-cmWv. ]m≠n°v]pd-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p apºv cm⁄nsb apJw ImWn-®n-cn-bv°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p hyhÿ. IS-hnse Cu I®-h-S-]- p-°-∑m-cpsS hnizmk XojvWXH∂p-sIm≠p amX-amWv ISp-Øp-cpØn ]≈n ioiva-bn¬ s]Sm-Xn-cp-∂Xv.
Bflo-b-tk-h-\-Ønepw A∂sØ AK-K-Wy-cm-bn-cp∂p IS-hn¬IpSpw_w. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn CS-ap-dn-bmsX Cu IpSpw-_-Øn¬ sshZn-I-
* hn.-kn.-tPm¿Pv Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈nbpw tIcf \km-Wn-I-fpw** Xncp-k`m Ncn-Xw 97, 98
Aßs\ tIcf \km-Wn-I-sf-∏‰n hn]p-e-amb Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂B¿®v _nj∏v ^m≥kokv tdmkv At±-l-Øns‚ KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv t\m°pI.
''Iv\mbn sXmΩ≥ hcp-∂-Xn\p apºv ae-_m¿ apgp-h≥ ]kn-≤-amb\mep-Ip-Spw-_-߃ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah tIm´q¿, IS-hn¬, HmWm¥p-cpØv,\cn-a‰w F∂n-h-bmWv. CsX-gp-Xp∂ Ah-k-c-Ønepw (1604) Cu IpSpw-_-°m¿ ]_-e-cmWv. Ch¿ InkvXp-a-XØn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvX-h¿°p klmbw sNbvXp sImSp-°p-∂p-ap≠v.''* IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃A∂sØ kpdn-bm\n tcJ-I-fn¬ Ds≠∂p XpS¿∂v At±lw ]d-bp∂pap≠v.
Iv\mbn sXmΩ\pw Iq´cpw ChnsS hcp-∂Xv F.Un. 345 ¬ BWv.'AXn\p apºp' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v 2-mw \q‰m≠v BZyw apX-¬F¶nepw Bbn-cn-°Ww. Aßs\sb¶n¬, taev]-d™ '\mep-ho-S¿'
A°mew apX¬ ]_-ecpw ]i-kvX-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. ssIkvX-h- aX-Øn¬tNcp∂-h¿°v Zo¿L-Imew Ch¿ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI klm-b-߃\¬In-bn-cp∂p.** kpZo¿L-amb ]Xn-\mdv -\q-‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw t]jn-X-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ hgn k`bv°v t\Xr-Xzhpw Xmßpw XWepw \¬Inae-_m¿ apgp-h≥ ]kn-≤-amb tIm´q¿, IS-hn¬, HmWm¥p-cp-Øv, \cn-a‰w F∂o \mep-ho-´p-Im-cmWv Chn-SpsØ kpdn-bm\n kaq-l-Øns‚XmbvX-Sn.
"ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnse hen-b-]≈n F.Un. 4-mw iX-I-Ønepw sNdn-
b-]≈n F.Un. 12-mw iXI-Ønepw ÿm]n-X-ambn. [mcmfw sshZn-I-cp-
≠m-bn-cp∂ IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_-°m-cmWv apJy-]¶v hln-®Xv'' F∂p
ImWp∂p. Hcp lnµp-hn\p tZhm-cm-[\ hy‡n-]-c-amb Hcp Imcy-am-bn-
cns° Hcp \km-Wn°v ]≈n Abm-fpsS A¥-kns‚bpw A`n-am-\-
Øn-s‚bpw AS-bm-f-am-bn-cp∂p. ]m›m-Xy-tZ-iß-fn¬ ]≈n-]Wn XpS-
ßnb \memw iX-I-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv ISp-Øp-cpØnbn¬ ]≈n ]Wn-
bn°-s∏- Xpw. hntZ-i-In-kvXym-\-In-fmb I®-h-S-°m-cp-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂
hym]m-c-_-‘hpw, IS-hnse Xma-khpw, \mSp-hm-gn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂
kzm[o-\hpw ]≈n \n¿ΩmWw kpK-a-am°n. ]≈n-bpsS hS°pw ]Sn-
™mdpw A∂v IS-em-bn-cp∂p.
]q¿Æ-ambpw XSn-sIm≠v NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]Wn-X-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]Y-
* F.-Fw.-ap-≠m-S≥ : lnÃdn Hm^v InÃym-\n‰n C≥ C¥y.-t]Pv 73** sk‚ v tXmakv InkvXy≥ F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
53
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
52
ta¬ ]kvXm-hn® 48-ma\pw tijw c≠p sshZn-I¿ IqSn IS-hn¬D≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw 50-masØ sshZn-I≥ GXm\pw h¿j-߃°vapºmWv Nc-a-w ]m]n-®-sX∂pw Adn-bp∂p.
Aßs\ kz¥hpw A\y-hp-amb thZn-I-fn¬ A\p-]a-amb]h¿Ø\ ]mc-ºcyw sIm≠v biv ]c-Ønb H∂mWv IS-hn¬IpSpw_w. Cu aqe-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ \n∂pw Xe-ap-d-X-e-ap-d-bmbn At\IwIpSpw-_-߃ temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ mK-ß-fn¬, hnhn[ k`-I-fn¬s∏´vkz¥-sa-∂-dn-bmsX Ign-bp∂p. sNº-cØn amWn amWn IØ-\m¿]mem°p-∂Øv F_m-lw-a-ev]m≥, s]cp-ºn≈n Xncp-ta\n, am¿tØmΩmsaXm-t∏m-eoØm tUm. tPmk^v am¿- sF-td-\n-bkv Xncp-ta\nXpSßnbh¿ Cu irwJ-e-bnse IÆn-I-fsX.
bp≤w, h¿§o-b-]o-V\w, kmº-Øn-I-amµyw XpS-ßnb Imc-W-ß-fm¬]e IpSpw-_-ßfpw ISp-Øp-cpØn hn´p-t]m-bn-´p≠v. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv, Ce-bv°mSv, Im´m-ºm°v Ch henb Im´p-]-tZ-i-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. I®-hSw ]cm-P-b-s∏- -Xp-aqew aÆn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂-h¿ Atßm vIpSn-tbdn. I∂n-a-Æn¬ ITn-\m-≤zm\w sNbvXpw Im´p-ar-K-ßsf t\cn´pwapt∂-dnb Ch-cpsS kw`m-h-\-bmWv ]pcm-X-\-amb Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sp-]≈n.Ipd-hn-e-ßm-´p≈ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ \n∂p IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø-h-cm-sW∂v m. _¿\m¿Uv hnh-cn-°p∂p. ]n.sI. tPm¨ s]mSn-a‰w ]d-bp-∂Xv “ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnepw [mcmfw InkvXym\n-Iƒ h∂p]m¿Øn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS Adn-thmSpw Btem-N-\-tbmSpw IqSn Bbn-cp-∂n-cnbv°mw ]I-tem-a-‰w, ]≈n-ho- n¬, I≈n, Imfn-bm-¶¬ (\men-√-°m¿)
Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sns\ e£y-am°n ]pd-s∏-´Xpw" * F∂mWv.ImSpw, Im´p-ar-K-ßfpw, Im´p-I-≈-∑mcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn\m¬ Ic-
bn¬Iq-Sn-bp≈ bmX Akm-≤y-am-bn-cp∂ ImeØv Imb¬hgn ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn-seØn Ahn-SsØ InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS ImSp-sh´n Irjn sNøm≥ ae Ib-dn-b-hcpw ]Ir-Xn-bnse sRcp-°-ßsfAXn-Po-hn-°m≥ Ign™hcpamb Ipdhneßms´ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ Nne-XmWv I≈n, Imfn-bm-¶¬ XpS-ßn-b-h.
* ]n.-sI.-tPm¨ : tIcf kpdn-bm\n k`m Ncn-X-kw-Klw P- 200
cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. k` sh√p-hn-fnsb t\cn- -t∏m-sgms° kºØpw kzm[o-\hpw sNep-Øn-b-hcpw ]Ya tZio-b-sa-Xm-s\∂ atlm-∂X-]-Zhn Ffn-a -tbmsS Dt]-£n® tijvT -ssh-Zn -I\pw CXn¬s∏-Sp∂p .
k`mNcnXØn¬ Cßs\ ImWp∂p:˛"ISp-Øp-cp-Øn- I-S-hn¬ IpSpw_w hfsc ]pcm-X-\-am-bXpw Ncn-X-
]-kn-≤n-bm¿÷n-®Xpw sshZo-I-hw-im-h-en-tbmSv IqSn-b-Xp-am-Ip∂p...."\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ][m\ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fn-sem-∂mWv IS-hn¬ IpSpw_w. A©p kwh-’-c-߃°v apºv Ncaw]m]n® IS-hn¬ AK-kvXo-t\mkv B IpSpw-_-Ønse 48-mw asØsshZn-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnse Hcp t]Xm-e-b-Øn\p apI-fnseI√n¬ ".... sIm√-h¿jw 766 ao\w 22 RmbdmgvN IS-hn¬ amWn-amØpIØ-\m¿ \√ hgn tN¿∂p". Fs∂-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ IØ-\m-cpsS tKmX-P-\mb Hcp sshZn-I≥ 323 kwh-’-c-߃°papºv Pohn-®n-cp∂p F∂pw 1591 ¬ At±lw IYm-h-ti-j-\mbn F∂pwa\-n-em°mw. Cßs\ A\¿§-f-amb sshZn-I-]m-c-º-cy-tØm-Sp-IqSnbB IpSpw-_-Ønse ]´-°m-cpsS Xe-apd IW-°m-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬BZysØ BNm-cy≥ ]≈n ÿm]n-X-amb NXp-c¿≤ iXm-_vZ-ØntemAXn-t\mSv G‰hpw kao-]n® iX-I-Øntem Pohn-®n-cp∂p F∂v ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv".*
ISp-Øp-cpØn Xmg-Øp-]≈n knan-tØ-cn-bnse
Gen-˛-C-f-bn®n IS-hn-ens‚ kvamc-I-in-ebpw a‰pw
* ^m.-s_¿WmUv; am¿tØmΩ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ P-305
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
55
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
54
CXn-\nsS Chn-sS-sb-Ønb I¿Ω-eo-Øm-ssh-Zn-I≥ tPmk v sk_-Ãym\n, Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ]mXn-cn-bpsS kºq¿Æ-k-l-I-c-W-tØmsS ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in®p. Ccp-]-Øt©mfw ]≈n-Ifpw \qdp IW-°n-\m-fp-IfpwXXv^-e-ambn ioivasb shSn™p. IS-hn¬ IØ-\m-cpsS P\-kzm-[o-\hpw ]kw-K-]m-Shpw sk_m-Ãym-\nsb A¤p-X-s∏-SpØn. At±lw
]d-™-Xmbn hcm -∏pg saXm≥am¿keo\n FgpXn "]pd-°m´p cmPmhvFs∂ ImWp-hm≥ Xmev]cyw ]I-Sn-∏n®p. Rm≥ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn kwkm-cn-®n-cns° At±lw IS-hn¬ IØ-\m-cpsS kw`m-j-W-Nm-Xp-cn-bn¬ hfsckw]o-X-\mbn Ccn-°p-∂-Xmbn Fs∂Adn-bn®p. ae-¶-c-bnse G‰hpw ]i-kvX\pw G‰hpw ]WvVn-X-\p-amb ]mXn-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±lw. At±-l-Øns‚]kw-K-߃ kZv^ew ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-Ibpw F√m \√-bm-fp-Ifpw At±-lsØ kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp." *
Hcp _lp- mjm ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p At±lw. Ct±-l-Øns‚ KoX-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw Ct∏mgpw kpdn-bm-\n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. Ncn-X-kw-_-‘-amb ]e IrXn-Ifpw, aX-XXz-ß-sf-∏‰n ]e `mj-I-fn¬ teJ-\-ßfpw At±lw cNn-®n-cp-∂p.
1658 ¬ tPmk v sk_m-kvXym-\n-hiw kpdn-bm-\n-Iƒ Hcp teJ\wXøm-dm°n am¿∏m-∏bv°v sImSp-Ø-b®p. "ae-¶-c-bnse kIe Ipg-∏-ßfpw, k`bv°v kw -hn® \mi-ßfpw tIcf InkvXo-b-cmb Xß-fpsSBh-em-Xn°pw, l¿÷n-bp-sSbpw \ymb-kz- mhw IΩo-j-W¿ Xncp-a-\vAdn-bn-°p-sa∂pw hn. Ip¿∫m-\-sb-∏‰n kzbw cNn® Hcp sNdp-KŸwXncp-a-\-n-te°v ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ab-bv°p-∂p-sh∂pw AXn¬hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p".**
XncnsI tIc-f-Øn-seØn saXm-\mbn ÿm\-ta-s‰-¶nepw t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿°v cmjvSo-bm-[n-Imcw \jvS-am-b-Xn-\m¬ am¿ sk_kvXym-\n°v DS≥ \mSp-hn-tS≠n h∂p. \mep Znh-k-߃°Iw \mSp-hn-Sm-\m-bn-cp∂p U®p-K-h¿Æ-dpsS DØ-chv. DS≥ Xs∂ F√m ]≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂v
* kpdn-bm-\n-I-fpsS NcnXw : P-173** _¿Wm¿Uv : am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ P-306
]dºn¬ Nm≠n saXm≥
A≤ymbw 6
IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°Ø-\m¿
IS-hn¬ sshZnI-]-c-º-c-bnse G‰hpw t]mPz-e-\mb Hcp sshZn-
I-\m-bn-cp∂p Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ IØ-\m¿. \n¿Æm-b-I-amb Ncn-X-k-µ¿`-ß-fn¬ ZrV-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-SpØv k`sb ]K-¤-ambn \bn® CutijvT-ssh-Zn-Is‚ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ tIc-f-k- m-N-cn-X-Ønse Xnf-ßp∂Hcp A≤ym-b-amWv.
kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c-\mb tXmΩm B¿®v Uo°\pw eØn≥ saXm-t∏m-eoØ Km¿jybpw XΩn¬ `c-W-]-c-amb X¿°w \ne-\n-ev°p-tºm-gmWvAl-Øp≈ saXm≥ ssaem-∏q¿ FØp-∂Xv. At±-lsØ \mSp-I-S-Ønb\S-]-Sn-bn¬ tIm]m-Ip-e-cmb hnizm-kn-Iƒ 1653 ¬ eØo≥ `c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc a´m-t©-cn-bn¬ kXywsNbvXv henbioiva°v XpS-°-an- p. Xma-kn-bmsX B¿®p-Uo-°s\ tXmΩm H∂m-a≥ F∂ t]cn¬ saXm-\m°n.ÿm\m-tcm-l-W- I¿Ω߃°n-S-bn¬ saXms\ apSn [cn-∏n-®Xpw ]n∂oSvAt±-l-Øns‚ ][m\ D]-tZ-inbmbXpw IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p. "apSn-hn\p apSn h® Nm≠n°-Ø-\m-sc∂v" * Ct±-lsØ Ifn-bm-°n-bn-cp∂p. ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p as‰mcp Btem-N-\-°m-c≥. GXm-bmepw B™n-en-aq- n¬ C´n-sØm-Ω≥ IØ-\m-cpsS X´n∏pa\-n-em-°nb DS≥ Xs∂ "]c-am¿∞-_p-≤n-I-fmb Ccp-hcpw ioivaDt]-£n-°p-Ibpw Km¿jy-sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]°-te°v Xncn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp". **
* sNdp-t»cn : ISp-Øp-cpØn ]≈n P-92** sI.-Cu.-tPm_v : tIc-aXw P-71
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
57
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
56
°-Ø-\m¿ ho≠pw At]-£n®p. timI-aq-I-\mb sk_-kvXym\n saXm-`n-tjIw am‰n-h-bv°p-∂-Xmbn ]Jym-]n®p. CXn¬ F√m-hcpw ZpxJn-X-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Xma-kn-bmsX saXm- n-tjIw am‰n-h-bv-t°-≠-Xn-s√∂pw]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m¿ hfsc tbmKy-\mb Hcm-fmsW∂pw At±-lsØ saXm-\m-°p∂ ]£w Xs‚ apgp-h≥ _p≤nbpw D]-tbm-Kn®vAt±-lsØ tkhn-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂pw IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-b-®≥ hn\-b-]q¿∆w hmKvZm\w sNbvXp.
_nj∏v sk_-Ãym\n ]Xn-k-‘n-bn-embn. ]mtZm t]mtfm Cßs\hnh-cn-°p∂p.
"Bishop Chandy Palliveettil was not noted for his learning but he was a
goodman. Anti archdecon party opposed for they argued that, the new pastor
being dark would not be respected by the Rajas. Infact he would not claim
previlege of sitting before them. Further, the carsanars and the people would not
venerate him on account of his ignorance and the lack of experience". *Ah-km\w IS-hn¬ Nm≠n°-Ø-\m¿ saXm-\m-hp-I-bn-s√∂v Dd-
∏m-b-t∏mƒ ]≈n-ho-´n¬ Nm≠n°-Ø-\m-cpsS saXm≥ ÿm\wk`bv°pw kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw ^e-]-Zhpw ip`-Zm-b-I-hp-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬IS-hn¬ A®s‚ D]-tZ-ihpw kl-I-c-Whpw Dd-∏m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v_nj∏v ]kvXm-hn®p. DS≥ "Xs‚ i‡nbpw _p≤nbpw D]-tbm-Kn®vNm≠n saXms\ kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw tkhn-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈m-sa∂v At±lw ho≠pw hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. as‰mcp t]mwh-gnbpwCs√∂p I≠-t∏mƒ ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-b-®s\ saXm-\mbn \n›-bn®hnhcw sk_-kvXym\n hnfw_cw sNbvXp. BZyw At±lw AXp \nc-kn-s®-¶nepw ]n∂oSv Aip-I-W-߃ s]mgn®p sIm≠v Xs‚ Ipº-km-c-°m-c-\mb IS-hn¬ Nm-≠n-b-®s‚ apºn¬ sN∂v ]Wmaw sNbvXp.At±lw k`m-`-c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw \nb-¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂v hmKvZm\w sNømsX Xm≥ saXm≥ ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°p-I-bn-s√∂p Zb-\o-bamw hÆw ]kvXm-hn®p. at‰ IØ-\m¿ ta¬]-Imcw hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. Nm≠n-°Ø-\m-c-∑m-cn-cp-hcpw ]c-kv]cw Bt«-jn® ImgvN AhnsS k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂-h-cpsS Aip-[m-c°v Ah-kcw \¬IpI Xs∂ sNbvXp."**
"At±-l-sØ-°mƒ _p≤n-am\pw k¿∆-k-Ω-X-\p-amb thsdmcpsshZn-I≥ Xmg-Øp-]≈n CS-hI IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p.F∂m¬ At±lw apt∂m´v h∂v acWw hsc At±-lsØ klm-bn-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂v ]c-ky-ambn hmKvZm\w sNbvXp". ***
* Feroli : P-60) ** hn.-kn.-tPm¿÷v : Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n P- 205, 206*** sNdp-t»cn : ISp-Øp-cpØn ]≈n P- 95
hnIm-cn-amcpw ] -°mcpw siΩm-i-∑mcpw CS-h-I-bnse ][m-\n-amcpw ISp-Øp-cpØn ]≈n-bn¬ IqSp-hm≥ Iev]\ Ab®p. ka¿∞-\mb am¿sk_kvXym\n Xm≥ \mSp-hn-tS≠ kml-N-cyhpw Hcp Xt±-i-sa-Xms\hmgn-bv°m≥ X\n°v ]m∏m X∂ A[n-Im-c-sØ-bpw -]‰n ]d-™-tijwCS-b≥ ÿm\-tØ°v Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp-hm≥ G‰hpw tbmKy-\mb hy‡nBsc∂v cl-ky-ambn Xs∂ Adn-bn-°-W-sa∂pw \n¿t±-in®p.
ISpØpcpØn]≈n `nØnbnse inem^eIw
A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX "IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø\msc Xs‚ kvt\l-`m-P-\-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp siΩm-i-t\m-Sp-IqSn sk_-kvXym\n saXm≥ Xs‚apºmsI hnfn-∏n®v, Hcp GX-t±-iob kpdn-bm\n sshZn-Is\ saXm-\mbn hmgn-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®n´p-s≠∂pw B ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ k∂-≤-\mtWm F∂v tNmZn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]kvXpX Nm≠nIØ-\m¿ ]gbIq¿ hn`m-K-Øns‚ A`n-hr-≤n-bv°mbn AXy-≤zm\wsNbvX Hcp alm-i-b\pw kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-fpsS samØ-Øn-ep≈ ‡ym-Z-c-]m-X-hp-am-bn-cp∂p". *
kpdn-bm\n k`°v Hcp kztZin saXm≥ AXym-h-iy-am-sW∂pwXm≥ AXn\p AtbmKy-\m-sW∂pw Nm≠n-I-Ø-\m¿ Ffn-a-tbm-Sp-IqSnadp-]Sn \¬In. F∂m¬ saXm≥ ]Zhn kzoI-cn-°m≥ _nj∏v sk_-kvXym\n ho≠pw At±-lsØ \n¿_-‘n®p. ]pØ≥Iq¿˛]g-b-Iq¿ ]p\-ssc-Iy-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ XpS-cp-hm≥ Xs‚ Btcm-Ky-ÿnXn kΩ-Xn-bv°n-s√∂pw, hb-mb Xs∂ saXm-\m-°pI hgn am¿∏m-∏°v _p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-Ip-sa∂pw, henb ]W-s®-e-hp-Iƒ Xmßp-hm≥ X\n°v ]bm-k-ap-s≠∂pw At±lw t_m[n-∏n®p. F∂m¬ CsXm∂pw Xs‚ Xocp-am-\sØam‰m≥ Imc-W-a-s√∂pw Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m¿ Xs∂ ÿm\-ta-evI-W-sa∂pwsk_-kvXym\n Iev]n®p. Xs‚ A`y¿∞\ ho≠pw Ah-K-Wn-bv°p-∂Xp I≠-t∏mƒ _mjv]-[m-c-tbm-Sp-IqSn Xs∂ Hgn-hm-°-W-sa∂v Nm≠n-
* sNdp-t»cn : ISp-Øp-cpØn hen-b-]-≈n
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
59
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
58
]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n saXm≥ im¥\pw Zm\-io-e\pw kZvKp-W-k-º-∂\pw acnb `‡-\p-amb Hcp ]cn-ip≤Pohn- B-bn-cp∂p. saXm-\mbtijhpw At±lw Ipº-km-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°Ø-\m-cpsSASp-Øm-bn-cp∂p. I-S-hn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m-cm-Is´ Hcp _p≤n-Po-hnbpw]WvUn-X\pw hnth-Inbpw hm‹nbpw AN-©-e-\mb Hcp ssZh-`-‡-\p-am-bn-cp∂p. Ign-hn¬ hyXykvX-sc-¶nepw, t]cp-t]mse c≠p-t]cpw Ffn-a-bpsS \nd-Ip-S-ßfm-bn-cp∂p. 17-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Hcp saXm≥ ÿm\w,
AXpw tIc-f-k-`-bnse ]Ya \m´p-sa-Xm≥ ]Zhn kt¥m-j-tØmsS\nc-kn-°m\pw, ZpxJ-tØmsS kzoI-cn-°m\pw Ch¿°-√msX B¿°pIgnbpw! ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-b-®≥ Hcp ioXf Nµ-\m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-b-®≥ Hcp Dujvaf kqcy-\m-bn-cp∂p.
1857 ¬ IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°Ø\m¿ kz¿§-]m-]vX-\mbn.
Iq\≥ Ipcn-ip-k-XysØ XpS¿∂v ]iv\-ß-fpsS Xo®q-f-bmbn amdn-bn-cp∂ tIc-f-k-`sb ]pXnb saXm≥ Fßs\ \bn-°p-sa∂v sk_-kvXym-\n°v Bi-¶-bmbn. At±lw BZyw sNbvXXv IS-hn¬Nm≠nsaXms\ hnIm-cn-P-\-d¬ Bbn \nb-an-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.
"To make the position of Chandy (Parambil) more secure, Fr. Guessppa gave
him as Vicar General, the 75 years old Alexander Cadavil who was very learned in
Cyric and Commanded a considerable following in serra". *]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-b-®s\ saXm-\m-°n-bm¬ At±lw Xs‚ _‘-
Øn¬s∏´ ]pØ≥Iq-dnse tXmΩm A¿°m-Zn-bm-t°m-\p-ambn tbmPn-°ptam F∂m-bn-cp∂p sk_-kvXym-\n-bpsS ASpØ `bw. AXn-\m¬saXm-`n-tjIw Ign™ DSs\ Xs∂ tXmΩm A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-t\bpwC´n-sØm-Ω≥ IØ-\m-scbpw sk_-kvXym\n saXm≥ al-tdm≥ sNm√n.IqSmsX hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-hn\p ]pXnb saXms\ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-s\-Xnsc klmbw Dd-∏m-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-߃ ]eXpw A\y-am-bn-cp∂ Nm≠n-sa-Xms\]e-I¿Ω-ß-fnepw kl-Im¿Ωn-I-\mbn ]cn-io-en-∏n®p. ]pXnb sshZn-I-scsIm≠v Nm≠n saXms\ A\p-k-cn-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂v ]c-ky-ambn kXy-]-Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-∏n®p. ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ c≠p-Zn-hkw IqsS Xma-kn-∏n®vcq]Xm c-W-co-Xn-Iƒ ]d™p sImSp-Øp. tdma≥ s]m¥n- n-°¬ I¿Ω-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw ]Tn-∏n®p. s]m¥n-^n-°¬ \n_-‘-\Iƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn-em°n \¬Im≥ IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-b-®s\ Xs∂ Gev]n®p. kpk-Ω-X-cmb A©p ]´-°msc D]-tZ-i-I-cm°n.
Nm≠n-sa-Xms\ ap´p-Nnd ]≈n-bn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn c-W-Iaw a\-n-em°n sImSpØp. aX I¿Ω-߃°m-h-iy-amb Xncp-h-kvX-߃ At±-l-Øn\p kw`m-h\ \¬In. sIm®n-bnse U®p-K-h¿Æ¿°pw a‰p knhn¬A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw Nm≠n-sa-Xms\ ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn. ]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fpsSD]-Z-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kwc-£Ww \¬I-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n®p. I¿Ω-eoØm IØ-\m-cmb amtØ-hq-kns\ ]tXyI D]-tZ-jvTm-hmbn ChnsS]m¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX tij-amWv am¿ tPmk v sk_m-Ãym\n C¥yhn´Xv.
BZysØ \m´p-sa-Xm≥ ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-°Ø-\m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬Icn-bm-‰n¬ Hutk^v aev]m-\m-bn-cp∂p BZysØ saXm-t∏m-eoØ.
]mtd-Ωm°¬ tXmΩm-°-Ø-\m¿ k`-bnse BZy-tKmh¿ÆtZmdpw\n[ocn-°¬ amWn-°-Ø-\m¿ ]Ya s]m¥n-^n-°¬ hnImcn P\-dmfpwBbn-cp∂p.
* Ferroli 60
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
61
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
60
Aßm-Sn-bn¬ \n∂pw Cu ]nXm-a-l≥ Xmakw am‰n-b-Xn-s\-∏-‰n-Xs∂Hcp sFXn-ly-ap≠v. Xd-hm- n¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ AΩbv°v At±lw amX-am-bn-cp∂p B¨k-¥m\w. At±-l-am-Is´ hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmP-`-c-W-Iq-S-Ønse Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ\pw. Hcn-°¬ Xmgv∂ PmXn-bn¬s∏´ Hcmƒ HcpIpdn-am\w sImSp-°p-hm≥ ho´n¬ FØn. aI≥ C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ AΩAXv hmßn. IØv ssIam-dn-b-t∏mƒ Abm-fpsS ssIhn-c-ep-Iƒ Xs‚ssIøn¬ sXm´-Xmbn Ah¿°v kwi-b-ambn. aI≥ h∂-t∏mƒ "DÆn\ap-°n\o ChnsS hmkw th≠m" F∂v AΩ ]d™p. AΩ-bpsS BK-l-]-Imcw C√-°m¿ amXw Xma-kn-°p∂ IΩm-Øp-cp-Øn-te°v Xs∂Xmakw am‰n.
CXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ tIm´°v ]pdØv Xma-k-am-°nbas‰mcp ]nXm-a-l≥ ‘IS-hn¬ tIm´bv°v]pdØv‘ F∂p ho´p-t]-cm-bn.B imJ-bnse Hcp IpSpw_w Ct∏mƒ apX-e-t°m-SØp Xma-kn-°p-∂p≠v.
hS°pwIq¿ cmPyw
A≤ymbw 7
sNºn-te°v
ISp-Øp-cpØn IS-hn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ \ΩpsS ]q¿∆-]n-Xm-hns‚k¥m-\-߃ ]e Xe-ap-d-I-fn¬ Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn hnhn[ Zn°p-I-fn-te°v IpSn-tb-dp-I-bp-≠mbn. sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ \mihpw ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnse el-f-Ifpw hym]m-c-am-µyhpw ]pØ≥ta-®n¬ ]pd-߃ tXSm≥IS-h-∑msc t]cn-∏n®p.
sNº-c-Øn-bpsS ]q¿∆-nI≥ F∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ ktlm-Z-c≥Aßm-Sn-bn¬ \n∂pw H∂c ssa¬ AIse tXmSpw ]mS-ßfpw AXn-cp-I-fm-bn-cp∂ ]Ir-Xn-c-a-Wo-b-amb IΩm-Øp-cp-Øn-te°mWp amdn-bXv.Ggp ][m\ a\-I-fnem-bn-cp∂p Ahn-SsØ P\-hmkw. Cu kt¶-X-Øn-te°v ISh\v amdn-Øm-a-kn-°p-hm≥ km[n-®Xv Xs∂ D∂-X-Ip-e-Pm-X-cm-bn-cp-∂Xv sIm≠mWv. F¶nepw aXw amdn-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ahsc'Ac'a\-°m-cmtb ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-∂p≈q. Ejn-a\, G‰n-°p-S-a\, h´-a\,
HXn-bv°-a\, s\bvti-cn-a\, ac-ßm-´p-a\, Xpcp-Øp-Ω-a\, IS-hn¬ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p IΩm-Øp-cp-Ønse ]i-kvX-amb Gg-c-a-\-Iƒ.
IΩm-Øp-cp-Øn¬ Xma-kn® IpSpw_w IS-hn¬ IΩm-Øp-cp-tجF∂-dn-b-s∏´p. ItaW IΩm-Øp-cp-tج F∂p amX-ambn. awK-e-∏pgskΩn-\m-cn-bpsS ]am-W-Øn¬ H∏n- n-cn-bv°p-∂-h-cn¬ Hcmƒ IΩm-Øp-cp-tج tbml-∂m≥ IØ-\m-¿ BWv.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
63
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
62
hni-Zm-wi-ß-fn¬ hyXym-k-ap-s≠-¶nepw CXp-t]m-semcp IY kz¥wIpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Øn¬ s]m^. amXyp Xma-c-°m´v* hnh-cn-°p-∂p≠v. IY-bnse Imc-W-h-cpsS Hcp k¥m\w kz¥w a°-tfm-sSm∏w sXmSp-]p-g-bn-seØnbXmWsX sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-w.
Xmac°m´v IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v.“Ahn-SpsØ (ISp-Øp-cp-Øn) \km-Wn-Ifpw ]mtZ-inI `c-Wm-[n-
Im-cn-Ifpw XΩn¬ CS-™-Xn-\m¬ \km-Wn-Iƒ ÿew hnSm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn“. “Cu IpSn-tb‰w 1600 Ifn-emWv \S-∂Xv. Icn-s\-®n-bn¬ No°-∏m-d-bn¬ FØnb Imc-W-h¿ ItaW [\m-Vy-\mbn.“ ]n∂oSv “If-∏p-c-bv°¬ hoSv h®v Hcp aI≥ Xma-k-am°n”.
N°m´pw Irjn-bp-ambn If-∏p-c-bv°¬Im¿ c≠p-aq∂p Xe-apd Dg-hq¿ Ign-™p-IqSn. Ch¿ ap≥ssIsøSpØv Dg-hq¿ ]≈n \n¿Ωn-®Xv1631-¬ BWv. Cß-s\-sbms° Ccn-s°-bmWv,
“Imc-W-h¿ CXn¬ AXy¥w Ip]n-X-\mbn” N°p-]m-c-sb-SpØv Ah-cpsS (kvXo) Xe-bv°-Sn-°p-∂Xv. “]iv\w AXoh Kpcp-Xcw” Bb-Xn-\m¬ a°ƒ A©p-t]cpw A©p-I-c-I-fn-te°v IS∂p. “B°q-´-Øn¬aq∂m-a-sØbmƒ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-I-tfmsS sXmSp-]pg apX-e-t°mSw mK-tØ°v t]mbn. Ah-cmWv sNº-c-Øn-Iƒ.”
Xma-c-°m´v IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Ønse ta¬tN¿Ø hmN-I-߃ Iq´nhmbn-®m¬ 1631\p tijamWv sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-ÿm-]-I≥ sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ FØn-b-sX-∂mWv a\-n-em-Ip-∂Xv. F∂m¬ 1599 ¬ \S∂DZ-nbw-t]-cq¿ kq-\-l-tZm-kn¬ “apX¬t°mSv ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v amWnamWn sNº-c-Øn- I-Ø-\mcpw GXm\pw FS-h-I-°mcpw” ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p≠v. 16-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ \S∂ Hcp ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ 17-
mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ Hcmƒ°v ]¶p-tN-cm≥ ]‰p-I-bn-√t√m. AXn-\m¬ sNº-c-Øn-I-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ ta¬]-d™ ]cm-a¿iw icn-bm-bn-cn--°m≥CSbn√.
Ce™n s\Sp-th-en-°m-cpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ No°-∏md Imc-W-h-cpsSB¨a-°-fn¬ c≠p-t]¿ aptØm-e-]p-cØp FØn Ac-™m-Wn-bnepwthem-t»-cn-bnepw Xma-k-am-°n-sb∂pw, thsdm-cmƒ Ipdn-®n-Øm\w Ic-bn¬ Xma-c-°m´v Xma-kn-s®∂pw ImWp∂p. ASp-Ø-bmƒ cma-]p-cØvIWn-∏n-≈n¬ IpSn-tbdn. A©m-a≥ Xncp-h-√-bn-te°v IS-∂p-sh∂pwImWp∂p. CXm-bn-cn-°Ww icn.
F.Un. 8-mw iX-I-Øn-¬ kly-]¿∆Xw IS∂v D≠mb Bcy-∑m-cpsSX≈n-°-b‰w Chn-SsØ kap-Zm-b-ku-lm¿±w XI¿Øp. NmXp-¿-h¿Æy-Øns‚ hnØp-Iƒ ]mIn. cmPm-°-∑msc Ac-N¿Pm-Xn-sb∂pw henbI®-h-S-°msc hmWn-I¿ PmXn-sb∂pw hnfn®v ]pIgvØn. C°m-e-ØmWvIS-hn¬Im¿ IΩm-Øp-cp-Øn¬ \n∂p IpSn-am-dp-∂Xv.
sNº-c-Øn-bpsS ]q¿∆-Ip-Spw_w IS-hn¬ IΩm-Øp-cp-tج \n∂vsNºn¬ FØn-t®-¿-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n c≠p ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. IΩm-Øp-cp-Øn¬ \n∂p ssh°-tØ°p IpSn-tb-dn-sb-∂m-Wv BZy-tØXv.AhnsS C∂sØ t_m´-psP-´n°v kao]w Fhn-sStbm Bbn-cp∂pXmakw. AXn-\m¬ tZh¿I-S-hn¬ F∂mbn ho´p-t]¿. alm-tZ-h¿t£Xw A∂p Hcp sIm®-º-e-am-bn-cp∂p. IS-h≥ Xs‚ GI-a-Isf ]≈n-∏p-dØv I√-d-bv°¬IS-hn¬ sI´n-®-b®p. thZ-Øn¬ tN¿∂, thº-\m-´p-I-mb¬ Ic-bnse I√-d-bv°¬ a\-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂sX Ah¿. C∂vssh°w Kh. Bip-]Xn Ccn-bv°p-∂n-SØv Hcp sNdnb 'ssZh-∏pc' ]Wn-sX-¶nepw cmP-im-k-\-]-Imcw AXv s]mfn-®p-am-t‰≠n h∂p. XpS¿∂v,InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]≈n-∏pdw, sNºv XpS-ßnb kao-]- I-c-I-fn-te°v IpSn-tbdn.
]gb sNºp-I-c-bpsS A∂sØ kncm-tIµw C∂v 'tSmƒ' F∂mWvAdn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ssh°Øp \ns∂-Øn-b-h¿ tN¿∂p AhnsS HcpsNdnb ]≈n ]WnXp. AXv s]mfn-®p-am-‰-W-sa∂ Bh-iy-hp-ambnho≠pw sslµh hnizm-kn-I-sfØn. Ah-cp-am-bp-≠mb HØp-Xo¿∏-\pkcn®v tSmfn¬ \n∂v am‰n sNºn¬ C∂p \n¬°p∂ ÿeØv ]≈nÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Cu ]≈n Ct∏mƒ bmt°m-_mb hn`m-K-Øns‚ssIh-i-amWv. F∂m¬ CXns‚ ]´bw Ct∏mgpw ‘IS-hn¬ C´nAhncm‘bpsS t]cn-em-W-sX.
c≠m-asØ IY, Icn-s\-®n-bn-te°v amdn-∏m¿Øp-sh-∂mWv. ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ \n∂pw 12 In.ao. sX°p-]-Sn-™m-dm-bn-cp∂p Icn-s\®n. AhnsSIrjnbpw N°m-´p-am-bn-cp∂p sXmgn¬. Hcn-°¬ N°p-]p-c-bn¬ h®vD≠mb Hcp X¿°sØ XpS¿∂v IS-hs‚ `rXy≥ Ahn-SsØ ]`p-hns‚ _‘p-hns\ ac-®-´pIw sIm≠v Xe-bv°-Sn®p. Abmƒ acn-®p-t]mbn. A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ _m“-W-lXy Xß-fpsS Poh-lm-\n°v CS-bm-°p-sa∂v a\-n-em-°nb IS-h\pw k¥m-\-ßfpw cmbv°vcmam\w cmPyw hn´v sNºn-te°v IS∂p. Aßs\ sNºnse IS-hn¬amXr-Ip-Spw-_-Øn\p _oPm-hm]w sNbvXp.
* Xmac°m´v IpSpw_NcnXw P. 77-79
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
65
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
64
IS-hn¬ \n∂v Be-∏p-gbv°v t]mb-h¿ XØw-]≈n CS-h-I-bn-ep≠v.Ah-cpsS FÆhpw ]m_-eyhpw Ipd-™p-h-cn-I-bm-sW∂v \ºym-]-d-ºn¬ IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ImWp∂p. 17-mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]`m-X-Øn¬ISp-Øp-cpØn sX°pw-Iq¿ IS-hn¬ eq°m-tdmkm Zº-Xn-I-fpsS k¥m-\-amb H°m≠ (hdp-Xp-Ip´n) bmWv hmg-°pfw \ºym-]-d-ºn¬ IpSpw-_ÿm-]-I≥. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv tImg AcoX IpSpw_w IS-hn¬ imJ-bmWv. I´-bv°¬, h´≥Ipgn D]-im-J-I-fp-amWv.
I®-hSw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn cmP-im-k-\-]-Im-c-amWv IS-hn¬Nm≠-]n-≈sb Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ hcp-Øp-∂Xv. Nß-\m-t»cn Itºm-f-Øn¬ A∂v 6 NIw apX¬ 17 NIw hsc hnebv°v ASn-a-°p-´n-IsfIn´n-bn-cp∂p. ANn-tcW IS-h≥ D]-tk-\m-X-e-h-\p-ambn. Nß-\m-t»cnI\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ ]≈n-]-Wn-bn-∏n-®Xv IS-hn¬, I√-d-bv°¬ IpSpw-_-°m¿ tN¿∂mWv. Nß-\m-t»-cn-bnepw Ct∏mƒ Im™n-c-∏-≈n-bnepwImWp∂ IS-hnepw Xpcp-Øn-bnse Imhn¬Xmsgbpw Cu Xmbvh-gn IpSpw-_-߃ -X-s∂-bmWv.
IS-hn¬ \n∂pw sXt°m´v Xncn®v aq∂p ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ Xe-h-Sn-bn-seØn. AhnsS X߃°v A`bw \¬Inb ho´n¬ \n∂v Hcp ktlm-Z-c≥ hnhmlw sNbvXv F°-∏pdw IpSpw_ÿm]-I-\mbn. c≠m-a≥ho≠pw apt∂m´p \oßn ]pfn-¶p-∂n-seØn AhnsS \n∂v I√ymWwIgn®v hm®m-]-d-ºn¬ Xma-kn®p. aq∂m-asØ ktlm-Z-c≥ Xncp-h-√m -Ip-∂-¥m-\Øv ÿm]n-®-XmWv ]me-bv°¬ IpSpw_w. ]p∂-a-Æn¬,]dº≈n¬ B ]c-º-c-bn-emWv.
10-mw iX-I-Øn¬ ISp-Øp-cpØn ap√-t»cn°S-hn¬ \n∂p Bd-∑p-f-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cmWv ]i-kvX-cmb ap√-t»cn sh¨aWn Xc-I-∑m¿. Ch-cpsS A\-¥c Xe-ap-d-I-fmWv ]c-∏pg, ap√-t»cn, ]pt√-en¬,
Xma-c-t»-cn¬, tNcm-h≈n, sIm]m-∏p-c-bv°¬, IotØmSw, e¶-ØdF∂nh.
8-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ \n∂v h∂v sNºn¬ Abv\w-]-dºv hmßn ]m¿Ø IS-hn¬°m-cmWv Abv\w]d-ºn¬ IpSpw_w. sNΩ-\w-I-c -am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n Ch¿ ap∂n´p \n∂p ]Wn-bn-®-XmWv. sshZn-I-cm¬ kºp-jvS-amWv Cu IpSpw_w.
Abv\w]d-ºn¬ \n∂pw \mK-∏p-g-bn¬ 17-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ FØn-b-h-cmWv Fgm-\n-°m-´p-Im¿. IS-hn¬ amØ-\mWv BZy-]n-Xmhv. henb]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬, \nc-hØv ]p∂-t°m-´n¬, sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]p-c-bn¬,
16-mw iX-I-Øns‚ a[y-Øn¬ Icn-s\-®n-bn¬ No°-∏m-d-bn¬GXm\pw sX°pw- m-K¿s°m∏w FØn-t®¿∂hcmWv Xma-c-°m´v IpSpw-_-Øns‚ A∏-\-∏q-∏-∑-m¿. 1550¬ hSp-X-e-bn¬ h®v hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-hns\ t]m¿®p-Kokv Iam-≠¿ ^m≥kokvtIm h[n®p. XpS¿∂p hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ cW-[o-c-∑m¿ Hcp Nmth¿∏-S-bp-≠m°n cmP-Lm-X-Is‚aX-°m-cmb InkvXym-\n-Isf sIms∂m-Sp-°p-hm≥ XpSßn. CtXØpS¿∂v ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnse \km-Wn-Iƒ \m\m-Zn-°p-I-fn-te°pw NnX-dn-tbmSn. At∏m-gm-hWw Iv\m-\mb-°m¿s°m∏w IS-hn¬ Imc-W-hcpwIcn-s\-®n-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-bXv. \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°pw, No°-∏md t£X-k-∂n-[n-bnepw FÆ-bp-≠m°n sXm´p ip≤o-I-cn®v \¬In Gsd ]i-kvX-\mb No°-∏m-d-s®-´n-bpsS ]c-º-c-bn¬ amØs‚ a°-fmWv Xma-c-°m´vIpSpw-_-°m¿. ac-ßm-´p-aym-en¬, I√-Sm-¥n-bn¬, ]∂n-t°m-´p-XSw IpSpw-_-߃ apJy-im-J-I-fmWv.
ISpØpcpØn XmgØp]≈n
aptØm-e-]pcw Ac-™m-Wn-bn¬, them-t»cn Xe-°p-Spw-_-ßfpw,
]≈n-bv°m-]-d-ºn¬, ]d-bnSw, Hmen-bv°¬, ]pXp-a\ sNdp-Ic imJ-IfpwIS-hn¬s∏-´-Xmbn ]cm-a¿i-ap≠v. aÆ-bv°-\ms´ ]md-tØmSv IpSpw-_-°m¿ IS-hn¬°m-cm-sW-∂mWv Ah-cpsS DØ-a-hn-izmkw. s]´-bv°m´v,s\Øm´v, h√y-aym-en¬, Ip∂-tØ-SØv, Ipg-ºme IpSpw-_-߃ Ch-cn¬s∏-´-h-cp-amWv. F∂m¬ Ch¿ i¶-c-]pcn IpSpw-_-°m-cm-sW-∂mWvhn.kn. tPm¿÷ns‚ hmin.
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67
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66
A≤ymbw˛8
Imcnt°mSpw sXmSp]pgbpw
sNdp-sX-¶nepw NcnXw ab-ßn-bp-d-ßp∂ Hcp \K-c-amWv
C∂sØ sXmSp-]pg. kztZ-in-Ifpw hntZ-in-I-fp-amb At\Iw bp≤-]-`p-°-∑m-cpsS ]S-tbm- -Øn\pw ]X-\-Øn\pw aqI-km-£n-bmWv Cu qhn-`mKw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS kwkvIm-c-hn-ti-j-߃t]dp∂ Ncn-X-km-£y-ß-fpsS Hcp kap-®-b-am-bn-°qSn sXmSp-]pg \ne-sIm-≈p∂p. Chn-SsØ kmaqly am‰-߃°pw kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-Wm-a-߃°pw km£n-bmbn ChnsS Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ Hcp IpSpw_amWvsNº-c-Øn.
BZy-Im-eØv Ad-_n-°-S¬ klys‚ ASn-hmcw hsc D≠m-bn-cp∂p. 'IS-e-Sn-t°m-S≥ ae' F∂m-bn-cp∂p klys‚ BZy-\maw. ae-IfpwXmgvh-c-Ifpw ImSp-Ifpw \nd-™-XmWv Cu ae-\mSv. inem-bp-K-kw-kvIm-c-Ønse a\p-jy-hn-\ym-k-Øns‚ km£y-߃ ImWp∂ Cu ae-\-m´nseNpcp°w ÿe-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv sXmSp-]pg. ih-i-cocw Zln-∏n-°p-ItbmPo¿Æn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNbvX-tijw Xe-tbmSpw a‰pw k©-bn®v Ie-i-
]q¥p-cp-Ønbn¬, I√-d-bv°¬, If-∏p-c-bn¬ XpSßn ]e imJ-I-fm-WvCh¿°p-≈Xv.
sNºv IS-hn¬ \n∂v 9˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ sXmSp-]p-g-bn-se-Ønb sNº-cØn IpSpw_w Ht´sd Xncn-®-Sn-Iƒ°p-tijw Ct∏mƒ At\Iw imJ-Iƒ Bbn ]S¿∂v ]¥-en-®n-cn-°p-∂p. sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬, ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬, ]men-b-°p-t∂¬, If-∏p-c-bn¬, Rd-f-°m- v, Ing-t°-S-Øn¬ XpS-ßn-bh imJ-I-fm-Wv.
Aßs\ sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚bpw a[y-tI-c-f-Ønse a‰-t\IwIpSpw-_-ß-fpsSbpw apØ»n-bmWv ISp-Øp-cpØn IS-hn¬ IpSpw_w.
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69
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68
h∂ tNc-`-cWw tIc-fsØ A©p-\m-Sp-I-fmbn Xncn-®-t∏mƒ ChnSw'Ip -\mSv'Bbn. sXmSp-]pg Dƒs∏-Sp∂ CSp-°n-bpw, tIm´bw, Fd-Wm-IpfwBe-∏pg Pn√-Ifpw Ip -\m-Sns‚ mK-am-bn-cp∂p. A©mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ap∂qdv h¿j-߃ Cu `mKsØ NcnXw Ccp-f-S-™-XmWv. C°m-e-ØmWv ]›n-a-L- -Øns‚ ]›n-a- m-K-߃ asse-\m-Smbpw, I\ym-Ip-amcnapX¬ tKmI¿Æw hsc tIc-f-ambpw Ad-_n-°-S-ens‚ Xoc-]-tZ-i-߃ae-_m-dmbpw ]cn-K-Wn°-s∏- Xv. Aßs\ C∂sØ sXmSp-]p-gbpw ]cn-k-c-]-tZ-i-ßfpw 'asse\mSv' F∂v Adn-b-s∏´p XpSßn. A©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ s]cp-am-°-∑mtcm, HºXmw \q‰m-≠nse tNc-cm-Pm-°-∑mtcmkrjvSn-®-XmWv Iogva-sse- \m-sS∂p hmZ-ap≠v. AX√m shº-e-\mSv]nf¿∂m-sW∂pw ]d-bp -∂p≠v . ]gb asse-\mSv ]nf¿∂mWvsX°≥Iqdpw hS-°≥Iqdpw D≠m-b-sX-∂mWv as‰m-c-`n -]mbw.
Iogvasse \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS BZy Xe-ÿm\w tImX-aw-K-e-tam,Xr°m-cn-bqtcm Bbn-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n-∂m-hWw Imcn-t°mSv cmP-hwiwD≠m-b-Xv. ‘Imcn‘ tNccmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Hcp Bcm-[-\m-h-kvXpthm hwi-ap-Jyt\m Bbn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw.
ae-\mSv sImßp `c-W-Øn¬ tImb-º-Øq-cn¬ \n∂p `cn-bv°-s∏-Sp-tºm-gmWv Imcnt°mSv BZy-ambn Hcp `c-W-tI-µ-am-Ip-∂Xv. t`Z-s∏´P\-hm-kw D≠m-bn-cp∂, cmPy-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-]-tZ-i-am-b- CuÿesØ Ah¿ 'IsÆØn' F∂p hnfn®p. ItaW t]cv ‘It∂-‰n‘ F-∂m-Ip-Ibpw ChnSw Hcp `c-W-tI-µ-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSvsNt¶m´ tIµ-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Bbv cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ sImß-∑msc Xpc-Øn - -cWw ]nSn-s®-SpØp. A°m-esØ Bbv cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ 'ae-\m- cN¿'
F∂v kwt_m-[\ sNø-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p≠v. Ggmw iX-I-Øn¬a[p-c-bnse ]mWvUy-cmPyw Bbv cm-Pm-°-∑msc tXmev]n®p. At∏mƒImcn-t°mSv Xe-ÿm-\-amb asse-\mSv ]mWvUy-`-c-W-Øn¬ A-a¿∂p.
]m≠n-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w sXmSp-]p-g°v kmº-Øn-I -kmw-kvIm-cnIcwK-ß-fn¬ A`yp-∂Xn D≠m°n. Xan-gv\m- n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Im´p-h-gn-IƒcmP-]m-X-I-fmbn. sXmSp-]pg \n∂v Np¶w, aqhm-‰p-]pg, ASn-amen, tZhn-Ipfw hgn t_mUn-\m-bv°∂q¿ FØp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p HscÆw. Ggp-ap´w,
Icn-a-Æq¿, hmg-tØm∏v, h≠≥taSp hgn Iº-sØ-Øp-∂-XmWv ]i-kvX-am-bn-cp∂ Iºw-]mX. IqSmsX taep-Imhv, ]q™m¿, Im™n-c-∏≈n, h≠n-s∏-cn-bm¿ hgnbpw ]m≠n-bn-te°v hgn-sX-fn-™n-cp∂p. C∂sØ tZio-
ß-fn-em°n Ipgn-I-fntem Ad-I-fntem \nt£-]n-bv°p-∂-XmWv '`mKo-I-kw-kvImcw'. sXmSp-]p-g-bm-‰n¬ ]me-w ]Wnbm-\mbn Ipgn-®-t∏mƒ CØcwAt\Iw Ie-i-߃ In´p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ggp-ap- Øv Hcp Ie-¶p -\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\n-Sbv°pw Ggp-Pm-d-Iƒ e`n®p. Nne tXmSp-Ifpw a‰pw Bg-Øn¬Ipgn-°p-tºmƒ a¨Pm-dp-Ifpw a‰pw Ct∏mgpw ImWm-dp≠v. aÆn-\-Sn-bn¬I√p-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp \n¿Ωn-Xn-bmWv Ggp-ap- Øp ImW-s∏- Xv. Hcmƒs]m-°-Øn¬ A©v Ad-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb CXns‚ apI-fnepw Xmsgbpw H‰-°-√mWv h®n-´p-≈Xv. ASn-∏m-d-bn¬ X´n-bm¬ apg-°-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ASp-Øp-X-s∂-bp≈ CSn-In- n-∏m-d-bn¬ inem-Im-e-a-\p-jy¿ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂pIcp-Xp∂ A≈p-Iƒ D≠v. sXmSp-]p-g-bpsS ]m¥-]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw Kncn-]-tZ-i-ß-fmb ad-bq¿, I√m¿, h≠n-s∏-cn-bm¿ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw ]pcm-X\ a\p-jy-hm-k-Øns‚ e£-W߃ ImWs∏Sp∂p.
C∂sØ sXmSp]pg ]´Ww
sXmSp-]p-g°v hS-°p-amdn a∂m≥ I≠hpw, Ac-b≥am-cpsS tImf-\nbpw D≈m-S≥amcpw Ducm-fn-Ifpw Ct∏mgpw D≠v. Ipdp\oea∂≥,
Acb≥ Hs° Hcp-Im-eØv Cu mK-ß-fnse Kma-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p.aebpw Xmgvh-c-I-fnse Kma-ß-fpam-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS cmPyw.
BZyw tIc-fhpw Xan-gv\mSpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Hcp hnimeXan-g-I-Øns‚`mK-am-bn-cp∂ ‘asse-a-WvU-e‘ -Øns‚ Hcp Xp≠mbncp∂p Imcnt°mSv.Xan-gm-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ kwkm-c-`mj. _n.kn. aq∂p apX¬ \ne-hn¬
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71
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70
F´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]mcw-`-Øn¬ tNmfcmPyw (B-‘) i‡am-b-t∏mƒ ]mWvUy-cm-PysØ Iog-S-°n-b-tijw tNc-cm-Pyhpw kz¥-am°n.A°m-eØv [mcmfw tNmf≥am¿ sXmSp-]p-g°v IpSn-tb-dn. Im™n-c-a-‰hpw ]cn-k-c-hp-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Bhm-k-tIµw. HºXpw ]Øpw\q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ho≠pw h∂p-tN¿∂ tNc-`-cWw sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ I®-h-S-Øn-se-∂-t]mse kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-KØpw ]ptcm-KXn sIm≠p-h∂p.
F∂m¬ ]Xn-s\m∂mw iX-I-Øn¬ ho≠pw D≠mb tNc-˛-tNmfbp≤-Øns‚ ^e-ambn tNc-cmPyw XI¿∂p. Hcp ][m\ tIµ-sa∂\ne-bn¬ sXmSp-]p-g-bpsS \miw ]q¿Æ-am-bn-cp∂p. ChnsS \n∂pw ]m≠n-bn-te°pw, sImSp-ß-√q¿°pw a‰p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ hym]mcw \ne®p. bp≤-Im-cy-߃°mbn ]Ww sNe-h-gn®Xpaqew cmP`WvUmcw Imen-bmbn;Irjn Ipd-™p. B¿∏ma‰sØ Bcm[\meb߃ \in®p. kmaqlnIPohnXw C√mXmbn. Nmew-tIms´ hnZym-e-b-ßsf bphm-°-fpsS ]´m-f-]-cn-io-e\ tIµ-ßfm°n. At\Iw bphm-°ƒ sIm√-s∏´p; s\Sn-b-ime\ndpØn. Cßs\, GXm≠v 100 h¿j-ß-tfmfw \o≠ bp≤w (\q-‰m≠pbp≤w) sXmSp-]p-g-sb kmº-Øn-I-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw XI¿Øp-I-f™p. a‰Øpw ]cn-k-c-ß-fn-ep-ambn sNdp-InSI®-h-S-hp-w IrjnbpambnIqSn-bncp∂ \km-Wn-I-tfbpw Cu XI¿® _m-[n-®p. Ah¿ I®-hShpwa‰pw Dt]-£n®v hbepw sh≈hpw kpe`-amb FS-sh-´n, Ggp-ap´w,apXet°mSw `mK-ß-fn-te°v amdn Xma-kn-®p. Aßs\ Xma-k-am-°nbhcmWv sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ A∏-\-∏q-∏-∑m¿.
b-]m-X-Iƒs°m∏w hoXn-Iq-Snb Cu hgn-I-fpsS h°n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂hoSp-I-fnse shfn®w sIm≠p-Xs∂ I®-h-S-°m¿°v _lp-Zqcw
k©-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-®n-cp-∂p-shsX. sXmSp-]pg \n∂v shdpwaq∂v Znh-ksØ bmXm-Zqcw amXsa A∂v ]m≠n-bn-te°v D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p≈p.A∂sØ ]apJ XpdapJhmWn-Py-tI-µ-am-bn-cp∂ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-
bn-te°v aqhm-‰p-]pg hgnbpw, Xpd-ap-J-am-bn-cp∂ sImSp-ß-√q¿°vA¶amen, ]d-hq¿ hgnbpw sXmSp-]p-gbv°v ASpØ _‘-am-bn-cp∂p.
ChnsS \n∂v kpK-‘-h-kvXp-°fpw, XSnbpw Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvX-t∏mƒ]´pw hne-tb-dnb I√p-Ifpw a‰p-am-bn-cp∂p Cd-°p-a-Xn-®-c-°p-Iƒ.
C∂sØ Imcn-t°mSv Ih-ebv°v kao]w hen-b-tXm-Sns‚ sXt°-°-c-bmbn-cp∂ ]gb It∂‰n Ime-I-taW 'Imcn-t°mSv ' Bbn-
Øo¿∂ncn°mw. tXmSn\p hS-°mbn D≠m-bn-cp∂ henb B\-]-¥¬Bbn-cp∂p 'Icn-°pS'. ]n∂oSv AXv 'Icn-t°mSpw', XpS¿∂v Imcn-t°mSpw
Bbn- Xo¿∂p F∂mWv as‰mcp A\p-am\w. Imcn-t°mSn\v ASp-Øp-Xs∂ Iocn-tImSv D≠-t√m. ae-bm-f-`mj D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºv ]tbm-
K-Øn-en-cp∂ si¥-angv hm°p-I-fm-Wt√m tImSv, \mSv, Ducv apX-em-bh.
HºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ hS-°pw-Iq¿ aWn-I-WvT≥ cmPmhv Iogvae cmPyw
`cn-®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ D∂-X- hn-Zym- ymktIµ-am-bn-cp∂p, s\Sn-b-ime. ]n∂o-SXv ÿe-t∏-cmbn. Imcn-t°mSv apX¬ s\Sn-b-ime hsc
ho´p-sh-fn-®-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v hnf-°n-√msX \S-°m-am-bn-cp∂p.ime-t¶m´v sNdp-hn-Zym-e-b-ßfpw ssk\n-I- ]m-T-im-e-I-fp-w D≠m-bn-
cp∂p. s\Sn-b-im-e-bn¬ thZhpw tPymXn-jhpw ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. 'amep-h-t°m≥' ChnsS e`n-®n-cp∂ Hcp D∂X _ncp-Z-am-bn-cp∂p.
Imcn-t°mSv cmP-[m\n tIm´-sI´n kq£n-®n-cp∂p. aXn-en\v A©SnhÆ-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. It®-cn-ÿew, k`m-a-µncw, A¥-:]p-c-߃, hen-b-
Hcp Ipfw, Hcp InW¿, B¬Ød apX-em-bh D≈n¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂p.sIm‰th `Z-Im-fn-bpsS Hcp tImhnepw, k¿∏-t£-Xhpw Bbn-cp∂p
Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃. ]mc-º-cy-ambn c-W-ta-‰n-cp∂ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. ‘Adp-∂q-‰-h¿‘ Bbn-cp∂p D]-tZ-iI-kwLw. Bbp-[m-`ym-k-
ß-fnepw, kmº-Øn-IIm-cy-ß-fnepw AXn-i-‡-cm-bn-cp∂p sXmSp-]p-g-bnse cmP-]-c-ºc.
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73
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72
bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ISp-Øp-cp-Ønbv°pw cma-ø≥ Zf-h-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ sXmSp-]p-g°pw ]pd-s∏´p. ISpØpcpØnbnse hS-°pw-Iq¿cmPmhv c≠mw Znhkw tXm‰p. AhnSpsØ tIm´bpw cmP-[m-\nbpwCSn®p \ncØn.
]mem hgn sXmSp-]p-g-bn-se-Ønb cma-ø≥ Zf-hbpw ssk\yhpw]®o-°cØcI-s‚ klm-b-tØmsS ChnsS BI-aWw Agn-®p-hn-´p.cmPmhv Iog-S-ßn-bn√. cmPm-hn\v InkvXym-\n-∏-Sbpw, apkvenw ]Sbpw,
lnµp-∏-Sbpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. aq∂p-hn-`m-K-ßfpw Hcp-an-®mWv cma-øs\t\cn- Xv. [oc-tk-\m- \ n - I - f m -b n - c p∂h≈n-s°m-S- ]-Wn- °cpw, sNº-c-Øn -] -Wn -°cpw a‰pw tN¿∂m -bn -cp∂pIog vae ssk\y sØ \bn ®Xv. ae-sh≈w t]mse ]m™p-h∂ Xncp-hn -Xmw -Iq¿ `S - ∑mcn¬ hfsct∏¿h [ n - ° - s ∏ ´ p . sIm®n -cm -PmhpwChnsS klm-b-w FØn-®p. tXm¬hnaW-Ø-dn™ cma- ø≥ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ hnP-bn®v hni- an-°p∂ Une-t\m-bnsb thKw sXmSp- ]p -g°v hcpØn .XpS¿∂p \S∂ s]mcn™ t]mcm-´-Øn¬ Iogva-e-bnse anI® t]mcm-fn-Iƒ[oc-ambn s]mcpXn Xncp -h n -Xmw -Iq¿tk\bv°v hºn® \miw hcpØn. F∂m¬ Une-t\m-bn-bpsS ]oc-¶n-bp-≠-Isf sNdp-°m≥ Ah¿°m-bn√. tXm¬hn kp\n-›n-X-am-bt∏mƒIogvae cmPmhv hoc-am-Wn-Iy-Ø-®-t\bpw IpSpw-_-tØbpw thj-]-—-∂-cm°n Ducm-fn-Iƒ h\w hgn c£-s∏-SpØn. ]pcm-X-\-amb sIm´m-c-ßfpw Iogva-e-tIm´bpw ssk\yw sIm≈-b-Sn®v shSn-sh®p XI¿ØvIf-™p.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ssk\yw Xncn-®p-t]m-sb-¶nepw Iogva-e-bnse cW-[o-c-∑m¿ ]q¿Æ-ambn Iog-S-ßn-bn√. Ah¿ CS-bv°nsS el-f-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-Zm-k-∑msc D]-Z-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXpsIm≠n-cp∂p. CXv Aa¿® sNøm-\mbn ]n∂oSv a√-∑m-cmb Iptd ]S-bm-fn-Isf Zfhm Imcn-t°m´v ÿnc-ambn ]m¿∏n®p. Ah¿ cmXnIm-e-
am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω
A≤ymbw ˛ 9
ae-\mSpw am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ωbpw
InkvXph¿jmcw`w apX¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ At\Iw sNdp-cm-Py-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Imcn-t°mSv Xe-ÿm-\amb Iogvae cmPyw HcpImeØvsIm®ncmPyØns‚ kma¥cmPyambncp∂p; ]n∂oSv sIm®n°v Iogvs∏´p]¥≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Iogvae cmPm-hn¬ \n∂pw hnebv°v hmßnbÿe-amWv ]q™m¿ cmPyw. a[pc ]mWvUy-cm-P-hw-i-Ønse A[n-Im-c-h-Swh-ensb XpS¿∂v Ah-Im-i-hp-w hmßn h∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]q™m-‰nse Xºp-cm≥. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ HSp-hn¬ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ChnsS hcp-tºmƒ Iogvae cmPmhv \√ ]Xm-]-Øn-emWv. G‰hpwAgIpw cqNn-bp-ap≈ Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ Cu cmPysØ Ah¿ ‘kz¿Æ-a-Wn-I-fpsS kz]v\- qan‘ (]nsat‚m) F∂p hnfn®p. CXn\v hfsc apºvHºXmw \q‰m≠n¬Xs∂ Iogvae cmPyØv B¨h-gn -cm-Pm-h-n√m-Xmbt∏mƒ hS-°pw-Iq¿ \n∂pw ZsØ-SpØncp∂p. Aßs\ c≠p cmPy-ßfpw H∂m-bn. ChnsS imkvXmw-]m-d-bnepw CS-sh-´n-bnepw ]pXnbsIm´m-c-߃ ]WnXp. F¶nepw Hmtcm ImeØpw cmtP-jvS-]-Imcw, ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnepw ssh°Øpw Xmakn®v `-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p.
1750˛mam≠m-b-t∏mƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω alm-cm-Phv sNdp-In-S-cm-Py-ßsf sh´n-∏n-Sn®v sX°p-\n∂v tIm´-b-sØØn.AhnsS h®v c≠mbn ]ncn™ ]´m-fw, ssk\ym-[n-]-\mb Une-\m-bn-
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
75
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
74
\mbn hcp-∂-Xn-\m¬ amdn \nev°-W-sa∂v imkn®p. AΩm≠n AIseamdn Hcp I√n-t∑¬ Ccn-∏mbn. Xma-kn-bmsX A[n-Im-cn-bpsS ]Xv\nh∂p Ipfn XpSßn. Iptd-t\-c-am-bn´pw Ahsc Ic-bnte°v ImWm-Xm-b-t∏mƒ rXy≥ FØn-t\m°n. Ah¿ Abmsf iIm-cn®p. Ipd-®p-t\cwIqSn ImØn-cp-∂-tijw Ft¥m ]¥n-tISp tXm∂nb rXy≥ HmSn-s®∂vA[n-Im-cnsb hnhcw [cn-∏n®p. At±lw h∂p hnfn®n´pw Icbv°pIb-dm≥ Iq´m-°msX B kvXo Ae°pw Ipfnbpw XpS¿∂p. kwibwtXm∂nb tkh-I≥ I√n¬ Ccn-°p∂ Bsf Nq≠n-°m´n D≠mbkw`hw A[n-Im-cn-tbmSv ]d™p. AXv AΩm-≠n-bm-sW∂p a\-n-em-°nb A[n-Imcn Acn-In-seØn £a tNmZn-°p-Ibpw Xs‚ `mcysbt]mIm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa∂v At]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂pAΩm≠n Hcp Ic-b≥ tXm¿Øv sImSp-Øn´v 'CXp-sIm≠v tXm¿ØnIb-dn-t∏m-cs´' F∂p ]d™p. Aßs\ Ah¿ Ipfn \ndpØn `¿Øm-hn-s\m∏w bmX-bmbn.
]≠v \Zn-Iƒ°pw a‰pw t]cn-√m-Xn-cp∂ ImeØv s]mXpsh HcptXmSns‚ kz`m-hhpw, h¿j-Im-eØv Hcp \-Zn-bpsS ]Xo-Xnbpw ImWn-°p∂ Pe-]-hm-l-߃ 'I√ym-]K' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. Hcp]tXy-I- t]-cn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ sXmSp-]p-g-bm-dns\bpw I√ym-]K F∂v hnfn-®n-cp∂p. ae-bmfw \m´p-`m-j-bm-b-tXmsS CXv 'tXmSv˛]pg' F∂v `mjm-¥-c-s∏´p. ItaW ]tbm-K-Øn¬ CXv sXmSp-]pg F∂m-bn-Øo¿∂n-cnbv°mw.
BZy-Im-eØv Hcp tXmSv amX-am-bn-cp∂ Cu Pe-hm-ln\n, h\m-¥-c-ß-fnse `qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb am‰-ßsf XpS¿∂v Hcp ]pg-bm-b-t∏mƒtXmSv, ]pg F∂o Ccp-]-Z-ßfpw tN¿∂v tXmSp-]pg F∂v hnfn-bv°-s∏´p.Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ AXv tem]n®v sXmSp-]p-g- BbnØo¿∂p.
Imcn-t°m v D≠m-bn-cp∂ sIm´m-csØ Zo¿LImew XgpIn Hgp-InbHcp henbtXmSp≠v. B 'tXmSv' sN∂p tNcp∂ ']pg' F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬BZy-Im-eØv ]cm-a¿in®p XpS-ßn-bXv Ah-km\w B ]pg-bpsS t]cmbnXs∂ ]cn-W-an-®-Xp-amhmw.
hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPmhv sXmSp-Ipfn \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ ]pg-bp-amhmw sXmSp-]pg. ]pg-\maw ANn-tcW Ic-\m-a-ambn ]cn-W-an®p. ]ns∂ AtX t]cn¬Xs∂-bmbn Xmeq°pw. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ sXmSp-]p-gsb 'tSmUv t]mƒ'
F∂mWv hyh-l-cn®p ImWp-∂Xv.
ß-fn¬ hoSp-Iƒ Ibdn ]pcp-j-∑msc X√ns°m√p-Ibpw kvXoIsf]oVn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n Xobn´p \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw,
ssk\ym-[n-]-\m-bn-cp∂ sNº-c-Øn-∏-Wn-bv°-cpsS apX-e-t°m-SØpwGgp-ap-´Øpw D-≠m-bn-cp∂ `-h-\-߃ ASn-®p-X-I¿°p-Ibpw Bfp-I-sf HmSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v Imcn-t°mSv, CS-sh´n, Ggp-ap-´w,imkvXmw-]md, Nme-t¶mSv, aW-°mSv, apX-e-t°mSw XpS-ßnb P\-hm-k-tI-µ-߃ \in-°p-Ibpw Imem¥cØn¬ Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ ImSp-I-bdpIbpw h\y-ar-K-߃ Bhkn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ BZysØ Is≠-gpØp \S-Ønb ]≈n-bmSn a√≥i¶-c\v sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ k¿t∆ \S-Øp-hm≥ t]mepw el-f-aqew km[n-®n√. ]n∂oSv 1769 ¬ [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ ImeØv a√≥ sNº-I-cm-a≥]n-≈-bmWv sXmSp-]p-g-bpw kao-]-]-tZ-i-ßfpw Af∂v ]≠m-c-hI, Zm\w,
tZhkzw, _“kzw F∂p hI-Xn-cn®v ssIh-i-°m¿°v ]´bw \¬In-bXv. 1910 ¬ Chn-SsØ `qcPn-ÿ ]kn-≤-s∏-SpØn. sXmSp-]pg-bnsesk‰n¬sa‚ v cPn-ÿ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw io]-Zva-\m-`-t£Xw KŸ-∏p-c-bn¬ BWv kq£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
Xm≥ Iog-S-°p∂ cmPy-ßfpsS Xe-ÿm-\-߃ sIm≈-b-Sn®p \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw, ASp-Øp-Xs∂ as‰mcp ]´Ww \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂X¥-amWv am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω ]b‰nbncp-∂Xv. Imbw-Ipfw ]´Ww \in-∏n® tijw ASpØ Ic-bn¬ Xs∂ IrjvW-]pcw F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp]´-Whpw sIm´m-chpw \n¿Ωn®p. AXp-t]mse Chn-sSbpw ]pg IS∂pC°sc sXmSp-]p-gsb Xmeq°v B°p-Ibpw Imcn-t°mSv cmPXe-ÿm\wshdp-samcp hnt√-Pm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ioIr-jvW-t£-XsØ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw, k¿°m-cm-^o-kp-Ifpw _w•m-hp-Ifpw \n¿Ωn®vsXmSp-]p-gsb hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp.
C∂p ] -WsØ c≠mbn ]Ip-Øp-sIm≠v Hgp-Ip∂ ]pg-bpsS BZy-\maw ]pfn-bv°¬ ]pg-sb-∂m-bn-cp∂p. ioIrjvW t£X-Øn\pwC∂sØ ]me-Øn\pw at[y \n∂n-cp∂ Hcp henb ]pfn-a-c-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ hf¿∂v ]Sn-I-fm-bn Xo¿-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Zo¿L-Imew AhnSw HcpIpfn-°-S-hm-bn-. Cu Ipfn-ÿ-e-sØ-∏‰n Hcp sFXn-ly-ap≠v. ]i-kvX-\m-bn-cp∂ a¥-hmZn AÆmbn°Æw Rd-f-°m´v AΩm≠n Hcn-°¬Ipfn-°m-\mbn '\√ ioX-f-P-e-]-hm-l-ap≈' ]pg-bpsS IS-hn-seØn.At∏mƒ Hcp tkh-I≥ HmSn-h∂v A[n-Im-cn-bpsS `mcy kv\m\-Øn-
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
77
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
76
A≤ymbw 10
kmwkvImcnI ss]XrIw
sXmSp-]p-g-bm-dns‚ Ic-bn¬ ]mNo\ Ime-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ `Z-Im-fn-bpsS ImhmWv C∂sØ ioIr-jvW-kzm-an-t£-X-Øns‚ aqew.
InkvXm_vZw Hº-Xnse ‡n-]-ÿm\ ImeØv ae-_m-dn¬ \ns∂-Ønb]pfn-b-∏-Sºp a\-bv°se Hcp \ºq-Xncn Cu Im-hn¬ [ym\ \nc-X-\m-bn-cns° IrjvW-Z¿i-\ap-≠m-bn. XpS¿∂v ]qP \SØn hcsh cmP-ÿm-\Øp \n∂v AhnsS IrjvW-]-XnjvT \SØn. Cu Aºew sIm®n-cm-Pmhv InkvXp-h¿jw ]Xn-aq-∂n¬ ChnsS cn-®n-cp-∂-t∏m-ƒ \n¿Ωn-®-Xm-sW∂pw ]d-bp-∂p≠v. am¿Øm-fi-h¿-Ω-bmIs´ Ccn-ßm-e-°pS s\Sp-ºp≈n Xc-W-\-√q¿ \ºq-Xn-cn°v CXns‚ \nb¥Ww \¬In. Imcn-t°mSvIh-e-bn¬ ImWp∂ K-hXn Aºew Iogvae cmPm-hns‚ IpSpw-_-t£-X-am-bn-cp∂p. Hcp inh-t£-X-am-bn-cp∂ CXns\ cmPm-hn-\p-≠mb Hcpkz]v\-Z¿i-\sØ XpS¿∂v `K-h-Xnbv°v ]Xn-jvTn®p. Chn-SsØ Kcp-U≥ Xq°hpw ]¥¬]m´pw ]kn-≤-amWv. hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-hns‚t£Xw CS-sh-´n-bn-em-bn-cp∂p.
]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ \ns∂-Ønb Iv\m\mbInkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]Wn-bn®-XmWv Np¶w-]≈n. ]g-°-ap≈ H‰-°-√n¬Xo¿Ø Hcp Ipcniv Ct∏mgpw Ahn-sS-bp≠v. \q‰ºXv h¿jw ]g-°-ap≈ sX\wIp∂v ]≈n kpdn--bm\n ItØm-en-°-cpsSbmWv. sXmSp-]pg
sXmSp-]p-g-bm¿ HcpImeØvhenb Hcp Pe-]m-X-bm-bn-cp∂p.Iogva-e-bnse h\m-¥-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw kpK-‘-Z-hy-ßfpw a‰pwIb-‰nb sI´p-h-≈-߃ Xeßpwhneßpw HmSn-bn-cp∂p. CS-hm-Øp-cp-Ønse ]pfn-bv°¬ IS-hn-e-SpØvIrjvW-kzm-ansb sXmgp-Xtijtah©n-Iƒ ]Sn-™m-tdm´v ]nSn-®n-cp-∂p≈p.
sXmSp-]pgbpsS ap≥\maw CS-hm-Øp-cpØv F∂m-bn-cp∂p. Chn-SsØ tZi-hmgn Hcp \mb-cm-bn-cp∂p. CS-hm-Øp-cpØv \mb-∑m¿]Xm-]-im-en-Ifpw IrjvW- -‡-cp-ambncp-∂p. 1546 ao\-am-k-Øn¬ Ch¿t£X Po-h-\-°m-cmb \ºq-Xn-c-nam¿°v AI-°m-aØv sImSp-Ø-Xns‚IW°v ioIr-jvW-kzman t£XKŸ-h-cn-bn¬ ImWp-∂p≠v.
sXmSp]pg ioIrjvWkzmant£Xw
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
79
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
78
t∏mƒ Xan-gv\m-´n¬ \n∂v sIm≠p-h∂hcpw ChnsSbp≠v. Hcp A`ym-kn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-ØnemWv Ah¿ ChnsS IpSn-tb-dn-bXv. ]K-¤-\mbCu A`ym-knsb ]d-°-sh´n dmhp-Ø¿ F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv.Rmhq¿°m-f, Nn∂-°m-f, aßm-´v, D°nWnho´n¬, hmWn-b-∏p-c, ]≈n-ap-°n¬ XpS-ßn-b-h- Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ IpSpw-_-߃ BWv.
sX¶m-in-bn¬ \n∂v sXmSp-]p-g-bn-seØn Xma-k-am-°nb £Xnb-h¿§-amWv A™q-‰n-°m¿. ]nt∂m-°-°m-c\m-bn-cp∂ Ahn-SsØ cmPm-
hn\v s]Æp-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Xøm-dm-ImsX tIc-f-Øn-te°v IS∂ A™q-
dn¬]cw IpSw-_-ß-fm-WnXv. Ct∏mgpw Xan-gvNp-h-bp≈ ae-bmfw Ch¿
kwkm-cn-°p∂p. Ipw`-tIm-WØp \n∂p IpSn-tb-dn-b sh≈m-f- ‘\m-I-
cmWv‘ aq∂q-‰n-°m¿. Zmhn-U-hw-i-P-cmb Ch-cpsS BNm-c-a-cym-Z-I-fnepw
`£-W-io-e-ß-fnepw Xan-gvkzm-[o-\-ap≠v.
Xncp-s\¬then Pn√-bnse I√S°pdn»n Kma-Øn¬ \n∂pw AXp-
t]mse ]me-°mSv Pn√-bnse I¬∏mØn Kma-Øn¬ \n∂pw h∂p-tN¿∂-
h-cmWv Chn-SsØ _m“-W-cn¬ Gsd-bpw. tIcfØnse BZy-Ime
\q‰n-\mev _m“W kt¶-X-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p DSp-º-∂q-cn-\-SpØp≈
]cn-bm-cw. ]I¿®-hym-[nsb XpS¿∂m-hWw Ahn-sS-\n∂p IpSn-tb-dn-b-
h-cmWv ]pXp-∏-cn-bm-cØpw aW-°m´pw Xma-k-am-°nb-Xv. \tS∏≈n,
IpºØq¿, ]pXp°pfw, FSm´v, aqea\, DdpºØq¿, Ip∂°m´v F√mw
]ikvX C√ßfmWv. s]cp-ºn-≈n-®nd hmcyØv IpSpw_w Bbp¿t∆Z
`nj-Kz-c-∑m-cm-Wv. ]qPm-Im-cy-ß-fpw, A[ym-]-I-hr-Ønbpw, Irjnbpw
sNbvXv Pohn-°p-∂-h-cmWv A[n-I-hpw.
[mcmfw \mb-∑m¿ ChnsS Xma-k-ap-≠v. \mb¿ ]S-bpsS Ah-km-\-
tØmsS Irjn-bn-te°v Xncn™ Ch-cn¬ Ct∏mƒ I®-h-S-°m-cpw, DtZym-
K-ÿ-∑m-cp-ap-≠v. ae-bm-‰n¬, aT-Øn¬, Nµ-Øv, hcm-c-∏-≈n, tImbn-
°¬, tN∂m¬, aq∏n¬, amcn-bn¬, B\nbmho´n¬, Aºm´v , Be∏m´v,
A-d-bv°¬, ap≠bv°¬, Imcn°ma‰w, sNdptImSn°pfØv XpS-ßn-bh
]ikvX \mb¿ `h-\-ß-fm-Wv.kqcym-ho- n¬, th´¿a-Tw, h -∏-d-ºn¬, s]cp-ºn-≈n¬, Xøn¬tXm´w
(X-ø-t°m-Sw), h≈p-h-ti-cn¬, Ipdp-ΩmØv F∂n-ßs\ Ggc IpSpw-_-ß-fmWv sh≈mf h¿§-Øn¬s]´ \mb-∑m-cmbn ChnsSbp-≈Xv. Irjn,hym]m-cw F∂nh \S-Ønbpw hnhn[ DtZym-K-߃ hln®pw sFiz-cy-
SuWn¬ ]pXnb ]≈n-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-tØmsS Cu ]≈n-bn¬ I¿Ω-߃ Ipd-hmWv. Cu mKsØ G‰hpw ]g-b-sX∂p Icp-Xs∏Sp∂-XmWvssae-s°mºp ]≈n. kz¥w aI-fpsS `m¥v tXmΩm-«olm kpJ-am-°n-b-Xn¬ kw]o-X-\mb s\Sp-am-°¬ ]Wn-°-√ym¿ ]`p \in®p InS∂Hcp _p≤∏≈nsb \∂m°ns°mSpØXmWv Cu ]≈n Fs∂mcpsFXylap≠v. Iogva-e-\m- n-te°v sNºn¬ \n∂p sIm≠p-h-c-s∏´ sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-°-mcm¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´-XmWv apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n. Iºw-]m-X-bpsS Hmc-Øm-bp≈ C∂sØ B¿∏ma‰-Øm-bn-cp∂p BZyw Cu]≈n. ]n∂oSv 1312˛¬ apX-e-t°m-SØn\pam‰n ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-p.
am¿tØmΩm k`mw-K-߃ Ipd-hm-sW¶nepw CSp°n tdmUn¬Ah¿°v Hcp ]≈n-bp-≠v. Hm¿ØtUmIvkv bmt°m_mb ]≈n ]pXnbss]h‰v _kv Ãm‚n\v A`napJamWv. s]¥t°mkvXpIm¿°v ]e]m¿∞\mebßfpw ChnsSbp≠v.
tImgn-t°m´v \ns∂-Ønb Hcp a\-°m-cmWv Nme-t¶mSv imkvXmhvAº-e-Øns‚ ÿm]-I¿. Aø-∏≥tImhn¬ t£X-Ønse imkvXm-hn-s\-bmWv ChnsS ]Xn-jvTn-®Xv. Ct∏mƒ t£Xw Po¿tÆm-≤m-cWw \S-Øn-bn-cn°p∂p. tNmf- inev]kuµ-cy-ap≈ teml-hn-K-l-߃ \nd™Hcp inh-t£-X -amWv ChnsS Im™n-c -a -‰Øp ImWp -∂Xv .InkvXph¿jw HºXmwiXIw apX¬ XpS¿®-bmbn D≠mbns°m≠ncp∂ tNmf-∑m-cpsS BI-a-W-Øn\pw hmk-Øn\pw Cu t£XwaXn-bmb sXfn-hmWv. Xncp-a-e-\m-bv°s‚, InkvXph¿jw ]Xnt\gnsetI-c-fm-I-a-W-Øns‚ sXmSp-]p-g-bnse sXfn-hmWv AÆm-a-e-t£Xw.
Hcp k\ym-kn-h-cys‚ hmkw-sIm≠v ]ikvX-ambn apX-en-bm¿ aTw.
Ct∏mƒ ChnsS ]qP-bp≠v. Hf-a-‰-Øn\p kao]w Htdm-∏m-d-bn¬ Hcpt£X-ap≠v. kzbw-`q-hmWv Chn-SsØ ]XnjvT. h\-hm-k-Im-eØv]m©m-ensb sIm√p-hm≥ h∂ k¿∏sØ sIm∂-tijw hmƒh®phni-an® hmfp-h-®m≥ ]md Chn-sS-bp≠v. Pe-w e- y-am-°m≥ oa≥ Nhp-´nb ÿe-amWv `oa-]m-Z-Xo¿∞w. `oas‚ ASp∏pw Chn-sS-bp≠v. HcpImeØv Kncn-h¿§-]q-Pm-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ Chn-SsØ t\¿® D∏pw Ipcp-ap-f-Ip-w BWv.
ss\\mcp ]≈n Cu ]tZ-isØ ]pIƒs]‰ apkveow tZhm-e-b-amWv. sIm¥m-e-]≈n Hcp alm-]-WvUn-Xs‚ Hm¿Ω-°mbn \n¿Ωn-®-XmWv.thsd-bp--ap≠v ]≈n-Iƒ. cmhp-Ø¿amcmWv Chn-SsØ apl-Ω-Zo-b-cn¬A[n-Ihpw. ae-\m´v cmPm-hns‚ ap…ow ssk\n-I-cpsS FÆw Ipd-™-
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
81
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
80
A≤ymbw 11
\kmWn sXm´m-eXp ip≤-amIpw
\ΩpsS ]q¿∆-]n-Xmhv IS∂p h∂ sXmSp-]p-g-bnse cmjvSobkwhn-[m-\-sØbpw, kmaqlyhyh-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw ]‰n ap∂-≤ym-b-ßfn¬kqNn-∏n®n´p-≠t√m. sXm´p ip≤-am-°m≥ \km-Wnsb sIm≠p htc≠Hcp kmaq-ly-km-l-Ncyw ChnsSbpw kwPm-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. sNºn¬\n∂p≈ Hcp sIm®p IpSpw-_-Øns‚ At\Iw h¿j-߃°v apºp≈BK-a-\-Øn\p sXfn-hp-Iƒ A]m-]y-am-sW-∂n-cns°, A∂sØ kmaq-ly-]-›m-Ø-ehpw, ]mc-º-cyhpw ]cn-tim-[n®v Dd-∏n-°pI amXtaIcWobambn´pbp≈q.
c≠mw tNc- -c-W-Øn¬ tIcfw H‰-s°- mbn \n∂v A`q-X-]q¿∆-amb]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te°v IpXn® c≠p \q‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn-cp∂p HºXpw ]Øpw.
ae-bm-f-Øn\p kz¥-amb sIm√-h¿jw Bcw- n-°p-∂Xv InkvXp-h¿jw825 ˛¬ BWt√m. sN¥-an-gn¬ \n∂v Cg-]n-cn™v ae-bmfw Hcp kzX-¥- m-j-bm-Ip-∂Xpw C°m-e-b-f-hn-emWv. ssP\- _p-≤-a-X-ß-fpsS \miw]q¿Æ-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cp∂p. F´mw \q‰m-≠n-ep-≠mb hºn-® Bcy k∂n-th-ihpw, ]c-ip-cm-as‚ iqc-t\-Xr-Xzhpw tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcy-h¬I-c-W-Øns‚ B°w h¿≤n∏n®p. Ime-Sn-bn¬ P\n® ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ]K-¤-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ssP\ -_p-≤-a-X-ß-fpsS A¥:k-Øsb Chn-SsØBZn-Zm-hnU hnizm-k-Ønse ]e ]h-W-X-I-fp-ambn ka-\z-bn-∏n®v Bcy-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\p A\p-cq-]-am°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xm-Wt√m C∂sØ lnµp-
ambn Pohn-®p-h-cp∂ A[zm-\-io-e-cmWv Ch¿. hnti-j-hn-Zym-`ymkwe`n® ]ecpw Ch-cpsS CS-bn-ep-≠v.-
InkvXp-h¿j-Øn\p apºpapX¬ ChnsS ]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp∂ _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ apJytIµ-am-bn-cp-∂p s]cp-ºn-≈n-®n-d. a‰Øpw Ggpap´ØpwImcnt°m´pw ]≈nIfp≠mbncp∂p. Imcn-t°m´v Ih-ebv°v kao]wImWp∂ ]q¿Æ-ambpw I√n¬ \n¿Ωn® aWvU]hpw AXns‚ Hc-‰-Ømbn ImWp∂ [ym\-ap-dnbpw Hcp ]≈nbpsS mKamImw. GtXm Hcp_p≤-a-lm-ap\n ChnsS X]kv A\p-jvTn®v \n¿∆mWw ]m]n-s®∂pw]dbs∏Sp∂p. Ggp-ap- sØ ap\n-b-d-bp-w _p≤∑m-cpsS Ahn-SpsØ Xma-k-Øn\v sXfn-h-mWv. C∂pImWp∂ I\mens‚ Icbnembncp∂p a‰sØ_p≤tZhmebw.
Cßs\ hnhn[ P\-]-Y-ß-fpsS hn\ymkw sIm≠pw, hnhn[ aX-ÿ-cpsS Iq´mb hmkw sIm≠pw, P\n-ar-Xn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn\p am¿§-Zo-]-ß-fmb At\Iw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fpsS km∂n≤ywsIm≠pw sXmSp-]pg ]i-kvX-amWv. Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse ]_-e-i-‡n-I-fm-bn-cp∂ tNc, tNmf, ]mWvUy kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS k¥p-e-\amWv Chn-SsØ P\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ImX¬. B sXmSp-]p-g-bmWv sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ P∑-`qan.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
83
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
82
Sn®v am‰n-\n-dpØn. F∂m¬ P∑w sIm≠pw I¿Ωw sIm≠pw BVyXzw]pe¿Øp-Ibpw ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ kzX-¥-cm-bn-cn-°p-IbpwsNbvXn-cp∂ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Cu h¿§-h¿Æ t`Z-߃°n-Sbn¬sRcpßmsX _p≤n-]q¿∆w amdn-\n∂p. A[n-Im-c-tk-h-bnepw AtK-k-c-∑m-cmbncp∂ \km-Wn-Isf HXp-°m≥ _m“-W-ta[m i‡n°v Ign-™n√. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv Ah¿Æ¿ sXm´tXm Xo≠n-btXm BbhkvXp-°ƒ 'ip≤w' sNøp∂ henb AwKo-Imcw \km-Wn-Iƒ°v In´p-∂Xv.
'sImt≈≠ hkvXp-°-f-ip-≤-am-bm¬\kmWn sXm´m-eXp ip≤-amIpw"
F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]amWw.
]pWym-l-I¿Ω-߃°v ]e-am¿§-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. kh¿Æ lnµp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ tN¿∂-h¿ sXm´p ip≤-am-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ffp-∏-am¿§w. CXn-\mbn ]`p-Ip-Spw-_-ß-tfmSpw Aº-e-ß-tfmSpw tN¿∂v Hcp \km-Wn IpSpw_sØ Xma-kn-∏n®v kwc-£n-®n-cp∂p. apkvenw ]S-bm-fn-I-fpsS FÆw Ipd-™-t∏mƒ F√m lnµp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw c≠p-t]sc hoXw apkveo-ß-fmbn hf¿Øn-sIm-≠p-h-cp-hm≥ tImgn-t°mSv kmaq-Xncn cmPmhv DØ-c-hm-bn-cp∂p. AXp-t]mse \km-Wn-I-fpsS h¿§-ip≤n kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn _m“-W¿Hgn-sI-bp-≈-h¿ am¿§w IqSp-∂-Xn\p cmPm-\p-aXn thW-sa∂v HcpImeØv \njvI¿jn-®n-cp∂p.
CS-sh´n aÆm-d-a‰w IrjvW-ta-t\m\v Ct∏mƒ hbv sXmÆq-s‰m-º-XmWv. At±-l-Øns‚ sNdp-∏-Øn¬ aqhm-‰p-]pg aÆ-Øq¿ t£X-Øn-te°v ip≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn s]cn-tßm- q¿ \n∂pw Hcp amWnsbsIm≠p-h-∂-Xmbn Hm¿°p∂p. Ct∏mgpw B IpSpw-_-°m¿ B \m´n-ep≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ ho´n¬ Xs∂ Cug-h¿ \mfn-tI-c-ap-S-®m¬ c≠p-ap-dn-I-fnepw \kmWn sXm -ti-jta D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p≈q F∂pw Hm¿Ω-bp≠v.
tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcy-∑m¿ BZy-ambn FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv F´mw iX-I-Øn-em-sW∂pw, AXpsIm≠v BZna InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Bcy-h¿§-a-s√∂pwNne¿ Icp-Xp∂p. F∂m¬ InkvXp-hn\p \mep \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºvapX¬ Bcy-∑m¿ Aev]m-ev]-ambn ChnsS ]th-in®p XpS-ßn-b-Xn\pHt´sd sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v. InkvXp injy-∑m¿ t]mbn-´p-≈-sX√mw A°m-esØ temI-]-ikvX ÿe-ß-fn-te°v amX-amWv AhnSß-fnse blq-
aXw. `‡n-]-ÿm\w F∂ Km\m-cm-[\ kº-Zm-b-Øn-eq-sSbpw a‰pXojvW-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]Ømw \q‰m-≠n¬ lnµpaXw]NmcØnembn. _m“-W≥, £Xn-b≥, sshiy≥, iqZ≥ F∂nßs\kmam-\y-P-\sØ `n∂n-∏n®v _m“-W kzm[o\w Dd-∏n®p.
sXmSp-]p-gbnepw CXns‚ Ae-sbmen D≠mbn. Imcn-t°mSv K-h-Xn-t£Xw ]cn-jvI-cn®p. hf-sc-°m-e-ambn ]pg-°-c-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ Z-Im-fn-bpsS Imhv hnI-kn-∏n®v IrjvW-]-XnjvT \SØn, ]qPm-Zn-Im-cy-߃°mbn \ºq-Xn-cnsb \nb-an®p. thZ-]-T-\-߃°mbn sXm≠n-°p-g-bn¬ HmØp-im-e-Iƒ Bcw-`n®p. X¥-hn-Zy-Ifpw a‰pw ]Tn-∏n®v _ncp-Z-߃ \¬Ip-hm≥ s\Sn-b-ime Bcw-`n®p. _m“-W-hm-k-Øn-\mbnaW°mSv \n›-bn®p. Cßs\ h∂p tN¿∂ _m“W kzm[o-\hpw,
Ah¿ Cdp-°n-∏n-Sn®p \S-∏m°nb h¿§-h¿Æ-hvXym-k-ßfpw hcp-Øn-h®Hcp kwkvImc hnti-j-Øns‚ Dev]-∂-am-bn-cp∂p. 'sXm´p' ip≤-am-°¬.
I®-hSw, Irjn, FÆ- D¬∏mZ\w F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Imem-I-me-ß-fm-bp≈ \km-Wn-I-fpsS sXmgn¬. shfn-s®Æ, atcm-´n-sbÆ, ]p∂-bv°-sbÆ, HmS-seÆ F∂n-h-bmWv D]-tbm-K-tbm-Ky-am-bn-cp-∂Xv. £-W-Øn\pw, shfn-®-Øn-\p-ambn Ghcpw FÆ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ FÆ A°meØv Hcp hne-tb-dnb hkvXp-hmbn Icp-X-s∏´ncp∂p.Nµ-\w, Ipcp-ap-fIv XpS-ßnb h\-hn-`-h-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p apJy-hym-]m-c-h-kvXp-°ƒ. s\¬Ir-jn-bmWv A∂v BsI D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. InkvXym\nIrjn sNbvXm¬ amXta `qan \√ hnf \evIq F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]cs°hnizmkw. _m“-W-k-Zy-°m-h-iy-amb s\√v ]pgp-ßn-IpØn t£X-Øn¬ \¬tI-≠Xv InkvXy≥ ‘s]ºn-f’ -am-cpsS Npa-X-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p.tNmdm-bn-cp∂p ][m\ Blm-c-]-Zm¿∞w. ]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-ambn ]e-bn\w]®-°-dn-km-[-\-߃ e`n-®n-cp∂p. ]cn-an-X-amb \ntXym-]-tbm-K-km-[-\-ßtf A∂v ]tbm-K-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈p. Ah-bn¬ an°-hbpwkh¿Æ\v Abm-fpsS Np‰p-h- -Øp-\n∂p Xs∂ e`y-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬D∏v, i¿°c XpS-ßnb hyPvR\ hkvXp-°ƒ Ib-hn-Ibw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv ][m-\-ambpw Cug-h-sc-t∏m-ep≈ Ah¿Æ-cm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬Ah-sb√mw ip≤-am°n amXta D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p≈q. _m“-W¿ ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn-te°v Db¿∂-t∏mƒ Ah¿°v th≠n-bn-cp∂ `c-W-h¿§sØ£Xn-b-sc∂pw, hym]m-cn-Isf sshiy-sc∂pw hnfn®v Db¿Øn. _lp-`q-cn-]£w hcp∂ CX-c -P-\-k-aq-lsØ apgp-h≥ Ah¿Æ-sc∂v apZ-b-
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
85
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
84
Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ D≠mb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fpsS Hcp IÆn-bm-bn-´p-amhmwHcp IS-hn¬ Ip-Spw_w sXmSp-]p-g-bn-se-Øp-∂Xv.
Iogvae \m´n¬ `c-W-`m-c-ta-ev°m≥ Hcp B¨]P C√m-Xmbn.CXns\ XpS¿∂v ssh°w hS-°pw-Iq¿ imJ-bn¬ \n∂pw Hcp Cf-apdcmPm-hn-s\-s°m≠v Chn-SsØ cmP-Ip-am-cnsb thfn Ign-∏n®v A[n-Im-c-ta-ev]n®p. cmP-hw-i-Øn¬s]-´-h¿ Xmakw am‰p-tºmƒ ]e h¿§-ß-fn¬s∏´ Iptd IpSpw-_-ß-sf-°qSn IqsS sIm≠p-t]m∂p ÿew \¬InXma-kn-∏n-°m-dp≠v. A°q-´-Øn¬ amcm¿, sIm√≥, the≥, Bimcn,X≠m≥, IWn-bm≥, \mb¿, hnf-°n-Ø-e-\m-b¿, ]Wn-°¿, am∏nf,
tat\m≥ apX-em-b-h-¿ Dƒs∏-´n-cp∂p. Cßs\ sIm≠p-h∂p ÿew\¬In Xma-kn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿ h¿§-ti-Wn-bn¬ ap¥n-b-hcpw, cmP-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hniz-kvXcpw, ka¿∞cpw Bbn-cp∂p. hS-°pw-Iq¿ `cn®ncp∂amWn-IyØ®∑m-cpsS ISp-Øp-cpØn, ssh°w, Nß-\m-t»cn sIm´m-c-ß-fn¬ IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn\p am\y-ÿ-m\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Ncn-X-ap-≠t√m. t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ hSp-X-e-bn¬ h®v hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-hns\\nK-ln-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂v kwPm-X-amb Ac-£n-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ hS--°pw-Iq-dnse henb Xºq-cm≥ IS-\m-´n-te°v IpSn-am‰w \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂p sIm≠p-t]m-b-h-cmWv ]mtdΩm-°¬Im¿F∂p tIƒhn-bp-≠v. ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tXmam-tKm-h¿Æ-tZm¿ Cu IpSpw-_mw-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. sXmSp-]pg `c-W-ta‰ hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-hns‚ Bh-iy-Øn-te-bv°mbn, ssh°w sIm´m-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp∂HcpIS-hn¬ IpSpw-_sØ ChnsS a¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ I¿Ømhv sNºn¬\n∂pw sIm≠p-h-∂-XmWv Chn-SsØ ]Ya sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-sa-∂mWv ]mcºcyambn hnizkn®pt]mcp∂Xv.
Aßs\ h¿Æ-hy-hÿ, hym]m-c-_‘w, IpSpw-_-]m-c-ºcyw,
sIm´mcØnse hniz-kvXX, hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ BKa\w BZnbmb Imcy-߃ HØp-t\m-°p-tºmƒ HºXmw \q‰m≠nset∂m BWv \ΩpsS]q¿∆-]n-Xmhv sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ Xma-k-am-b-sX∂v \ymb-ambpw \n¿Æ-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Z-scbpw ]n∂oSv Ah-sc-t∏mse am\y-ÿm-\-ap-≈-h-tcbpw amX-amWvamtΩm-Zok ap°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. C¥y-bn¬ BZyw blq-Zcpw, ]n∂oSv Bcy-∑mcpw A[n-Im-c-h¿§-Øn¬s∏´ Zmhn-Ucpw Bbn-cn-°Ww BZyw am¿§-Øn¬ tN¿∂Xv. h¿§-h¿Æ hyXym-k-ßfpw P\m[n]Xyhpw C√m-Xn-cp∂ H∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ FÆ-sØ-°m-tfsd KpW-Øn-\m-bn-cp-∂t√m]k‡n. aXw amdn-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw \kmWnIƒ Xß-fpsS PmXym-Nm-c-߃ XpS¿∂n-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v D¬Ir-jvS-cmbn IW-°m-°-s∏´p. D®n-°pSpabn¬ Hcp Ipcn -ip -IqSn D≠m-bn -cp -∂Xp amX -amhmwssIkvXh˛_m“W bphm-°ƒ XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ _mly-am‰w.
ssIkvXham¿§-Øn¬ tN¿∂-bmsf am¿§w ]n≈-sb∂pw, ]n∂oSv am∏n-f-sb∂pw Nne ImeØp hnfn-®n-cp∂p. Hcp aXw as‰mcp aX-tØ-°mƒtami-am-sWt∂m, sa®-am-sWt∂m Bcpw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂n√. t£tXm-’-h-ß-fn¬ sslµ-h-tcm-sSm∏w InkvXym-\n-Ifpw sI´p-Im-gvN-Iƒ FSp-Øn-cp-∂p. 1943 ¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ]ªnIv sl¬Øv em_-´-dn-bn¬\S∂ PmXn Xncn-®p≈ Hcp c‡-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ A.B. Kq∏p-Im¿ G‰hpwA[nIw _m“-W-cnepw kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fn-ep-am-sW∂v I≠-
Xmbn* skUv. Fw. ]mtd´v ]d-bp-∂Xv ck-I-c-amWv.
apf-Ip-a-Wn-I-fpsS Cu kz¥w \m´n¬ \n∂v Ah tiJ-cn®v sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp-∂Xv ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-tØ-bv°m-bn-cp∂p. sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬\n∂pw aqhm-‰p-]pg hgn Pe-am¿§-am-bn-cp∂p HcpImeØv Nc-°p-\o°w.
ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnepw DZ-bw-t]-cqcpw henb sI´p-h-≈-߃ ImØp-In-S-∂n-cp∂p. hym]m-cn-Iƒ ][m-\-ambpw \km-Wn-Iƒ Xs∂ Bbn-cp∂p.tX°v cmP-hr-£-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse Ipcp-ap-fIv cmP-t`m-K-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah-bpsS tiJ-c-W-Øn\pw a‰pw cmPm-\p-aXn th≠n-bn-cp∂p;Np¶hpw sIt´-≠n-bn-cp∂p. A∂sØ ]Sn-™m-d≥ InkvXy≥ IpSn-h-bv]p-Iƒ ISp-Øp-cpØn, sNºv, DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ XpS-ßnb Xoc-]tZiß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m. Ahn-SsØ InkvXym-\n-I-fp-am-bn hS°pwIq¿cmPm°∑m¿°v D≠mbncp∂ \nc-¥c kº¿°hpw, sXm´p-ip-≤-am-°m≥Hcp \km-Wnsb sNºn¬ \n∂p sIm≠pt]mIm≥ Imc-W-ambn.
sIm√-h¿jw 175¬ Iogva-e-\mSv ]nf¿∂mWv sX°≥Iqdpw hS-°≥Iqdpw D≠m-b-sX∂v Icp-Xp-∂p≠v. shº-e-\mSv D-≠m-b-t∏m-gmWvIogva-e \m-Sv D≠m-b-sX∂pw, CSbv°v sIm®n cmPy-Øns‚ kma¥\mbpw]n∂oSv Iogvs∏´pw Ign-™n-cp-s∂∂pw Ncn-X-ap≠v. Cu am‰w adn-®n-ep-
* skUv. Fw. ]mtd´v : ae-¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
87
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
86
c-W-Øn-e-a¿∂ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ cmP-]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn ChnsS FØn-t®¿∂-h-cmWv I¿Øm-°-∑m¿.
Ggp-ap´hpw ]cnkc]tZißfpw
Bcy-hw-i-P-cmb Ch-cpsS F√m BNm-c-ßfpw _m“-W-cp-tS-Xp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p. _m“W kzm[o\w kaq-l-Øn¬ Gdn-tbdn h∂-t∏mƒ Dd® aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ Ch¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ Xs∂ X߃°vhenb mhn-bp-s≠∂v Is≠Øn, Chn-SsØ P\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ Hcp mK-ambn amdn. ]mWvUy-`-cWw Ah-km-\n-®n´pw _m“-W-cpsS ]n≥_-e-Øn¬ Ah¿ ChnsS thcp-d-∏n®p \n∂p. I¿Ømhv F∂m¬ ]`pF∂mWv A¿∞w. A\p-Iqe kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Ch¿ CS-]-`p-°-∑mcpwtZi-hm-gn-I-fp-ambn amdn. ]mem ao\-®n¬ Rmh-°m´p I¿Øm-°-∑m¿°vap∏-Xn¬∏cw Ic-I-fpsS ta¬ ]q¿Æ-\n-b-¥-W-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. 'XpS-ß-\mSpw' 'A¥o-\mSpw' Bbn-cp∂p cmPym-Xn¿Øn-Iƒ. 'Zmtam-Z-c-knw-l≥'
F∂ amdm-t∏-cm-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ `c-W-I¿Øm-hn-s\-¶n¬ cm⁄n-bm-hs´ F∂pw 'iotZhn Xºp-cm-´n-' B-bn-cp∂p. HºXmw iX-I-Øns‚]`mXØn¬ aqhm-‰p-]pg ]tZ-isØ i‡-cmb \mSp-hm-gn-I-fm-bn-cp∂pBb-°p-∂Øv I¿Øm-°-∑m¿. sIm√pw sImebpw \SØn \mSp-\-Sp-°n-bn-cp∂ Ch¿°v cmP-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ \√ kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ch-
cpsS kl-I-c-W-Ønepw, Ch¿ Zm\-ambn \¬Inb ÿe-Øp-amWv
InkvXp 905-¬ am¿ B_m ]pcm-X\-amb IS-a‰w ]≈n ]Wn-bn-®Xv.
1 Ggp-ap´w
2 Rdp-°p‰n
3 Ip∂w
4 sXm≠n-°pg
5 Imcn-t°mSv
6 hnt√Pv Hm^okv
7 ]©m-bØv
8 sX°pw-`mKw
9 Ipdp-ºm-e-a‰w
A≤ymbw 12
FS-Øn¬ I¿Ømhpw FSap- hpw
Iogvae sIm´m-c-Ønse Bh-iy-Øn-te-bv°mbn \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-Is\ sXmSp-]p-g-bn-te°v Iq´n-s°m-≠p-h-∂Xv Hcp FS-Øn¬ I¿ØmhvBbn-cp-s∂∂pw, At±lw a¥n-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂pw BWv ]pcmWw.
Ct∏mƒ Cu ]tZ-i-sØßpw Cu ]c-º-c-bnse I¿Øm-°-∑msc ImWp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm≠v \ap°v ad-°m-\m-hmØ Cu I¿Øm-°-∑m-cpsS IYAt\z-jn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.
Ipw`-tIm-WØp \n∂pw IpSn-tb-dnb Hcp h¿§-amWv I¿Øm-°-∑m-sc∂pw Ggmw \q‰m≠p apX¬ Ah¿ ae-\m-Sns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fn-embnXma-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp∂p F∂p-amWv* CS-a-dpIv ]d-bp-∂Xv. a‰p Nne-cpsSt\m´-Øn¬ Ch¿ cP-]p-X-hw-i-P-cmWv. Adn-b-s∏-SmØ cmjvSob Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Hcp-Iq´w cP-]p-X-∑m¿ cmP-]-´Ww hn´p-t]m∂p. ]mWvUy-cm-PyØp IpSn-tbdn ]e-bn-S-ß-fn-embn ]m¿Øp h∂ Ah¿ _p≤n-am-∑mcpwcW-[o-c-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. ]mWvUy-cm-Pm-°-∑-cm-Is´ sX°v tNc-∑m-cp-ambpwhS°p tNmf-∑mcpambpw t]mcm-Sn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ ka-b-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.kaq-l-Ønepw ssk\y-Ønepw am\y-amb ÿm\w t\Snb Ah¿ CuZznap-J- bp-≤-ß-fn¬ ]mWvUy-cm-Pm-°-∑msc [oc-ambn klm-bn®p h∂p.CXns\ØpS¿∂v sh´n-∏n-Sn® ]e ]tZ-i-ßfpw \nb-¥n-°m-\mbn Ch-cn¬ ]e-scbpw \ntbm-Kn-°pI ]Xn-hmbn. Aßs\ ae-\mSv ]mWvUy-`-
* tPmk^v CS-a-dpIv : tIcf kwkv°mcw
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
89
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
88
`qK¿` Ad-bp≠v. a¥nsIm´m-c-Øn\p aq∂p-Np-‰p-ap≈ ]pc-bn-S-߃
]n¬°m-e-Øv sNº-c-Øn -Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s‚-Xm-bn Xo¿∂p. Ing°v, Ing-
t°-S-Ønepw hS°v sN≈q-∏-d-ºnepw ]Sn-™mdv ]men-b-Ip-t∂epw imJ-
Iƒ amfn-I-Iƒ h®v Xma-kn-®n-cp∂p. Ch 1505, XpS-ßnb k¿t∆ \º-
dp-I-fn¬s]´v ImWmhp-∂-XmWv.
sXmS-p]pg \n∂v Xan-gv\m- nse Iº-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]pcm-X-\-ambcmP]mX Ggp-ap-´sØ c≠mbn ]IpØmWv IS-∂p-t]m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Imcn-
t°mSv \n∂p Nme-t¶mSv, Nmem-t»cn hgn Icn-a-Æq¿ tX°n≥ Iq -Øn¬
FØn C∂sØ sXmSp-]pg DSp-º-∂q¿ tdmUn¬ tNcp∂p. P\-iq-\y-
amb ImeØv ImSp-I-b-dn-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v \mtim-∑p-J-amb B hgn
Ct∏mƒ Ipsd-sbms° k©m-c-tbm-Ky-am-bn-´p≠v. Cu tdmUn\p hS-
°mbn CSn-°n-´n-∏md hsc \o≠p InS-°p∂ hb-ens‚ Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-ep-
am-bn-cp∂p I¿Øm-hns‚ tkh-I-cm-bn-cp∂ amcm¿, sIm√≥, the≥ XpS-
ßn-b-h-cpsS IpSn-ep-Iƒ. Imcn-t°mSv XpSßn apX-e-t°mSw sXm≠n-°pg,
AÆmbn°Æw, Ggp-ap´w hsc A°m-eØv t`Z-s∏´ P\-hm-k-amWv D-
≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. sN´n-IfpsS Hcp tIµw Bbn-cp∂p C∂sØ Ip∂w.
]´bw Ih-e-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]pcm-X\ sN´n-b-ºew Ct∏mƒ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.
Ip∂w apX¬ Icn-a-Æq¿ hsc \o≠p InS-°p∂ Db¿∂ Hcp ÿe-
am-Wv Ggp-ap´w. Ing°v aebpw ]Sn-™mdv ]mS-hp-am-Wp-≈Xv. 'Fgp', 'Ggp',
'Ggn¬' F∂o ]Z-߃°v Fgp∂p \nev°p∂ AYhm Db¿∂p
\nev°p∂ F∂mWv A¿∞w. 'a‰w' F∂m¬ \nc-∏mb ÿe-amWv. kao-
]Øv \s∂ s\Sp-a‰w, h≠-a‰w, Ipdp-ºm-e-a‰w, A¿∏m-a‰w F∂o ÿe-
\m-a-߃ ImWp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Hcn-°¬ ChnSw 'Fgp-a‰w' Bbn-cp-∂p.
'ap´w' F∂ hm°n\p 'Ncnhv', 'Kmaw' F∂¿∞-ß-fp-≈-Xp-sIm≠v Cu
Ic-\maw Ggp-ap´w Ft∂m Bbn-cp-∂mepw aXn. FS-]-`p-hns‚ Kmaw
'FS-ap´w' Bbn-cp-∂Xv ]tbm-K-hn-ti-j-Øm¬ 'Fgp-ap-´w' Bbn-Øo¿s∂∂pw hcmw. GXm-bmepw Adp-]Xv h¿jw apºsØ 'Fgp-ap´w'
C∂v Ggp-ap-´sa∂mWv D®-cn-°p-∂-Xv. t]mtÃm-^okv Ct∏mgpw Fgp-ap´w Xs∂.
Zmhn-Um-[n-]Xy ImeØv hen-b-tXm- n≥I-c-bn-¬ D-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ipdp-am-f-cpsS (s]m°w Ipd-™-h¿) Kma-am-bn-cp∂p Ipdp-am-f-a-‰w. `Z-Im-fn-
A∂p Pohn-®n-cp∂ ta¬hn-h-cn® I¿Øm-°-∑m-sc√mw A[n-Im-cwD-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cm-Wt√m. At∏mƒ Iogvae cmPy-X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ Xma-k-®n-cp∂ FS-Øn¬ I¿Ømhv cmPm-hns‚ a¥nB-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ sFXnlyw icn-bm-hWw. cmPm-hns‚ kz¥tam, bp≤-X-¥tam, `c-W-\n-]p-W-Xtbm sIm≠v ]i-kvXt\m, Bbn-cp-∂n-cn°pwCt±lw. cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Xd-hm-Sp-Isf 'FSw' F∂mWv hS-°≥ tIc-f-Øn¬ hnfn®ncp-∂-sX∂v* sI.]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m≥ ]d-bp∂p. FSwF∂m¬ ]`p-Krlw F∂mWv Kp≠¿´v A¿∞w \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.'FS-hI' ]`p-hns‚ tZi-hp-am-Ip∂p. F¶n¬ FS-Øn¬ I¿Ømhv cmPm-hns‚ a¥ntbm, _‘pthm Bbn-cp-s∂∂v \ymb-ambpw A\p-am-\-n-°mw. Cu kzm[o-\Øn-emhmw ao\-®n¬, aqhm-‰p-]pg I¿Øm-°-∑m¿ ]_-e-cm-bXpw. ]mWvUy-cm-Pm-hns‚ Nm¿®-bn¬s∏- - Xºp-cm-°∑m¿°v Xs‚cmPy-ko-a-bn¬s∏´ ]q™m¿ ]tZ-i-߃ Xodp-\¬I-W-sa-¶n¬ IogvaecmPm-hns‚ ta¬ i‡-amb kzm[o-\tam kΩ¿±tam D≠m-bn- p≠v. ]q¿∆-_‘w aqew CXns‚ ]n∂n¬ ]h¿Øn-®Xv a¥n-bmb FS-Øn¬I¿Øm-hv Bbn°qsS-∂n√.
Ggp-ap-´Øv hSt° hb-en-d-ºnep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp sam´-°p-∂n-em-bn-cp∂p FS-Øn¬ I¿Øm-hns‚ sIm´mcw. Iogvae cmPmhv Imcn-t°mSvtIm´°-I-Øm-bn-cp∂p Xma-k-sa-¶n¬ Cf-apd cmP-sIm-´m-c-am-Is´ HcptIm -t]mse imkvXmw-]md Np‰n-\n-ev°p∂ sImX-Ip-Øn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p.CXn-\n-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p AÆm-bn-°Æw inh-t£Xw. Ggp-ap- sØ A®p-]n-≈n¬ a\-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p ]qPm-cn-Iƒ. FS-Øn¬ sIm´m-c-Øns‚ henbXd Ct∏m-gp-ap≠v. aq∂v X´p-I-fmbn 20,15,8 sk‚p hoXw hnkvXrXnImWmw. ASp-Øp- Xs∂ hb¬Øpºn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp henb Ipfw\nI∂p Xo¿∂n- n√m. CXn-te°v D≠m-°n-bn-cp∂ I¬∏-S-hp-Iƒ ]eXpwCt∏m-gp-ap≠v. sIm´m-c-ap-‰-Øn\p kao-]-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ h®p-tk-hm-aq¿Øn-bpsS ]XnjvT \in-®p-t]m-bn-cp∂p. ChnSw ]p\-cp-≤-cn®v Ct∏mƒioAø-∏s\ ]Xn-jvTn-®n-cn-°p∂p. sImX-IpØn sIm´m-c-Ød k¿t∆\w. 1446 BWv. a¥nsIm´mcØd k¿t∆ \w. 1524 'sIm´mcw ]dºpw',
sIm®-ºew 'FS-Øn¬ ]pc-bnSw' k¿t∆ \w. 1504 Dw Bbn Is≠-gpØptcJ-I-fn¬ ImWp∂p.
FS-Øn¬ I¿Øm-hns‚ Xma-c-°p-f-w C-cp∂ ap≠-bv°¬ (H-∂c
G°¿) Ct∏mƒ ]e-cp-sSbpw ssIh-i-Øn-emWv. AI-se-b-√msX Hcp
* sI.-]n.-tI-i-h-ta-t\m≥ : Ign-™-Imew
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
91
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
90
A≤ymbw 13
sXmSp-]pgbn-te°v
h¿Æ-hy-hÿ apfs]m´nb ImeØv ]`p-°-∑m-tc-°m-tfsd A‘-
hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂Xv cmPm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂pht√m.. Ah¿Æ¿ sXm´p-t]m-bm¬ ip≤-am-°ntb D]-tbm-Kn-bv°mhq F∂ \ntbmKw Xs∂_m“W _p≤n-bpsS Hcp ]mtbm-KnI X¥-am-bn-cp∂p. CXv Hcp BNm-c-ambn XpSßnb -Ime-ØmWv hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPmhv sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ FØp-∂Xv.
hnhn[ cmP-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®n-cp∂]pcm-X\ IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ imJ-I-fmWt√m A∂v sNºn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. thº-\m- p-Im-b-en¬ IqSn CS-bv°m- p-ap-°p-hgn aqhm-‰p-]pgh∂v IS-hn¬ IpSpw_w sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂-Xm-bmWvsFXnlyw. A°m-esØ henb Hcp Pe-K-Xm-K-X-am¿§-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.amXmhpw, ]nXmhpw aq∂v ]pX-∑mcpw AS-ßnb kwL-amWv I¿Øm-hn-s\m∏w sImX-Ip-Øn-bn¬ F-Øn-bXv. AsXmcp kmbw-k-‘y-bm-bn-cp∂p.cmPm-hns‚ Xmev]-cy-]-Imcw a¥n At∏mƒ Xs∂ Ahsc Xncp-ap-ºn¬ lmP-cm°n. CS-sh´n sIm´m-c-Øn-s\m∏w imkvXmw-]md sIm´m-c-Ønepw amdn-amdn cmP-hm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Imew. \km-Wn-I-fpsS BNm-c-co-Xn-Ifpw, \m´p-hn-ti-j-ßfpw tI´-ncp∂ cm-Pm-hn\p Imc-W-h-cpsShniz-ÿ-X-bnepw h¿§-ip-≤n-bnepw hnizm-k-ambn. sIm´m-c- ap‰Øv sX°p-
bpsS ]Xn-jvTbp-≠m-bn-cp∂ AhnSw ]n∂oSv Ipdp-ºm-e-a-‰-am-bn. hen-b-tXm- nse sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬ Fe-sºm-en-°mhv \in-®p. Fgp-ap- sØs]cp-¶m-hpw, ]pe-°m-hpw, sImSq¿Imhpw, Ip∂n-em-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬\misØ AXnPohn®p.
am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bpsS AI-a-sØ XpS¿∂v P\-hm-k-an-√msX Cu]tZiw \in®p. t£X-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\mbn ChnsS 100 G°¿ \newNme-t¶mSv a\bv°v Ic-sam-gn-hmbn \¬Inbncp∂p. a\-bn¬ \n∂pt\cn´pw, ]m -hy-h-ÿ-bnepw Irjn \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ \in®p InS∂FS-Øn¬ sIm´m-c-Ø-d-bn¬ sIm´n¬ sI´n-bm-bn-cp∂p sImbvØpwsaXnbpw. a\-bn¬ \n∂v Irjn Dt]-£n-®-t∏mƒ ]pØq-cm≥, Bº-°m-S≥ XpS-ßnb \mep- ho-´p-Im¿ hb¬ samØ-ambn hmßn-®p. Ct∏mƒChnSw At\-I-cpsS ssII-fn-emWv. sIm´m-c-Ø-dbpw Ipfhpw ]cn-k-chpw G¿Ø-S-Øn¬ hdp-Kokv, aØmbn F∂o ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpsS ssIh-i-amWv Ah¿ ]cn-k--c-Ømbn hoSv h®v Xma-kn-°p∂p.
Imbn-I-hn-Zy-I-fn¬ tIa-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ \mb-∑m¿°v, \q‰m-≠p-bp-≤-Øn\p tijw kaq-l-Øn¬ kzm[o\w h¿≤n®p. _m“-W-cp-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Nne \mb¿ ]am-Wn-am¿ `qan ssIh-i-Øn-em°n kº-Ønepw ]Xm-]-Ønepw hf¿∂p-b¿∂v CS-]- p-°-∑mcpw amS-ºn-I-fp-ambn.a‰p Nne \mb-∑m¿°m-Is´, ssIaƒ, I¿Ømhv XpS-ßnb `wKn-bp≈t]cp-Iƒ sIm≠v Xr]vXn-s∏-tS≠n h∂p. Cß-s\-bp-≠mb \mb¿I¿Øm-°-∑msc tIc-f-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂p≠v. ]Xn-s\m∂mw iX-I-Øn\p tij-amWv Ch-cpsS D¤hw. sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ D¤-h-Øn\v Imc-W-°m-c-\mb FS-Øn¬ I¿Øm-hm-Is´AXn\p hfsc apºv Xs∂ ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±lw ap≥]-d™ KW-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂n√.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
93
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
92
sIm´m-cØn\p apºn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-bn-cp∂ Iºw ]mX-bpsS Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-ep-am-bmWv cmP-tk-h-Icpw Bin-Xcpw Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. imew-tIm-Sv, a‰w, sImX-Ip-Øn, AÆm-bn-°-Æw, Ggp-ap´w F∂o kao] ÿe-ß-fnepw kmam\yw P\-hmkw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. FÆ-I-®-h-S-°m-cm-bn-cp∂sN´n-Ifpw Ah-cpsS sNdnb Hcp Aº-ehpw D≠m-bn-cp∂ Ip∂-tØ-°p≈ hgn-®m-en\pw ][m\ ]mXbv°pw Acn-In-embn sImX-Ip-Øn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p ]n∂oSv sNº-cØn IpSpw_w Xma-k-am-°n-b-Xv. sIm´m-c-Øn-te°v FÆ-bp-ambn t]mbn-cp∂ sN´n-s°m∏w t]mIp-∂-Xn-\p≈ -kuI-cym¿∞w IqSn-bmhmw AhnsS Xma-k-am-b-Xv. ]pcm-X-\-amb Iøm-e-I-fm¬ th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏´ Ggc G°¿ ÿew Ct∏mgpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. AXn-\p-≈n¬ ]gb Iºw ]mX IS-∂p-t]m-bn-cp∂ Nmepw AXn-\-cp-In-embn Ime-∏-g°Øm¬ \in® Hcp sNdnb ]pc-Ø-dbpw, Cuÿe-Øns‚ Ct∏m-gsØ Ah-Im-in-bmb Cu¥p-¶¬ sXmΩ≥ aI≥tPm¿Pv ImWn-®p-X-cn-I-bp-≠m-bn. k¿t∆ \º¿ 1556 ¬ AS-ßnb Cu]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ d∫¿ Irjn sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ aqe-X-d-hmSv ChnsS Bbn-cp∂p F∂mWv A\p-am-\w.
`m-K-Ømbn D≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp imºn-bn¬ A∂p cmXn InS∂p sIm≈p-hm≥ Iev]n®p. im∏m-Sn-\mbn 'Acnbpw hy⁄-\-ßfpw, ]ns∂ hnf°pw,
Ac-bm-\n-tØm¬ sIm≠p≈ ]mbpw' \¬Inb tijw '\n߃ h®p≠vDd-ßn-t°mfq' F∂v A\p-K-ln-®-v Ab-®p.
Ah¿°v A¥n-bp-d-ßm≥ In´nb ÿew Zo¿L-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬kmam\yw henb, NmWIw sagp-Inb Hcp apdn-bm-bn-cp∂p. `£Ww]mIw sNbvXp Ign-®-tijw sshIn-bmWv Ah¿ Dd-ßm≥ InS-∂Xv.\√ a™pw XWp-∏p-ap≈ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. cmPmhv \¬Inb Dd-°d D]-I-c-W-߃°p ]pdsa X߃ sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp∂ hkvX-ßfpw]pX®v Ah¿ Dd-°-ambn. imºn-bpsS ap≥]nse \S-bv°-Sp-Ømbn Hcp]qØd sI´n-bn-cp∂p. [mcmfw ]q°fpw sImºp-I-fp-ambn B Xd-bn¬Hcp Iq´w sNº-cØn ]S¿∂v ]¥-en®p \n∂n-cp∂p. Nne inJ-c-߃hf¿∂v ]q°-fp-ambn sIm´m-c-Øns‚ hcm-¥-bnepw FØn-bn-cp∂p.A°m-eØv ]`p-Kr-l-ßfnepw Aº-e-h- Øpw \´p-h-f¿Øn-bn-cp∂ Hcp]qs®Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p sNº-cØn. Iev]-hr-£-am-b sXßn-t‚-Xp-t]msesNº-c-Øn-bpsS F√m mK-ßfpw acp-∂n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. at\m-l-c-amb sNº-c-Øn-∏q-°ƒ ]qPm-]p-jv]-ß-fpam-bn-cp∂p.
ASpØ Znhkw cmhnse DW¿∂ cmPmhv Xs‚ a´p-∏m-hn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v, sNº-c-Øn-∏q°ƒ°n-Sbn-eqsS FØn-t\m°n, Xs‚ ]pXnbAt¥-hm-kn-Iƒ At∏mgpw kpJ-kp-jp-]vXn-bn-e-msW∂v I≠p. Iptd-I-gn™v ho≠pw h∂ Xncp-ta\n Ah¿ DW¿∂n-s√∂p I≠v XnÆ-bn¬ sN∂v sNº-c-Øn-bpsS sImºn¬ ]nSn®v Ipep-°n-s°m≠v "sNº-cØn Gt‰m" F∂p hnfn®p tNmZn®p. i_vZw tI´p-W¿∂ amØpam-∏n-f-bm-hs´ "Gt‰ Xncp-ta\n" F∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠v Fgp-t∂‰p ]pd-Øp-h∂p. amØp F∂ InkvXo-b-\maw ad-∂-Xp-t]mbXpsImt≠m, InS-∏n-S-Øn\p kao]w sNº-cØn \n∂n-cp-∂-Xp-sImt≠m cmPm-hns‚ B hnfn]n∂oSv Hcp tKmX-\m-a-Øn\p Xs∂ \nan-Ø-ambn. C∂pw icn-bmb t]cvAdn-bn-s√-¶n¬ ÿe-t∏tcm, ho´p-t]tcm, sN√-t∏tcm hnfn-bv°m-dp-≠t√m. Aßs\ Cu ]tZ-isØ ]Ya ssIkvX-h-Ip-Spw_w sNº-cØn Xs∂-bmbn. B ae-\m-´-c-Ns‚ kulr-Z-Øn\pw, \¿Ω-t_m-[-Øn\pw DØ-a-\n-Z¿i-\-ambn sNº-cØn F∂ IpSpw-_-\maw tIc-f-Ønepw ]pdØpw ]S¿∂psIm≠n-cns°, At±-l-Øns‚ cmP-ÿm-\hpwtKmXhpw Ncn-X-Øns‚ Dƒ∏p-d-ß-fn-te°v hen™v A]-Xy-£-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
95
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
94
“Imcn-t°mSv (sXm-Sp-]-p-g) Xe-ÿm-\-amb Iogva-e-\m-´nse ]pcm-X-\-amb Imcn-t°mSv Aº-e-Øns‚ kao-]-Øp-IqSn sImX-IpØn ]m-d-s°-´p-Ifpw \n_n-V-h-\hpw IS∂v ]m≠n cmPy-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-amb a[p-c-bn-te°v t]mIp∂ ]pcm-X-\hpw ]i-kvX-hp-amb hym]mc am¿§-Øns‚sXm -cp-In-emWv apX-e-t°mSw tZhm-ebw ÿm]n--°-s∏- -Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚]Sn-™msd A‰w apX¬ a[pc hsc-bp≈ P\-k-aq-l-Øn\p kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂p Cu tZhm-e-bw.”*
]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m≠p apX-ep-≠mb tNmf ]mWvUy BI-a-W-ßfpw sIm®nbpw hntZ-in--I-fp-am-bp-≠mb CS¿®-Ifpw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ChnsS Akz-ÿ-XIƒ krjvSn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂n´pw FÆØn-epw kmºØnIambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw IpSpw-_-߃ A`n-hr-≤n-]m-]n-®p-h-∂p. Hcp Imc-W-h-cm-Is´ Adp-\q-‰-h¿ F∂ cmP--k-Z-nse AwK-am-bn. IpSpw-_-Ønse as‰m-cw-K-Øn\v apX-e-t°m-SØv ]Wn-°¿ F∂]Zhn Xncp-ap-ºn¬ \n∂v I¬]n-®p-\¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn NcnX ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ ImWmw. ]d-°-sh´n dmhp-Ø¿ ap…nw ssk\y-Øn-t‚bpw h≈n-s°mS\mb¿ \mb¿ ]´m-f-Øn-t‚bpw \mb-I-cm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ sNº-cØn]Wn -°-cm -bn -cp∂p \kmWn ]S -\m --b -I≥. A∂sØ apJy -hym]mchkvXp-hm-bn-cp∂ Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ Np¶w ]ncn®v aWvU-]-Øn¬AS-bv°p∂ Ipcp-ap-fIv aSn-io-e-°mc-\m-bn-cp∂p thsdmcp IpSpw-_mwKw.At±-l-Øns‚ ta¬t\m -Øn¬ ]≈n-bpsS In-g-t°°p-∂n¬ k¿°m¿]≠-I-im-e-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n-bpsS kwc-£-Whpw cmPm-\p-a-Xn-tbmsS IpSpw_-Øn¬ \n∂p \S-Øn-t∏m-∂p.
a‰ -Øp -≠m -bn -cp∂ ]≈nbpw hoSp -Ifpw At\I XhWsIm≈bv°pw sIm≈n-h-bv]n\pw Cc-bm-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Fgp-ap´w, AÆmbn°Æw, apXet°mSw XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn. A°m-eØv s]cp-ºn-≈n®nd apX¬ Rdp-°p‰n hsc-bp≈ ]mShpw hS°pw Ing°pw ]mSßfpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS ssIh-i-am-bn-cp-∂phsX. XpS¿∂v A-∂sØ ]apJ hym]mc tIµhpw, Np‰p-]mSpw [mcmfw IpSpw_mwK-߃ Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xp-amb, apX-e-t°m-S-Øn\v]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]≈n am‰n ÿm]n-®p. CXn\p ap≥-I-sø-SpØ]Wn-°¿ Xs‚ kºmZyØn¬ ]Ip-Xnbpw Ipcn-in≥sXm-´n--bn¬ Ipgn-®n-´n-´p-≠-sX. Chn-sSbpw ]≈n-bnse I¿Ω-ßfpw `c-Whpw IpSpw-_-Ønse IØ\mc∑m¿ Xs∂ XpS¿∂pw \S-Øn-t∏m-∂p. ]kn-≤-amb D-
* ap-X-e-t°mSw CS-hI ˛ Hcp kw£n]vX Ncn-Xw
A≤ymbw˛14
A[nhmkw
ae-\m-´nse hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ `c-W-Imew sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚ kph¿Æ-Im-e-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v ]d-bmw. AwK-߃ s]cp-Ip-IbpwIqSp-X¬ Irjn-bn-S-߃ Bh-iy-ambn hcn-Ibpw sNbvX-p. -Bflob Bh-iy-߃°mbn C°m-e-a-Xbpw ssae-s°mºv ]-≈n-bn¬ t]mtI-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ ASp-Øp-Xs∂ Hcp ]≈n hbv°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p.IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn\p ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ ]≈n-h-bv°p-hm≥ A\p-hmZw \¬Inb AtX hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmP-hwiw Xs∂-bmWv a‰Øv ]≈n]Wn-bphm≥ sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øn\pw A\p-aXn \¬Ip-∂-Xv. hnim-e-lr-Z-b-cm-bn-cp∂p h-S-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-°≥am¿ F∂v NcnXw km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. imew-tImSv inh-t£-X-Øn\pw \mtim-∑p-J-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp_p≤-]-≈n°pw CS-bn-embn A∂sØ Iºw tdmUns‚ AcnIn-em-bn-cp∂p ]≈n BZy-ambn ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xv. CSn-™p-s]m-fn™ ]pc-Ø-d-tbm-Sp-IqSn ImSp-I-bdn InS∂ncp∂ ChnsS Btcm Ct∏mƒ hoSv h®pXmakn°p∂p. B¿∏m-a‰w F∂mWv B ]tZiw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
tIcfw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn apt∂-dnb ]Ømw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]m-Z-Øn¬ a¿Ø-a-dn-b-Øns‚ t]cn¬ tN¿∂n-cp∂ Cu ]≈n 'a‰ØvapØn-bpsS ]≈n' F∂v Chn-sSbpw ]m≠nbnepw ]pIƒs]‰p. 1992G]n¬ amk-Øn¬ ]≈n-°m-cy-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Cßs\ ImWp-∂p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
97
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
96
A≤ymbw 15
Iq´w-hn´ IpSpw-_-߃
kpZo¿Lamb \ne\n¬∏n\nSbn¬ sNºcØn IpSpw_Øn¬\n∂pw hnhn[ ImcWßfm¬ At\Iw ktlmZc∑m¿ hn´pt]mIphm≥CSbmbn´p≠t√m. F¥p-Im-cWw sIm≠v Bsc√mw \mSp-hn-´p-t]mbnF∂-dn-bm≥ Xe-ap-d-Iƒ Ignbp-∂-tXmsS aqetKmX-Øn\p Akm-[y-am-bn-Øocp∂p. F∂m¬ P∑-tZiw hn´p-t]m-Ip-∂-h¿ KrlmXpcXzw aqewkz¥w tZi-Øn-s‚bpw IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw IY ]n≥X-e-ap-dbv°v ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°m-dp≠v. Cßs\ hmbvsam-gn-bmbn h∂p-tN¿∂ hkvXp-XIsf Ncn-X-k‘nI-fp-ambn Iq´n-hm-bn-®mWv \mSp-hn-´p-t]mb IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS Imew IW-°m-°m≥ ian-®ncn°p-∂Xv.
Ncn-X-kw-`-h-ß-fpsS ka-K-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ Xmsg sImSp-°p∂ImcWßfm¬ ktlm-Z-c IpSpw-_-߃ ChnSw hn´pt]mbXmbn IW-°m°mw.
1) \q‰m≠v bp≤sØ XpS¿∂v sXmSp-]p-g-bnse kmaqly PohnXwXI¿∂-t∏mƒ.
2) ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ tæ— hmgvN-bpsS ImeØv.3) ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ sIm®n˛hS-°pw-Iq¿ bp≤sØ XpS¿∂p-
≠mb ]oV\w.
4) Im´p-I-≈-∑m-cpsS Imem-Im-e-ß-fnse sIm≈-Iƒ.
Z-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw sNº-cØnamWn amWn -I-Ø-\mcpw \mev A¬am-bcpw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xmbn NcnXw]d-bp-∂p. At±lw Xs∂ t]m¿®p-Kokv coXn-bn¬ ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-®n-c-∂p. Aßs\ ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]`m-X-am-b-t∏mƒ sNº-cØnIpSpw_w sXmSp-]pg ]tZ-iØv \√ ]Xm--]-Øn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p.
F∂m¬ AtX \q‰m-≠ns‚ Xs∂ a[y-Z-i-I-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚lrZ-b- q-an-bn-eqsS sNdp-In-S-cm-Py-ßsf sh´n-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v am¿-Øm-WvU-h¿Ω \S-Ønb ]S-tbm-´-Øn¬ sXmSp-]p-gbpw BI-an-°-s∏-´p. sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Ønse Ht´-sd-t∏¿ sIm√-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXn-e-[nIw t]¿hnhn-[-\m-Sp-I-fn-te°v ]mWc£m¿∞w ]em-b\w sNøp-I-bp-ap-≠mbn.Aßs\ AwK-kw-Jy-bnepw sF-iz-cy-Ønepw IpSpw_w ChnsS Iq∏p-Ip-Øn.
[¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ Ime-am-b-t∏mƒ ChnsS kam-[m\w ssIh-s∂-¶nepw \mSv Dt]-£n-®p-t]m-b-h¿ \jvS-]-Xm]-hm≥am-cmbn Xncn-®p-h-cp-hm≥ CjvS-s∏-´n-√. Cu AXn-I-a-ßsf AXn-Po-hn® sNº-c-Øn-bnseHtc Hcp IpSpw_w Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv Ggp-ap-´-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. C∂sØkvIqƒ ]pc-bn-S-Øn\p ta¬ mK-Ømbn \in-®p-t]mb Hcp henb ho´p-Xd C-t∏mgpw ImWmw. sXm -SpØv Xs∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ s]m\ºpw I≠-am -bn -cp -∂p At± -l-Øns‚ Irjn -ÿ-ew.(1510 - /6) AXn\vta¬hiØmbncp∂p ]kn≤ambncp∂ h≈n-bm-\n-°m´v t£Xw.Im´ph≈nIƒ Ibdn°nS∂ Hcp B™nen ac®ph´nembncp∂p tZhossNX\yw. h≈nbm\n°m´v aym¬ Ct∏mgpap≠v. am¿Øm-WvU-h¿ΩbpsS ]SbmfnIƒ Aº-e-ßsf an°-t∏mgpw \in-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√t√m.Cu t£Xm-[n-Im-cn -I-fm-hWw Hcp]s£ Cu IpSpw_Øn\pwc£bmbXv.
Aßs\ ChnsS Ah-ti-jn® GI IpSpw_Ønse amXyp F∂]nXm-hns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bmWv C∂v ChnsS ImWp∂ sNº-cØnIpSpw_mw-K-߃ F√mw.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
99
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
98
h°o-e-∑-mcmbpw A≤ym-]-I-cmbpw Ht´sd ]K-¤¿ Cu IpSpw-_-ßfn-ep≠v. kmº-Øn-I-ambpw Ch¿ \√ \ne-bn-emWv. tPmk^v sX≈n-bn¬Ign-™ Xe-ap-d-bnse I¿j-I-k-acw \bn® [oc-t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p.
2. sNm∆m-‰p-Ip-t∂¬ IpSpw_w, `c-W-ßm\w.
]sØmºXmw iX-I -Øns‚a≤yØn¬ `c-W-ßm-\Øv FØn-t®¿∂Hutk∏v sNº-c-Øn-bpsS ]n≥X-e-ap-dbmWv ]i-kvX-amb sNm∆m-‰p-Ip-t∂¬IpSpw_w. sIm®ph¿°n sNºcØnbpsSBZyhnhmlØnse GI k¥m\ambncp∂p Hutk∏v F∂mWv Adnbp∂Xv.CfbΩbpsS kz`mhZm¿jvSyw aqewhIbn¬ ]nXrktlmZc\pw ]≈nhnImcnbpambncp∂ FΩm\pth¬ sIm®p]pØ≥]pc A®s\m∏w cWßm\Øv Xmakn®vhnZym`ymkw XpS¿∂p. sshZnI ]T\Øn\mbmWv `cWßm\Øv FØnbsX∂pw A`n]mbap≠v. bu∆\mcw`Øn¬ Xs∂ Hutk∏v CS-∏mSn aÆq¿IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂pw A∂sb hnhmlwsNbvXv `c-W-ßm-\Øp Xs∂ Xma-k-
am°n. ao\-®n¬ Bdn\p t\¿°v D≠m-bn-cp∂ Ip∂n\p apI-fn¬ ]pc -]-Wn-X-Xn-\memhmw sNm∆m‰pIpt∂¬ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´Xv. a®n-bm-\n-°¬,
Ipt∂¬]p-c-bnSw, sNΩ-e, Ign-a‰w IpSpw-_-߃ imJ-I-fmWv. ^m.
tPmk^v sNm∆m-‰p-Ip-t∂¬ ]K-¤-\mb Hcp Ihn IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p.^m. amXyp sNm∆m-‰p-Ip-t∂epw, _lp. I\ym-kvXo-Ifpw AevambcpwDƒs∏´ henb Hcp kaq-l-amWv C∂v sNm∆m-‰p-Ip-t∂¬ IpSpw_w.hfsc \∂mbn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp IpSpw-_-tbm-K-amWv Ch¿°p-≈Xv.io. sI.-Fw.-a-Øm-bn, sI.-sP.-a-Øm-bn, sPbnwkv sk_m-Ãy≥, s]m^.Fw. -kn. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ XpS -ßn -b-h¿ IpSpw -_-tbm-K -Øns‚apJy]h¿ØIcmWv. 2006˛¬ Ah¿ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® IpSpw-_-N-cnXw\∂m-bn-´p-≠v. io. kÆn amXyp-hn-s‚- IpSpw-_-]-Xn-I-bn¬ \n∂v:-
5) ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nse el-fbpw a¿±\hpw.6) 18˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn-ep-≠mb cq£-amb hcƒ®.7) 1830˛se hkq-cn-_m-[,8) 1878˛se tImf-d,9) 1905 apX¬ ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn® ae-º-\n.10) 1919˛¬ XpS¿∂ ]\nbpw O¿±nbpw11) Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m≠v ]IpXn apX¬ XpS-cp∂ Irjn- q-an-bv°m-bp≈
IpSn-tb‰w12) hy‡n-]-c-amb Imc-W-߃-X-e-ap-d-I-fmbn ]d-™p-tI- n- p-≈Xpw, ]X-∏-ckyw hgnbpw IpSpw_
tbmK-߃ hgnbpw _‘-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xp-amb Nne ktlm-Z-c-Ip-Spw-_-ß-sf-bmWv Xmsg ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂Xv. C\nbpw ]e IpSpw-_-ß-sfbpw Is≠-Øm-\p-ap≠v. ]Øp \q‰m-≠p-Itfmfw ]c∂p InS-°p∂ Ime-b-f-hn¬Ft∂m Hcn-°¬ s]‰ aÆn-s\bpw kz¥w ktlm-Z-c-ß-sfbpw hn´p-]n-cn-tb≠n h∂ Cu IpSpw--_-ß-fnse ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ ImWn-bv°p∂Dujva-f-amb kvt\lhpw sFIy-t_m-[hpw amXr-Ip-Spw-_-Øn\p tcmam-©-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂p.
1. sX≈n-bn¬ IpSpw_w, ]q™m¿.
]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ sXmSp-]pg \n∂p ]q™m-‰n¬ Xºp-cms‚`c-W-ko-a-bn¬ FØnb sNº-c-Øn-bnse Hcp IpSpw-_-amWv sX≈n-bn¬ IpSpw-_-Øns‚bpw a‰pw ]q¿∆n-I¿. Chn-SpsØ c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbpam-bp-≠mb Ft¥m ]iv\sØ XpS¿∂v \mSp-hn-´p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n® Imc-W-h¿ kz¥w hkvXp-°fpw a‰pw hn‰p-s]-dp°n [mcmfw ]W-hp-am-bmWv ]q™m-dn-se-Øp-∂Xv. Bdns‚ Cu≠n-bn¬ Hcp henbhr£-Øn\p kao-]-ambn At±lw Xmev°m-en-I-ambn hoSv h®v Xma-kn®p. Irjnbpw XpSßn. Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX Xºp-cms\ apJw ImWn®vHcp ]W-°ngn kΩm-\-ambn \¬In. k¥p-jvS-\mb Xºp-cm≥ Bdns‚Ic-bn¬ Xs∂ Iptd ÿew \¬In. ItaW \√ Hcp hoSv \n¿Ωn®v,\√ coXn -bn¬ Irjn sNbvXv Pohn® Ct±lw henbho´n¬F∂dnbs∏´p. Xs‚ Irjn-hn-`-h-ß-fp-ambn Xºp-cms\ CS-bv°nsS-At±lw k-µ¿in-®n-cp∂p. aq∂v B¨a-°ƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ch-cpsS]n≥ap-d-°m-cmWv tXm´-°-cbpw ]Sn-I-cbpw sX≈nbpw. sshZn-I-cmbpw
1940˛¬ 90˛masØ hbn¬acWaS™ sNm∆m‰pIpt∂¬
sXmΩ≥ Hutk∏v
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
101
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
100
'sNºn¬ \n∂p ]dn®p \´p apX-e-t°m-SØp ]n∂o-S-Xn≥Isºm-s∂Øn hf¿∂p ]qØp `c-W-ßm-\Øp sNm∆m-‰pIp˛s∂ºmSpw inJ-c-߃ hoin hep-Xmbv Ipt∂¬ ]pc-bn-S-ØnepwAtºm! tIhe sNº-cØn ]cn-Wmaw ]q≠p a®ym-\n-bmbv"
(sI.sP. aØmbn, tImf])
3. ]pfn-°o¬ IpSpw_w, apf-°pfw.
]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]m-Z-Øn¬ apX-e-t°m-SØp \n∂pw
apf-°p-f-sØ-Ønb sNº-c-Øn-bnse amØp F∂ ]nXm-hmWv Cu IpSpw-
_-Øns‚ ÿm]-I≥. ]i-kvX-\mb Hcp hnj-ssh-Zy-\m-bn-cp∂p
At±lw; aI-\m-Is´ XSn-hym-]m-cnbpw. h\-Øn¬ \n∂p XSn-sh- n-bn-d°n
aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬ IqSn Nßm-S-am°n Be-∏p-g-bn-¬ F-Øn-®m-bn-cp∂p
I®-hSw. Aan-X-ambn Npa-Ønb Np¶sØ tNmZyw sNbvX-Xn\p ]Xn-
Im-c-ambn ]m¿∆-Xym-cpsS ]nW-bm-fp-Iƒ amXyp-hns‚ ap‰Øpw 'ap≠p-
hn-cn®p'. A`n-am-\n-bmb At±lw A[n-Im-cnsb kzoI-cn-bv°m≥ Xs‚
]´nsb ap‰Øv ]q´n-b-tijw apf-°p-f-sØØn. Ahn-SsØ tZi-hmgn
Xs‚ hnj-_m-[-tb‰ aIsf ac-W-Øn¬ \n∂p c£n® amXyp sshZys\
kk-t¥mjw kzoI-cn-bv°p-Ibpw ÿew \¬In Xma-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥X-e-ap-d-°m-cmWv C∂sØ ]pfn-°o¬
IpSpw_w. B¨k-¥m-\-ß-fpsS A`mhw aqew At\I Xe-ap-d-I-tfmfw
IpSpw-_-s∏-cp∏w D≠m-bn√. ]mtd-°m- p-a-e-bn¬, Ipdp-sam-gn-aym-en¬, hen-
b-ho-´n¬ XpS-ßn-bh imJ-I-fmWv. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂
]n≥X-e-ap-d-bnse Hcp amXyp h√y-∏≥ '200 ]dbv°v ]≠m-c-∏m´w
\¬Ip∂ ]pfo°n-bm≥' F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂p. apf-°p-fØpw kao-]-]-
tZ-i-ß-fnepw A`n-hr-≤n-tbmsS Ign-™p-h-cp∂ Cu IpSpw-_-Øn¬
hnhn[ sXmgn¬ sNbvXpw DtZym-K-߃ t\m°nbpw Pohn-°p∂ At\Iw
IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Ct∏mƒ D≠v. ]pcm-X-\-amb apf-°pfw hen-b-]≈n
CS-h-I-bnse ]apJ IpSpw-_-amWv ]pfn-°o¬. Iq\≥ Ipcn-ip-e-l-fsb
XpS¿∂p henb ]≈n-bvs°m∏w Chcpw ]pØ≥Iq¿ hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dd®p
\n∂p. XojvW-amb aX-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-cmWv IpSpw-_-Ønse sshZo-Icpw
Aevam-bcpw. IpSpw-_-N-cnX ]pkvX-I-ap-≠v.
]pfn-°o¬ hen-b-I-´-bn¬ sXmΩ≥ aIƒ A∂m-Ω-bpsS aI-\mWvae-¶c Hm¿tØm-tUmIvkv k -bpsS I≠-\mSv Zm-k-\m-[n-]≥ tPmk vam¿ ]t°m-an-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n.
4. amfn-tb-bv°¬, I∏-ep-am-°¬ IpSpw-_w, ao\-®n¬.
sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Ønse aØmbn F∂ ]am-Wn-bpsS kpµ-cn-bmb aI-fn¬ ]`p-Ip-am-c\p `aw tXm∂n-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ amfn-tb-bv°¬ F∂ IpSpw_w ao\-®n-en¬ D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂-n√m. cmP-k-Z-knepw, ssk\y-Ønepw Hcp-t]mse BZ-cn-bv°-s∏-´n-cp∂ aØmbn aX-I¿Ω-ß-fnepw ]≈n-°m-cy-ß-fnepw ]tXyIw i≤n-®n-cp∂p. aI-fpsShnhm-l-Im-cy-Øn¬ \m´p-\o-Xnbpw, ssIkvX-h-\o-Xnbpw XΩn¬ s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sn-s√∂p a\-n-em-°nb At±lw \mSp-hn´p t]mIp-hm≥ \n›-bn®p. hnh-c-a-dn™ ]`p-hm-Is´ aIs‚ ]hrØn tZmj-Øn¬ ZpxJn-°p-Ibpw ]Whpw kΩm-\-ßfpw \¬In aØm-bnsb bmX-bm-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. ]mem-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂ aØmbn, ao\-®n¬ I¿Øm-hns\apJw ImWn-°p-Ibpw ]tXyI A\p-hm-Z-]-Imcw tNcn-bv°¬ HcpamfnI Xo¿Øv Xma-k-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
c≠mw Xe-ap-d-bn¬ Xmg-Øp-am-fn-tb-°¬, ]¥m-\n-°p-t∂¬, s\Sp-a-e-°p-t∂¬ F∂o IpSpw-_-ß-fp-≠mbn. A©mw Xe-ap-d-bnse ]K-¤-ssh-Zn-I-\m-bn-cp∂p amfn-tb-°¬ bmt°m_v aev]m≥. At±-l-Øns‚ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cm¬ t]≠m-\Øv XmgØpw, Itcm´pw, _en-am-°¬, I∏-ep-am-°¬ F∂o IpSpw-_-߃ ÿm]n-X-ambn. I∏-ep-am-°¬ aØmbnIØ-\mcpw, amfn-tb-°¬ tP°_v IØ-\mcpw k`bv°pw kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw hfsc tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®-h-cmWv. s]m^. ]n.Un. B‚Wn,io. ]n.sP. t__n, io. Sn.kn. eqt°mkv ]me XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Cu IpSpw-_-k-ap-®-b-Ønse ]i-kvX-cn¬ Nne-cmWv. io. sI.sP. tPmk v IpSpw-_-tbmKw skI-´-dnbpw F.Fw. sslkv°qƒ slUvam-Ã-dp-amWv.
5. s]mcyØp IpSpw_w, `c-W-ßm\w.
sNº-cØn A®≥ c-W-ßm\w ]≈n-bnse hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒapX-e-t°m-SØp \n∂pw FØn-t®¿∂ IpSpw-_mw-K-amWv, s]mcyØpIpSpw_w ÿm]n-®sX∂v tIƒ°p∂p. ]qh-tØmSv, sNΩ-e-a‰w, XnS-
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
103
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
102
Ipgp-ºn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ aqØ ktlm-Z-c≥ amWn-bpsS k¥m-\-߃ tImeØpw, tXh¿]-d-ºnepw, sImbv]-≈n-bn-ep-ambn amdn-Øm-a-kn®p. IWn-∏n-≈n¬ imJm-]n-Xm-hmb amØp-Æn°v c≠m¨a-°ƒ amX-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. aqØ-]p-X≥ sNdn-bms‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bmWv C∂vhnhn[ ho´p-t]-cp-I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ IWn-∏n-≈n-°m¿. c≠m-asØaI≥ h¿°n sshZn-I-\mbn.
tXh¿]-d-ºn¬ Ip™-®-\m-Is´ lcn-P-\-߃°n-S-bn¬ t]jn-X-]-h¿Ø\w \SØn Ah-cpsS Bflo-b-]n-Xm-hmbn. tIc-f- I-tØm-en-°m-k-`bv°v ad-°m-\m-hmØ At±-lsØ hmgvØs∏´h-\mbn \ma-I-cWw sNbvXpIgn™p.
CXc IpSpw-_-߃IqSmsX Ipf-ºm-´p-ticn am∂m\w, Xmac°m´v Ipdn®nØm\w, amfn-
tb°¬ hS-°≥ ]d-hq¿, atcm- n-bn¬ IS-πm-a‰w, XpSßn ]e ktlmZcIpSpw-_-ß-fpw Ds≠-∂mWv tIƒ°p-∂Xv.
\mSv, `mK-ß-fn-emWv `qcn-`mKw ImSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw Ct∏mƒ D≈Xv.Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bn¬ XpSßn kmaqly Pohn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xpd-I-fn¬ ]i-kvX-ambn tPmen sNøp∂ ]ecpw Cu IpSpw-_-Øn-ep≠v.io. ]n.Fkv. amXyphpw, io. ]n.sP. ^m≥kokpw IpSpw-_-tbm-K-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ hfsc Xev]-c-cmWv.
6. ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ IpSpw_w, ap´p-Nnd.
a‰-Øn¬apØn ]≈n tISp-t]m-°nb Ime-Øv apX-e-t°m-S-Øp-\n∂pw ap´p-Nn-d-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dnb IpSpw-_-am-WnXv F∂p IcpXp∂p.]≈n-bn¬ Hcp ÿeØv ap´p-Ip-Øp-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏-´v kzam-XmhvA]-am-\n-X-bm-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂mWv Ch¿ apX-e-t°mSw hn´-sX∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. £p`n-X-cmb a°ƒ ]≈n-h-kvXp-°ƒ°v kmc-amb tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ hcp-Øp-Ibpw, B\sb sh´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. adp]£w aWnbpsS\m°v Cf°n am‰n ap -Nnd CS-h-I-bnse IpSpw-_-]- n-I-bn¬ ]Xn-aq∂mwÿm\-amWv Ch-cp-tSXv. AΩ-tbm-sSm∏w FØn-t®¿∂ sNdn-bm≥, Abv]vF∂ c≠p ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpsS k¥m-\-ß-fmWv C∂sØ ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ IpSpw-_-°m¿. Ch-cn¬ Abv]n\p cmP-_-lp-a-Xn-bmb XcI≥ÿm\w D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ch¿ Hmtcmh¿jhpw apS-ßmsX apX-e-t°mSwtZhm-e-b-Øn-seØn t\¿®-Im-gvN-Iƒ \SØn X߃ hcp-Ønb \jvS-Øn\v ]cn-lmcw sNbvXp-t]m-cp∂p.
7. Ipgp-ºn¬, IWn-∏n-≈n¬, FS-bv°-\m¬, cma-]pcw.
sXmSp-]p-g-bnse hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ ]cm-P-bsØ XpS¿∂v Chn-SpsØ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ Hcp elf \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bt√m. apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n°vXobn´pw, ssIkvXh h-\-߃ X√n-Ø-I¿Øpw, ]´m-f-°m¿ elf oI-c-ambn ASn-s®m-Xp-°nbt∏mƒ sNº-c-Øn-bnse At\Iwt]¿ sIm√-s∏-Sp-Ibpw _m°n-bp-≈-h¿ ]mW- -b-Øm¬ kao-]\m-Sp-I-fn-te°v c£-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. B Iq- -Øn¬ cma-]p-c-sØ-Ønb sNº-c-Øn-bnseaq∂p ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmWv Ipgp-ºn¬, IWn-∏n-≈n¬, FS-bv°\m¬ IpSpw-_-߃ ÿm]n-®-sX∂v Adn-bp∂p. ]´m-f-°-cpØpw, ITn-\m-≤zm-\hpw,
Im´p-aÆpw HsØm-cp-abpw Cu ktlm-Z-c-ßsf A`n-hr-≤n-bn-te°v B\-bn®p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
105
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
104
A≤ymbw 16
IYm-h-tijw
]e \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw Hcp ]tZ-iØp Xma-kn-®n-´p≈ IpSpw-_-ß-sf∏‰n At\Iw IY-Iƒ ]d™p tIƒ°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p≠v. CuIY-Iƒ ]eXpw kXyhpw anYybpw IqSn°pg-™-h-bmWv. F¶nepw Hcp]pcm-X\ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ÿm-\hpw s]mXp-kz-`m-hhpw kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ Ah-cpsS ]Xn-I-c-Whpw Cu IYIƒ \ap°v a\-n-em-°nØcp∂p. IpSpw-_-sØ-∏‰n tI´n- p≈ At\Iw IY-I-fn¬ NneXvChnsS D≤-cn-°s´.
1 A\n-Xckm[m-c-W-amb ss[cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp IpSpw-_n-\n-bpsSIY ck-I-c-amWv. Hcn-°¬ sNº-cØn ho´n¬ \n∂v AI-se-b-√msXsXm≠y-a-e-bn¬ Xosh´n sIm≈-°m¿ h∂p Xº-Sn-®-Xmbn hnhcwIn´n. A∂p cmXn Xs∂ Xs‚ hoSv sIm≈-b-Sn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂v a\-n-em-°nb IpSpw-_-\mY Xs‚ k¥m-\-ßsf t\c-tØ-Xs∂_‘p-ho-Sp-I-fn-te°v Ab®p. ssIhiw D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]Whpwkz¿Æ-hp-sa√mw Nmc-°p-gn-bn¬ ]qgvØn-b-tijw Acn-In¬ Hc-Sp-∏n¬ Xobpw IØn®v ]mXIØn-t∑¬ Ah¿ Ccn-∏mbn. sIm≈-°msc ImØv ¿Ømhv ]pdØv ad™p \n∂p. Zqsc Xo∏-¥-Øns‚shfn®w I≠-t∏mƒ ho´p-Im-c≥ AI-tØ°v t]m∂p. Im´p-I-≈-
∑m¿ h∂v ap‰Øv ]¥w IpØn. ]¥w IpØn-bm¬ ho´p-Im¿]pdØp hcWw F∂mWv N´w. hoSn-\-IØp \n∂pw Hc-\-°hpwtIƒ°m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿ Xpd∂ hmXn¬ hgn AIØp Ibdn.F√m-bn-Shpw ]cn-tim-[n®p. ASp-°-f-bn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ `m¥n-sbt∏mse Hcp kvXo Xs‚ Ip™ns\ aSn-bn¬ InSØn ]pX-∏n®vXobv°-cp-In¬ Ccp∂p Ic-bp-∂Xp I≠p. Xs‚ Ip™n\v hkqcn]nSn-s]´psh∂pw F√mhcpw Xßsf Dt]-£n®v t]mbn-cn-°p-I-bmWv F∂pw ]d™v B kvXo D®-Øn¬ Ic-bm≥ XpSßn. hne-tb-dnb H∂pw In´msX hcn-Ibpw hkq-cn-sb-∏‰n tIƒ°p-IbpwsNbvX-t∏mƒ "CXmtWm t]cp-tI´ sNº-c-Øn-hoSv" F∂p- ]cn-l-kn-®p-sIm≠v Ah¿ ÿew-hn´p. XpWn-°p-≈n¬ ]pX-®p-In-S∂`¿Øm-hm-Is´ ]pd-Øp-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp.
2 t]a-_-‘-Øn\v ÿe-Im-e-t`-Z-߃ C√t√m. 18-mw \q‰m-≠ns‚]mcw-`-Øn¬ hncn™ Hcp t]a-I-Y-bnse \mb-I-\mbncp∂p\ΩpsS Hcp ]q¿∆n-I\pw. A°m-eØv ]mem -]-≈n-bnse hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv Hcp sNº-cØn A®-\m-bn-cp∂p. Hcn-°¬ B hµy-ssh-Zn-Is\ ImWp-hm-\mbn A®s‚ ktlm-Z-c-]p-X≥ ]mem-bn-seØn. ]mem fmew tXm´n¬ A∂v ]mew D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. IS-hn¬FØn-b-t∏mƒ IS-Øp-Im-c≥ Fhn-sStbm t]mbn°gn-™n-cp∂p.IS-Øp-h≈w A°-cbpw. \ncm-i-\mb At±lw tXm´p-I-S-hn¬ Ipsd-t\cw Ccp∂p. kpµ-c-s\-¶nepw hnj-Æ-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ Cu bphm-hns\ A°sc Ipfn-°-S-hn¬ Ipfn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Hcp bphXn i≤n-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Xs‚ Ipfn Ign-™n´pw IS-Øp-Im-c≥ FØn-bn-s√∂v B XcpWn I≠p. bphm-hn-t\mSv A\p-Iº tXm∂nbAhƒ IS-Øp-h≈-hp-ambn C°-c-sbØpIbpw. bphm-hns\A°sc IS-Øn-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. GXm\pw h¿j-߃°p-tijwta¬∏-d™ bphm-hn\v Nne hnhm-lm-tem-N-\-Iƒ ]mem-bn¬ \n∂pwNn‰-∏≥ A®≥ aptJ\ hcn-I-bp-≠mbn. At∏mƒ Xs‚ a\-n¬]mem-°mcn Hcp s]Æv Ds≠∂pw Ahƒ I´-°-bw-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se-Xm-sW∂pw Ahƒ°v kΩ-X-am-sW-¶n¬ X\n°p hnhmlw Ign-®p-X-c-W-sa∂pw A®-t\mSp ]d™p. th≠ Btem-N-\-Iƒ°p-tijwA®s‚ Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ Xs∂ B hnhmlw \S∂p.Aßs\ IS-Øp-h-©n-bnse ]Y-a-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ A\p-cm-K-_-≤-cmbsNº-cØn - I´-°bw Zº-Xn-I-fpsS Cf-b-k-¥m-\-am-bn-cp∂p ]kn-≤-\mb amWn sNº-c-Øn- IØ-\m¿.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
107
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
106
s°-´p-Ifpw h®p. Xpd-°m≥ kwL-Ø-e-h≥ Bh-iy-s∏´p. HcpsI´nse \mW-b-߃s°m∏w at‰-s°-´nse inc-n¬ D≈ iwJp-N-Ihpw -sh-bn-en¬ sh´n-Øn-fßn. CXp-I≠v tZjyw h∂ kwL-Ø-e-h≥ cq£-`m-h-tØmsS Ah-tcmSp ]d™p.
“t\m°q! s\‰n-bn¬ iwJp-N-I-ap≈ Cu a\p-jys‚ he-Xp-I-øn¬ s\¬°-Xn¿ ImWpw. Cømsf sIm√-cp-Xm-bn-cp∂p. ]WwImbv°p∂ Hcp hr£-am-bn-cp∂p Cbmƒ. ASpØ sIm√hpwCXbpw ]Ww ChnsS \n∂v \ap°v In´p-am-bn-cp∂p. IjvS-ambn!FXbpw thKw t]mbn Cu incv tZl-hp-ambn tN¿Øphbv°pI“.îkwLmw-K-߃ Xe-bp-ambn ho´n-seØn ico-c-hp-ambntN¿Øp-h®p. ]n∂oSv ssIa-e¿Øn t\m°n-b-t∏mƒ s\¬a-Wn-°p-e-bpsS tcJ I≠v Ah¿ sR´n-t∏mbn.
CXn-\nsS \m´p-Im¿ Iq´w-IqSn. ]´m-∏-I¬ \S∂ Cu oI-c-kw-`-h-Øn¬ £p`n-X-cmb Nne¿ hb-en-d-ºn-te°v \oßn. cwKw tami-am-Ipsa∂p I≠ kwL-Ø-e-h≥ Hcp s]m\-ºp-ambn (hSn) X¥-]q¿∆w hb-en-tebv°v Cd-ßn-h∂p. Xs∂ t\cn-Sm≥ Abmƒ sh√p-hn-fn®p. Bcpw apt∂m´v h∂n√. F√m-hcpw \ni-_vZ-cmbn t\m°n\nevt° Abmƒ Xs‚ ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ s]m\ºv Npg‰n hb-en¬ XmgvØn "Cu hSn Ducn FSp-°p-∂-h\v sIm≈-ap-X¬ apgp-h≥ C\mw" F∂p ]Jym-]n-®-tijw Xºn-te°v ]n≥hm-ßn. hb-en-d-ºnse Ip∂n≥sN-cp-hn¬ IqSn F√m-hcpw ]n∂oSv kqX-Øn¬c£-s∏´p.
s]m\ºv Ducn am‰m-\p≈ ia-Øn¬ F√m-hcpw ]cm-P-b-s∏´p.sh´n-am-‰m≥ Bcpw ss[cy-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ B hSn AhnsS \n∂vIme-I-a-Øn¬ \in-®p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXtX. CtX-Xp-S¿∂v Bhb¬ s]m\-ºp-I≠w F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´p. 1510/6 k¿t∆\º-dn¬ s]´p-In-S-°p∂ B \ne-Øn\v C∂pw B t]cp-X-s∂-bmWv.
A∏s‚ Zmcp-W-amb A¥ysØXp-S¿∂v a°ƒ \mSp-hn- p-t]mbn.
4. hfsc A`n-am-\n-bm-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]nXm-a-l-s\-∏‰n ck-I-c-amb HcpIY ]d-™p-tI-´n-´p≠v. 16-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t£Xw hI kzØp-°-tfbpw _m“-W-cpsS `qkz-Øn-t\bpw Icw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw cmP-im-k-\-Øm¬ Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p. DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cpsS]oV-\-Øn¬ \n∂v c£-s]-Sm-\mbn ]ecpw Xß-fpsS hkvXp-°ƒ
3 ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]m-Z-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ Hutk∏vF∂ ]q¿∆n-I≥ Zmcp-W-ambn sIm√-s∏´ Hcp kw`-h-ap≠v. Xd-hm-´n¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ At±lw Atcm-K-Zr-V-Km-X-\m-bn-cp∂p.k¥m-\-k-ar-≤n-sIm≠v ssZhw At±-lsØ A\p-K-ln-®n-cp∂p.sFiz-cy-Øns‚ ]XoI-sa-t∂mWw At±-l-Øns‚ Xncp-s\-‰n-bn¬Hcp iwJp-NIw ImW-s∏-´n-cp∂p. s]mXp-k-Ω-X\pw \m´p-]-am-Wn-bp-am-bn-cp∂ At±-l-Øns‚ biv ASpØ \mSp-I-fnepw ]c-∂ncp∂p.
Aßs\ Ccns° s]cp-º-‰-sa∂ Ip]-kn≤ sIm≈-kwLw Ggp-ap- -sØØn hS-t°-h-b-en-d-ºn¬ cl-ky-ambn Xmh-f-a-Sn®p. Xan-gv\m-´n¬ \n∂p AXn¿Øn IS-∂p-h-∂n-cp∂ Cu ]d-]‰w A∂v Cu\m´nse kIe kº-∂-cp-tSbpw t]Sn-kz-]v\-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn-Iq-c-∑m-cmbn-cp∂ Cu Xe-sh- n-Iƒ, \√ A`ym-kn-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. sIm≈-°m¿ hcp∂p F∂-dn-™m¬ ho´n¬ \n∂pw hne-bp-≈-sX√mw s]dp-°n-s°´n Hfn-hn¬ t]mIp-I-bmWv km[m-c-W-bmbn Bfp-IƒsNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I≥ CXn-s\m∂pw an\-s°´n√.
Hcp Znhkw D®-bq-Wp-I-gn™v A∏\pw a°fpw IqSn-bn-cp∂p'skmd' ]d-bp-tºm-gmWv Cu XkvI-c-∑m¿ h∂p Ib-dn-bXv. A∏s‚\n¿t±-i-]-Imcw a°ƒ bmsXmcp FXn¿∏pw ImWn-®n√. s]m≥,
sh≈n \mW-b-ß-sf√mw Ah¿ a°sf sIm≠p Xs∂ ]pd-sØ-Sp-∏n®p. as‰¥p hne-tb-dnb hkvXp-°ƒ Ds≠∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\mbnAh¿ D≈n¬ Ibdn. hne-bp-≈-sX√mw s]dp°n ]pd-Øn-d-°n-b-t∏mƒ a°ƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ timI-aq-I-cmbn. XpWn-bn¬ \mW-b-ßfpw a‰pw hmcn-s°´n sIm≈-°m¿ ]Sn Cd-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Xß-fpsSA≤zm-\- ew \jvS-s∏- -Xn-ep≈ ZpxJ-Øn¬ Ah¿ Ic-™p-t]mbn.CXp-I≠v NIn-X-Nn-Ø-\mb ]nXmhv Ahsc kam-[m-\n-∏n-°m-s\-t∂mWw ]d™p. "t]ms´ a°sf Ah¿ Fs‚ iwJp-NIw sIm≠p-t]m-bn-√t√m".
Cu hm°p-I-fn¬ £p`n-X-\mb kwL-\m-b-I≥ IpØp-I-√n¬\n∂v XncnsI h∂v B hµy-h-tbm-[n-Is\ sIm√p-Ibpw Xe HcpI®-bn¬ sI´n sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Xºn¬ FØnb sIm≈-°m¿ Xe-hs‚ apºn¬ c≠p XpWn-
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
109
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
108
Øn\v Abmsf ]nSn-Iq-Sm≥ DØ-c-hn-Sp-Ibpw, qan I≠p-sI- p-IbpwsNbvXp. Ipsd h¿j-߃°p-tijw cmP-I-ev]\ ]Imcw `qanXncn®p \¬Ip-I-bp-≠mbn. qan XncnsI In´nb kt¥m-j-Øn¬ Xß-fpsS tPymjvT ktlm-Z-cs\ A\n-b≥am¿ ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw At\z-jn-s®-¶nepw Is≠-Øm-\m-bn√. Aß-s\-bn-cns° \new Dgp-hm≥t]mØp hmßphm≥ FØn-t®¿∂ Hcp sNdp-∏-°m-c-\p-ambn kwkm-cn-®p-h-∂-t∏mƒ Abmƒ Xß-fpsS aqØ ktlm-Z-cs‚ k¥m-\-amWv F∂v a\-n-embn. ]nXm-hns‚ hI hkvXp-°ƒ ChnsS InS-∏p-s≠∂pw h∂p ssIh-i-sa-Sp-°-W-sa∂pw Abm-tfm-Sm-h-iy-s∏´p.F∂m¬ [mcmfw hkvXp-h-I-Iƒ X߃°v \m´n¬ Ds≠∂pw Chn-SsØ hkvXp-°-fn¬ Ct∏mƒ X߃°p Xmev]-cy-an-s√∂pw BaI≥ Adn-bn-®p-hsX.
5. Ggp-ap´w DSp-º-∂q¿ tdmUns‚ Hmcw tN¿∂v InS-°p∂ Ing-°≥]mS-Øns‚ hiØm-bp≈ tXmSn\p kao]w Htc-°-tdmfwhnkvXo¿Æ-ap≈ Hcp XpcpØv D≠m-bn-cp∂p. aq∂p Np‰pw s\¬∏m-S-ap≈ ChnSw Ct∏mƒ IjvSn®v AºXv sk‚ v amX-ta-bp≈q.ChnsS Ct∏mgpw ]mbw sN∂ hr£-ßfpw, Ipfhpw, ]pc-Ø-dbpwa‰pw ImWmw. sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ Xma-k-am-°n-bn-cp∂ ]nXm-hns‚ HcpaI≥ Chn-sS-bmWv amfnI h®p Xmakn-®n-cp-∂Xv. kz¿Æ-cm-in-Iƒ\mW-b-߃ t]mse B-bn-cp∂ A°m-eØv Ct±-l-Øn\v [mcmfwcmin-Iƒ kºmZyw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hnhcw Adn™ Xkv°-c≥am¿ Hcn-°¬ sIm≈-bv°mbn Ggp-ap´w ]cn-k-c-sØØn. ap∂-dn-bn∏v e`n-®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v \ΩpsS ]nXm-a-l≥ A∂p cmXn Xs∂IpSpw-_-k-taXw apX-e-t°m-S-Øn\v IS∂p. kºm-Zy-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂kz¿Æ˛sh≈n cmin-Iƒ apgp-h≥ Ip´n-]m-f-I-fnepw ]mf-sXm-∏n-bn-ep-ambn \nd-®p-sIm-≠mWv cmbv°pcmbvam\w t]m∂Xv. cmXn sshIn-sb-Ønb sIm≈-°m¿ Xß-fpsS Cc c£-s∏- -X-dn™v \ncm-i-cmbn.A∂v Ahn-sS-Xs∂ I™n-h®p IqSp-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n®p. cmhnseDW¿∂ Ah¿ ap‰Øv Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn Ft¥m Xnf-ßp-∂-Xp-I≠p.kz¿Æ-cm-in-I-fm-W-sX∂v a\--nem-°nb I≈-∑m¿ thjw amdn apX-e-t°mSw hsc \S∂p ]nXm-a-ls‚ sXm∏n-∏m-f-bn¬ \n∂pwtNm¿∂p t]mb \mWb߃ s]dp°n FSp-Øp-.
t£X-߃t°m, _m“-W¿t°m Xosd-gp-Xn-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSvAh-cn¬ \n∂v ]m´-Øn-s\-SpØv Irjn sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp-h∂p.F∂m¬ kº-∂cpw ss[cy-im-en-I-fp-amb ]ecpw kz¥w `qanbpwta¬hn-em-khpw ssIhn-Sm≥ CjvS-s∏- n√. sNº-c-Øn-bnse \ΩpsSImc-W-hcpw AXn\p an\-s°-´n√.
cmP-`-WvUm-c-Øns‚ ]mtZ-inI Xmt°m¬[mcn F∂ A[n-Im-c-\n-e-bn¬ ]m¿∆-Xym-c-∑m¿, Xl-kn¬Zmc∑m-cpsS Iogn¬ ]Xm-]-im-en-I-fmbn cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Ch-cn¬ ]ecpw A[n-Im-c-]-a-Øcpw Zp¿hr-Ø-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. A°m-eØv 'ap≠p hncn-°pI'
Fs∂mcp kº-Zm-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. kpµ-cn-I-fmb bph-Xn-Iƒ D≈hoSp-Iƒ Xnc™v A[n-Im-cn-bpsS `rXy≥ FØpIbpw D® Xncn-bp-tºmƒ ap‰-Øv Hcp sh≈-ap-≠p-hn-cn°pIbpw sNøpw. A[n-ImcnA∂-hnsS A¥n-bp-d-°-Øn-s\-Øp-sa∂v ho´p-Im¿ Adn-bm-\p≈AS-bm-f-am-WnXv. ]ecpw CsXmcp _lp-a-Xn-bmbn IcpXnt∏m∂p.]ns∂ B ho´n¬ Xnc-°mWv. Ipfn-°m≥ NqSp-sh≈w, InS-°≥]™n-saØ, Ign-°m≥ hnin-jvS-hn- -h-߃, \mepw Iq´n apdp-°m≥XpSßn F√m kuI-cy-ßfpw A∂p cmXn AhnsS D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
]pcp-j-∑m¿ Bcpw A∂p cmXn ho´n¬ ImWm≥ ]mSn√. CsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p \S-∏p-N´w. A`n-am-\n-I-sf-¶nepw \n-lm-b-cmb]ecpw Cu \oN-amb BNm-c-Øn\v hg-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.Aßs\bp≈-h¿°m-Is´ `qanbpw, Icw Cf-hp-sNbvXpw sImSp-Øn-cp∂p.
Hcn-°¬ A[n-Im-cn-bpsS tkh-I≥ \m´m-Nm-c-]-Imcw sNº-cØnaØmbn Imc-W-h-cpsS ap‰Øpw FØn ap≠p-hn-cnbv-°m≥. kt¥m-j-tØm-Sp-IqSn Imc-W-h-cn¬ \n∂pw kΩm\w hmßm-\mbn ap≠p-hn-cn-®-tijw FØnb rXys\ aØmbn amπ Ic-W-Ø-Sn-°p-Ibpw]pd-Øm°n \S AS-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
A∂sØ \m´p-\o-Xn-bn¬ AhnsS Xßp-∂Xv A]-I-S-I-c-am-sW∂v a\-n-em-°nb At±lw A∂p k‘y-°p-Xs∂ IpSpw-_-k-taXw ÿew hnSp-Ibpw sXmS-]p-g-bm-‰n¬ IqSn h≈-Øn¬Ab¬cm-Py-sØ-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. bmX Xncn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºvkc-k-\m-bn-cp∂ aØmbn Imc-W-h¿ ap‰-Øp-hn-cn-®n-cp∂ A[n-Im-cn-bpsS Ik-hp-ap-s≠-SpØv Hcp a\p-jy-t°m-e-ap-≠m°n ap‰-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ t]c-a-c-Øn¬ Im´p-h-≈n-IƒsIm≠v sI´n-Øq-°n-sbsX. aØmbn c£-s∏´ hnh-c-a-dn™v Icw AS-bv°mØ Ip‰-
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
111
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
110
6. Imcn-t°m-´p-\n∂pw Icn-a-Æq¿ FØp∂ ]pcm-X\ ]mX-bn¬ Nme-t¶mSv \n∂v Xncn™v apX-e-t°m-SØv FØn-t®-cp∂ Hcp hgn-bp≠v.A∂sØ ][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ]mX-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. Cu hgn°pkao]w Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Hcp ]nXm-a-l\v kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp aI-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcn-°¬ Ahƒ hoSn\p kao-]-ap≈ Hcp Ipf-Øn¬Ipfn-I-gn™v t]mIp-∂Xv IpXn-c-∏p-dØv B hgn h∂ CS-]- p-hns‚]pX≥ ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. ]n∂oSv ]e-t∏mgpw Cu ]`pk¥m\wIrXy-k-a-bØv FØn-t®¿∂v Cu Ip´nsb Z¿in®pt]mcp-IbpwsNbvXp. s]¨Ip-´n-bn¬ A\p-cm-K-_-≤-\mb ]`p-Ip-am-c≥ X\n°vAhsf hnhmlw sNbvXp Xc-W-sa∂v `rXy≥ aptJ\ ]nXm-hns\Adn-bn®p. X\nt°m aIƒt°m Cu _‘-Øn¬ Xmev]-cy-an-s√∂pwZb-hp-sNbvXp Cu Imcy-Øn¬ \n¿_-‘n-°-cp-sX-∂pw At±lw`rXy-t\mSv ]d-™-b®p. CXn¬ Jn∂-\mbn Xo¿∂ Ip-am-c≥ Xm≥Ahsf Xs∂ hnhmlw Ign-°psa∂pw, kΩ-Xn-°m-Ø-]£w Kpcp-X-c-amb `hn-jyØv A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-cp-sa∂pw `oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v `rXys\ ho≠pw Ab®p. CXp-sIm-s≠m∂pw \m´p-]-am-Wnbpw kº-∂-\p-amb Krl-\m-Y≥ Ipep-ßn-bn-s√∂p amX-a√ Hcn-°epw Xs‚ aIsf Hcp A\y-Pm-Xn-°m-c\p hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°m≥ XømdmbXpan√.
Ipsd Znh-k-߃°p-tijw IpXn-c-∏p-dØp ho´n-se-Ønb ]`p-hns‚ -Im-cy-ÿ≥ Hcp Ipdn-am\w At±-l-Øn\p \¬In. AXn¬At∂bv°v aq∂mw \mƒ Xm\pw ]pX\pw s]Æp-Im-Wp-hm≥ ho´n-se-Øp-sa∂pw aq∂m-gvN-bv°Iw hnhmlw \S-Øp-hm≥ Xøm-dmbncn°-W-sa∂pw Adn-bn-®n-cp∂p. IpSpw-_-\m-Y-\m-Is´ adn-s®m∂pw ]d-™-Xp-an√.
aq∂mw Znhkw ]`p ]cn-hm-c-ß-tfmsS FØn-t®¿∂p. At∏mƒhoSns‚ ]qap-J-∏Sn AS-®n-´ncn-°p-∂Xp I≠p. amX-a√, Hcps]¨]´n \n∂v Ipc-bv°p-∂Xpw AXns‚ Igp-Øn¬ ]`p-hns‚Iev]\ sI´n-Øq-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw ImWm-\mbn.
7. Icw-]n-cn-bv°m≥ \nbp-‡-\mb Hcp A[n-Imcn Hcn-°¬ sNº-c-Øn-bnse Hcp ho´n¬ cmhnse FØn. ]Ww Ct∏mƒ ssIh-i-an-s√∂pw ASpØ Znhkw AXv afi-]-Øn¬ AS-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂pwho´p-Im-c≥ Adn-bn®p. Agn-a-Xn-°m-c-\mb Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p B A[n-Imcn. Iptd t\csØ hmKzm-Z-߃s°m-Sp-hn¬ A[n-Imcn £p`n-X-
\mbn Cd-bØv Fs¥-¶nepw P]vXn sNøp-hm≥ Dt≠m F∂vt\m°n. H∂pw In´msX h∂-t∏mƒ Abmƒ hcm-¥-bn¬ Ch-cpsSkw`m-j-W-߃ i≤n®v ssIhn-c¬ Cuºn-s°m-≠p-\n∂ HcpB¨Ip-´nsb Iøn-se-SpØp. DS-s\-Xs∂ B Ip´n Xs‚ ]nXm-hn-t\mSv hg-°p-Iq-Snb Bsf Dan-\o-cn¬ \\™ ssIsIm≠v HcpASn sImSpØp. IqSp-X¬ tZjy-Øn-emb A[n-Imcn Ip´n-tbbpwFSpØv ap‰-Øn-dßn ]Sn-∏p-c-bn-te°v \S∂p. ho´p-S-a-ÿ≥ hnj-an®v Xs∂ hnfn®v ]Ww X∂v Ip´nsb hmßp-sa-∂mWv B ]mhw]m¿∆-Xym¿ hnNm-cn-®Xv.
D®-bm-bn´pw Ip´nsb Xnc°n ]nXmhv FØm-ØXns\ XpS¿∂vhni∂ Ip´n°v Abmƒ Xs∂ tNmdv hmcn-s°m-Sp-t°-≠n-h∂p.Ip´nsb km¥z-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw afi-]-Øn¬ FØp-∂-h-cpsSAt\z-j-W-߃°v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXv Abmƒ aSpØp.k‘y-bmbn. F¥p-sN-tø≠q F∂-dn-bmsX Ip´n-tbbpw Npa∂vAbmƒ c≠v ssa¬ AIse ]m¿°p∂ Xl-kn¬Zm-cpsS ho´n-seØn hnh-c-a-dn-bn®p.
Xs‚ ]m¿∆-Xym-cpsS AXn-I-a-Øn¬ £p`n-X-\m-bn-Øo¿∂At±lw Ip´n°v th≠X £Ww \¬Im≥ kz¥w IpSpw-_n-\n°vBZyw \n¿t±iw \¬In. AXn-\p-tijw FXbpw thKw Ip´nsbAXns‚ ]nXm-hns\ Gev]n-°m≥ I¬∏n®p. ]n∂oSv ]nXm-hn-t\mSvX\n-°p-]-‰nb Aa-fn-bn¬ £a tNmZn-°-W-sa∂pw Ip´nsb Xncn®vIn´n-b-Xmbn ImWn®v Hcp ssI®o´v hmßn C∂v cmXn Xs∂ Xs‚]°¬ FØn-°-W-sa∂pw I¬∏n®p.
Cfn-`y-\mb A[n-Imcn A]-Imcw Ip´nsb XncnsI \¬InssI®o´v hmßn t]mIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
8. Irjn-∏-Wn-°mbn ]≠p-ap-X¬ [mcmfw Bfp-Isf Bh-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ASn-a-°-®-hSw A°m-eØv k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p.]d-b≥, ]pe-b≥, XpSßnb h¿§-Øn¬s∏-´-h¿°v A∂v Xp—-ambhnetb sImSp-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p≈p. cmPm-hns‚ hI-bmbn Xs∂1847˛¬ Hcp-e-£-Øn- Adp]Øn A-øm-bnc-tØmfw ASn-a-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Chsc ]m -Øn\v sImSpØpw hn‰pw cmP- -WvUm-c-Øn-te°v
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
113
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
112
c≠mw `mKw
]≈nbpw IpSpw_hpw
hc-hp-h-®n-cp∂p. 6 cq]m apX¬ 17 cq]m hsc hnebv°v ASn-a-Ip-´n-Isf A∂v e`y-am-bn-cp∂p. ASn-a-Ifpw Ah-cpsS k¥m-\-ßfpwDS-a-bpsS kzIm-cy-kz-ØmbnØs∂ IW-°m-°-s∏- n-cp∂p. kh¿Æ-k-ap-Zm-b-߃°p amX-am-bn-cp∂p CXn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw. \√ Hcp'Xºms\' e`n-°p-∂-Xn¬ AS-an-I-fm-Is´ Bizm-khpw kpc-£bpwIs≠-Øn-bn-cp∂p. _m“W ta[m-hnXzw ASn-t®-ev]n® hy-hÿIƒ aqew ]Wn-°msc Xnc°n kabw ]mgm-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂n√.
1811˛¬ IrjnbnShpambn _‘s∏SmØ F√m ASnaItfbpwkzX¥cm°n. 1847˛emIs´ ASn-a-∏Wn ]q¿Æambpw \ndpØ-em°n.
F∂m¬ ao\-am-k-am-Ip-tºmƒ Atcm-K-Zr-V-Km-X-cmb an°B¨]p-e-bcpw DS-a-bpsS ]nSn-hn´v \mSp NmSpw. ]ns∂ Hcp amk-tØ°v Im´n-emWv Ah-cpsS IqØv. ao\-amkw Ah-cpsS IncmXPohn-X-Øn\v Dgn-™p-h-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v Ah¿ ZrV-ambn hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. cmXn-Im-e-ß-fn¬ sIm≈-b-Sn-°pI, I≈pwIpSw -]-dn-°pI, arK-ßsf sIm∂v Np´p Xn∂pI XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS hnt\mZw. sIm≈-bv°mbn t]mIp-tºmƒ henb ]¥w sImfp-Øn-∏n-Sn-®n-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Chsc Xosh- n-Iƒ F∂pw hnfn-®n-cp∂p.sNºcØn IpSpw_°m¿°v kz¥-ambn ]pe-b-°pSn-Ifpw ]db-°pSn-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Irjn-bn-S-ß-fnse tPmen-°mbn Xma-kn-∏n®n-cp∂ Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ ao\-am-k-Øn¬ N -ºn-I-fmbn amdp-am-bn-cp∂p.sNº-c-Øn-IpSpw-_-Øn\p ']Wn-°¿' ]Zhn Iev]n®v \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw Aß-s\-bp-≈-h¿°v AS°n `cWØn\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw AØ-c-°m¿°v ISpØ in£ Xs∂\¬In-t]m∂p. Aßns\ in£n-°-s∏-´-hsc adhpsNbvXncp∂ÿehpw Ipfhpw ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ amfn-I-]p-c-bn-S-Øns‚ sX°p-In-g-°p-h-i-Ømbn D≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]Øpap∏Xv sIm√-߃°p-apºphsc A\m-Y-t]-X-ßsf sIm≠n-Sp-hm\pw ad-hp-sN-øp-hm\pw Bÿew D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]Sp-hr-≤-\mb ]pfn-a-c-Øns‚ sImºn¬ ]e Xqßn-a-c-W-ßfpw \S-∂-Xmbn Adnbmw.
cmXn-Im-e-ß-fn¬ AhnsS \n∂v Ac-≠sh-fn-®w ImWm-dp-s≠∂pw,
kao-]-Øp≈ hgn-bn¬°qSn t]mIp-∂-h¿°v ]nim-Nns‚ iey-ap-≠m-Im-dp≠v F∂pw tI´n-cp∂p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
115
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
114
]≈nbpw IpSpw_hpw
]g-a-bpsS ]uVnbpw ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ ]i-kvXnbpw t]dn\nev°p∂ tIc-f-Ønse ]kn-≤-amb Hcp tZhm-e-b-amWv apX-e-t°mSw]≈n. iXm-_vZ-߃°-∏pdw ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ t]cn-em-cw-`n® Cu tZhm-ebw Ct∏mƒ A¤pX ]h¿Ø-I-\mb hn. Koh-dp-Ko-kns‚ ]apJ Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-µ-amWv.
1. ]≈nIfpw t£X-ßfpw
]≈n F∂ hm°v ]men mj-bmWv. _p≤-a-X-°m¿ kwLw tNcp∂ÿew F∂mWv A¿∞w. ]n¬°m-eØv ssP\-∑m¿, ssIkvX-h¿,
apkveo-߃ F∂n-h-cpsS ]m¿∞-\m-e-b-߃°pw Cu t]cp Xs∂]tbm-K-Øn-embn. sslµ-h-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-tI-µ-߃ t£X-߃ F∂-dn-b-s∏´p. lnµp-a-X-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ \yq\-]-£-am-bn-cp∂ ImeØv, qcn-]£whcp∂ P\-X-bpsS tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]e hnizm-k-ß-fmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. F¶nepw BNm-c-߃°v sFI-cq]yw D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv ]≈n F∂s]mXp ]Z-]-tbm-K-Øn\p Imc-W-ambn.
ae-bmf `mj-bn¬ ]≈n F∂ hm°n\v kaqlw, tbmKw tNcp∂ÿew Fs∂-√m-amWv A¿∞w. tZhm-ebw F∂ A¿∞w D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ]≈n-bn¬ IqSn-t®-cp∂ hnizm-kn-Isf ]≈n-°q-´-sa-∂p-hn-fn®p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
117
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
116
£yß-fmWv. ]≈n-bpsS sXs° sNcp-hn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ as‰mcpa¨]mX hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ tZi-ß-fp-ambn apX-e-t°m-SsØ _‘n-∏n-®n-cp∂p.
ae-©-c-°p-I-fpsS kar-≤nbpw, qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb InS∏pw, IpSIv,tkew, a[pc tZi-ß-fp-am-bp≈ Zo¿LIme hym]m-c-_-‘hpw, CuÿesØ ]e ]S-tbm-´-ß-fp-sSbpw, sIm≈-kw-L-ß-fp-sSbpw cwK-th-Zn-bm°n am‰n. Chn-SsØ Ipcp-ap-fIv aWn-Iƒ hntZ-i-hm-Wn-Py-kw-L-߃°v IÆnse IrjvW-a-Wn-bmbn. Iogvasse˛ hS-°pw-Iq¿ `c-W-Im-e-sØ√mw Hcp hym]mc tIµ-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ cmP-`-WvUm-c-Øn-te°v'apX¬Iq´pw CSw' Bbn-cp∂p Cu apX-e-t°mSw. ae-\m-´nse ae-©-c-°p-I-fpsS Cu hn]-W-\-tI-µ-Øn¬ henb ]≠-I-im-e-Ifpw Xnc-t°-dnb Aßm-Sn-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. hnev]-\-®p¶w ]ncn-hn-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\hpw apX¬∏n-Sn-°m-cs‚ hmkhpw apX-e-t°m-S-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.hmbvsamgn Adn-h\p-k-cn®v Chn-SsØ hnev]-\-\n-IpXn ]ncn®pw hgn-Np¶w hmßnbpw JP-\m-hn¬ apX¬Iq´n IW-°p-h-bvt°≠ 'apf-Ip-a-Sn-io-e-°m-c≥' sNº-c-Øn-bnse Nne Imc-W-h≥am¿ Bbn-cp-∂sX.
apX-e-t°mSw F∂ hm°n-\¿∞w Np¶-ÿew F∂mWv; 'apX-e-t°mSv' BIs´ Cuiz-c-ÿm\w, N¥-ÿew, [\-Øns‚ kpc-£n-X-tIµw Fs∂√mw \m\m¿∞-߃ D≈-XmWv. 'tImS'Øn\v tIm´,
sIm´mcw, F∂¿∞-ap-≈-t∏mƒ 'tImSv'\v ÿe-sa∂pw, 'IqSw' 'IpSw' F∂n-hbv°v Krlw, \Kcw F∂p-amWv A¿∞-ap-≈Xv.* ]kn-≤-am-bn-cp∂'apX¬Iq- pw- CSw' ]tbmK kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn 'apX¬IqSw' F∂m-bn.XpS¿∂v 11- mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-tijw ÿe-\maw apX¬tImSv F∂m-bn-Øo¿∂p. 16-mw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏m-tg°pw AXv apX-e-tImSv F∂m-b-Xn\vIrXy-amb sXfn-hp≠v. Cw•ojv mj-bpsS kzm[o-\w-sIm≠v 18-mw \q‰m-≠n-emWv 'tImSw' D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m≠v Bb-t∏m-tg°pw apX-e-t°mSw Bsb-¶nepw Cw•o-jn¬ Ct∏mgpw apX-e-tImSw Xs∂-bmWv.ÿe-\m-a-ßsf amtΩm-Zok ap°n kzoI-cn-°pI F∂p-≈-XmWv Cw•ojv`mj-bpsS kz`mhw. apX-e-t°m-S-Ønse 't°m'°v B°w t]mcmt™mFt¥m Nne¿ AXns\ '°p' B°m≥ ian-°p-∂p≠v. F¶n¬ 21-mw\q‰m-≠n¬ \ΩpsS ]≈n apX-e-°pSw ]≈n-bmIpw . 'sKh-bm-sPm¿WmZ'bn¬ 'adpw-_pfn' F∂mWv apX-e-t°mSsØ ]cm-a¿in-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
* i_vZ-Xm-cm-hen
']≈n-]n-cn-bmdp"≠t√m. ]≈n-tbmKw kaq-l-Øns‚ Iq´w IqS-emWv.t£X-ß-tf-°mƒ ]pc-mX-\-ß-fmWv Chn-SsØ ]≈n-Iƒ. Bcm-
[\, Bcy-∑m¿°v ho´n¬ h®p \S-Øp∂ hy‡n-]-c-amb Hcp ImcywamX-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m-bn-cp∂p ]qPm-apdn. _p≤˛ssP\˛ssIkvXhaX-ßsf A\p-I-cn-®mWv 8, 12 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ t£X-߃ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv. ho´n¬\n∂v ho´p-h-f-∏n-te-°n-d-ßn. ho´p-h-f-∏n¬ \n∂pw]pdØp h∂-t∏mƒ BZyw _p≤-a-X-°m-cpsS ]≈n-Isf Ah¿ t£X-ß-fm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. HºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]WnX amth-en-°c I≠n-bq¿a‰w t£X-amWv, Ah¿ kz¥-ambn \n¿Ωn® BZy t£Xw. F∂m¬tXmΩm-«olm tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂v H∂mw \q‰m-≠p- ap-X¬ Iq´mb Bcm-[-\bpw, Bcm-[\m kt¶-X-ßfpw InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
BZy-Im-esØ ]≈n-Iƒ H‰bvt°m Iq´mtbm \n¿Ωn°-s∏´ IpSn-ep-Itfm, sIm´n-ep-Itfm Bbn-cp∂p. Ah 'IS-hpƒta-\-Iƒ' F∂-dn-b-s∏´p. ItaW FÆ-Øn-ep-≠mb h¿≤\, kmº-Øn-I-ap-t∂‰w apX-em-bh aqew Ipd-®p-IqSn henb 'ssZh-∏p-c-Iƒ' D≠mbn. I√pw aÆpwsIm≠v ]Wn-bm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Ahbv°v `mc-Xo-b-in-ev]-am-Xr-I-bmbn. ]n∂oSv t]¿jy≥ coXn-bn-embn ]≈n-Iƒ. tbip ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp∂Pdp-ktew tZhm-ebw t]mepw sNdn-sbmcp sI´n-S-am-bn-cp-∂sX. BZy-Ime t£X-ßfpw ]qP-Ifpw apgp-h-\mbpw _p≤ amXr-I-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. t]m¿´p-Ko-kvIm-cpsS Imew apX-emWv ]≈n-Iƒ°v ]m›mXy amXrI\mw kzoI-cn®p XpS-ßn-bXv. CXns\ XpS¿∂v ]≈n-s°-´n-S-߃ ]e-X-hW hnizm-kn-I-fm¬ s]mfn®v ]Wn-b-s∏´p. AtX-k-abw I√p-sIm≠vDd-t∏-dnb sI´n-S߃ cmPm-°-∑m-cmWv Aº-e-߃°mbn ]Wn-bn-®Xv.IqSmsX Iq´mb Bcm-[\ sslµ-h¿°v C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ahs]mfn®v hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p-an√. CXp-sIm-≠mWv Aº-e-߃]≈n-I-tf-°mƒ ]pcm-X-\-ß-fmbn tXm∂n-°p-∂Xv.
2. ÿe-]p-cmWw
sam -°p-∂p-Ifpw, Xmgvhm-c-ßfpw, s\¬∏m-Shpw, \o¿®m-ep-Ifpw ap´n-bp-cp-Ωn-°-gn-bp∂ Hcp at\m-lc ]tZ-i-am-Wt√m apX-e-t°mSw. Hcp-Im-eØv CXns‚ Hmcw tN¿∂p IS∂p t]mbn-cp∂ Imcn-t°mSv˛Iºwae-ºm-Xbpw ChnsS \n∂v ssltd©v hgn ]m≠n-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp∂t_mUn-\m-bv°-∂q¿ cmP-]m-Xbpw ]ucm-Wn-I-Xz-Øns‚ Ncn-X-km-
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
119
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
118
ssae-s°mºv `mKØv Xmakw Ds≠∂v tIƒ°p-∂p. Ipam-c-aw-K-eØvImWp∂ aT-Øn¬ \mb-∑m-cp-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p ]≈n°v sX°p≈ aT-Øn¬Ip-∂v. ]n∂oSv AhnsS Xma-k-amb InkvXym-\n-I-fm-Is´ aT-Ip-t∂¬ F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. ]i-kvX-\mb Hcp ]b-‰p-ho-c-\m-bn-cp∂p Imc-Ip-∂Øv \mb¿. Bc-°pg mKØv ]n∂oSv Xma-k-am-°nbAh-cpsS X -I-am-bn-cp∂p Imc-Ip-∂v. Imc-Ip-∂nse sh´p-I-√p-sIm-≠mWvae-ta-e-®≥ ]≈n s°´nSw ]Wn-X-Xv. ]pXn-bn-SØv Ip∂n¬ Xma-kn®\mb-∑m¿ ]n¬°m-eØv IpS-b-Øq-cnte°v Xmakw am‰n. Ct∏mƒ Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ sXmSp-]pg Su¨ ]≈n-°p-∂n¬ Xma-kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. ]pXn-bn-SØv Ip∂v InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ssIh-i-am-Wv.
4. ]≈n \n¿ΩmWw
''tIc-f-Ønse ]pcm-X-\-amb 25 ssIkvX-h-tZ-hm-e-b-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv9- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ Cu ]≈n. Zo¿L-Im-e-ambn Hcp cmP-ÿm\w, ]pcm-X-\-]m-X-I-fpsS kwK-a-ÿew, Ipcp-ap-fIp aWn-I-fpsScmPym-¥-c-hym-]m-c-tIµw F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ 9-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Xs∂ Cu]≈n ÿm-]n-°-s∏´p F∂p Icp-X-s∏Sp∂p.''* ''9-mw \q‰m≠p apX¬18-mw \q‰m≠v hsc amdnbpw adn™pw hS-°pw-Iq¿ ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂t√m.''** ssae-s°m-ºp-]-≈n-bv°p-tijw a‰-Øv ]≈n-bmWv Cu ae-tbm-c-]-tZ-i-Øp-≠mb BZy tZhm-ebw. \mK-∏pg, Bc-°pg, s\Sn-b-ime]≈n-Ifpw a‰pw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ]n∂o-SmWv. F√m ]≈n-Ifpw amXm-hns‚ \ma-t[-b-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. I\ymImXzw c‡-km-£n-Xz-Øn\v Xpey-ambn Icp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. 14-mw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏mƒ a‰-Øv ]≈n apX-e-t°m-S-Øn\p am‰p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv hn. Koh-dp-Ko-kns‚ \ma-Øn¬ B°p-IbpwsNbvXp. a‰-Øv ]≈nbpw ss\\mcp apkvenw-]-≈nbpw Imcn-t°m-´-º-ehpw Htc \mfn-emWv ]Wn XpS-ßn-bXv F∂ tI´p-tIƒhn icn-b-s√∂p tXm∂p∂p.
Imcn-t°m´p \n∂v ]pc-mX-\-amb Iºw ]mX hgn c≠p Intem-ao-‰¿k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ ime-t¶m-Sn\pw sImX-Ip-Ønbv°pw CS-bn-embnImWp∂ ÿe-amWv a‰w F∂v Adn-b-s∏- n-cp-∂Xv. apX-e-t°mSw Ip∂p-I-fp-tSbpw Ing°v sImX-IpØn ae-bp-tSbpw Xmgvhm-c-am-bn-cp∂p ChnSw.
A©v Intem-ao-‰-tdmfw Np‰-f-hn¬ \nc-∏mb Cu ÿe-Øn\v Aev]wsX°p-am-dn-bm-bn-cp∂p, imkvXmw-]md. aq∂p hi-ßfpw ae-I-fm¬ kwc-
* ^m. _¿Wm¿Uv : am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ** ^nen∏v tPm¿÷v : ImØ-enIv Ub-d-IvSdn
3. P\-hmkw
\√ P\-hmkw D≠m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv Ip∂w sN´n-I-fpsS HcptImf\n Bbn-cp∂p. C∂pw ]´bw Ih-e-bn¬ ImWp∂ t£X-`m-K-߃ Hcp-Im-eØv ]i-kvX-am-bn-cp∂ 'KW-]-Xn-bm¿ tImhn¬' Bbn-cp∂p. tImWn-°-aym¬ As∂mcp ]b-‰p-tIm-´-bm-bn-cp-∂p-hsX. sX°p-`m-K-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ a‰w I®-h-S-°m-cp-tSbpw Irjn-°m-cp-tSbpw Hcp hm-k-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p. sX°v sXm≠n-∏p-cbpw, ]Sn-™mdv ]≈nbpw,
t£Xhpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Iºw ]mX-bn¬ \n∂v apX-e-t°m-S-Øn-\p≈hgn-bn¬ C∂v sk‚ v tPm¿÷v kvIqƒ Ccn-°p∂ Ip∂n-em-bn-cp∂pHcp ImeØv Cf-apd cmPm-hns‚ aµncw. apX-e-t°mSw am¿°-‰n-s‚bpwhgn-®p¶w ]ncn-hn-t‚bpw ][m\ Npa-Xe Ct±-l-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p. sXm´p-]-Sn-™m-dmbn C∂sØ Rmd-°p-f-Øp-]-d-ºn-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚kv\m\-L- -am-bn-cp∂ Rmd-°pfw. C∂-sXmcp sNdp-Ip-f-amWv. C∂sØ]≈n-°p-∂n-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ h®p-tk-hm-aq¿Øn. sIm´mcwapX¬ sIm®p-tIm-hn¬ hsc I¬∏-Shp-Iƒ sI´n at\m-l-c-am-°n-bn-cp∂p. H‰-°-√n¬ sImØn-sb-SpØ Hcp henb I¬sØm´n, Ipfn-sØm´napX-em-bh sIm´m-c-∏-d-ºn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv X√n-s∏m-´n®v Iøme h®p.Gew ]≠-I-im-e-I-fpsS ASn-Ø- m-bn-cp∂ I¬∏-e-I-Ifpw, XqWp-Ifpwa‰pw \in-∏n-°-s∏´p. ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw -sI-´nSw ]Wn-bm-\mbn AhnsSIpgn FSp-°m≥ Iptd sIm√-߃°p apºv \mbn-°-∑msc hcpØn ]WnG¬∏n®p. GXm\pw Znh-ksØ ]Wn-°p-tijw Hcp \mƒ Iqen t]mepwhmßmsX Ah¿ \mSp-hn´p. sIm´m-c-Ø-d-I-fn¬ km[m-cW ImWm-dp-≈-Xp-t]mse \n[n D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv I≠p-In- n-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂mWv Ah¿IS-∂p-I-f-™Xv F∂p hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.
][m-\-ambpw Bdp Ip∂p-Ifpw Ah-bpsS aSn-Ø´pw tN¿∂-XmWvapX-e-t°m-Sw. ]pcm-X\ ImeØv _p≤-]-≈nbpw _p≤-∑m-cpsS hmkhpwD≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂v kwi-bn-°p∂ ÿe-amWv C∂sØ Aø-∏≥Ip-∂v.Zmhn-U-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-aq¿Øn-bmb Imfn-bpsS t£X-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂Imfn-b-¶m v Ip∂mWv Infn-bw-tIm v Ip∂mbn Ct∏mƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.Chn-sS-bmWv Ct∏mƒ tlmfn-^m-anen Bip-]Xn. Im™n-c-°m-´vIp∂v]≈n \n¿Ωm-W-tØmsS ]≈n-°p-∂mbn Xo¿∂p. ]i-kvX-cm-bn-cp∂Im™n-c-°m v \mb-cpsS Ifcn Ahn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \mb-∑m¿ Ct∏mgpw
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
121
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
120
Ct∏mƒ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Aº-e-Øns‚ Xs∂ amXr-I-bmbn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw ]≈n°pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. C∂sØ coXn-bn¬ Hcp Ipcn-ip-]-≈n-bpsS hen-∏ta a‰-Øv IpSpw-_-]-≈n°pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈p.F¶nepw ap‰Øv Xe Db¿Øn \n∂ncp∂ I¬°p-cniv \km-Wn-bpsS]uV-]m-c-ºcyw DƒtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww.
BZy-Im-eØv ]≈n-Iƒ°v \ma-tl-XpI D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√; ]≈n-°q--ß-ƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]pcm-X\ ]≈n-°q- -ß-fm-Is´ tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS
t]cn-em-bn-cp∂p Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. Aßs\ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n- F∂v \km-Wn-Iƒ°v t]cp-≠m-bn ]n∂oSv ÿm]n® F√m ]≈n-Ifpw a¿Ø adn-b-Øns‚ t]cn-embn. amXm-h-√msX as‰mcp a≤y-ÿ-sb-∏‰n t]¿jy≥ k` hgn \mw Adn-™n-cp-∂n√. amX-a√ Chn-SsØamXr-Zm-b- I-ahpw, ZmhnU kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ AΩ ssZh-Øn\v sImSp-Øn-cp∂ ]m[m-\yhpw tbip-hns‚ AΩbv°v BZy ]cn-K-W\ \¬Im≥t]c-W-bmbn. 15-mw iXIw hsc CXm-bn-cp∂p ÿnXn. AXn\m¬ 9-mw\q‰m-≠nse a‰-Øv ]≈nbpw amXm-hns‚ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmbn.
5. a‰-Øv apØnbpw a[p-c-ao-\m-£nbpw
£n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ sIm´m-c-ßfpw ssk\n-I -tI-µ-ßfpw Cu `mK-Øpw ImW-s∏-´n-cp∂p. ]´mf ]cn-io-e-\-Øn\pw Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf Xq°n-te-‰p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ ÿe-Øns‚ Hcp mKw C∂p B¿∏m-a‰w F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. CS-sh-´n-bnepw hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ HcpsIm´m-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sIm´m-cØn\pw CS-sh´n t£X-Øn\pw \Sp-°m-bn-cp∂p ]i-kvX-am-bn-cp∂ CS-sh- n-®n-d. amWn-bv°Øv aWn-I-WvT≥F∂m-bn-cp∂p cmPm-hns‚ Bÿm\ \maw. Iogvae cmPmhmIs´ Imcn-t°m v sIm´m-c-Øn-emWv Xma-k-®n-cp-∂Xv. C°m-eØv t]¿jy-bn¬ \n∂vkmt_m¿, t]mØv F∂ c≠p saXm-∑m¿ sIm√hpw DZ-bw-t]-cqcpwtIµ-am°n tIc-f-Øn¬ Du¿÷n-X-an-j-\dn ]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p.DZ-bw-t]-cq-cns‚ ASpØ Ic-bmb sNºn¬ \n∂pw h∂ sNº-c-Øn-Im-c-W-h¿°pw Ch-cn¬ \n∂pw ]≈n ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn\v t]m’m-l\we`n-®n- p-≠m-hWw.
a‰-Øns‚ Ing-t°-`m-K-Ømbn sIm´m-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw A[nIw AI-se-b-√m-sX-bm-bn-cp∂p sNº-c-Øn- Im-c-W-h-cpsS Xmakw. k¿t∆ \º¿1556 ¬ Ggc G°-dp≈ \nc-∏mb ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬, C∂sØ sImXIp-Øn-°-h-ebv°v kao]w Iºw ]mX-b-cp-In-em-bn-cp∂p Imc-W-h-cpsS hoSv.cmPm-\p-aXn IqSmsX ]≈n \n¿ΩmWw Akm-≤y-am-bn-cp∂p. sIm´m-c-Ønse tPmenbpw kzm[o-\hpw sIm≠v sNº-cØn Imc-W-h-cpsS ia-^-e-ambn a‰-Øn¬ hS°v Ic-sam-gn-hmbn e`n® ÿe-Øm-bn-cp∂pBZysØ ssZh-∏pc. ASpØp Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p \in-®p-XpS-ßnb _p≤-∑m-cpsS ]≈nbpw. Cu ÿew Ct∏mƒ ImWp∂ I\m-en-t\mSv tN¿∂vk¿t∆ \º¿ 1562 ¬ s]´p InS-°p∂Xmbn Icp-Xp∂p.
]≈n-∏p-c-bpsS \misØ XpS¿∂v ChnSw Ime-I-aØn¬ ssI∏pgAa∂q¿ IpSpw-_-Ønse Ge-kw-Im-¥n-]n-≈bpsS Bbn. Ah-cn¬\n∂v a‰-Øn¬ ]c-ap-]n≈ hmßn \mep-sI´pw \Sp-ap-‰hpw h®p sFiz-cy-tØmsS Xma-kn-®n-cp∂p.
tZhm-em-b-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v ]√-h-in-ev]-I-em-co-Xn-bmWv ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Icn-¶-√n¬ sImØn-sb-SpØ aWvU-]-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah.
Ggmw \q‰m≠p apX¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ X\-Xmb tIcf ssien cq]-s∏´p.BZyw ]md Xpc∂pw, ]ns∂ ]md s]m´n®pw FSp-∏p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®pXpSßn. hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ AÆm-bn-°Æw Aºew \of-Øn¬ IodnbIcn-¶¬]m-fn-Iƒ sIm≠mWv \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu inh-t£Xw
a¿ØadnbwAYhm
a‰ØpapØn
ChnsS Xan-gv`m-j-bm-bn-cp-∂t√m kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ae-bmfw Hcp kzX-¥- m-j-bmbn cq]-s∏´pXpS-ßnb Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. BZyw hs -gpØpwAXns‚ cmb-k-ambn tImse-gp-Øp-ap-≠m-bn.'\m\w-tam\w' kq£n®p hmbn-®m¬ ae-bmfwXs∂. Xan-g¿ kvXo ssZh-ßsf apØn, apØm-cΩ, apØm-c-Ω≥ Fs∂√mw BZ-c-]q¿∆w hnfn-®n-cp∂p. apØv F∂m¬ G‰hpw ]nb-s∏-´XvF∂m-Wt√m A¿∞w. apØnepw apØm-b-hƒapØnbpw, apØm-cΩbpw Bbn-Øo¿∂p. apØm-c-Ω-bpsS [mcmfw tImhn-ep-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw tIc-f-Ønepw Xan-gv\m-´nepw ImWmw. Aßs\ ChnsSamXm-hn-t\bpw `‡n-]q¿∆w apØn F∂v hnfn-®vB-cm-[n®p t]m∂p. ]nev°m-eØv sImc-´n-bnepwsh®qcpw a‰pw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ ]≈n-I-fnse amXm-hn-t\bpw sImc´n apØn, sh®q¿ apØn F∂v hnfn-®m-cm-[n®p. CXp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv apØ-∏≥
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
123
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
122
\evIn. a‰-Øv ]≈n tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ t]m°n ]p\-cp-≤-cn®p. I®-h-S-Øn\pwIrjn-°p-ambn IS-\m-´n¬ \n∂v \km-Wn-Isf hcpØn. Aßs\ apX-e-t°m-SØv h∂-h-cmWv amWn-°p-t∂¬ IpSpw-_-°m¿ F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
At\-I-h¿j-ß-fnse AXy-[zm\Ømepw cmP-ÿm-\-Øns‚ A\p-K-lm-in-p-I-fmepw sNº-c-Øn- IpSpw_w hf¿∂v hnI-kn®p. Icsam-gn-hmbpw A√m-sXbpw [mcmfw hkvXp-h-I-Iƒ IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ kºm-Zn®p. Bƒ_-ehpw AwKo-Im-chpw Db¿∂ ImeØv Ggp-ap´w apX¬s]cp-ºn-≈n-®nd hsc-bp≈ an°-hmdpw ÿe-ßfpw \ne-ßfpw Ah-cp-tS-Xm-bn-Øo¿∂p.
]n¬°m-eØv amWn sNº-c-Øn- A-®≥ hnhn[ IpSpw-_-߃°mbn]Xn-∏n®p \¬Inb ÿew At±-l-Øns‚ Xs∂ ]q¿∆n-I-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂phsX.
bp≤-Im-eØv hniz-kvX-tk-h\w \evInb 'amØpf F∂ [oc\v ]Wn-°¿ ÿm\-hpw -]-tXyI Ah-Im-i-ßfpw \evIn BZ-cn®p. hS-°pw-Iq-dnse A∂sØ ]i-kvX-amb If-cn-I-fn-sem∂v Ct±-l-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p. tImWn-°-aym-en¬ Bbn-cp∂p Ifcn. ico-c-]p-jvSn°pw tcmK-\n-hm-c-W-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb ssXe-ßfpw acp-∂p-Ifpw At±-l-Øns‚ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ \n¿Ωn-®n-cp∂p. \mev Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°v apºp hsc C]-Imcwacp-∂p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®v \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]d-bp∂p. 17-mw \q‰m-≠n¬_n´o-jp-Im¿ \nbaw aqew \ntcm-[n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc F√m \km-Wn-IfpwBbp[w [cn®p amXta ]pdØp k©-cn-®n-cp-∂p≈p. Cu ASp-Ø-Imewhsc Hcp ITm-ctbm sIm®p-]n-®m-Øn-sb-¶n-eptam Ac-bn¬ Xncp-ImØH‰ InkvXym-\nbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. *
7. tæ— hmgvNNcn-X-Øn¬ Ip]-kn≤n t\Snb tæ— hmgvN-bpsS ImeØv ]≈n°v
ho≠pw \mi-ap-≠m-b-Xmbn Icp-Xp∂p. 14-mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZyw thWm--c-N≥ ]mWvUy-cmPyw BI-an®p Iog-S°n. mc-X-N-I-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂
Aem-hp-±n≥ Jn¬Pn ]mWvUy-cm-Pm-hns‚ klm-b-Øn-\mbn Ipsdssk\ysØ a[p-cbv°v Np‰pw hn\y-kn-∏n®n-cp∂p. ]mWvUy-cm-Pm-hns‚tXm¬hnsb XpS¿∂v Ch¿ h\m-¥-c-ß-fn-te°v hen™p. ]n∂oSv ]ekwL-ß-fmbn Xncn™v sXt° C¥y-bnse ]e t£X-ßfpw ]≈n-Ifpw sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw Xoh-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ip-Zo≥ s]men-Km¿ (hI-∏pen) F∂ D]-tk\m \mb-Is‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tIc-f-
* ]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥ : tIc-f-Ønse \km-Wn-Iƒ
]tbm-Khpw. ae-bm-‰q¿ s]m∂pw Ipcniv apØ-∏\pw apX-e-t°m-SØpapØ-∏\pw a‰pw Cßs\ D≠m-b-Xm-Wv.
]≈n-bpsS apºn-eqsS A\p-kyqXw t]mbn-cp∂ h¿ØI-kw-L-߃°pw, k©m-cn-Iƒ°pw apØn Hcp am¿§-Zo-]-ambn. ssae-s°mºvhn´v, ae-\m-´n-ep-≠mb BZy ]≈n-bm-b-Xp-sIm≠pw k©m-c-ku-Icywaqehpw ]e ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ ChnsS FØn-t®¿∂n-cp∂p.Aßns\ ChnSw Hcn-S-Øm-h-fhpw, hgn-tbmc ]m¿∞-\m-tI-µhpw Bbnamdn. ANn-tcW a‰Øv apØn-bpsS ]≈n \m´nepw, ]m≠n \m´nepw,
sImßp tZiØpw Hcp-t]mse ]kn-≤n-bm¿÷n®p. 'a[p-ssc acphpwao\m®n'bvs°m∏w ''s]cp-a-sbfpw a‰Øv apØnbpw'' XqssW siømsXChnsS Hcp Imcyhpw \S-°n-s√∂m-bn-cp∂p hnizmkw. Aßs\ ]Ømw\q‰m-≠n¬ a‰-Øv ]≈n ]i-kvXn-bpsS sImSp-ap-Sn-bn-seØn.
6. ]≈n-bpsS \miw
F∂m¬ CXv A[n-I-Imew \o≠p-\n-∂n√. 11-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]≈nBI-an-°-s∏´p. \q‰m≠p bp≤-Im-eØv tNmf-∑m¿ t_mUn\mbv°-∂q¿]mX hgnbpw a‰pw Cc-®p-I-bdn sXmSp-]pg BI-an®p. ]≈nbpw ]≠-I-im-e-Ifpw hoSp-Ifpw sIm≈-b-Sn -°-s∏´p. ae-\m´c-N≥ BfpwA¿∞hpw sIm≠v tNc ssk\ysØ klm-bn®p. \n¿_-‘nX ssk\n-I-tk-h\w Xs∂ \S-∏m°n. ]≈n-°q-S-߃ \ndpØn ]´mf ]cn-io-e\tIµ-߃ B°n. \qdp h¿j-ß-tfmfw \o≠ bp≤-Øn¬ \qdp-I-W-°n\v bphm-°ƒ Poh≥ tlman®p. Irjnbpw hmWn-Pyhpw sNøm≥Bfn-√m-Xmbn. tijn-®-h¿ kmº-Øn-I-ambn XI¿∂p. ]≈n \in®p.kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw Xs∂ C√m-Xmbn.
tNckmamPyw XI¿∂-Xns\ØpS¿∂v cmPyw kz¥-ambn In´nbhS-°pw-Iq¿ P\-hmkw h¿≤n-∏n-°m\pw Irjnbpw hmWn-Pyhpw ]p\-ÿm-]n-°m\pw \S-]-Sn-I-sf-SpØp. Bº-°m´v, Aa-∂q¿, Im™n-c-°m´v,amS-∏≈n XpS-ßnb \mb¿ IpSpw-_-ßsf ]e ÿe-ß-fn-embn ÿehpwa‰p klm-b-ßfpw \¬In ]m¿∏n®p. amS-∏-≈n¬ Hcp A®n°v H∂n-tesd \mb-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v AwK-kwJy IqSn-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿°vHt´sd ÿew Irjn-°mbn e`n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]qPm-Zn-Iƒ°mbnBgvhm-t©cn, A®p-]n-≈n¬ s]cp-ºn-≈n¬ XpS-ßnb IpSpw-_-ßsfsIm≠p-h∂p. bp≤-Im-eØv ]nSn®p \n∂ sNº-c-Øn-bnse Npcp°wIpSpw-_-߃°v Ggp-ap- Øpw apX-e-t°m-S-Øp-ambn ÿehpw \nehpw
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
125
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
124
a‰-Øv ]≈n-bpsS IØn-\-in® cq]-ßfpw ]´-vhn-Xm-\-ßfpw Dt]-£n®v I´vf, I¬]-Xo-I-߃, Iev∏-e-I-Iƒ, P\¬ XpS-ßn-bh B\-hen®pw Bƒ Npa∂pw Ip∂n≥]p-dØv FØn®p. If-cn-Ød s]mfn®p\o°n, Zo¿L-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]≈n-Ød ]WnXp. Xd-bv°-IØv ]gbI¬Xq-Wp-Ifpw s]m´nb Iev]-e-I-Ifpw sh´p-I√pw \ncØn \nc-∏m°n.I¬hm-Xn-ep-Ifpw P\-ep-Ifpw, Agn-°m-ep-Ifpw, ]Sn-Ifpw ]g-b- ]-≈n-bptSXp Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn®p. XmgsØ I¬∏-Sn-bnepw a‰pw ]pcm-X\enJn-X-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXp-aqew ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp A-ºews]mfn-®mWv ]≈n ]Wn-X-sX∂v Hcp sX‰n-≤m-cW ]n¬°m-eØv ]c-°m-\n-S-bmbn. I√pw aÆpw D≈n¬ aWepw sIm≠p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p nØn.]p√p-]-tbm-Kn®v ]≈n-bpsS ta¬°qSv ta™n-cp∂p. ]pØ≥]-≈n°vAº-e-Øns‚ Cº-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ta¬∏p-c-bn¬ \mep-Zn-°n-tebv°pwIpcnip \m´n-bn-cp∂p. \mep Np‰pw ap‰hpw aq∂p Np‰pw Cd-bhpw, ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS Bbp-[-߃ kq£n-°m≥ hmXn¬®m¿Øpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p.]≈n-∏Snbv°¬ Hcp Npa-Sp-Xm-ßn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. sXt°m-´m-bn-cp∂pZ¿i\w. F¶nepw sX°p-]p-d-tØbv°v hmXn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. XdNmWIw sagpIn, \nc∏pw shSn∏pw hcp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-°p-≈n¬AƒØm-c Db¿∂pw sXm´p-ap-ºn-embn ]pcp-j-∑m¿°p≈ ÿew XmWpw,
kvXoIƒ°p≈ CSw Aev]w IqSn XmWpw Ccp∂p. ]Wn-Xo¿∂]≈nap‰Øv ]pcm-X-\-amb I¬°p-cniv Db¿Øn. Nph-´n¬ I¬∏e-I-Iƒ sIm≠v Ipcn-in≥sXm´n Xncn®p.
Aßs\ a‰Øv \n∂pw am‰n, apX-e-t°m-SØv 1312 ¬ ]Wn Xo¿Ø-Xm-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ BZysØ ]≈n. ÿm\w amdn-sb-¶nepw ]i-kvXn-sIm≠pw ]XnjvT a¿Ø-a-dnbw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂Xp sIm≠pw a‰-Øv apØn-bpsS ]≈n F∂p Xs∂ XpS¿∂pw Adn-b-s∏´p.
9. a‰-Øn¬ apØn-
I¿Ø-Øym-cΩ AYhm a‰-Øn¬ apØn Fs∂mcp ]`zn]≈n°v sX°p-h-isØ Ip∂n¬ ]m¿Øn-cp-∂psh∂pw Ah-cmWv Cu]≈n ]Wn-bn-®-sX∂pw Hcp IY-bp≠v. Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kº-∂\pwAt\Iw B\-I-fpsS DS-a-ÿ\pw, XSn Xan-gv\m- n-te°v Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXn-cp∂ Hcp am\y-\p-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS ¿Ømhv. Hcp Rmb-dmgvN ssae-s°m-ºp- ]-≈n-bn¬ I¿Ø-Øym-cΩ Ip¿∫m\ ImWm≥ sN√p-tºmƒ
Ah¿ ÿnc-ambn ap´p-Ip-Øn-bn-cp∂ ÿeØv as‰mcp ]`zn-bpsS tXmgn
Ønte°v I-S-∂-h¿ hym]-I-ambn AI-a-߃ \SØn. aX-`m-¥-∑m¿Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂ Cu apkveow ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ ]Xn-jvT-Iƒ X√n-Ø-I¿°p-Ibpw Kma-߃ sIm≈-bSn®v an∂¬th-K-Øn¬ h\-]-tZ-i-tØ°vc£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. C°m-e-ØmWv \ne-bv°¬ ]≈nbpwKmahpw \in-∏n-°-s∏- Xv. a‰-Øv ]≈nbpw sIm≈-b-Sn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw cq]-߃ Xobn-¬s∏SpØp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sXmSp-]pg ioIr-jvW-t£-XhpwsIm≈-b-Sn-°-s∏-´-Xmbn Ncn-X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p≠v.
A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX hºn® sIm≈apX-ep-ambn apl-Ω-Zob∏ShSt° C¥y-bn-te°v aSßn. Aßs\ 14- mw iX-I-Øns‚ BZy Zi-I-Øn¬ Xs∂ ]≈n ho≠pw \mtim-∑p-J-ambn.
s]men-Km¿ ]S-bpsS ]em-b-\-Øn\p tijw ]≈n-bpsS ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn iaw XpSßn. Iºw-]m-X-bpsS Hmc-ß-fn¬ XpSscØpSscD≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ sIm≈bpw sIm≈n-hbv]pw ImcWw P\-hmkwIpd™p. kº-∂¿ hgn-b-cp-In¬ \n∂v Dƒ]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v Xmakwam‰n. Ggp-ap´w, apX-e-t°mSw `mK-ß-fn-¬, Iºw tdmUn-\-Isebmbn,A[nIw IpSpw-_-ßfpsSbpw Xmakw. XpS¿∂v ]≈n a‰-Øp-\n∂vam‰Ww F∂v Xocp-am-\n®p. ]≈n°v kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw ]Wn-bm-\p≈ Ffp-∏hpw AXp-aqew h∂p-tN¿∂p.
8. . . . . ]≈n apX-e-t°m-SØvInkvXp ae-ap-I-fnepw, tXm -Ønepw, tXmΩm-«olm ae-bm-‰q¿ ssaem-
∏q¿ XpS-ßnb ae-I-fn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂t√m ]m¿∞n-®n-cp-∂Xv. \mep `mK-tØbv°pw Ncn™ Hcp sam´-°p-∂m-bn-cp∂p C∂p ]≈n-bn-cn-°p∂ÿew. sX°p hi-Øp-IqSn sXfn™ \m´p-hgn, I√n-s‚bpw sh≈-Øn-s‚bpw e`yX, ta¬t\m- -Øn-\p≈ kuIcyw, a‰-Øv ]≈n-bp-am-bp≈kmao]yw XpS-ßn-bh sIm≠v ]≈n ChnsS Xs∂ F∂p Xocp-am-\n®p.sIm®pXºp-cm-t‚bpw h®p-tkhmaq¿Øn-bp-tSbpw Xntcm-[m\sØ XpS-¿∂v ImSp-I-b-dn-°n-S∂ Cu Ip∂n≥]pdw sh´n-sØ-fn®v \∂m°nIm™n-c-°m-´p- \m-b¿ kz¥-am-°nbn-cp∂p. Ahn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ]kn-≤-amb If-cnbpw. ]`phpw ]am-Wn-bp-am-bn-cp∂ sNº-cØn ]Wn-°-cpsS A`y¿∞-\-]-Imcw \mb¿ B Ip∂n≥]pdw ]≈n\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn \¬In. Ifcn C∂sØ Rmgq¿ tImhn¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øn-te°v am‰n ÿm]n®p. kao-]-Ømbn CjvS-tZ-hs‚ ]Xn-jvTbpw\SØn.
A°m-eØv \ne-Øn-\m-bn-cp-∂t√m hne. If-cn-°-SpØp Xs∂\mb¿°v Irjn-°mbn \nehpw \evIn.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
127
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
126
10. apØntbm sNº-c-Øntbm
IY-bnse s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Isf AhK-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Xs∂ Kuc-hm-h-l-amb Hcp At\z-jWw C°m-cy-Øn¬ Bh-iy-ambn tXm∂n. ]≈n]Wn-XXv apØntbm AtXm sNº-c-Øntbm ?
am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bpsS ac-W-tijw 1758¬ Im¿ØnI Xncp-\mƒalm-cm-Pm-hmbn ÿm\-ta‰p. H-t´sd bp≤-ß-fpw, c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw hgnXncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ ka-RvP-k-ambn GIo-I-cn®v At±lw hyh-ÿm-]nX`cWw \S-∏m-°n. X≥aqew ]e-t∏mgpw JP-\mhv iq\y-am-bn. ]e¿°pwI∏w sImSp-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\bp≈ Hcp ]Xn-k‘n L´-Øn-emWv [\n-I-\m-bn-cp∂ X®n¬ amØp-Ø-c-I-\n¬ \n∂pw henb HcpXpI cmP-ÿm-\-tØ°v IS-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv. ]I-c-ambn hS-°≥Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ \n∂pw XSn sh´n-bn-d-°p-hm≥ IpØI Ah-Imiw B InkvXy≥I®-h-S-°m-c\v \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn.
bp≤hpw ]I¿®-hym-[n-Ifpw aqew P\-hmkw Ipd™v sXmSp-]p-g-bpsS ]-cn-kc]tZ-i-߃ h\-ta-J-e-bmbn amdn-bn-cp-∂p. ChnsS \n∂pwXSn sh´n Ic-hgn a[p-c°pw, sXmSp-]pg B‰n¬IqSn Be-∏p-gbnseUnt∏m-bn-te°pw Ib‰n Ab-®n-cp-∂p. amØp-Ø-c-Is‚ GP-‚mbnapXet°m-SØv FØnb Bfm-bn-cp∂nt√ a‰-Øn¬ ]`p? At±-l-Øns‚ `mcy B√mbn-cpt∂m ]≈n ]Wn-bn®-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ a‰-Øn¬ apØn AYhm I¿Ø-Øym-c-Ω? F¶n¬ apØn Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv]≈n°v sX°p≈ Ip∂n-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw, Xmsg D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]≈n-bpsS aWn-°n-W¿ apØn-bpsS InW¿ Bbncp-∂p-sh-∂p-ap≈ \nK-a\wicn-b-√. sXt°-Ip-∂n¬ sIm´mcw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Gew ]≠-I-imebpwD≠m-bn-cp-∂p. `qk¿t∆ ]Imcw AhnSw hen-b-ho-´n¬ ]pc-bn-S-am-Wv.(k¿t∆ \w. 99/11F, 99/11-_n, 99/12¬ s]´p-In-S-°p-∂p). AtX-k-abw]≈n°v apºn¬ Rmd-°p-fØv t__n-bpsS hkvXp-hn\v sXm´p ]Sn-™m-dm-bn-´mWv a‰-Øn¬ apØn Xma-kn-®n-cp∂, k¿t∆ dn°m¿Un≥]Im-c-ap≈ a‰-Øn¬ ]pc-bnSw (k¿t∆ \w. 101) ChnsS ]pc-Ø-dbpwapØn-bpsS InWdpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]™w-Ipfw ]mSw apX¬ tIm´tdmUv hsc hnkvXr-X-am-bn-cp∂p Cu ]pc-bnSw. Chn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p Dcp-f≥ XSn-Iƒ ti-J-c-®n-cp-∂Xpw B\-Isf Xf-®n-cp-∂-Xpw. apØn-bpsSXntcm-[m-\-Øn-s\ms° tijw Cu ]pc-Ø-d-bn¬ Ad_n F∂-dn-b-s∏´
]´p-hn-cn-®n-cp∂p. CXn¬ £p`n-X-bmb apØn apX-e-t°m-SØv XSn-sIm≠v
Hcp ]≈n ]WnXv A®s\ hcpØn Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n-s®sX.
a‰-Øn¬ apØn°v kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp aI-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ahƒ Ipf-
Øn¬ Ipfn-°p-tºmƒ kao-]-Øp≈ hgn-bn¬ IqSn h∂n-cp∂ Hcp ]`p-
Ip-am-c≥ Ahsf ]Xn-hmbn Z¿in®p h∂n-cp-∂p. Ahsf X\n°v
hnhmlw Ign-∏n®v Xc-W-sa-∂p≈ AssI-kvX-h-\mb B ]`p-Ip-am-
cs‚ kΩ¿±w ITn-\-am-bn. X∑qew ChnsS PohnXw Akm-≤y-am-bn-
Øo¿∂p. CXn-s\- Xp-S¿∂v apØnbpw aIfpw kI-eXpw Dt]-£n®v cl-
ky-ambn a[p-c°v IS-∂p-sh∂pw A√m hnjw IpSn®v Bfl-lXy sNøp-
I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. I¿Ø-Øym-c-Ω-bpsS Ime-tijw
]≈n \in®p.
XSn-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn®p F∂p ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw ChnsS ISp-Øp-
cp-Øn-bnset∏mse Hcp XSn-∏≈n D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Adn-bn√. adn®v
I´n-fbpw P\-e-Ifpw Agn-°m-ep-Ifpw ine-I-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p.
A°m-eØv ]´-°m¿ ]≈n-bpsS kz¥-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v ASpØ
Rmb-dmgvN A®s\ hcpØn Ip¿∫m-\-sNm-√n-°pI Ffp∏ambn-cp-∂n-
√. Xan-gv\m-´n-te°v c£-s∏´-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ ]m≠n-°m-cn- Bbn-cpt∂m?
kz¥w ]≈n-bp-≠m°n Ip¿∫m\ I≠ I¿Ø-Øym-cΩ aI-fp-samØv
Bfl-lXy sNøm≥ amXw hnizm-k-ÿn-c-X-bn-√m-Ø-h-fm-bn-cpt∂m? Xan-
g-I-tØ°v XSn- I-b-‰n Ab®n-cp∂ ]`p-hn\v kz]p-Xnsb c£n-°m-\m-
bnt√? Cßs\ At\Iw DØcw ap´nb tNmZy-߃ Cu IYsb Nqgv∂p-
\n¬°p∂p.
]gb ]e ]≈n-I-sfbpw ]‰n CØcw ]e sI´p-I-Y-Ifpw ]d™p
t]mcm-dp≠v. ]pcm-X-\-amb ÿm]-\-ßsf sFXnly-߃ sIm≠v s]mXn-
bpI ]e¿°pw Kuchm-h-l-amb Hcp ZuXy-amWv. IYm-Ip-Xp-InIƒ Cu
tI´p-tI-gvhn-Iƒ ]d-™p-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ncn-X-mt\z-jn-Iƒ CsXms°
tcJ-I-fm°n am‰p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. F∂m¬ tI´p-tI-gvhnsb ASn-ÿm-
\-am°n In´nb hnh-c-a-\p-k-cn®v tN¿Ø-XmWv I¿ØØym-c-Ω-bpsS
IY F∂mWv k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]kvXm-hn-®v ImWp∂Xv.*
* _¿Wm¿Uv tXma : am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
129
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
128
Ifpw AS-®n-Sp-I-bp-ap≠m-bn. A°m-e-ØmWv apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-\n¿Ωn®Xv apØn-bm-sW∂ sX‰n-≤m-cW ]c-∂-Xpw apØn-bpsS ]≈nF∂v ]cm-a¿in-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xpw.
XSn-sIm≠v Xmev°m-en-I-ambn apØn \∂m-°n-sb-SpØ ]≈n apØn-bpsS Xntcm-[m-\-tØmsS \i-®p-t]m-bn. Aßs\ \in-®p-In-S∂ ]≈n-bmWv sNº-cØn amWn°Ø-\m¿ 19-˛mw iX-I-Øn¬ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-®-Xv.
tkmf-a≥ cmPmhv ]Wn-b® Pdp-ktew tZhm-ebw tbip-hns‚ Ime-am-b-t∏mƒ tltdm-tZ-in‚ ]≈n F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.*
‘]≈n ]Wn-bn-°p-∂-h-cpsS t]cn¬ amX-a√m, ]n¬°m-eØv AXv]p\-cp-≤-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS t]cn¬ Chn-sSbpw ]≈n-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂‘ -Xmbn N-cn-X-K-th-j-I-\mb m. tUm. tPm¿Pv Ipcp-°q¿ ]d-bp-∂p.**
11. ]≈nbpw IpSpw-_hpw
tXmΩm-«o-lm-bv°p-tijw 15-mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-sb-¶nepw ChnsSD≠m-bn- p≈ ]≈n-I-sf√mw IpSpw-_-]-≈n-I-fm-bmWv Bcw- n-®n- p-≈Xv.ÿesØ `‡-\mb Hcp ]amWn H‰t°m, Hcp ]apJ IpSpw-_tam,
Ipd®p IpSpw-_-߃ tN¿t∂m Bbn-cp∂p ]≈n- \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂Xv. kz¥w]≈n Hc-¥pw B`n-Pm-Xy-Øns‚ e£-Whpw Bbn-cp∂p. B ]tZ-i-Øp≈ B¿°pw Ahn-sS ]≈n-I¿Ω-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-am-bn-cp∂p.Aßs\ ]≈n-bn¬ Hcp Bƒ°q´w D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ]≈n]Wn-X-hcpw Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-°mcpw A\-¥-ch≥amcpw tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]≈n-tbmKw. ]≈n-s®ehv hln-°p-∂Xpw ]≈n `cWw \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂Xpw Ah-cm-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ klm-b-Øn-\mbnB≤ym-flnI Imcy-߃ BgvN-I-a-a-\p-k-cn®v \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv tZi-Øp-]´°m-cm-bn-cp∂p. Cu IØ-\m-c≥am¿°v IeymWw Ign-°m-am-bn-cp∂p. sshZoI ]T\w Nne-th-dnb H∂m-bn-cp∂p. ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn´pw ]´w In´msX 40 hb-p-hsc ImØn-cp-∂-hcpw siΩm-i≥am-cmbnacn-®-hcpw D≠v. amtΩm-Zo-k ap°Wsa¶n¬ ^okv sImSp-°-W-am-bn-cp∂p. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ ][m\ ka-b-Øn\v apºv ‘amtΩm-Zokm In´m-Ø-h¿ ]pd-Øp-t]m-Is´’ F∂p hnfn-®p-]-d-™n-cp∂p. At∏mƒ ]≈n-bpsS][m\ `mK-Øp-\n-∂p-amdn c≠p-h-i-Øp-ap≈ hcm-¥-I-fn-te°vAßs\bp≈h¿ Cdßn \n¬°p-am-bn-cp∂p. ^okv sImSp-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-aqew amtΩm-Zokm kzoI-cn-°m-Ø-hcpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. amtΩm-
* Nmt°m ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ tbip-InkvXp. P-122
** A`n-apJw
Hcp apl-ΩZv IÆpw ]n∂oSv I∏n-em-aq-´n¬ ]Ir-Xo\pw Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂p.ap‰-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ apØn-bpsS InW¿ BWv Ahcpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. B InW-‰nse sh≈w th\¬°m-eØv h‰n-t∏m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.Aßs\ sh≈w h‰n-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ apØn h‰mØ sh≈-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂aWnInW-‰n¬ \n∂m-bn-cn°pw sh≈w FSp-Øncp-∂Xv. AXn-\m-emWvaWn-°n-W¿ apØn-bpsS InW¿ -Bbn sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sm≥ CS-bm-b-Xv.
Ad-_n- C-d-°-Øn-ep≈ a‰-Øn¬ ]pc-bn-S-Ønse ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-Øp≈ apØn-bpsS InW-¿ aqSn-t∏m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Np‰p-ap≈ asÆ-SpØpam‰n-b-Xp-aqew Bgw Ipd-s™-¶nepw as‰mcp InW¿ Ct∏mgpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]md-∏pg IqS-°m´v X¶-®s‚ ssIh-i-ap≈ apØn-bpsSaqSnb InWdpw Np‰p-ap≈ hkvXp-hpw B¿°pw ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv.
apØn-bpsS aIƒ Ipfn-®n-cp∂p F∂v ]d-bp∂ kv\m\-L´w (Rm-d-°p-fw) \m´p-h-gn-bpsS Acn-In¬ hoSn\v kao]w Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ ImeØv Cu hgn hnI-kn-∏n®v s\Sp-t¶m´ hsc \o´n-b-t∏mƒCXv tIm´ tdmUm-bn. CXnsebmhmw ]`p-Ip-am-c≥ IS∂v h∂ncp∂-Xpw, apØn-bpsS aIsf I≠n-cp-∂-Xpw. Rmd-°p-fØv t__n-bpsShkvXp-hns‚ Acn-sI-bmbn \in® tIm´-tdm-Uv, tIm´-sØm-≠v BbnCt∏mgpw \ne-hn-ep≠v. AXn-t\mSv tN¿∂p≈ Rmd-°pfw (Ct∏mƒ hcm-°p-fw) GXm≠v \nI-∂p- I-gn-™Xmbpw ImWmw.
]≈n°v sX°p≈ Ip∂n-e-√ XSn hym]mcn Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ ]≈n HmUn-t‰m-dn-b-Øn\v ]nd-In-ep-≈ In-W¿ apØn-bpsS InW-d-√; ]f-fn-bpsS aWn-°n-W-dm-Wv. 9˛mw iX-I-Øntem 14˛mw iX-I-Øntem]Wn-bn-°-s∏´p F∂v k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ Cu tZhm-ebw HcpImc-W-h-imepw 400 h¿j-߃°v tijw 18˛mw iX-I-Øns‚ c≠mw]Ip-Xn-bn¬ [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ ImeØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ Hcp apØn ]Wn-bn-®-Xm-Ip-hm≥ km[y-a-√. AXn-\m¬ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n apØn ]Wn-bn®-X√ F∂v hfsc hy‡-am-Wv.
am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bpsS a¿±\w aqew sNº-c-Øn- Ip-Spw-_-°m¿\mSp-hn´v HmSpIbpw, ]≈n \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sN-bv-XXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v[¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ `c-W-Im-e-Øv, 1767¬, ChnsS h∂p tN¿∂ a‰-Øn¬apØn, \in-®p- In-S∂ ]≈n-bpsS tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ \o°n ]≈n ]m¿∞-\m-tbm-Ky-am-°nbn´p-≠mIpw. ]n∂oSv D≠mb cq£-amb ]I¿®-hym-[n-sb-Øp-S¿∂v apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-s°m∏w Bc-°p-g, s\Sn-b-ime ]≈n-
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
131
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
130
InkvXp-a-kn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ A\p-jvTm-\-ß-tfm-sS-bmWvt\mbºv BN-cn-®ncp-∂Xv. aq∂v t\mbºv, F´p t\mbºv, Ccp-]-Øn-b©p t\mbºv, AºXp t\mbºv F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p ][m\ t\mb-ºp-Iƒ. a’y-amw-km-Zn-Ifpw ap´bpw aZyhpw, apdp°pw ]pI-h-enbpwh¿÷n-®n-cp∂p. D]-hm-khpw ]≈n-bn¬ t]m°pw A\p-_-‘-ambn D≠m-bn-cp∂p. s]klm hymgmgvN cmXn-bn¬ InkvXp-\m-Ys‚ A¥y AØm-g-Øns‚ kvac-W-bn¬ IpSpw-_-\m-Y≥ A∏w apdn®v ]mb-I-a-Øn¬IpSpw-_mw-K-߃°v \¬In-bncp∂p. Ipcn-i-∏hpw, sdm´nbpw, ]ghpw,ho™ns\ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂ "]mepw' hnf-ºn-bn-cp∂p. ]pXnb InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v A∏w ]pgp-ßp-∂-Xn\p A\p-hm-Z-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, ASpØZnhkw Ah¿°v CsX√mw sImSp-Øp-t]m∂p. Zp:Jsh-≈n-bmgvN Znhkw`£Ww ]mIw sNøp-Itbm ap‰-w A-Sn-°pI t]meptam sNbvXn-cp-∂n√.ivaim-\-aq-I-X-bm-bn-cp∂p F√m hoSp-Ifnepw. Bcpw ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-bn-cp-∂n√. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ Imc-W-h-∑m¿ amX-amWv I´n-ep-I-fn¬ saØ-∏m-bn´v Dd-ßn-bn-cp-∂Xv. s]Æp-ßfpw a°fpw \ne-Øp-hn-cn® t\c-∏m-bntem XpWn-bntem Dd-ßn-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ Ipcp-tØm-e-s∏-cp-∂mƒapX¬ Dbn¿∏p-\mƒ hsc sNº-c-Øn-bnse Imc-W-h-∑mcpw IØ-\m-c-∑mcpw I´n¬ Dt]-£n®v \ne-Øp-In-S-∂mWv Dd-ßnt∏m∂Xv.
13. ]≈n- -cWw
IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_-Ønse t]mse sNº-c-Øn-bnepw Xe-ap-d-I-fmbnAt\Iw ]´°mcp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ChnsS ]_-e∑m-cmbn sNº-cØnA√msX as‰mcp Iq´cpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn tI-´p-Iƒhn-t]m-ep-an√.
9-mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ 17-mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-f-√msX BcpwCu ]≈n-bn¬ sshZnI-cmbn tkh\w sNbvXn-´n√. a‰m-sc-¶neptamGsX-¶nepw IpSpw-_tam Ah-Im-i-s∏´v apt∂m-´p-h-∂n´p-an√.
sNº-c-Øn-bnse IpSpw-_-Im-cy-߃ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂Xpw X¿°-߃ Xo¿Øn-cp-∂Xpw ]≈n-bn¬ h®m-bn-cp∂p. IpSpw-_-Ønse Hme-°c-W-߃, ]am-WnI tcJ-Iƒ,IpSpw-_-°-W-°p-Iƒ, X¿°-h-kvXp-°ƒ F√mw BZy-Imew apXte ]≈n-bn-emWv kq£n-®n-cp-∂Xv. IpSpw-_-Øn¬ hkvXp X¿°-ap-≠m-bm¬ BZmbw ]≈n-sb-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. ]≈ns°´n-S-Øns‚ kwc-£Ww, \nXy-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ, sshZn-I-cpsS HutZym-KnI sNe-hp-Iƒ F√mw IpSpw_-Øn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp∂p. IpSpw-_-Ønse
Zokm \¬Im-\p≈ A[n-Imcw A∂v saXm-\p-am-X-am-bn-cp∂p. IØ-
\msc \n›-bn-°p-∂Xpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw ]´w sImSp-∏n-°p-∂Xpw ]≈n-
tbm-K-am-bn-cp∂p. k¬kz- m-hhpw hnizm-khpw ‡n-bp-ap≈ IpSpw-_mw-
K-ßsf amXsa Cu A¥-n-te°v tbmKw Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p≈q.
]≈n ]WnX Xd-hm- nse AwK-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p tZi-Øp-]- -°m¿. Ahsc
_lp-am-\n-°m\pw A\p-k-cn-°m\pw F√m-h¿°pw IS-abpw NpaX-ebpwD≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-tbm-K-tØmSv Iqdp-]p-e¿Øm\pw A\p-k-cn-°m\pw
IW°v t_m[n-∏n-°p-hm\pw IØ-\m¿ _m≤y-ÿ-\m-bn-cp∂p. 1599se
DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv hsc ]≈n-Ifn¬ hnImcnb®≥am¿ D≠mbn-
cp-∂n-√. bmt°m-_mb sshZn-I-sc-t∏mse tZi-Øp-]-´-°m¿ kzKr--l-
ß-fn¬ hkn-°p∂ IpSpw-_-\m-Y≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p. kq\-l-tZmkv,
hnhmlw \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw saXms‚ ]Xn-]p-cp-j≥ Bbn Hmtcm
]≈n°pw hnIm-cnsb \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A°m-esØ AK-
lmc-ß-fn¬ `cWw tbmK-°m¿ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]≈n-bnse
aX-I¿Ω-ß-sfm-gn-sI-sb√mw ]≈ntbmK-°m-cmWv \nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. CS-
h-I-I-fpsS c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Ønse ae°w adn-®n-ep-Iƒ Hcp ]s£ Ime-
Øns‚ Imet°-SmImw.
tIm´bw aW¿ImSv amXm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn¬ Ct∏mgpw aq∏p-ap-dbv°v
CS-h-I-°m¿°v amX-amWv hnIm-cn-Xzw.
12. InkvXp-akpw s\mbºpw
InkvXp-akv Zn\-ß-fn¬ ]p¬°q-Sp-Ifpw h¿Æ-°-S-em-kp-Ifpw Ipcp-
tØm-e-Ifpw sIm≠v tXmc-W-߃ sI´n-bn-cp∂p. C∂-sØ-t]mse
sdUn-sabvUv ]p¬°q-Sp-Itfm, Int∫m, _ƒ_v ame-Itfm D≠m-bn-cp-
∂n√. ]p¬°q-´n¬ amXmhpw Hutk∏pw DÆnsb ipiq-jn-°p∂ ]S-
amWv h®n-cp-∂Xv. AItØm ]pdtØm Hm´p-hn-ft°m lcn-t°≥
emwt]m Xq°n-bn-cp∂p. ap‰sØ ac-Øntem CS-\-a-c-Øns‚ imJ Ipgn-
®n´v AXntem apfbpw \ndw-Iq-Snb IS-em-kp-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® henb\£-X-߃ Xq°n-bn-cp∂p. InkvXp-akv Imc-fn-\m-Is´ DÆn-bo-tim-bpsS cq]w XpWn-bn¬ s]mXn™v sNdnb s]´n-bn¬ FSp-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. H∏w Ipg¬ DuØp-Imtcm, sN≠-°mtcm D≠mIpw. C∂sØInkvXp-akv ]∏tbm, ]pen-I-fntbm, kn\n-am-]mt´m D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
133
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
132
2. Fe-™n-°¬ Xcn-bXv Ip™n-sØm-Ω≥ sNº-c-Øn-°¬ amWnA®s‚ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ°v sImSp-°m≥ G¬]n® 495 cq]m-bn¬ ]IpXnInt -≠-Xm-Wv. Rm≥ Icn-a-Æq¿ CS-h-I-bn¬ Fs‚ aI-fpsS IqsS Xma-kn-°p-∂p.
At]-£-I≥ ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ C´n-s®-dn-bm≥ aØmbn.
15. ae-_m¿ sabn¬1938 \S∂ ae-_m¿ sabn¬ tIkv tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂
]≈n-bpsS Ah-Imihpw ]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ ]mam-Wyhpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp kw`-h-am-bn-cp∂p.
]gb ]dºn¬ fqbokv Xncpta\nbpsS Imetijw Fd-Wm-IpfwAXn-cq-]-X-bp-sSbpw kotdm-a-e-_m¿ lb-cm-¿°n-bp-sSbpw Xe-h-\mbnI≠-Øn¬ am¿ BK-kvXn-t\mkv \nb-an-X-\mbn. ae-_m¿ sabn¬ F∂t]cn¬ Hcp ]Xw kz¥-ambn XpS-ßm≥ Xocp-am-\n® At±lw F√m]≈n-Ifpw 300 cq]m hoXw \¬I-W-sa∂v \n›-bn®v Adn-bn®p. apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bn¬ A∂pw IW-°p-Iƒ tIƒ°p-Ibpw Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv]≈n-tbm-K-am-bn-cp∂p. Aº-Xp-cq-]-bn¬ IqSp-X¬Nne-h-gn-°m≥ hnIm-cn°v ]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ ap∂-\p-hmZw th≠n-bn-cp∂p. ae-_m¿ sabn-en\v 300cq]m Ct∏mƒ \¬tI≠ F∂pw ]h¿Ø\]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cpØn ]n∂oSv Xocp-am-\n-°m-sa∂pw F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ kw`m-h-\-bmbn AºXpcq]m \¬Imsa∂pw tbmKw \n›-bn®p. hnIm-cn-bn¬ \n∂v hnh-c-a-dn™ I≠-Øn¬ Xncp-ta\n£p`n-X-\mbn 300 cq] DS≥ ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v Ac-a-\-bn¬ AS-®p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂v ImWn®v hnIm-cn°v C≥e‚n¬ HcpI¬]\ FgpXn Ab®p.
A°m-eØv ]≈n-hn-Imcn ]md-¶n- s\-Sp-ºp-dØv tXmΩm IØ-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p. hnIm-cn-bmbn Nm¿s÷-Sp-°m≥ h∂ At±-lsØ AXn\vA\p-h-Zn-°msX ap≥hn-Imcnbpw, saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ktlm-Z-c-]p-X-\pamb I≠-Øn¬ tPmk^v IØ-\msc s]cp-∂m-fns‚ Du´v ]Ww-hm-ßm≥ sNº-cØn klm-bn®p F∂v Hcp sX‰n-≤m-cW tXmΩm-®-\p-
I≠Øn¬am¿ AKkvXnt\mkv
saXmt∏meoØ
hkvXp-°ƒ `mKn-°-ptºmƒ Hcp `mKtam Xpey-Xp-Itbm ]≈n-°m-cy-
Øn-\mbn Fgp-Xn-∏nSn-®n-cp∂p. A®≥am-cpsS Ah-ImihkvXp-°ƒ
btYjvSw ]≈n°p \¬Ip-hmt\m, hn¬°p-hmt\m A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp∂p.
Aßs\ Hcp ka-bØv ]≈n°v sXm≈m-bncw ]d \nehpw ]pc-bn-
Shpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-bp-sSbpw sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw kwc-£Ww A`n-
am-\-I-c-amb Hcp Imcy-am-bmWv sNº-c-Øn-°∑m¿ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂Xv. I≠-
Øn¬ am¿ BK-kvXn-t\mkv Fd-Wm-Ipfw saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv
A∂v hnIm-cn -bm -bn -cp∂ sNº-c -Øn-b-®-t\mSv ]≈n-°-W°v
tNmZn®Xmbpw ‘Xm≥ ]≈n-°-W°v ]tXyIw kq£n-®n-´n√‘ F∂ adp-
]Snbn¬ Xncp-ta\n Imcyw a\-n-em-°nbXmbpw tI´n-´p-≠v.
]≈n-bnse sXt° k¶o¿Øn A®-∑mcpw hSt° k¶o¿Øn Xd-
hm- nse Imc-W-h-∑mcpw D]-tbm-Kn®p t]m∂p. AhnsS \n∂mWv Ah¿
Ip¿_m\ I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. hSt° k¶o¿Øn°v apI-fn¬ Xs∂-bmWv ]≈n-
aWn Xq°n-bn-cp-∂-Xpw. hen-b-Im-c-W-h¿ FØn-b-ti-jta \SaWn AS-
®n-cp-∂p-≈q. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ Xncp-°¿Ω-߃°p-tijw henb Imc-
W-h¿ ]≈n°p apºn-¬ ASn-t®‰nbpsS BIr-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hcm-
¥-bn¬ Itk-c-bn´v Ccn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n-bn¬ h∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-h¿
At±lsØ sXmgpXpw Nne¿ Imep-sXm´p \a-kv°-cn-®p-amWv IS-∂p-
t]m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
14. c≠v At]-£-Iƒ
IpSpw_ ]iv\-ßfpambn _‘s∏´v I≠pIn´nb c≠v At]-£-
Iƒ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂Xv ]gb coXn a\nem°phm≥ klmbIamWv.
1. Fs‚ A∏-t‚bpw Nn‰-∏-t‚bpw _mey-Im-eØv Rß-fpsS henb
A∏m-∏≥ acn-®p-t]mb sNº-c-Øn-°¬ _. amWn-b-®≥ 1068-˛¬ 314-˛mw
\ºdmbn Hcp Xodm-[mcw Nn‰-∏s‚ t]cp-h®v FgpXn cPn-Ã-dm-°n. 1069˛¬
183-˛mw \º-dmbn Hcp acW ]Xn-Ibpw Fgp-Xn. ac-W-]-Xn-I-bn¬ Xodm-
[m-c-Øns‚ Imcyw ]d-™n-´n-√. Xodm-[m-c-Øn¬ s]´ 12 ]d \nehpwhenb s]mXp-s°m≈n \new 20 ]d \neØn¬ 10 ]d \nehpw ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ h-\hpw 7 I∂p-cp-°fpw A∏-t‚bpw Nn‰-∏-t‚bpw hoX-Øn¬h®v cPn-Ã-dm-°n. sk‰n¬sa‚n\v ap≥]v acn-®p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
135
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
134
k-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Bflob t\Xr-Xz-Øn\v ]q¿Æ-ambpw hnt[-b-am-bn-cn-°Ww. hntZ-io-b-cmb saXm≥am-cpsS `c-W-Im-eØv `uXoIkº-Øn≥ta¬ C]-Imcw Ah-Im-i-ß-sfm∂pw D∂-bn-®n-cp-∂n-s√∂pwhnkvX-cn-°-s∏´p. Aßs\ Ccns° ae-ta¬ sk_m-Ãy≥ IØ-\m¿hnIm-cn-bmbn \nb-an-X-\mbn. Nne k‘n Btem-N-\-I-sfms° At±lwap∂m-fmbn \S∂p. FSpØ XpI apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-°m-cy-Øn-te°vhI-bn-cpØn. k`m-kw-_-‘-amb hne-°p-Iƒ Xo¿°p-Ibpw tIkv ]n≥h-en-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂pw \¬In-b-X-√msX ]≈n°v thsd hkvXp-°ƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F¶nepw Ah-bnse Irjn, ta¬t\m´w, IW-°p-h-bv°¬ CsX√mw IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Dt]-£n®p. BflobImcy-ß-sfm-gn-®v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃ C\nta¬ Gs‰-Sp-t°≠ F∂p h®p. Cßs\Dt]-£n-°-s∏´ \ne-ßfpw ]pc-bn-S-ßfpw Irjn°pw a‰p-ambn]e¿°mbn \¬In. 1965-70 Ime-L-´-amb-t∏mƒ ]ecpw ssIh-im-h-Im-iw D-∂-bn-°p-Ibpw Iptd ÿew Ah¿°v hn´p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠n-h-cn-IbpwsNbvXp. Ggp-ap´w shfn-b-¶c \ne-Øns‚ Hcp-`mKw Aßs\ \c-b≥h¿°n F∂-bmƒ°v \¬Inbncp∂p. Cßs\ \jvS-s]´ ÿe-ß-fpsS_m°n ]e-t∏m-gmbn ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂p hn¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Fd-Wm-Ipfw cq]-X-bn¬ F∂√m kotdm ae-_m¿ k`-bn¬ Xs∂]≈n-tbmKw \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v Xocp-am\ap≠m-bn. tIcf k`-bn¬CsXmcp NcnX k‘n-bmbn. CS-h-I-k-aq-l-Øn\v ]≈n-bpsS taep-≠m-bn-cp∂ DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-ihpw A[n-Im-chpw \jvSambn. `uXn-I-h-kvXp-°-fpsS \nb-¥-Whpw ssItamiw h∂p. c≠mw hØn-°m≥ kq\-l-tZmkv ]e Ah-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn ]≈n-tbmKw Ct∏mƒ ]p\-ÿm-]n-®n-´p-≠v. IpSpw-_-Ønse ssh-Zn-I¿ Ipcnins‚ kmwkvImcnI `mhwkz¥am°n hnhn[ anj≥ tIµ-ß-fnepw cq]-X-I-fnepw s]´v \m´nepwhntZ-iØpw I¿Øm-hn\p th≠n Ct∏mgpw the sNøp∂p.
Aßs\ sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øn\p apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bp-ambnD≠m-bn-cp∂ Bfl-_-‘-Øn\p `mKo-I-amb `wKambn. 1955 ¬ I≠-Øn¬ am¿ AK-kvXn-t\mkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ncaw ]m]n-°p-IbpwsNbvXp.
-Hcp ]≈n ÿm]n®v Bbncw h¿j-ß-tfmfw AXv kwc-£n®v \S-Ønb IpSw-_-߃ tIc-f-Øn¬ hnc-f-amWv. Im™n-c-°m- p-Ip-∂n¬ Xe-
≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ipgn-bv°m-´-®-\m-bn-cp∂p AkvtX-¥n. A\njvSw aqØhnImcn ImcWh∑m¿ k¶o¿Ønbn¬ \n∂v Ip¿∫m\ ImWp∂Xn¬\oc-k-s∏-´p. CXv sNº-cØn IpSpw_mwK-߃°pw ]bmk-Øn\v CS-bm°n.
Iev]\ In´n-b-]msS hnImcn 300 cq] Ac-a-\-bn¬ AS®p. CXn¬Ak-¥p-jvS-cmb CS-h-I-°m¿ ASpØ Rmb-dmgvN ]≈n-tbmKw hnfn®p.tbmKw \nb-¥-Wm-Xo-X-am-Ip-Ibpw imkn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xns\XpS¿∂v A≤y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ tXmΩm-°-Ø-\m¿ Cd-ßn- c-£-s]´p. At±-lsØ Nne¿ tN¿∂v sXmSp-]pg IS-Øn-hn´p. XpS¿∂p \S∂ tbmK-Øn¬ ]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX \S∂ [\-hn-\n-tbm-K-Øn\vA\ym-b-s∏-Sm≥ Xocp-am-\n®p. Rmfq¿ DXp∏pw ss]en tPmk^pw hmZn-I-fm-bn, hnIm-cn-tbbpw Nne ssI°m-c≥am-tcbpw a‰pw I£n tN¿ØvsXmSp-]pg ap≥kn^v tImS-Xn-bn¬ tIkv ^b¬ sNbvXp. Xø-t°m-SØv sI.G. \mcm-b-W-]n-≈-bm-bn-cp∂p h°o¬.
s]cp-∂m-fn\p ]Z-£nWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn ]≈n-bn¬ G¬]n®]Ww hc-hp-ht®m F∂-dn-bm≥ IW-°p-_p°v tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ AXvtamjWw t]msb∂v Adn-bn∏v h∂p. CXn-\nsS t\¿® s\√v In´n-bXvImWmXmbn. XpS¿∂v as‰mcp tIkv sImSpØv Baos\ hcpØn. _e-ambn ]≈napdn Xpd∂v s\√v Af-°p-Ibpw apdn ]q´n ko¬ hbv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hfn-∏n-®p-h-®n-cp∂ IW-°p-_p°pw apdn-bn¬ \n∂v Is≠-SpØp. Cu tIkn¬ ]Xnsb ]Xn-\mdp cq]m in£n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.ae-_m¿ sabn¬ tIkv hmZn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ]K¤ A`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp∂ am™q-cms\ Ac-a-\-bn¬ \n∂v \ntbm-Kn®p. tIkn¬ ]Xn-Isfal-tdm-\n¬s]-SpØn. Im™q¿, Icn-¶p∂w XpS-ßnb ]apJ ]≈n-I-fn¬ hnIm-cn-am-cm-bn-cp∂ IpSpw-_-Ønse sshZo-Isc ÿew am‰n.siΩm-i≥amsc skan-\m-cn-I-fn¬ \n∂v ‘t]mbn tIkv Xo¿Øn-´p-h-cm-’\mbn \n¿_-‘-ambn Ah-[n-sb-Sp-∏n®p.
Hcp AkvtX¥n A®≥ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bpsS Ncn-X-w FgpXnA\p-a-Xn-°mbn Ac-a-\-bn-te-°-b®p. AXn¬ ]≈n- ÿm]n®Xpw \S-Ønt∏m∂Xpw a‰pw sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂m-sW∂v kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\v A\p-aXn \ntj-[n®p.
16. ]≈n-tbmKwCØcw ISpØ kΩ¿±-ß-sfms° ]tbm-Kn-®n´pw c≠p-h¿jw
tIkv apt∂m´p t]mbn. ]≈n kzØp-°-fpsS Ah-Im-ihpw ]W-Øns‚hn\n-tbm-Khpw ]≈n-tbm-K-Øn-\m-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p hmZw. adn®v hnizm-
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
137
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
136
sIm√samcmbncw Hcp∂qdpwNnezm\w ]Xnaq∂pw IqSnb h¿jwsaXm\cpfnb tbmKw IqSm≥IØ\mtcmSn \S∂oSp∂p.]≈oeps≈mcp s\√pw ]WhpwsX√pwIqkmtXIoSp∂pXcsat∂m¿Øn´ºehmknIƒ]pcptamZtØmsSØoSp∂p.Iq´nbnW°m≥ Noº≥Xs∂tI´palotX t]m‰oSp∂pIqdn√mØ Ipdpt¥m´nbpwt\cdnbmØ Xpdbv°∑mcpw`≈p apgpsØmcp ]≈Øm\pwN©etas‰mcp a©∏≈nXmWn Ipds™mcp hmWnbIng°≥thcpdbv°msØmcp hoc∑mcpwImcyadnbmØ Nne t_md∑mcpw]®]nSns®mcp a®pIpgnbpw\mSysaSp°pw s]m´≥πmh≥I´n°m\m I°m´nbpwap≠ymamh≥ a≠]∑mcpwtIm´p[cn® kmd∑mcpwX√m≥ a√≥ I√n¶°pSnÿm\saSp°pw RmfqcpXp∏vG\wt\m°pw ]≈n°p∂≥I´papSn°pw I]ymch\pwhºp\Sn°pw sNºcØnbpwaq∏∑mcpw ]ns∂®nebΩ®nIfpw aq∂m≥ k`bpwCØcamfpIƒ IqSnbn´ßvsa®ambn \SØnb tbmKw* * * * *apXet°mSw ]≈nbnse tbmKanXvIp´nIsf sa®ambn tI´psIm≈phn≥* * * * *
kmd≥am-sc-t∏mse tXmfØp ap≠nSpw]Xn-\m-dn¬ ]m∏phpw h∂n-cp∂psImºpw Ipg-ep-ambv a≠n-\-S-°p∂Fs√-w]n tUmIvSdpw h∂n-cp∂pembpw hIp∏pw ]msS ]d-bp∂]mte°p-t∂¬ h°oepw h∂n-cp∂pNIw Xncn-°p∂ Nµ-Ø-e-bp≈sNº-c-Øn-°¬ amWnbpw h∂n-cp∂pN°-c-hm-°p-Iƒ X°-Øn-tem-Xp∂
D-b¿Øn \n¬°p∂ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈nbpw ]pcm-X-\-amb Ipcnipwas‰-¥n-t\-°mfpw sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn-s‚bpw]ucm-Wn-I-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw ]Xo-I-am-Ip∂p. ]≈n-bpsS Ncn-Xhpw sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ncn-Xhpw c≠√, H∂mWv. C∂v Cu CShIbnseBbncØnaq∂qdn¬]cw IpSpw_߃ ]≈n°mcyßfn¬GIa\tmsS ]m¿∞n®pw ]h¿Øn®pw hcp∂Xv Iq´mbvabpsS Hcpal\ob amXrIbmWv.
17. tXm´Ønse F´pImenae_m¿ sabn¬ tIkv hensbmcp kw`hhnImkambncp∂p.
C∂sØt∏mse hm¿Ømam[ya߃ C√mXncp∂ A°meØv]amZamb kw`hßsf∏‰n \mS≥]m´pIƒ cNn°pIbpwssIbvs°gpXn ]Ncn∏n°pIbpw Bƒ°q´Øn¬ ]mSnckn∏n°pIbpw sNøpI ]Xnhmbncp∂p. Imfnbm¿ tXm´Øn¬ Hcpkmbn∏ns\ IpØns°m∂Xns\∏‰nbp≈ ‘ ImfnbmdnsesIme]mXIw’ , ‘ssa\Øcphn sImet°kv’ , ‘apXet°mSw h¿Æ\’XpSßn ]eXpw cN\Ifmbncp∂p. ‘tXm´Ønse F´pImen’ , A°meØndßnb as‰mcp ]gºm´mWv. ‘sNºcØn’ F∂ t]cn¬ tacn tPm¨tXm´w Hcp IhnX FgpXn ]kn≤oIcn®ncp∂p. Cu ]m´ns‚AIºSntbmsS h∂ Nne InwhZ¥nIƒ°v tIcfw apgph≥km£nbmbn. XpS¿∂v kck\mb Hcp IpSpw_mwKw ‘tXm´ØnseF´pImen’ F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp adp]ms´gpXn ]mSn ]Ncn∏n®p.
aWhpw KpWhpw C√mØ Hcp sNSnbmWv sNºcØn F∂pwa‰pap≈ IhbnXnbpsS \nco£WØn\v, KpWap≈ sNSnIfpwaWap≈ ]q°fpw NnXie`ßfpw hnekp∂ tXm´Ønse shdpwF´pImenbmWv Cu FgpØpImcn F∂mbncp∂p FXn¿hnkvXmcw.
Rdf°m v tPm¿÷pIp™pw ]qa‰Øn¬ Ip™pw, sIm´mcØn¬aØmbnbpw a‰pw ]n¬°meØv Cu cwKØv hneknb Nnekck∑mcmWv. IdpØ sNºcØn, shfpØ sNºcØn XpSßnb]tbmKßfpw CØcw kck∑mcpsS kw`mh\bmbncp∂p.
]\ap≈n sIm√≥ ]≈nt°kns\ ]pckvIcns®gpXnb \mS≥]m´ns‚ hmsamgnbmbn* e`n® Ipsd hcnIfmWv Xmsg Ipsd`mKw._m°n`mKØns‚ cN\ Bsc∂v Adnbn√. A°mesØcN\mcoXnbpw kzmckyhpw shfns∏SpØp∂XmWv Cu hcnIƒ. CXn¬]cma¿in°p∂hcmcpw C∂v Pohn®ncn∏n√. Cu ]m´n\v bmsXmcph¿Øam\ ]k‡nbpan√.
* Xm∂n°¬ Del∂m≥ Nmt°m (80) Gg√q¿.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
139
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
138
kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ cq]- m-h-ß-fmWv ssIkvXh ]qPmI¿Ω-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw, ]≈n-°p-]p-dØv tLmj-bmX, ASna, BNm-c-sh-Sn-Iƒ,
FÆsbmgn°¬, sN≠-tafw, tImgn t\¿®, sImSn-acw, Xp≈¬, Dcp-f¬ XpS-ßn-b `mc-Xob BNm-c-hn-ti-j-ß-fmWv apX-e-t°m-SØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xv.
Xncp-\m-fn\p Iem-]-I-S-\-ß-fpw, ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw, A`ym-k-]-I-S-\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Pt\mh \mS-Iw, am¿§w-I-fn, ]nd-∏m-´v, hmtf-dv, Ip¥wGdv, RmWn-t∑¬ Zfin-∏v, Ic-Ww-Nm-´w, hmZyw apX-em-bh \S-Øp-hm≥ I≠-\m-Sv, AXn-cw]p-g, ]me, sImS-am-fq¿, Fd-Wm-Ipfw apX-embÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw I-em-Im-c-∑m¿ h∂n-cp-∂p.
19. At©Imepw tIm∏pw
aXkulm¿±Øns‚ apZ]Xn™ as‰mcmNmcamWv sXmSp]pgsX\wIp∂v ]≈nbnse At©Imepw tIm∏pw.
H∂c \q‰m≠n\∏pdw Np¶Øp\n∂pw amdn kz¥ambn ]≈n]Wnbm\p≈ iaw \SØnb \kmWn InkvXym\nIƒ°v Ht´sdFXn¿∏pIsf t\cntS≠n h∂p. aW°ms´ _m“W kt¶XØn¬Xn\ hnf™ncp∂ Ip∂n≥]c∏n¬ ]≈n ]Wnbp∂Xn\pth≠ÿehpw X¿°ßƒ°v ]cnlmchpw Is≠Ønb ap≠bv°¬ \mb¿Xdhm´pIm¿°v \µn kqNIambn ]≈nbn¬ \n∂v apS°msX sImSpØphcp∂XmWv Cu D]lmcw. At©Im¬ CSßgn Acnbpw ]ebn\w]®°dnIfpw D∏psXm´v I¿∏qcw hsc hyRvP\ßfpw ]pdsa sh‰ne,ASbv°, ]mbkw, _oUn, knKc‰v, ]pIbne F∂nhbpw, hnfºn\¬Im≥ CebpamWv At©Imepw tIm∏pw.
s]cp∂mfn\v sImSn Ibdp∂Xn\p apºv ]≈nbnseØnCXphmßn h®phnfºn A∂v ho´nep≈ F√mh¿°pw \¬Ip∂XmWvap≠bv°se ]Xnhv. Hcm≠n¬ ]≈nbn¬ \n∂v In´nb Cebn¬tNm‰n≥]‰v I≠v Aip≤w F∂p IcpXn Cu t\¿® hmßmXncp∂p.AXns‚ eambn s]cp∂mƒ Znhkßfn¬ sI´neΩbv°v IeiembhbdpthZ\ D≠mhpI ]Xnhmbn. XpS¿∂v ho≠pw hmßm≥ XpSßn.
s]¨hgnbmWv hmtß≠Xv. Ct∏mƒ dn´. F©n\ob¿ap≠bv°¬ io\nebw tKm]meIrjvW\mWv CXv kzoIcn®p
t]mcp∂Xv.
sXt°se h°oepw h∂n-cp∂pap≠m´p Np≠°v t\m´p-Iƒ amdp∂Ipdp-t¥m´n aq∏\pw h∂n-cp∂ptNc-]n-Sn-°p∂ sNº-cp-s¥-t∏mseNoºm-d- ss]-tem\pw h∂n-cp∂p]Xns\´v hbmb s]Æns\ sI´nb]Xn\mdn¬ Nmt°mbpw h∂ncp∂ptIm\angn®n´ Iq\w sNΩos\t∏mseRmd°pfØp amXyphpw h∂ncp∂p.C√nØpdphnse Ipft°mgnsbt∏mseIpftºse Ip©ntembpw h∂ncp∂p.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a´p-amdn
IØ\m¿ sN√p∂p ÿm\Øncn°p∂pt]meokpsaØp∂p ss]temsb t\m°p∂pNmsc hnfn°p∂p Iq°nhnfn°p∂pan≠msX ap≠ym\m ap°nsemfn°p∂p. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IØ-\m¿ hnb¿°p∂p tai-ta¬ Ib-dp∂ptaiIp-ep-ßp∂p Zmlw apgp-°p∂p; tfml \\-bp∂pNpΩm-Xn-cn-°p∂ DΩms\ t\m°p∂p KpkvXnsb,t\m°p∂p. KpkvXn Hfn-°p∂p Im°nsb t\m°p∂pemØn-sIm-s≠-Øp∂p s]m°p∂p ss]temsb
b⁄w Ie-°m-\mbv FØnb Iq´sc ....
18. aX-ku-lrZwaXw Hcp hnizmkn°v ssZhhpambp≈ kzImcyhpw hnip≤hpamb
Hcp _‘w amXamtb ChnsS I≠ncp∂p≈p. X∑qew sXmSp-]pgioIrjvW kzmant£Xhpambpw Imcn-t°mSv K-hXn t£-XhpambpwDujva-f-amb kulr-Z-amWv \ne-\n∂n-cp-∂Xv. apØp-°p-S-Iƒ, ]´p-N-a-b-߃, h¿Æ-hn-f-°p-Iƒ, ImhSn, sImSn-°m-ep-Iƒ apX-em-bh s]mXp-hmbn D’-h-߃°pw s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ°pw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. s]cp-∂m-fn\v ]´w sI´nb B\ Aº-e-Øn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp∂p h∂n-cp-∂Xv.Kcp-U≥ Xq°w ]≈n-bn¬ hWßn t\¿®-bn-SmsX IS-∂p-t]m-bn-cp-∂n√.
inhs‚ i‡n-hn-ti-j-߃ Koh¿Ko-kn\v Ds≠∂v Nne¿ hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hn-s‚ ktlm-Z-c-\m-sW∂ hnizm-k-Øn¬ i_-cn-a-ebv-°p-t]m-Ip-∂-h¿ ImWnbv° A¿∏n-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. D’-h-߃°pws]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ°pw aX-t`-Z-at\y Ghcpw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. ska-‰nIv
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
141
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
140
]m›m-Xy-co-Xn-bn¬ AƒØm-cbpw, Ae-¶m-c-ßfpw h∂p-tN¿∂p.t]¿jy≥ coXn am‰n t]m¿®p-Kokv coXn-bn-ep≈ apJ-hm-chpw AXn¬ss__n-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sImØp-]-Wn-Ifpw inev]-Nn-X-ßfpwsNbvXp. ]gb ]≈n-tb-°mƒ Dd∏pw hen-∏hpw Zriy-`w-Knbpw D≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p amWn amWn IØ\mcpsS ]pØ≥ ]≈n.
21. ]≈n-∏m- p-Iƒ
]≈n-I-sf-∏‰n ]m´p-I-sf-gpXpI ]pcm-X-\-amb Hcp ]mc-º-cy-amWv.apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-sb-∏-‰nbpw ]m´p-s≠-¶nepw Ah Is≠-Sp-°m-\m-bn√.
F¶nepw apX-e-t°mSw, ssa-e-s°mºv, Bc-°pg, Np¶w F∂o \mep ]≈n-I-fpsS ]m´ns‚ Bap-J-`mKw tIm´bw Iv\m-\mb saXm-k\ KŸ-im-e-bn¬ \n∂p Is≠-SpØ AXbpw Xmsg tN¿°p∂p. amWn -am-Wn -I-Ø-\m¿ ]≈n at\m-l-c-ambn ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-®-tijw cNn-°-s∏-´-XmWvCsX∂p Icp-X-mw.
\mep- ]-≈n-bpsS ]m´v
amdms‚ Znhy at\m-Kp-W-Øm¬Acq-]n-bmbv \n¿Ωn®p amem-J-amscthdm\ `qan-bn¬ BZ-auhm_‘n-®-cq-]nsb cq]n-bm°nam‰m¬ ]ng-®p≈ hm\-h¿ t]mbvam\p-j¿ Xs∂ ]ng-∏n-®msdIqdm\ X≥Ipew am\p-js‚Ip‰sØ t]m°p-hm≥ ]≈n-bp∂namdmsX tZmjw ]g-b-]≈nam¿§-Øm-ep-t≈mcp h¿§-Ømsethdm¬ apSn-®nsX sh≈w-sIm≠vthZ\ Xo¿t∂mcp s\mlp, a°ƒthdm\ h∂nktb¬°p∂vam¿§hpw ]≈nbpw ]pØ-\m°nZpIvdm\ \oßn-bn-kv-dmtb-tb¬°p∂vtXm∂nb am¿§w ]g-b-Xmbn
c≠mw ]mZw
]≈n-tbm-tdm-iew X∂n¬t«tΩm≥ ac-X-I-ap-Ømse Xo¿Øp]≈n-bXp \o°n-s°m-≈p∂ ]≈n]pXn-b-Xn¬°p-√s√m tIm∏m
20. sNº-cØn amWn amWn IØ-\m¿
apX-e-t°m-SØv ÿm]n-X-amb ]≈n BZy-ambn BI-an-°-s∏-´Xv]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øn-em-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p. hS-°pw-Iqdpw sIm®nbpw XΩn¬ sIm≠pw-sIm-SpØpw bp≤w \S-°p∂ Imew.
ItØm-en-°-cm-bn-cp∂ t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ sIm®n-cm-Pm-hn-s\bpws]m´-kv‰‚pIm-cmb U®p-Im¿ hS-°pw-Iq-dn-s\bpw klm-bn-®n-cp∂p.hSp -Xe h®p -≠mb Hcp bp≤-Øn¬ t]m¿®p -Kokv Iam -‚¿^m≥kokvtIm kn¬hm hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPmhv aWn-I-WvT≥ amWn-°-Ø-®s\ sIm∂p-I-f™p. £p`n-Xcmb hS-°pw-Iq-dnse tbm≤m-°ƒcmP-h-[-Øn\p ]Xn-Imcw sNøp-hm≥ Hcp Nmth¿]S kwL-Sn-∏n®p.ISp-Øp-cpØn, s\Sn-b-ime. Np¶w, apX-e-t°mSw XpS-ßnb ]≈n-IƒBI-an-°p-Ibpw cmP-Lm-X-Is‚ aX-°m-cmb Ht´sd InkvXym-\n-IsfsIms∂m-Sp -°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn¬ `b-hn -lz-e-cmb ]ecpwhS°pwIq¿ hn´v Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd, A¶-amen apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn¬ Xma-k-ambn.
amWn-b-®≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Xangv ss__nfpw Ic-≠-Ihpw
17-˛mw iX-I-Øns‚ BZyw sNº-cØn amWn amWn IØ-\m-cpsSt\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]≈n ]pXp°n∏Wn-X-Xmbn hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. ]pcm-X-\-amb t]¿jy≥ coXn-bn¬ \n∂p-amdn t]m¿ØpKokv hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bpsScoXn-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p \n¿ΩmWw. I´n-f-Ifpw a‰pw I√p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- B-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Agn°m-ep-Ifpw a‰pw ac-Øn¬ Xo¿Ø-h-bm-bn-cp∂p.]≈n-ap-dn-Iƒ c≠p-\n-e-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n apdn-bpsS Agn-°m-ep-IƒIq´n-\n¿Ωn®v Nmbw-tX®v an\p-°n-bn-cp∂p. Hme-bm-bn-cp∂p ta®n¬.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
143
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
142
22. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv
^m≥kokv sat\-knkv F∂ saXms‚ ]Zp-hmtZm `c-W-Øn≥Iogn¬ tIc-f-ssI-kvX-h-k` hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰-߃°v hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Bio¿hm-Z-Øn\pw kµ¿i-Øn-\p-ambn sat\-kokv saXms\ A¶-am-en-bn¬ \n∂p apX-e-t°m-S-Øn\p]√-°n¬ sIm≠p-h∂p. amXm-hns‚ Znhy-cq]w Bio¿h-Zn®v ]≈n-bn¬]Xn-jvTn®p. ÿnc-amb ]≈n-s°- n-Shpw Dd-®-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw kmº-ØnI]n≥_-ehpw i‡-amb ]≈n°q´hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv ]≈n°v henbAwKoImcambn.. tIc-f-Øn¬ A°m-eØv CØcw 80 ]≈nIƒ amX-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. 1599 ¬ \S∂ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ 105
]≈n-I -fn¬ \n∂mbn 153 sshZo -Icpw 671 Aevam -bcpw20 siΩm-i≥amcpw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. Ncn-X-]-kn-≤-amb Cu kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈nsb ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v sNº-cØn amWnamWn-°-Ø-\mcpw 4 A¬am-bcpw ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xmbn ImWp∂p≠v.Aßs\ IpSpw-_-tZ-hm-e-b-am-bn-cp∂ apX-e-t°mSw eØo≥ IaØn¬Hcp CS-h-I-bm-Ip-∂Xv 1599 \ptijamWv.
DZ-bw-t]cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kmWv ]≈nIƒ°v hnIm-cnsb \n›-bn-®-Xv. A°m-ew-hsc ]≈n-Iƒ°p hnIm-cn-am-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]≈n-bnseI¿Ω-߃ CS-h-I-bn-ep≈ IØ\m¿am¿ BgvN-I-a-a-\p-k-cn®p \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Ch¿ kzKr-l-ß-fn¬ hkn-°p∂ IpSpw-_-\m-Y-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.sshZn-I-cpsS hnhmlw \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw Ahsc hnIm-cn-am-cmbn \nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ Ah¿ hoSv hn´v ]≈n-I-fn¬ hmk-ap-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]≈n-bpsS `cWw \SØpIbpw sNbvXp. A°m-ew-hsc ]≈n-bnse aX-I¿Ω-ß-sfm-gnsI kI-eXpw tbmK-°m-cmWv \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AK-lm-c-ß-fnse cWw tbmK-°m-cm-Wt√m \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AXp-t]m-se-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p ]≈n- cWhpw. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kn\ptij-amWv ]≈n- -c-W-w mcXobcoXnbn¬ \n∂v amdn eØo≥ IaØn¬FØnt®¿∂Xv.
Hcp ]≈n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v hnizm-kn-Iƒ Xma-kn-°p∂ `qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb ]tZ-i-amWv km[m-c-W-bmbn CS-hI. ChnsS ]≈n-IƒD≠m-Ip-∂-Im-e-sØm∂pw CS-h-I-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Hcp ]≈n-bn¬]Xn-hmbn ]qPm-I¿Ω-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h-sc√mw B ]≈n-°m-cmbnAdn-b-s∏´p. CS-hI F∂m¬ ‘]`p-hns‚ hI‘ F∂m-W¿∞w. ]mcnjvF∂mtem ‘ssZh-`-h-\-tØmSv ASp-Ø-h¿‘ F∂p-amWv. AXn-\m¬ CS-
]≈n ]g-bXp t]mcm-™q-Xm≥h∂p ]≈n-]p-Xp-Xmbv Na®p]≈n \ne-\n¬]m-\∂p sImSp-sØmcp]Øp-tam-c©pw hn[n-IƒsIms≠m-cp-h≥]ng ap∂-sa-bp-≈Xnen∂p Na-™-Xp-t]msesIm≈Ww amtΩm-Zokm Ip¿_m\D≈n-e-g-tI-do-Sp∂p
aq∂mw ]mZw
BZw ]ng®p ]dp-Zo-km-Im-WmsXBZw s]cp-Ip∂p `qan \nd-bp∂ptiXp-¶¬ thZ-ß-fmZw XnI-®n´vtNZw hcp-sam-cp-Im-esa sN∂-t∏mƒBZw apX-embn aqi-\n-hn-Ifpw thZhpw sN√pwXnI™ adn-b-Øn¬ thZ-hp-sN√pwamkw XnI-™nsX amdm≥ ]nd-∂nsX`qXew ]≈n-I-sfßpw Na-™nsXthZw XnI-s™mcp I∂n-a-dn-bsa\mYs\ ImWWw ]≈n-a-cp-tXm-en¬
\memw-]mZw
]≈n-]-e-Xp≠v Ing-a-e-\m-Sp-Iƒ X∂n¬`wKn-b-Xn-te‰w s]cp-Ip∂ apX-e-t°mSwD≈w shfn-hmIpw s]cp-ºn-≈n-®-dn-b-g-Im¬D‰ `h-\-߃ KpW-ap≈ abn-e-s°mºv
F√mw Xcp-Xm-bv°ƒ P\-Øn≥ t]¿ XnI® h≥]¿Gsd-s∏-cp-Ip-t∂m¿ sXmgpw ]≈n Bc-°p-g-bn¬Zn°p Xnd-∏p-∂¬ Xncp-∏Zw hgn-]m-SmbnXnÆw ]Z-hn-tN-cp∂ ]≈n acp-tXm-enev
CO-bp-S≥ ]≈n-bn-Xp-t]mse hnti-j-ambnCO-bm-se-\n∂p Ipdp-_m\ ]e¿°p Im◊m≥I≠m-enXp _mt_¬t°m-´-t]mse hcp∂p ]m¿Øm¬Ins´ \ap-°n-Xn¬ aW¬ I√pw \n\-®-t]mse
]≈n-]-g-b-Xn¬ KpW-ap≈ ]pXn-b-sX∂vsNm√pw anin-lmsb XpW-sN-bvX-∂-Sn-ÿm-\hpwC´p-I-cn-¶-√m-e-Sn-ÿm\w aZp-_lm Xo¿ØvCjvSw a\-mse IqZm-i-Iƒ Ipdp-_m-\bpw
tZiw t]m¿Øp-Kmƒ kmºm-fq¿ Zcn-i-\-Øn¬tXdn-]p-I-gvs∂mcp ]mZn-cn-bu-tk-s∏∂v
am\w hnf-ßp∂p Xcp-Xm-bv°-fn-\-Øn-ep≈
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
145
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
144
24. Iq\≥ Ipcn-ip -e-lf
1653 ¬ \S∂ Iq\≥ Ipcn-ip -e-lf \ΩpsS ]≈n-bpsS Ncn-X-Ønse henb hgn -Øn -cn -hm -bn - . Bbncw ]S -bm -fn -ItfmSpwklsshZnItcmSpw H∏amWv apX-et°mSw hnImcn sIm®n-t°m-´-bn¬FØn-bXv. tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ apJy ]≈nIƒ apgp-h≥ Iq\≥Ipcnip el-f-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ \mev]-tXmfw A]-[m\ ]≈n-Iƒ°v FØn-t®-cm≥ BIm-sX-t]mbn. Xma-kn-bmsX Km¿ky _nj-∏ns\ Dt]-£n®v tXmΩm-A-¿°Zn-bm-t°ms\ saXm-\mbn hmgn® Be-ßm-´p-tbm-K-Øn¬ \ΩpsS ]≈nbpw ][m\ ]¶p-h-ln®p. Aßs\ChnsS \kmWn InkvXym-\n-Iƒ c≠p hn`m-K-ßfm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Xma-kn-bmsX am¿∏m∏ ae-_m¿ cq]-Xm ÿm-]n®v I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m-c-\mbam¿ sk_Ãy\nsb A\p-c-⁄-\-Øn-\mbn Ab®p. Cutim-k`msshZo-I-cpsS Zp¿ -c-W-Øn\v AdpXn h∂-Xn-\mepw kz¥-ambn Hcp cq]Xe`n-®-Xp-sIm≠pw IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m-cpsS Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ CS-∏-≈n-bn¬ an°-kp-dn-bm\n ]≈n-°mcpw HØp-IqSn. XpS¿∂v 1657 Unkw-_¿ 15\v apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n ho≠pw hcm-∏pg cq]-X-bn-embn. tIc-f-Ønse a‰p ]apJ ]≈n-Itfm-sSm∏w \mep h¿j-°mew apX-e-t°mSw]≈nbpw am¿∏m-∏°v hg-ßmsX tXmΩm A¿°Zn-bm-t°ms‚ `c-W-koa-bn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cp∂p.
25. IS-a‰w ]≈n
]≈n-I-fpsS CS-bn-ep-≠mb Cu Iqdp-am-‰-߃s°m-Sp-hn¬ 71 ]≈n-Iƒ ]m∏m-bpsS ]£Øpw, 18 ]≈n-Iƒ ]∏m-Xn-bmbpw 28 ]≈n-IƒA¿°Zn-bmt°ms‚ ]£Øpw Bbn-Øo¿∂p. ]∏m-Xn- ]-≈n-I-fn¬]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Imcpw ]g-b-Iq-‰-Imcpw XΩn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw ]nW°w \S-∂n-cp∂p. A°m-eØv hS-°pw-Iq-dnse hfsc ]i-kvX-amb H∂m-bn-cp∂pIS-a‰w ]≈n. AhnSsØ hn. Koh¿Kn-kns‚ Xncp-\mƒ \mSp-ap-gp-h≥]kn-≤-am-bn-cp∂p. Akm-≤y-Im-cy-ßfpw At\Iw A¤pX ]h¿Øn-Ifpw IS-a-‰Øv \S-∂n-cp∂p. X¿°w-aqØv AhnsS ]≈n ]¶n-tS≠ ÿn-Xn-bmbn. Ccp-Iq-´cpw Hcp-t]mse ]≈n Ah-Im-i-s∏´p. Ah-km\w Hcq-Iq-´¿ ]≈nbpw CX-c¿ hnip-≤s‚ A¤p-X-cq-]hpw FSp-°-W-sa∂vHØp-Xo¿∏mbn. B\n-bv°m-ticn IØ-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p A°m-esØhnImcn. hnip-≤s‚ cq]w hntZi \n¿Ωn-Xhpw ]uckvXy apJ-—m-bp-
hI ]mcojv A√. ]e-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnse ]tbm-K-Øn-\p-ti-jhpw ]mco-jns‚ ]uV-amb A¿∞w ‘CS-hI‘ kz¥-am-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ssZh-`-h-\-tØmSv ASp-Ø-h¿ F∂p [z\n-°p∂ as‰mcp hm°v CShIbv°vC\nbpw Is≠-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.
]≈n-I-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ mc-Xob BNm-c-߃ ]eXpw ]mj-WvU-X-bm-sW∂p ]d™v \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw sshZo-I¿°v hnhmlw \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw, hnhmlnXcmb sshZnItcmSv IpSpw_sØ Dt]£n°m≥\n¿_‘n°pIbpw kvXoIsf sRmdn-bn v apdn DSp-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXvC°m-e-ØmWv. CØcw ]Xn-tj-[m-fl-I-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-SpØ kq\-l-tZm-kns‚ A¥y-Øn¬ £p`n-X-\mb Hcmƒ Xs‚ ]m‚ vkv Ducn k`m-a-[y-Øn¬ _©n¬ Ibdn \n∂v Ccp-ssI-I-fn¬ IqSn AXv ta¬Io-gmbn C´v ‘Ct∏mƒ \ΩpsS \nb-a-߃ Cß-s\-bmbn‘ F∂v D®-Øn¬hnfn-®p-]-d-™-tijw Cd-ßn-t∏mbn.
23. sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]X
am¿tØmΩm …olm-bpsS ImetØm a‰Øv ]≈n-bpsS ImetØmChnsS CSh-Itbm cq]-Xtbm H∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√t√m. h√-t∏mgpwt]¿jy-bn¬ \n∂p h∂n-cp∂ Hcp saXm≥ IqZm-i-Iƒ \¬In XncnsIt]mbn-cp∂p. HºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ sIm√-Øp-\n∂pw DZ-bw-t]-cq-cn¬\n∂pw Htc kabw c≠p-sa-Xm∑m¿ ]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂p. A∂p -\-ΩpsS]≈n s]mtØm-kokv saXm\p-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°m-\mWv km[yX.
Hcp L´-Øn¬ A©p-t]¿jy≥ saXm∑m¿ hsc tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F¶nepw AXn¿Øn-Itfm A[n-Im-c-h-Sw-h-entbm ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.
t]m¿´pKo-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hn-\p-tijw 1534 ˛¬ tKmhm- cq-]-Xbpw58 ¬ eØo≥Im¿°v sIm®n- cp-]-Xbpw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. kpdn-bm-\n-I-fpsS kt¶-X-am-bn-cp∂ A¶-am-en- Bÿm-\-ambn ]n∂oSv cq]-X-bp-≠m-bn. apX-e-t°mSw A-t∏mƒ A¶-amenbp-ambn kl-I-cn-®n-cn-°Ww. sat\-knkv saXm-\p-tijw 1601 ¬ am¿ tdmkv Xs‚ Bÿm\w sImSp-ß-√q¿°v am‰n.At∏mƒ \ΩpsS ]≈nbpw sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]-X-bn-embn.]n∂oSv AXn-cq-]-X Bb-t∏mgpw sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ Xs∂ apX-e-t°mSwXpS¿∂p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
147
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
146
\¬Ip∂ ssZh-ambn IcpXn apØ-∏≥ F∂p hnfn-®p-t]m∂p.
Bcy∑mcpw Ah-cpsS tZh∑msc A∏≥am-cm°n. Aßs\ ioIr-jvW≥Kpcp-hm-bq-c-∏-\mbn. B ]mc-º-cyhpw, amXm-hns\ t\csØ apØn F∂p-hn-fn-®ncp-∂Xpw hn. Koh-dp-Ko-kns\ apØ-∏≥ F∂p hnfn°phm≥ Imc-W-ambn. amX-a√ inhs‚ i‡n-hn-ti-j-߃ hnip-≤-\p-≈-Xmbn ]ecpwIcp-Xp-Ibpw ]e-hn[ t\¿®-Im-gvN-Iƒ \SØp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. ap∏-Xp-h¿j-ambn Xm≥ apS-ßmsX apØ-∏\v A\oZ sNm√n-®n-cp-∂-XmbnGgp-ap´w amS-∏-≈n¬ \mcm-b-W≥ \mb¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-´n-cp∂p.
27. hn. Koh-dp-Kokv
aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ C‰-en-bnse I∏-tZm-Iym-bn¬ Hcp ]`p-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-emWv Koh-dp-Kokv P\n-®Xv. I¿j-I≥ F∂¿∞-ap≈ Pntbm-™n-tbmkv F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ko°v \maw. eØo-\n¬ Pobp¿Pn-bqkv F∂pwkpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv F∂pw hnfn-®p-t]m∂p. Cw•o-jn¬ tPm¿PvF∂mbn. Btbm-[\ apd-Iƒ A`y-kn® cW-[o-c-\mb h¿Kokv ANn-tcW tdma≥ NI-h¿Øn Utbm-¢o-jys‚ c£m-tk-\-bn¬ Db¿∂]Z-hn-bn-seØn.
Hcn-°¬ Hcp bp≤-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØv hnP-b-io-em-fn-X-\mbn IpXn-c-∏p-dØv ho´n-te°v hcth en_n-bm-bnse Hcp hnP\ ]tZ-iØv HcpKpl-bpsS ap∂n¬ Hcp ssIh≠n \ndsb Blm-c-]-Zm¿∞-ßfpw ]g-h¿§-ß-fp-ambn kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp s]¨Ip´n `b∂p hnd®v \n¬°p-∂Xv tPm¿÷v I≠p. Ic-™p-I-e-ßnb IÆp-Iƒ AS®pw Xpd∂pw ac-W-Øn-\mbn Ahƒ ImØp-\n¬°p-∂-Xmbn tXm∂n. hnip-≤≥ Ah-fpsS ASp-sØØn. B cmXn-bn¬ Ahƒ H‰°v B Kplm-ap-JØv\n¬°p-∂Xv F-¥n-s\∂v Xnc°n.
‘Cu Kpl-°p-≈n¬ `oam-Im-camb Hcp kXzw Hfn-®n-cp∂v Kma-hm-kn-Isf sIm∂p-Xn-∂p-hm\pw hnj-hmbp Ab®v Irjn \in-∏n-°p-hm\pwXpSßn. tPmXn-jm-Nm-cys‚ ]hN\-]-Imcw Hcp I\y-I-tbbpw Hcph≠n A∏hpw amkm-amkw CXn-\p- \¬In-bm¬ D]-Zhw Ipdbpw. Chn-SsØ ]`p-hns‚ GI aI-fm-bn´p IqSn Cu amkw \dp°v hoWXvF\n-°mWv. Rm≥ Cu ]nim-Nn\p Cc-bm-IWw. Xm¶ƒ FXbpw thKwChn-sS-\n∂p c£-s∏-´p-sIm-≈pI.‘ Ahƒ ]d™p.
≈-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p. ]gbIq‰p-Im¿ cq]w FSp-°p-Ibpw Hcp H‰-°m-f- hn-√p-h-≠n-bn¬ G‰hpw ASpØ ]ikvX tZhm-e-b-amb apX-e-t°m-SØvsIm≠p-h∂v BtLm-j-ambn ]Xn-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.]pWy-hm-s‚Xncp-\mƒ ]q¿∆m-[nIw tIa-ambn Chn-sSbpw BtLm-jn®p-Xp-Sßn. hn.Koh¿Ko-kns‚ a‰v ]≈n-I-fn-se√mw G]n¬ 22t\m sabv amkØntems]cp-∂mƒ BtLm-jn-°p-tºmƒ ChnsS amXw IS-a-‰Øv \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ G]n¬ 24-mw XobXn Xs∂-bmWv s]cp-∂mƒ \S-Øp-∂Xv. IS-a-‰Øp\n∂pw ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw \m\m-PmXn aX-ÿ¿ apX-e-t°m-SØpw s]cp-∂m-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. Ah¿ _‘p-ho-Sp-I-fnepw ]≈n-∏cn-kcØpw‘ h®p≠v Xma-kn®v, t\¿®-Im-gvN-Iƒ \¬In kwXr-]vX-cmbn t]mbn-cp∂p‘. Aßs\ apX-e-t°mSw a¿Ø-a-dnbw ]≈n hn. Koh-dp-Ko-kns‚ ]mh\ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ Bbn-Øo¿∂p.
26. apXet°mSØp apØ∏≥
Akm-≤y-Im-cy-ßfpw A¤p-X-]-h¿Øn-Ifpw hgn ]pWy-hm≥ apX-e-t°mSØpw At\-I¿°v Bi-b-a-cpfn.sXmÆqs‰m-º-Xnepw AXn-\p-ap-ºv c≠v Xh-W-bp-ambn D≠mb sh≈-s∏m-°ßfpsS e-ambn Chn-SpsØ Xmgv∂ ]tZ-i-߃ NXp-∏p-I-fmbnØo¿∂ncp∂p. Aßs\ XWp-∏p-aqew s]cpIn Hcp-hn-]-Ømbn amdnb hnj-P-¥p-°-fn¬ \n∂v c£bpwkpc-£n-X-amb bmXbpw ]pWyhm-f≥\¬In-t]m∂p. 1886˛¬ ]Ww apS°n ]mºp-Isf sIm√n® hI-bn¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿k¿°m-cn-te°v sNe-sh-gp-Xnb IW-°p-≠v . IqSm -sX, Imhp -Iƒ ÿm]n®v]mºpIƒ°v amfhpw `£-Whpw \¬In-t∏m-∂p. t\¿®-bn-SmsX Bcpw ]≈n∏Sn-I-S∂v t]mbn-cp-∂n√. Xs∂ Bi-bn-°p-∂-h¿°v F∂pw Bew-_-am-bn-cp∂ hn.Koh¿Ko-kns\ PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-sat\y Bfp-Iƒ apØ-∏≥ F∂p ‡ymZc]q¿∆w hnfn-®pXpSßn. BZn-Zm-hnU kwkvIm-c-Øns‚kph¿Æ-Im-eØv Imew-sNbvX tKmX-h¿§-Ø-e-h≥amsc i‡nbpw ap‡nbpw
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
149
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
148
Ah-km\w th¿]m-Sns‚ ka-b-am-sb∂vAt±-l-Øn\v tXm∂n. Xs∂-Im-Øn-cn-°p∂kz¿§ob ku`mKyw At±lw I≠p. A[nIwIgn-bpw-aptº At±-l-Øns‚ inckv hmfp-sIm≠v sh´n-am‰n. Aßs\ Ah¿Æ-\o-bamb B bmX-\-Iƒ°v A¥y-ambn .AsXmcp ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bm-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv hnip-≤s‚ Xncp-\mƒ sh≈n-bmgvNBN-cn-°p-∂Xv.
aq∂mw \q‰m-≠p -ap-X¬Xs∂ ]m›mXy]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hcp-t]mse A\p-K-l-߃ sNmcn-™p-t]m∂ Cu ]pWym-flmhn-s\-∏‰n IrXy-amb hnh-c-߃ tdman¬ hnip-≤≥am-cpsS tcJ-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂n√. F¶nepwC∂pw AXn-cp-I-fn-√msX temI-sa-ºmSpwXs‚ am≤yÿw tXSp-∂p-h¿°v hnip≤Koh¿Kokv Bizm-k-a-cp-fn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p.Cw•-≠ns‚ ]tXyI a≤y-ÿ-\mWv Ct∏mgpw sk‚ v tPm¿Pv.
]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n saXms‚ ac-W-tijw tam¨. dm∏m-tb¬ hcm-∏pg saXm-\mbn. sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]-X-bn-em-Is´ tPm¨ d_n-tdbpw_njv∏m-bn-h∂p. C°m-eØv CS-h-I-Iƒ°v CjvS-ap≈ cq]-X-bn¬ tNcm-am-bn-cp∂p. A∂v apX-e-t°mSw hcm-∏p-g-bp-sS-IqsS Xs∂ \n∂p. 1754
¬ tam¨ vtfmd≥knkv hcm-∏pg cn-®n-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv apX-e-t°mSw]≈n ]n∂oSv \in-∏n-°-s∏Sp∂Xv.
29. ]SbmfnIfpsS ]cmIaw
cma-ø≥ Zf-h-mbpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bpsSssk\yw hS-°pw-Iq¿ Xeÿm-\-amb sXmSp-]pg BI-an®p. NnX-dn-tbm-Snb hS-°pw-Iq¿ ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ HØp-tN¿∂v Hcp Nmth¿ ssk\yw kwL-Sn-∏n®p. ]`p-°≥amcpw ]am-Wn-amcpw P\-ßsf ]d-™n-f°n Hcp el-f°v If-sam-cp°n. apX-e-t°m-SsØ \km-Wn-Iƒ ap≥]-¥n-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1754 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw AsXmcp Iem-]-ambn hf¿∂p.
k¿t∆b¿ a√≥ i¶-c-t\bpw kn¬_-‘n-I-sfbpw X√n-tbm-Sn®p.
]pWyhms‚ A]q¿∆
am¿_nƒ in¬]w
Ip´n-Isf arK-߃°v _en-sIm-Sp-°p∂ kº-Zmbw C¥y-bnepw\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ Xs∂ sIm√w Pn√-bnse Icp--\m-K-∏-≈n-bn-ep≈ Icp¿Im-hn¬ h¿j-Øn-semcn-°¬ Hcp a\p-jys\ s]cp-ºm-ºn\v `£-W-ambn sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p.
‘acWw Hcn-°¬ amXw; Poh-XymKw sNøp-hm≥ Rm≥ Xøm-dmWvIp´o.‘
Koh-dp-Kokv Cßs\ ]d-™p-Xo-cp-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ b-¶-c-ambAe¿®-tbmsS Hcp `oI-c-P¥p hm]n-f¿∂v ]pd-tØ°v ]m™p-h∂p.s]¨Ip- nsb X´n-am‰n At±lw s\‰n-bn¬ Ipcn-ip-h-c®p. CXn-\nsS H∂p-h-´w-I-d-ßnb IpXnc Xs‚ ]pdw-Im¬sIm≠v B lnwk-P-¥p-hns\sXmgn-®n-cp∂p. Koh¿Kokv AXns‚ ]nf¿∂ hmbnte°v Xs‚ aq¿®-tb-dnb Ip¥w B™p-IpØn. hm¬ Npg‰n IpXn-c-tbbpw hnip-≤-s\bpwASn-®p-XI¿°p-hm≥ ian-°p-t¥mdpw Ip¥w IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬AXns‚ IWvT-\m-f-Øn-te°v ZwjvS߃ XI¿Øv Xpf-™p-I-b-dn-s°m-≠n-cp∂p. HSp-hn¬ c‡w No‰n IÆpw-Xp-dn®v Aedn AXv NØp-hoWp.
]`p-Ip-amcn DS≥Xs∂ Xs‚ c£It\bpw Iq´n Xs‚ sIm´m-c-Øn-seØn. kw`hw Adn™ ]`phpw P\-ßfpw AXn-bmbn kt¥m-jn®p. ]`p ]IpXn tZihpw kz¥w ]pXn-tbbpw B hoc\v kΩm-\n®p. \µn-]q¿∆w Ah \nc-kn-®p-sIm≠v At±lw ]d™p. ‘ssZh-]n-Xmhpw GI ]pX\mb tbiphpw hgn-bmWv Rm≥ B tLmc-P-¥p-hns\ sIm∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ \nßfpw tbip-hn¬ hniz-kn-°pI.‘ CtXmsS]`phpw P\-ßfpw InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ tN¿∂p.
28. c‡-km£n
KohdpKo-kns‚ CuZri]h¿Øn-Iƒ NI-h¿Ønsb Iq≤-\m°n.InkvXym-\n-Isf ]oVn-∏n-®n-cp∂ Bt±lw a¿±\w i‡-am°n. hnizmkwXzPn-°m≥ hnip-≤s\ Xpdp-¶n¬ A-S®p. ]n∂oSv XqWn¬ sI´n Nm´-°-Sn®p. IÆpw ssIIm-ep-Ifpw sI´n- X-S-h-d-bn¬ X≈n. IpXn-c-bpsSImen¬ sI´n HmSn®p. ]e Ah-b-h-ßfpw AdpØv \o°n. Iqc-ambHmtcm ]oV-\-Ønepw CS-dmsX At±lw tbip-\maw D¬tLm-jn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
151
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
150
31. Ien-∏Ww1829¬ kzmXn Xncp-\m-fns‚ ImeØv A\p-a-Xn-Iq-Sm-sX-bp≈ tZhm-
eb \n¿ΩmWw \ntj-[n-®p-sIm≠v cmP-im-k\w D≠m-bn. Cu Ime-Øp-Xs∂ kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS kmaqly AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\mbpwÿm\-]-Z-hn-Iƒ Dd-∏n-®v In- p-hm-\p-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cn-te°vIen-∏Ww ASbvt-°≠nh∂p. tKmh¿Æ-tZm-cpsS Nne ]h¿Ø-\-߃cmP-ÿm-\sØ ]tIm-]n-∏n®-Xmbn eØo≥Im¿ Btcm-]n-®n-cp-∂p.A∂sØ \ne°v Hcp henb kwJy-Xs∂ \mw kw`m-h\ sNøp-I-bp-≠mbn. ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂p ap∂qdv ]Whpw IpSpw-_-°m-cn¬ \n∂p Aøm-bncw ]Whpw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn tcJ-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂p≠v. -]-e-k-ao] ]≈n-Ifpw \¬In-b-Xn-t\-°mƒ hf-sc -D-b¿∂ kwJy-bm-bn-cp∂pCXv.1790 ¬ ssakq¿ ISphm, Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ hS-°≥ tIc-f-ØnseAt\Iw ]≈n-Ifpw, Ipcnipw, cq]-ßfpw XI¿Øv sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-IbpwXoh-®p-\-in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Im™q¿, H√q¿ F∂o ]≈n-Iƒs°m∏w sImSp-ß-√q¿ IØoUepw sIm≈-b-Sn-°-s∏´p. ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tKmh¿Æ-tZm¿ Xmakw Xs∂ ssh°w hS-bm-dn-te°v am‰n.At\Iw hoSp-Iƒ sIm≈-b-Sn®p. ]e-tcbpw sIm√pIbpw aXw -am-‰p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sXt°m´pw Cu tX¿hmgvN hym]n-°p-sa-∂p-I-cpXn]ecpw ]≈nbpw ]cn-k-c-ßfpw Dt]-£n®p. A]-I-S-i-¶-bn¬ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bnse cq]-ßfpw Xncp-I¿Ω-h-kvXp-°fpw aWnbpw cl-ky-ambn \o°w sNbvXp. aWn InW-‰n¬ \nt£-]n-®p. `bw \nanØw]e IpSpw-_-ßfpw ]º-I-S∂p. hoSpw IpSnbpw hn´v Nne¿ Hfn-hn¬Xma-k-ambn. ]≈nbpw ]cn-k-c-ßfpw Aßs\ ho≠pw P\-iq-\y-ambn.]t£ _n´ojv tk\-bpsS ssakq-cnse IS-∂p-I-b-‰hpw s]cn-bm-‰nsesh≈-s∏m-°hpw aqew Bephm-∏p-g- IS-°msX Sn∏p aSßn.
am¿ØmWvU-h¿Ω-bpsS BI-a-Whpw ]I¿®-hym-[n-I-fpsS IS-∂m-I-a-Whpw \nanØw P\-hn-\ymkw hfsc Ipd-™-Xns\ XpS¿∂vGgp-ap- w, apX-e-t°m-Sw, sXmSp-]pg ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ImSp-I-bdn. h≥ hr£-ßfpw Im´p-ar-K-ßfpw aqew ]e -ÿ-e-ßfpw Zp¿§-a-ambn. sshZn-I-cpsS A`m-hhpw Ime-h¿j-s°-Sp-Xn-Ifpw Im´m-\-I-fpsS iey-hpw-sIm≠v]≈n ho≠pw \mtim-∑p-Jambn. Aßs\ Ncn-X-Øns‚ IpsØm-gp-°n¬ae-\m-S≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw ]pWy-]m-]-ß-fp-sSbpw Cu cmP-\-KcnHcn-bv°¬IqSn hnP\ambn.
XpS¿∂v Zfhm cma-ø≥ Hcp kwLw ]SbmfnIfp-ambn Chn-sS-sbØnIem]w Iqc-ambn ASn-s®m-Xp°n.sIm´m-c-ßfpw tIm´-sIm-Ø-f-ßfpwCSn-®p-\n-c-∏m°n. apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n X√n-Ø-I¿Øp Xobn´p. cmXn-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Iem-]-Im-cn-I-sf-tØSn hoSp-I-fn¬ Ibdn sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-IbpwkvXoIsf D]-Z-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. b-hn-lz-e-cmb Bfp-Iƒ Iøn¬In´n-b-Xp-ambn Poh\pw sIm≠v c£-s∏´p. Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd, tImX-aw-Kew,
]mem, cma-]pcw AXn-cw-]pg XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn-te-°mWv Ah¿ IS-∂p-t]m-b-sX∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
Hcp Zim-_vZ-Øn\p-ta¬ ]≈n \in-®p-In-S-∂ncp∂psh-¶nepw 1767
¬ [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ c-W-Imew Bb-t∏m-tg°pw tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ \o°n]m¿∞-\m-I¿Ω-߃ Bcw-`n-®-ncp∂-Xmbn tXm∂p∂p. A°m-esØhcm-∏pg cq]-X-bpsS Iogn-ep≈ kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-I-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ \Ωp-sS-]-≈n-bp≠v. ]Xn-\-©m-a-Xmbn ImWp∂ apX-e-t°mSw CS-h-I-bn¬A∂p Hcp ]´-°m-c\pw 160 hnizm-kn-Ifpw amX-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.amX-a√ 1780˛-I-fn¬ t]mepw apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-tbmSv tN¿∂ h\-ß-fn¬ B\-ieyw Ds≠∂pw ImWp∂p.*
30. ]Zp-hmtZm `cWw
123 h¿jsØ I¿Ω-eoØm saXm≥am-cpsS `cWw \kmWnInkvXym-\n-Ifn¬ AXr]vXn Df-hm°n. kz¥-ambn Hcp saXm-s\- In-´m-\p≈ BKlw Icnbm‰n saXms‚ ac-W-tØmsS Iqº-S™p. XpS¿∂vsImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tXmΩm tKmh¿Æ-tZm¿ÿm\-ta-‰-t∏mƒ A∂p hcm-∏p-g-tbm-sSm-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂apgp-h≥ kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-Ifpw sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]-X-bn-te°v amdn. apX-e-t°mSw ]≈nbmIs´ BZyw Xs∂]mtdΩm-°-ens‚ ]Zp-hmtZm c-W-Øn¬ tN¿∂ncp∂p.
tIc-f-Ønse ]≈n-I-fpsS `cW kº-Zm-b-Øn¬Ht´sd am‰-߃ hcpØn h® Hcp [mc-Wm-]-X-amWv‘A¶-amen ]Sn-tbme.‘ ae-¶-c-bp≈ F¨]-Øn-\m-ep-]-≈n-°mcpw tN¿∂v 1787 ¬ cNn® tcJ-bn¬ Imt\m-\n-Ãp-I-fpsS \nb-a\w, ]≈n°v kz¥-ambn hkvXp-°ƒ kºm-Zn-°m-\p≈A\p-hmZw apX-embh \¬Ip∂p. Cu A¶-amen tbmK-Ønepw apX-e-t°mSw ]≈nhnImcn ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. tbmK-hn-h-c-ß-fn¬ Ccp-]-Øn-tb-gm-a-Xm-bmWv \ΩpsS ]≈nsb ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂Xv.
tKmh¿Æ-tZm¿
*1 ]ufn-t\mkv ]mXncn : C¥y Hdn-b-¥m-en\p InÃymt\m
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
153
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
152
1830 \p Np‰p-h- -ØmWv hkqcn ChnsS k¿∆-\miw hnX-®-Xv. A°m-eØv ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ qcn-]£w t]cpw ac-W-a-S-™p. IptdtbsdBfp-Iƒ `bw aqew \mSp hn´pt]mbn. sXmSp-]p-g-˛-aq-hm-‰p-]pg ]tZ-i-߃ P\-iq-\y-am-bn. acn-®-h-cpsS ico-c-߃ Dt]-£n-®p-sIm≠v Bfp-Iƒ \m\m-Zn-°pIfn-tebv°pw c£-s]-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. P\-c-ln-X-am-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂m-hWw Cu ]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]≈n-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø\w \ne-®-Xv. 1832 se ]≈n-I-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ apX-e-t°m-Sw, s\Sn-b-ime, Bc-°pg ]≈n-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ImWp-∂n√.
hkq-cnsb XpS¿∂v tImf-dbpw ae-º-\nbpw hym]n-®p. tKmhkqcn]tbmKw aqew ]ecpw c£-s]-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ almcmPm-hpw, hcm-∏pg saXm\pw IpØn-h-bv]n\p Bfp-Isf t]cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠vIev]-\-Iƒ C-d-°nbncp∂p.
34. hn. sk_-kvXy-mt\mkv]I¿®-hym-[n-Isf sNdp-°m≥ ]pWyhm\p Ignbpw F∂ hnizmkw
_e-s∏-´Xv 7˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tdman¬ D≠mb tπKv _m[ ian-®-Xns\XpS¿∂m-Wv. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS ImeØv ]pWy-hms‚ Cu i‡n-hn-ti-jsØ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]I¿®-hym-[n-bp≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ ]pWy-hms‚ cq]w FØn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. `qX-_m-[-sIm-≠mWv ]I¿®-tcm-K-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂ hnizm-kw-aqew AXns\ BWn-b-Sn®p Xd-®p-h®v \in-∏n-°p-hm≥ AºpIƒ°v Ign-bp-sa∂p hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. hkq-cn-tcmKw ian-∏n-°m-\mbn C°m-e-ØmWv hn. sk_kvXyt\m-kns‚ cq]wapX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-°p-Ibpw F√m Ic-I-fn-tebv°pw Fgp-∂-≈n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. tcmK-߃s°-Xnsc s]cp-∂mƒ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ Igp∂v Fgp-∂-≈n-°p-∂Xv Ct∏mgpw apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bnse Hcp][m\ t\¿®-bm-Wv.
sIm®n, sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]X-Iƒ tdman¬ \n∂pw \ndp-ج sNbvX-tXmsS 1838 ¬ kIe kpdn-bm-\n-°mcpw hcm-∏pg ank-Øns‚ hcp-Xn-bn¬ h∂p tN¿∂p.
35. sNº-cØn amWn°Ø-\m¿
sNº-cØn amXyp F∂ ]nXm-hns‚ \mev k¥m-\-ß-fn¬ Cf-b-
32. I -°-b-Øn¬ aev]m\pw ]≠mcn ]utemkpw
Zo¿L-amb ]¥-≠p-h¿jsØ `c-W-Øn-\p-tijw ]mtd-Ωm-°¬tKmh¿Æ-tZm¿ Znhw-KX-\mbn. XpS¿∂v At±-l-Øns‚ Imt\m-\n-kv‰p-Ifn¬ ]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂ I´-°-b-Øn¬ F_mlw aev]ms\ Nne kap-Zmb ]am-Wn-am¿ tN∂v ]n≥Km-an-bmbn Ah-tcm-[n®p. A°m-e-Øp-Xs∂]pØ≥Nnd CS-h-I-°m-c≥ ]≠m-cn- ]u-temkv I¬Zmb ]mXo-b-¿°o-kn¬ \n∂v saXm≥ ÿm\-ta‰v tIc-f-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂p. ItaWI´-°-bØp aev]m\pw ]utemkv saXm\pw kpdn-bm\n kaq-l-Ønse]ap-J≥amcmbn-Øo¿∂p. Imt\m-\n-I-amb ssIsh-bv]n-√mØ I´-°-b-Øn¬ IØ-\m-cpsS Iev]-\-Iƒ°v apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n Iogvs∏-Sm≥Xøm-dm-bn√. 1800 Bb-t∏mƒ sIm®n, sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]-X-I-fpsStKmh¿Æ-tZm-dmbn Xncp-knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw am¿ dn_m-a¿ \nb-an-°-s∏´p. At±-l-am-Is´ Xs‚ ]Xn-]p-cp-j-\mbn sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]X`cn-°m≥ i¶q-cn-°¬ Kohdp-Kokv IØ-\msc \ntbm-Kn®p. \Ωp-sS- ]≈nDS≥ Xs∂ At±-lsØ AwKo-I-cn-°pIbpw Iogvs]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.I´-°-bØp aev]m≥ cmPn-sh-°p-Ibp≠m-bn. 1801 ¬ i¶q-cn-°¬aev]m≥ acn-s®-¶nepw apX-e-t°mSw sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]-X-bn¬ Xs∂ -Xp-S¿∂p. Aß-s\-bn-cn-s°-bmWv _nj∏v sdbva¨Uv hcm-∏pg `c-W-ta¬°p-∂Xv. 1815 ¬ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n ho≠pw hcm-∏pg cq]-X-bn-te°v Nph-Sp-amdn.
33. ]I¿®-hym-[n-I-fpsS kwlm-c-Xm-fihw
]I¿® hym[n-I-fpsS B[nIyw aqew At\Iw t]¿ \mSp-hn-Sp-ItbmNsØm-Sp-ßp-Itbm sNbvXn-´p≈ At\I Ah-k-c-߃ Ncn-X-Øn¬ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-W-v. hkq-cn, tImf-d, tπKv, ae-º-\n, £bw XpS-ßnb]I¿®hym[n-Iƒ \ΩpsS Cu ]tZ-iØpw Ht´sd t]cpsS Poh-\miØn\v CS-bm°n. hkq-cn-tcmKw an°-hmdpw Xan-gv\m-´n¬ \n∂phym]m-cn-Iƒ hgn-bmWv ChnsS FØn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. hkq-cn°v acp-∂n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ DSp-º-∂q-cn¬ hkq-cn-tcmKw _m[n-°msXAh-ti-jn-®Xv Htc Hcp hoSp-am-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. a[p-cbpambn D-≠m-bn-cp∂ hym]mc _‘w aqew apX-e-t°m-SØpw ]I¿® hym[n-Iƒ ]S¿∂p]nSn-®p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
155
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
154
]pWy-hms‚ cq]w kq£n-®n-cp∂ ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ amfn-I-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂
Xan-gv ss_-_nfpw ae-bmfw ss__nfpw
]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tKmh¿Æ-tZm-cpsS Cfb ktlm-Z-cs‚ sNdp-a-I≥h¿°n amWn-b-®s‚ AΩmbn-sb-bmWv hnhmlw Ign-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]nXm-hns‚ ac-W-tijw ‘aqØ ktlm-Z-cs‚ kz`m-h-Im-Tn\yw aqew hnj-an-®n-cp∂‘*. h¿°n-tbbpw IpSpw-_-tØbpw amWn-b-®≥ apX-e-t°m-SØvsIm≠p-h∂v ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ Xs∂ ]≈n-ap-dn°v kao]w Xma-kn-∏n-®p(]-≈n-°p-t∂¬ ]pc-bnSw k¿t∆ \º¿ 99/10) ]≈nbnse ipiqjmtPmenbpw \¬In. I]ym¿ \√ IpSpw-_-°m-c-\m-sW-¶n¬ amXta NmØ-Øn\v IkvXqcn sImSp-°p-tºmƒ IpSpw-_-°m¿ ssIIq∏n hWßnhmßp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. ]™w-Ipfw ]mSØv 17 ]dbv°v \nehpw 12 G°¿ÿehpw e`y-am-bn. amWn-b-®s‚ k¥X kl-Nm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p Rmfq¿IpSpw-_-Ønse Imc-W-h¿. s]cp-ºn-≈n-®n-d-bn¬ 5 G°¿ ÿew ]Xn-®p-In-´n, hoSpw h®p. apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bnse ipiqjm tPmen HcpAh-Im-i-ambn e`n® ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ IpSpw_w, At\Iw sshZn-Icpw,AwK-ß-fp-ambn A\p-Klw ]m]n®v Ign-bp-∂p.
Aß-s\-bn-cns° Ipd-hn-e-ßm-´p-\n∂pw ImSp-sh´n, hncn-∏p-In-f-bv°m≥ Nne¿ FØn-t®¿∂p. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSpw ]cn-k-chpw NXp-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. A®≥ Ah¿°v kz¥-ambn hkvXp-°ƒ hmKvZm\w sNbvXp.Hcp Iq´¿ ]pXnbnSØp Ipt∂¬ XdhmSn\v kao]w tImWn°aymen¬Xmakn®v tImWn°¬ Bbn. XeapdIƒ°n∏pdw C∂v tImWn°¬IpSpw_°m¿ sFizcytØmsS Ignbp∂p. D≈ hkvXp-°ƒ hn‰v IpSpw-_-k-taXw FØn-t®¿∂ as‰mcpIq´¿ BZyw ]≈n°v Ing°v
* ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ IpSpw-_-N-cnXw
k¥m-\-am-bmWv amWn°-Ø-\m¿ P\n-®Xv. \n[n-bn-cn-°¬ amWn
°Ø\mcpsS kvt\ln-X\pw Nmhd Ipcym-t°mkv Gen-bm-k-®s‚ ka-
Im-eo\\pw, Bbn-cp∂p At±lw. ]´w sImSp-Ø-tijw saXm≥ amWn-
b®t\mSv apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n \∂m°n Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n AhnsS Xma-
kn-°m≥ A\p-hZn®p. P\Zu¿e`yw aqew apX-e-t°m-SØp ImSp-I-b-dp-
Ibpw Im´p-ar-K-߃ Irjn°pw A]q¿∆w hoSp-Iƒ°pw `oj-Wn-bm--
Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. s]mfn™ ]≈n-bn¬ ]I¬ \m´p-ar-K-ßfpw
cmXn Im´p-ar-K-ßfpw hni-an-®ncp∂p. amWn-°-Ø-\m¿ ho´p-Imsc hnfn-
®p-Iq´n \in® `nØn-Iƒ ]WnXp tN¿Øv, h\-Øn¬ \n∂v ]p√pw
apfbpw sIm≠p-h∂v, ta™v hrØn-bm°n. Ccp-\n-e-bm-bn-cp∂ ]≈n-
taS s]mfn-®p ]WnXp. sXt°m´m--bn-cp∂ ]≈n-bpsS Z¿i\w ]Sn-™m-
tdm-´m-°p-Ibpw ]≈n-∏-d-ºn\v 1773-˛se k¿t∆-]-Imcw kz¥w-t]-cn¬
]´bw hmßn (S.No. 99) Icw Xo¿Øv DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw Dd-∏n°pIbpw
sNbvXp.
36. ]pWy-hms‚ cq]w ]men-b-°p-t∂¬
]≈n-bpsS sISp-Xn-sb-Xp-S¿∂v ]pWy-hms‚
cq]w ]menb-Ip-t∂¬ sNº-c-Øn-bn-te°v am‰n-
bn-cp∂p. hcm-∏pg saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ tam¨.
^m≥knkv tkhy-dns‚ ]tXyI Iev]\ ]Im-
c -am -bn -cp∂p Cu `h\Øn¬ kq£n-® -X v .
A∂sØ G‰hpw hepXpw G‰hpw AwK-ß-fp-
≈-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p Ggp-ap-´sØ Cu amfnI. GI
sshZo-I\pw Cu IpSpw_Øn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp∂p.
ho´p-Im-c-W-h¿ ac-sh- n-°mbv apdn-®v -Ip-cp-I-f™v
FÆ-sbm-gn®v Xncn-sIm-fpØn ]m¿∞n-®p-t]m∂p.
amWn-b-®≥, ]pWy-hms‚ cq]w ]≈n-bn-te°v BtLm-j-ambn sIm≠p-
t]mbn. amXm-hns‚ cq]hpw tXSn-∏n-Sn®p. aWn- ]≈n-Ø-d-bnse a-Æn-\-
Sn-bn¬ \n∂p am¥n-sb-SpØp.
hn. Koh¿Kokns‚as‰mcp NnXw
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
157
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
156
hgn ]Sn-™m-dp-h-i-Øp-IqsS sXfn-®p-hn- m¬ sIm≈m-sa∂v amWn-b-®≥
]d™p. CXv \nc-kn®v hgn sXfn®psIm-≠n-cp-∂-hsc ]mºp-I-Sn®p. Ah¿
]iv\w h®p-t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ apØ-∏s‚ tIm]-am-sW-∂-dn-hmbn. XpS¿∂v
A®s‚ A`n-]m-b-]-Imcw sh´n-sØ-fn®XmWv Ct∏m-gsØ hgn. amWn-
I-Ø-\m¿, ae-bm-‰q¿, Im™q¿, tImX-aw-Kew, sNm∆c ]≈n-I-fn¬ Ccp-
∂n- p≠v. tImX-aw-K-eØv Ce-™n-°¬ hey-∏≥ A®-\n¬ \n∂pw ]Ww
ISw hmßn-bn-cp∂p. B ]Ww Ac- i-X-am\w ]eni klnXw 495 cq]
Ah-Im-in-Iƒ°v \¬Im-\mbn Fd-Wm-Ipfw Ac-a-\-bn-e-S®p. Aßs\
apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-°m-cy-Øn-te°v h∂p-tN¿∂ ]Ww A∂p sNº-
cØn IpSpw-_-Ønse anSp-°≥am-cmb hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kvtImf¿jn-
∏mbn \¬Ip-I-bp-≠mbn. AtUzm. ]n. -hn. amXyp sNº-c-Øn°v
kvtImf¿jn∏v e`n-®n-cp-∂p. Im™q¿ ]md-bv°\pw, sNm∆c ]≈n-°m-
cy-Øn-te°pw amWn A®≥ ]Ww ISw sImSp-Øn-cp∂p. CXn-s\√mw
Hme-°-c-W-߃ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1897 ¬ At±lw kz¿§-]m-]vX-\mbn
F∂p IcpXp∂p.
37. . . . . \n[ocn-°¬ amWn°Ø-\m¿
\n[o-cn-°¬ amWn°Ø-\mcpw, sNº-c-Øn- amWnb®\pw XΩn¬IpSpw_ _‘-Øn\p ]pdsa Dujva-f-amb hy‡n-_-‘-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. tKmh¿Æ-tZm-cpsS skI-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ \n[ocn-°¬ amWn-A®s‚ Fgp-Øn\v Bfl-an-X-hpw, sNm∆c ]≈nbpsS hnIm-cn-bpam-bn-cp∂ sNºc-Øn-amWnb®≥ Ab-® -a-dp-]Sn IØvNphsS tN¿Øncn°p-∂p. A∂sØ k`m `c-W-sØ-bpw, sshZn-I-cpsS Imep-am -‰ -sØbpw ]‰n CuIØn¬ ]cm -a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v.
hS°pwIqdns‚ the∑m¿ ]≠v ]m¿Øn-cp∂ Ae-°p-Xp-d-bnemWv Xma-
kn-®Xv (th-e-º-dºv k¿t∆ \º¿ 99/6). Aßs\ Xp-dbv-°¬ Bbn.
]≈n°v ]Sn-™mdv, tIm´ tdmU-cn-In-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Rmd-°p-f-Øn\v
kao]w amdn-Øm-a-kn® ktlm-Z-c≥ ‘Rmd-°p-fØv‘ F∂m-bn. ]≈n°v
hS-°p-h-i-Ømbn Xma-kn® ktlm-Z-cs‚ h\w C∂sØ kvIqƒ sI´n-
S-Øn\v ]pd-Ip-h-i-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n-hn-Imcn sNº-c-Øn- A®s‚ klm-
b-tØmsS sIm√-h¿jw Bbn-cm-am≠v ChnsS FØn-b-Xmbn Ah-cpsS
IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.* Xpd-°¬ IpSpw-_-°m-cpsS
aqe-X-d-hm-Sp-Iƒ ]≈n-bpsS Np‰p-w Xmßpw XWepambn Ct∏mgpw ImWm-
hp-∂-XmWv.
\n¿_‘nX ssk\nI tkh\Øn¬ \ncmi\mb a©∏≈nbnse
aØmbn F∂ apØ»≥ apXet°mSØv FØnbXv 200 h¿j߃°v
apºmWv. Ct∏mƒ amWn°pt∂¬ IpSpw_°m¿ Cu CShIbn¬
Cs√∂v tIƒ°p∂p. amfntb°¬ sIm®p]dºn¬ Xr°Wt»cn
Adbv°¬ F∂o ho´pIm¿ Bc°pg CShIbn¬ \n∂pw ChnsS
Xmakam°n. B°∏Sn°¬Imcpw ]≈ØpImcpw hmg°pfØp\n∂pw
h∂hcmWv. Im™ncØn¶¬°mcpw ]mdØebv°¬°mcpw
ssaes°mºv CShI°mcmbncp∂p F∂mWv tIgvhn.
Aßs\ ImSp-sh- n-sØ-fn®pw, hgn-Iƒ sh´n-bpw, Bfp-Isf A[n-
h-kn-∏n®pw, ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿Ωn®pw 1870-˛-I-fn¬ C∂sØ apX-e-t°mSw
] -W-Øn\p ASn-ÿm-\-an- amWn sNº-cØn IØ-\m-¿ hyXykvX\mb
Hcp sshZnI\mbncp∂p. C∂v sXmSp-]p-g-bnse P\-kw-kvIrXn-bpsS
t\¿°m-gvN-bmWv apX-e-t°m-Sw. Bflm-hns‚ ASn-Ø-t´m-f-sa-Øp∂ aX-
ku-lm¿±-Øns‚ Zo]-kvXw-`-ß-fmbn ]tgcn ap…nw ]≈nbpw, Rmgq¿
tImhn-epw, apX-e-t°mSw ]≈nbpw ASp-∏p-I-√p-Iƒ Iq´nbt]mse
\n¬°p∂ NcnX-km-£yw.
Imcn-t°mSv \n∂p-h-∂n-cp∂ tIm -tdmUv A∂v Imfn-bm¿ apX-emb
ÿe-ß-fn-te°v ]≈n-bpsS sX°p-h-i-Øp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p t]mbn-cp-
∂Xv. apΩq∂p h¿j-߃°nSbn¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw
Cu hgn-Iƒ sh´n-sØ-fn-®n-cp∂p. ]≈n-bpsS Z¿i\w am‰n-b-Xp-sIm≠v
* Sn.-]n.-tPm¨ : Xpd-bv°¬ IpSpw-_-N-cnXw ˛10
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
159
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
158
]nev°m-eØv hnIm-cn-bm-bn -h∂ sNº-c-Øn- FΩm-\p-th¬ sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pcb®s‚ ImeØpw ]≈n A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-´p-h∂p.
tIc-f-Ønse kpdn-bm\n kaq-l-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ Bflob A[n-Im-chpw ssIh-∂-tXmsS I¿Ω-eoØm saXm≥ kztZin BNm-c-߃°pw A\p-jvTm-\-߃°pw \nc-°mØ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°n-Øp-Sßn. CXn¬ ]Xn-tj-[n®v 1854 ¬ Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv Hcp tbmKw tN¿∂p.apX-e-t°mSw ]≈nbn¬ \n∂v FΩm\ph¬ A®≥ AXn¬ ]s¶-SpØp.I¬Zmb k` am¿tØm-Ωm-In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-ßsf _lp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v \nth-Z-\-hp-ambn Hcp-kwLw _mKvZm-Zn\v t]mbn.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
161
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
160
39. tdmt°mkv, taeqkv ioiva-Iƒ
1861 tabv amkw 9\v am¿tØm-Ωm -tdmt°mkv F∂ saXm≥]uckvXy ]mXn-b¿-°o-kns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn tIc-f-Øn-seØn.ChnSsØ apgp-h≥ kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-Ifpw IqSn AXn-Kw-`o-c-amb HcpkzoI-c-W-amWv tdmt°m-kn\v \¬In-bXv. NS-ßn¬ \ΩpsS ]≈nbpwkPohambn ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. CXn¬ hnc-≠p-t]mb hcm-∏pg- _¿Æ-Zo-t\mkv saXm≥ Nmh-d- Ip-cym-t°mkv Gen-bm-k-®s\ hnIm-cn- P-\-dm-fmbn \nb-an-®tijw tdman-te°v tdmt°m-kv saXm\v FXnsc ]cmXnAb®p. XpS¿∂v ]mXn-b¿-°okv tdmt°m-kns\ XncnsI hnfn®p.Xßsf Adn-bp-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ At±-lsØ sXm≠-\m v At¥m-\n-b-®s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ChnsS kpdn-bm-\n-Iƒ hn -b-®n√.
apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-s°m∏w tIc-f-Ønse F¨]-Ønb©v ]apJ kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-Ifpw At±-l-Øn\p i‡-amb ]n¥pW \¬In. F∂m¬1862 ¬ ho≠pw ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iev]\ h∂-Xns\ XpS¿∂v B[\ym-flmhv ZpxJ-tØm-Sp-IqSn _mKvZm-Zn-te°v Xncn-®p-t]mbn.
tdmt°m-kn-s\m∏w _mKvZm-Zn-\p-t]m-bn-cp∂ sXm≠-\m- p- I-Ø-\m¿AhnsS s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ hnizmkw kzoI-cn®v saXm-\mbn Xncn-s®Øn.]e- ]-≈n-Ifpw tdmt°m-kn\p ]Icw sXm≠-\m´p saXms\ kzoI-cn-s®-¶nepw apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n At±-lsØ \nc-kn-°p-Ibpw sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]-X-bn¬ tN¿∂p-sIm≠v ItØm-en°m hnizmkw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1870 s^_p-hcn 5\v sa√m\ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sS -Im-eØv a‰p]Xn-s\-´p -]-≈n-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n ho≠pw hcm-∏pgcq]-X-bn¬ tN¿∂p.
1874 ¬ am¿ Gen-bm- ta-eqkv F∂ saXm≥ tIc-f-Øn-seØnkpdn-bm-\n-I-fpsS c-W-ta‰p. 77¬ ]mXn-bm¿-°okv Ct±-lsØ XncnsIhnfn-s®-¶nepw sXm≠\m v saXms‚ ]n≥_e-Øn¬ XncnsI t]mImsXHcp ioiva°v Bcw-`-an´p. CXn-s\-Xnsc Bc-°pg XpS-ßnb ae-\m-´nse]≈n-Iƒ tXmdpw Np‰n k©-cn®v FΩm-\p-th¬ sNºcØnb-®≥ ]kw-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn NcnXw ]d-bp∂p. 1882 ¬ taeqkv saXm\pw \mSp-hn´pt]mtI≠n h∂p.
CXn-\nsS 1857 ¬ am¿∏m∏m sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]X ]p\xÿm-]n®p. XpS¿∂vIptd ]≈n-Iƒ Atßm-´p- a-S-ßn-. apX-e-t°mSw hcm-∏p-g- cq]-X-bn¬Xs∂ XpS¿∂p.
38. Nmhdb®≥ sNº-c-Øn-bn¬
hmgvØ-s∏´ Nmhd Ipcym-t°mkv Gen-bmkv A®s‚ ]mZ-kv]¿i-Øm¬ [\y-am-Ip-hm≥ sNº-c-Øn-bnse h-\-߃°v km[y-am-bn- p-≠v.amWn A®s‚ kvt\ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw am∂m-\w ]≈n ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn XSn At\z-jn®v kao-]-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]≈n ]Wn-bv°mbn kw`m-h-\bpw kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Aßs\ ssae-s°m-ºn¬ \n∂p-h∂p hmg-°p-fØp \ºym-]-d-ºn-e-®s‚ AXn-Yn-bmbnXma-kn-bv°th hmg-°pfw ]≈n \n¿ΩmWw apS-°n-b-Xns‚ ]cm-XnbpwtI´p. ]n∂oSv Ie-b-°m´v apX-em-fn-bpsS ]d-ºn¬ \n∂p A©p XSn-sh-´n. XpS¿∂v apX-e-t°m-S-Øn\p t]mIp-Ibpw sNº-c-Øn-°¬ IpSpw-_-°msc ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XSntbm ]≈n ]Wn°v [\klmbtamIn´nbn´p≠mhpw. “Cu hgn-In¬ In´p∂ [¿Ωw Cu hI°pw sNe-hn-´p.”* F∂v XpS¿∂v ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p-≠v. 1837-˛m-am-≠m-bn-cp∂p Cukµ¿i-\w. ]n¬°m-eØv am∂m\w sImth¥ t_m¿Unw-Kn¬ Xma-kn®v]Tn®v C.-F-kv.-F¬.-kn. ]co£ ]mkmb Bfm-bn-cp∂p ]men-b-°pt∂¬AUz. aØmbn.
*^m. hte-dn-b≥ kn.Un : Nmhd Ipcym-t°mkv Gen-bmk®≥ 123
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
163
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
162
Ip´n-Iƒ°p-th-≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p hS-°p-`mKw. CXn¬ Xs∂Ipgn-°mWw sImSp-°m≥ Ign -bp -∂-h¿°v H∂mw`mKhpw A√m-Ø-h¿°v _m°n`mKhpw Bbn -cp∂p. AXp-t]mseXs∂ hen -b -h¿°p≈ ÿe-Øn¬ ]≈n-tbmSvtN¿∂v `mKw Ipgn-°mWw sImSp-°p-∂-h¿°pw _m°nAXn\p Ign-hn-√m-Ø-h¿°p-am-bn-cp∂p.
]≈n-bpsS apJ-hm-c-Øn\p 40˛50 ASn Db-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. sh´p-I√pw kp¿°nbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v ]Wn-Xn-cp∂ apJ-hmcw _e-h-Øm-bn-cp∂p. aq∂v ASn-tbmfw Bbncp∂p `nØnbpsS L\w. apJ-hm-c-Øn¬ioem¥n \nc-∏n-s\m∏w ]e Xe-Øn¬ ]´ ]WnXv kpµ-c-am-°n-bn-cp∂p.CXn\p apI-fn-embn c≠p ]qh≥ tImgn-Iƒ A¶w Ipdn-°p∂ NnX-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXn\pw apI-fn-embn Im´p-ar-K-ßsf \mS≥ tXm°p-ta¥n shSn-h-bv°m≥ t\m°p∂ Hcm-fpsS cq]hpw ImW s∏´p. apJ-hm-c-Øn\p apI-fn¬ 4 ASn Dbcw hcp∂ sh´p-I-√n¬ ]WnX hÆ-ap≈ Hcp Ipcn-imWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. apJ-hm-c-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ P\-en\pC‰m-en-b≥ Nn√p-I-fm-bn-cp∂p C´n-cp-∂Xv. X∑qew D®-°p-tijwCXn¬IqSn ]k-cn-®n-cp∂ kqcy-]-Imiw ]≈n-bv°p-≈n¬ k]vX-h¿Æ-߃ ]c-Øn-bn-cp∂p. hnhn[ C\w arK-ß-fp-sSbpw Pe-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpwapJ-Øns‚ sImØp-]-Wn-bp≈ ac-∏-Sn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p inem¥n-Iƒ Dd-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. inem-¥n-bn¬ ic-dm-¥-ep-Ifpw, Xq°p-hn-f-°p-Ifpw, ck-°p-Sp-°fpw Xq°n tamSn-Iq-´n-bn-cp∂p. sISm-hn-f-°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv ASn-`m-KØp ]nSn-®p-h-en-®m¬ NnΩnWn Db¿∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Nß-e-bn-ep≈ Xq°p-hn-f-°m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ FÆ-sbm-gn-°p-hm\pw Xncn sXfn-°p-hm\pw Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp∂p.
amWnb®≥ ]Wnbn® ]≈nbpw taSbpw
40. am∂m\w alm -l¿÷n
am¿∏m-∏-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w sIm≠p-am-Xsa \m´p-sa-Xms\ In´qF∂p t_m≤y-am-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v 1876 tabv amk-Øn¬ am∂m-\ØvHcp ]≈n-]-Xn-]p-cp-j-tbmKw tN¿∂p. B tbmK-Øn¬ \ΩpsS ]≈nsb]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®Xv hnImcn FΩm-\p-th¬ sNºcØnbmWv. Hcp alml¿÷n Xøm-dm°n tdman\v Ab-®-p. -Xp-S¿∂v t_mws_ saXm-t∏m-eoØm am¿ taap-dn≥ ChnsS h∂p am∂m-\Øv Hcp alm-tbmKw hnfn®ptN¿Øp. AXnepw apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-SpØp. AXnseA`y¿∞\ am\n®v 13-mw entbm am¿∏m∏ s]cn-bm-dn-\-∏p-dhpw C∏p-d-hp-ambn Xriq¿, tIm´bw F∂p c≠p ]pXnb cq]-X-Iƒ ÿm]n®v kpdn-bm-\n-°msc apgp-h\pw Ah-bn-te°v am‰n. sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]X \ndpØn.hcm-∏pg eØo≥Im¿°p \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. s]cn-bm¿ apX¬ ]ºm-\Zn hsc hnkvXr-X-am-bn-cp∂ tIm´bw ank-Øn¬ apX-e-t°mSw Dƒ∏sS152 CS-h-I-Ifpw 271 sshZo-Icpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. tam¨.Nmƒkv ehn™vBbn-cp∂p ]Ya tIm´bw saXm≥. At±lw Xs‚ Bÿm\w Nß-\m-t»-cn°v am‰n-b-t∏mƒ 1891 ¬ apX-e-t°mSw Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-bn-embn.
1896 ¬ Fd-Wm-Ipfw cq]X ÿm]n®v am¿ fqbokv ]tg-]-d-ºn-ens\am¿∏m∏ ]Ya \m´p-sa-Xm-\mbn \nb-an®p. Aßs\ apX-e-t°mSw Fd-Wm-Ipfw cq]-X-bn¬ FØn. 1923-¬ I≠-Øn¬ am¿ BK-kvXn-t\mkvsaXms‚ ImeØv Fd-Wm-Ipfw AXn-cq-]-X-bmbn Db¿Ø-s∏´p. AXn-cq-]-X-bnse Hcp ]apJ ]≈n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p apX-e-t°mSw.
41. amWnb®s‚ ]≈ns°´nSw
sNº-cØn amWnb®≥ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ HSp-hn¬]p\¿\n¿Ωn® ]≈n GI-tZiw 70 ASn \ofhpw 25 ASn hoXn-bp-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ccp-h-i-ß-fnepw 8˛10 ASn hoXn-bn¬ hcm¥ D≠m-bn-cp∂p.CXv ]\-tbm-e-sIm-≠mWv ta™n-cp-∂Xv. Chn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p sNº-c-Øn-bnse Imc-W-h-∑msc A°m-eØv kwkvI-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]≈n-bpsS hS-°p-h-i-Øm-bn-cp∂p knan-tØcn. CXn¬ knan-tØcn∏≈n D≠m-bn-cp∂p.C∂sØ ]≈n-bpsS hS-°p-h-isØ ap‰-Øns‚ ]Ip-Xn-IqSn knan-tØ-cn-bn¬ s]´n-cp∂p . A°m-eØv knan-tØcn \membn `mKn-®n-cp∂p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
165
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
164
CS-h-I-bn¬ AwK-߃ s]cp-Ip-Ibpw XqWp-Iƒ XS--am-Ip-IbpwsNbvX kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv 1973 ¬ NmØ-t¶m v tPm¿Pv IØ-\m¿ C∂pImWp∂ ]≈n ]Wn-b-n®Xv. \ho\ \n¿ΩmW kma-Kn-I-fmb knan‚pwsSkpw Bkv_-tÃmkpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn, efn-X-sa-¶nepw \b-\-kp-`-K-ambn ]pdw-h-iw \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p∂p. hnim-ehpw H∏w lrZy-hp-ambDƒhiw Bflo-bm-¥-co£w ap‰n-\n¬°p-∂-XmWv. Xd-bn¬ samssk-°n\p apI-fn¬ Ib-‰p-]mbv hncn-®n-cn-°p∂p. ]≈n-°Iw s\Sp-\osf]IpØv Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw Nmcp-_-©p-Iƒ kvXo]p-cp-j≥am¿°mbn\nc-Øn-bn-´p≠v. tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ cq]-I¬∏-\-sN-bvXn-´p≈ AƒØmcefn-X-sa-¶nepw `‡n-kw-h¿≤-I-amWv. k¶o¿Ønbpw Km\-kw-L-߃°p≈ ÿehpw hnim-e-am-Wv. aq∂p Np‰p-ap≈ hcm¥ hfsc]tbm-P\-]-Z-amWv. Cu ]tZ-isØ G‰hpw hepXpw G‰hpw \S-h-c-hp-≈-Xp-amb ]≈n-bmWv apX-e-t°mSw.
42. ]≈n-taS
amWn-b-®≥ ]WnX ]m¿k-t\-Pn¬ Ccp-\n-e-Ifn¬ aq∂p-hoXw apdn-Ifpw c≠p hcm-¥-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Xmsg ]Sn-™msd apdn ssI°m-c-∑mcptSXv. ASpØ apdn tÃm¿. AXn-emWv ]nSn-s\√pw, t\¿®-I-fpw,sagp-Ip-Xn-cnbpw a‰pw kq£n-®n-cp-∂Xv. ASp-ØXv DuWp apdn-bm-bn-cp∂p.AXns‚ hi-Øp≈ tImh-Wn-hgn hcm-¥-bn¬ \n∂v Ib-dn-bm¬ apI-fn-esØ hcm-¥-bn-seØpw. apI-fn¬ BZy-apdn AkvtX-¥nbpw, \Sp-apdn tcJ-Ifpw hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ hkvXp-°fpw kq£n-°m-\p-am-bn-cp∂pD]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Cu apdn°v hen∏w Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXn-\p-ap-ºnepw hcm-¥-bn-ep-ambn Bbn-cp∂p tbmKw tN¿∂ncp-∂Xv. apI-fn¬]Sn-™msd apdn- B-bn-cp∂p hnIm-cn-bp-tSXv. AhnsS \n∂p ssIsIm-´n-bm¬ tIƒ°m-hp∂ Zqcta ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ I]ym-cpsS ho´n-te°vD≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q.
43. sN≠-ap-dnbpw ]≈n∏m´pImcpw
]≈n-bnse F√m BtLm-j-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°pw ]≠p-ap-Xse kz¥-ambn sN≠-tafw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. CSn-°n´nbn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ ]K-¤-cmb sN≠-sIm-´p-Im-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p sN≠-°mcpw \mK-kz-c-°mcpw ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]≈n-ap-dn°v kao-]-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]gb]≈n-°p-t∂¬ sI´n-S-Øns‚ BZy-ap-dn-bm-bn-cp∂p sN≠-°m-cpsS
]≈n-bn¬ ][m\ AƒØmc (FdØmg)°v ]pdta Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-ep-ambn sNdnb AƒØm-c-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. kIm-cn°p kao]w c≠pamem-J-am¿ Pohs‚ A∏w Fs∂-gp-Xnb _m\¿ hln-®n-cp∂p. At\Iwamem-J-am¿ ssIIq-∏n -\o-ßp∂ Nn-X-∏-Wn-Iƒ F√m AƒØm-c-I-fn-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ][m\ AƒØmc ad®ncp∂Xv Nph∂ Xnc-»o-e-sIm≠mWv. Agn-°m-epIƒ AƒØm-c°v Np‰p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-bpsS a[y-`mKw Xd IpdpsI c≠mbn ]Ip-Øn-cp∂p. Db¿∂ ap≥`m-Kwapgp-h≥ ]pcp-j-∑mcpw Xmgv∂ ]n≥-`mKw kvXoIfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®pt]m∂p. ]≈n°p ]pdØv hS°p hiØv AkvXn-°pgn D≠m-bn-cp∂p.sX°p-h-isØ k¶o¿Øn Imc-W-h-∑m¿°v Ip¿∫m\ ImWm-\mbn am‰n-h-®n-cp∂p. henb aWn AƒØm-c°v ]nd-Inse `nØn-bn¬ tam¥m-b-Ønepw, sNdn-b-aWn k¶o-¿Øn-bpsS nØn-bnepw Xq°n-bn-cp∂p. apJ-hm-c -tØm-sSm∏w AƒØm-c°v apI-fnepw ]pWy-hms‚ cq]w]XnjvTn®p. ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ CS-Øp-h-i-Øm-bn-´mWv ]kw-K-]oTw (]pev]w) D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. B\-hm-Xn-en\p ]pdsa Ccphcm-¥-I-fn-epw-]-tXyI Ihm-S-߃ ImWs∏´p. C∂sØ \nebv°v sNdp-sX-¶nepwat\m-l-c-am-bn-cp∂p ]≈n-s°-´nSw.
1920 ¬ Im°-\m´p aØmbn A®≥ ]≈n-bpsS ta¬°qc ]pXp°n.Bep-h-bn¬ amXw e`y-am-bn-cp∂ HmSv Imf-h-≠n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂mWv]p¬ta-®n¬ If-™v HmSv ta™-Xv.
1941 ¬ Koh-dp-Kokv ae-ta¬ IØ-\m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv amWn-b-®≥ ]WnX ]≈n ]n∂oSv s]mfn-®p-]-Wn-bp-∂Xv. ]¥t≠mfw henbXqWp-I-fn¬ hcm-¥-IqSn ]≈n-°p-≈n-em°n. at\m-l-chpw hnkvXr-X-hp-amb B ]≈n aq∂p h¿jw sIm≠mWv ]Wn-]q¿Ønbm°nbXv.At∏mgpw ioem¥n \nc-∏n\v Xmsg apJ-hmcw s]mfn-®n-cp-∂n-√. HmSp-Iƒ A∂v aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bn¬ e`y-am-bn-cp∂p. c≠p-h-i-Øp-ambn k¶o¿Øn-Ifpw A©v AƒØm-c-Ifpw cq]-°qSpw NnX-th-e-Ifpw, hnf-°p-IfpwD≠mbn-cp-∂p. `‡n, kwh-¿≤-Ihpw AXn-a-t\m-l-chp-am-bn-cp∂pAƒØmc kap-®-bw.
amWn-b-®≥ ]p\¿\n¿Ωn® ]≈n-bnse ]gb sImØp-cq-]-ß-fpwinem-^-e-I-ßfpw Agn-°m-ep-Ifpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-sa-∂p-I≠v \o°wsNbvXp. hs´-gp-Øn-epw a‰pw hnh-c-߃ sImØnb I¬Ø-fn-cp-Ifpwkme- RvPn-I-Ifpw Dt]-£n®p. Ah-bn¬ NneXv AƒØm-c-bv°-Sn-bn¬AS-°w -sN-bvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn tIƒ°p∂p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
167
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
166
bnØo¿∂p. tN¿∏p¶¬ DÆn aninlm bpsS ]≈nbn¬ Ipcnin¬ FÆHgn°p∂ t\¿® C∂pw XpS¿∂p hcp∂p≠v.
Ipcn-ins‚ Hcp ssI s]m´n-b-XmWv. ASn-∏o-T-Øns‚ tImWp-IƒAS¿∂p-t]m-bn-´p≠v. ASn `mKsØ Dcp-≠p-b¿∂ kvXq]w ]nf-¿∂n-cn-°p∂p. Xd-bn¬ Np‰p-ambn hncn-®n-cn-°p∂ I¬∏m-fn-Iƒ \nc∏pw \ncbpwsX‰n-bm-Wn-cn-°p-∂Xv. CXns‚ \mep aqe-bn-ep-am-bn D-≠m-bn-cp∂I¬Øq-Wp-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ C√. Ime-∏-g°w sIm≠pw apX-e-t°m-SØvsIm≠p-h-∂v Iq´n-t®¿Ø-t∏mƒ D≠mb ]cn-°p-Iƒ sIm≠pw BhmwChsb√mw. AÆm-bn-°Æw Aº-e-Øns‚ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ I¬^-e-I-ßfpw, a‰-Øp]≈n-bpsS aqI-km-£n-bmb Cu Ipcnipw, ]mIvcq-]hpwinev]-I-e-bnse kmcq]yhpw sIm≠v Htc-Im-e-ØmWv Ch ]Wn-XXvF∂ tIƒhn A\z¿∞-am°p∂p.
apX-e-t°m-SØv ]≈n ]Wn-bn® sNº-cØn ]Wn-°¿ Xs‚ kºm-Zy-Øn¬ ]Ip-Xnbpw Ipcn-ipw-aq-´n¬ Ipgn-®n´n-´p-s≠-∂mWv sFXnlyw.
]≈n ]m∏-cmbn ‘C√n-hm-Xnepw sIm≈nhnf-°p-am-bm¬’ Xd Xpc-°-W-sa∂pw ]≈n ]Wnbn°W-sa∂pw At±lw BK-ln-®n-cp∂p. bmX-t]m-bmepw bp≤-Øn\p t]mbmepw IpSpw-_-°m¿ Ipcn-in¬ sXm v sXmgp-tX t]mbn-cp-∂p≈q. C∂pw B ]mc-ºcyw XpS¿∂p-t]m-cp∂p. Xß-fpsS ]ucm-Wn-I-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw KX-Im-e-]-Xm-]-Øn-s‚bpw A\-izc ]Xo-I-ambn Cu Ipcn-ins\ sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-°m¿ hnti-jm¬ hWßn-t∏m-cp∂p.
s]m≥Ip-cnipw a‰p IpcnipIfpw
hni-aÿew. D]-I-c-W-߃ kq£n-®n-cp-∂Xpw AhnsS Xs∂. sXm -SpØ apdn-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Wn-∏pc. Bim-cn-am-cpsS Xma-khpw ]WnbpwChn-sS Bbn-cp-∂p.
hnip≤ Ip¿_m-\-°v kw-Ko-X-Øns‚ AI-ºSn \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbnChnsS ]≠p-ap-X¬ iºfw \¬In -]m- p-Im-sc \nb-an-®n-cp∂p. lm¿tΩm-Wn-b-tØm-sSm∏w ]t°m-]-I-c-W-ßfpw ]≈n°v kz¥-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.`‡n-\n¿`-chpw kwKo-X-km-µ-hp-amb Znhy-_-en-bn¬ a‰v CS-h-I-I-fn¬\n∂p-≈-hcpw Xmev]-cy-]q¿∆w ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. ChnsS \√ ]m´p-Imsce`y-a-√msX h∂-t∏mƒ Xncp-h-√ kztZin km¬thj≥ B¿an k`-bn¬ s]´ Hcp DΩ-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p \nb-an-®Xv. DΩ\pw a°ƒ tPm¿Ppw,tPmkpw a‰pw c≠v Xe-ap-d-I-tfmfw Chn-SsØ Kmb-I-kw-LsØ \bn-®n-cp∂p.
44. ]pcm-X\ I¬Ipcniv
a‰-Øn¬ \n∂p am‰n apX-e-t°m-SØp ÿm]n® Ipcniv inev]-Nm-Xp-cy-Øn¬ hfsc efn-X-amWv. Zo¿LNXp-cmIr-Xn-bn¬ Iodn-sb-SpØv AK-߃sImØn an\p°nsbmcp -°nb,A[nIw I\-an-√mØ inem-I-jvW-ß-fm-emWv Cu Ipcniv \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.]Ømw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]Wn-bn-°-s∏´ ISp-Øp-cpØn, Np¶w, H√q¿ apX-emb ]≈n-I-fnse Ipcn-ip-Iƒ hepXpw hnP-b-\-K-c-in-ev]-I-e-bpsS kuc`yw Xpfp-ºp-∂-hbp-amWv. ]oT-Øn\p Dt±iw 5 ASnbpwIpcn-in\v 15 ASnbpw Dbcw ImWp∂p.\ΩpsS Ipcn-ins‚ ASn-∏o-T-Øn¬ \mepcq]-°q-Sp-Ifpw \mep-aq-e-bv°-pambn F´psNdp-Xq-Wp-Ifpw ImWmw. IqSmsX ] -ß-fpw I¬hn-f-°p-Ifpap≠mbncp∂p.hnf -°nepw Ipcn -in≥ Xd -bnepwt\¿®bmbn FÆ-sbm-gn-®n-cp-∂p. CXv_p≤-˛-ssl-µhcoXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXv]n∂oS v sagp -Ip -Xncn IØn-°-em - ]pcmX\ Ipcniv
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
169
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
168
s\Sn-b-ime ]≈n-bnse InWdpw tKmt´mbpw aqSn aXn¬sI´nb
apXet°mSsØ aWn°nW¿
]≈n-Ifpw t£X-ßfpw sIm≈-b-Sn-°pI I≈-∑m-cp-sSbpw sIm≈-°m-cp-sSbpw amX-a√ kp¬Øm-∑m-cp-sS-bpw, cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw kzm`m-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. X∑qew sIm≈-sb-∏‰n kqN\ e`n-®-mep-Ss\ t\¿® h©n,]qPm-]m-X-߃, Hm´p-a-Wn-Iƒ apX-em-bh aWn-°n-W-dp-I-fn¬ \nt£-]n-®n-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw I¬∏m-fn-I-tfm, ac-∏-e-I-Itfm sIm≠vBZysØ Ac-™mWw hsc aqSn, apI-fn¬ aÆn´v aW¬ hncn-°p-I-tbm, sNSn- \-Sp-Itbm sNbvXv t]m∂p.
apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bnse aWn-°n-W¿ HmUn-t‰m-dn-b-Øn\p ]pd-In-embn Rmd-°-≠-Øn-em-Wp-≈Xv; CXv k¿t∆ \º¿ 85/6F-._n-. bn¬s]´pImWp-∂p. CXn\v 3 ASn-hym-khpw 12 ASn Bg-hp-ap-≠v. A¿≤-hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]tXyIw sNØn-an-\p-°nb sN¶-√p-Iƒ sIm≠mWvCXv sI´nsb-Sp-Øn- p-≈-Xv. 1312- ¬ ]≈n ]Wn-bn® sNº-c-Øn-°¬ ]Wn-°¿ Xs∂ A∂sØ \nebv°v Cu InWdpw IpØn-bn-cp-∂p. aWn-°n-W-dn-tebv°v ]gb ]≈n-bpsS k¶o¿Øn-bn¬ \n∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ \S-°-√p-Iƒ 70 h¿jw apºp hsc ImW-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. ]nev°m-eØv Ahs]m´n®v Iøme ]Wn-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A∂sØ coXn-bn¬ CuInW‰nemhWw ]≈n-bnse ]qPm-]m-X-ßfpw Xncp-°m-e-Ifpw a‰pw ]S-tbm´ ImeØv kq£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Zo¿L-Imew ]≈n Po¿Æn®p InS-∂-Xp-aq-e-hpw, \S-°-√p-Iƒ°v Xmsg-bmbn henb Hcp InW¿ IpØn-b-Xp-sIm≠pw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ aWn-°n-W¿ Dt]-£n-°s∏´p. apØnbpsSInW¿ F∂ sX‰n≤mcWbpw ]c∂p.
s\Sn-b-im-e-bn-sebpw Ipd-hn-e-ßm-s´bpw aW¿Ims´bpw A¤pXInW-dp-Iƒ t]mse apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bpsS ]ucm-Wn-I-Xz-Øns‚ A\-iz-c-km-£n-bmb Cu aWn-°nWdpw Hcp Ncn-X-kvam-c-I-ambn kwc-£n-
]≈n-bnse sh≈n-°p-cniv 1945 apX¬ 1950 hsc ChnsS hnImcn
Bbn-cp∂ amtX-°¬ amXyp IØ-\m¿ ]Wn-bn-®-XmWv. aqim-cn-amsc
]tXyIw hcpØn ]≈n-ap-dn-bn-encp-Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p \n¿ΩmWw. kz¿Æ-
°p-cniv ]≈n°v \¬In-bXv ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ sNº-cØn ]n.kn.
amWnbpw Ad-bv°¬ F.Fw. amWnbpw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p. mØnam Pqh-
edn F∂v t]cn¬ amXm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ Ah¿ XpS-ßnb kz¿Æm-`-c-W-im-e-bpsS DZvLm-S-\-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®m-bn-cp∂p Cu kw`m-h\.
45. ]pev]w
]≈n-bnse ]Ya ]kw-K-]oTw AƒØm-c°v apºn¬ CS-Xp-h-i-
Øm-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]oT-tØmSv tN¿∂v ASn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Ipº-
km-c-°qSv. Po¿Æm-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp∂ ]≈n ]p\-cp-≤-cn-®-t∏m-gmWv CXpw
D≠m-°-s∏-´Xv. F∂m¬ ]nev°m-eØv ]tXyI ]kw-K-]o-T-ap-≠m-°p-
Ibpw, AXv ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Ip¿∫m\ ImWm≥ \n¬°p∂ ÿe-Øn\p
CS-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp XqWn¬ ]nSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.
AƒØm-c-bn¬ \n∂pw Cdßn hnizm-kn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬IqSn \S-∂mWv
Im¿Ωn-I≥ ]kw-K-]o-T-Øn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. 1821¬ hcm-∏pg saXm-\mbn
FØn-t®¿∂ ane- v Z¿KmÃv BWv Rmb-dmgvN ]≈n-I-fn¬
hN\tLmjWw \njv°¿jn-®Xv. ]kw-K-]o-T-Øn-ep≈ eØo≥hm°mb "]pƒ]n‰w' BIWw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ "]pev]hpw' ]n∂oSv
"]pjv]hpw' Bbn-Øo¿∂Xv. ]≈n-]-kw-KsØ "]Tm¿∞ ]d-bpI'
F∂pw A¥y-Iq-Zm-isb "HSp-°sØ sh≈w-IpSn' F∂pw ]d-™p-
t]m∂p.
46. aWn°-nW¿Aº-e-ß-fpsS ap‰Øpw ]pcm-X-\-]-≈n-I-fpsS Np‰p-h- Øpw km[m-
c-W-bmbn ImWp∂ sNdnb InW-dmWv aWn-°n-W¿. ]qPm-I¿Ω-
߃°mbn CXnse sh≈w D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ InW¿ G‰hpw
hrØn-bmbn kq£n-®n-cp--∂p. CXnse Znhy-Pew tcmK-im¥n \¬Ip-sa∂v
Bfp-Iƒ hniz-kn®p t]m∂p. aW¿ImSv, Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv, s\Sn-b-ime
XpSßnb ]gb ]≈n-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw aWn°nW¿ kwc-£n®pt]mcp∂p≠v.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
171
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
170
kwJy IqSn-b-t∏mƒ ]Xps° ap‰-Øpambn. 1825 ¬ antekv saXms‚Ime-ØmWv \ΩpsS ]≈n-I-fn¬]tXyI knan-tØcn D≠m-Ip-∂Xv.sIm√-s∏-´-h-scbpw ]I¿®-hym-[n-aqewacn-®-htcbpw AhnsS AS-°n-bn-cp-∂n-√. \ΩpsS ]≈n-bpsS AIØpw ]pd-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ hcm-¥-bn-ep-ambn sNº-c-Øn-bnse At\Iw Bfp-Isf AS-°n-bn- p≠v. Ct∏mƒ Npcp°w Nne sshZo-I-cpsS I_-dnSw amXta ]≈n-bn¬ImWp∂p≈q. ItaW ]≈n°v hS°vhiØpw tdmUn\p sX°pap≈ ÿewih-t°m-´-bmbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. AhnsS It∏-f-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.B Im-eØpw sNº-c-Øn-bnse Imc-W-h≥amsc ]≈n-bntem hcm-¥-bntem amX-amWv AS-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. 1936 ¬ ]≈n-bpsS Ing-°p-hiwIcn-¶¬ sI´n ]tXyIw knan-tØcn \n¿Ωn®p. kao-]Øv Aÿn-°p-gnbpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1975 emWv AhnsS knan-tØcn∏≈n ]Wn-bp∂Xv.sNºcØn tXmΩm®s‚ H∂mw Ncahm¿jnIhpwknantØcn∏≈nbpsS Bio¿∆mZhpw Hcpan®mbncp∂p \SØnbXv.ÿe-]-cn-anXn \nanØw knan-tØcn sXt°m´pw Ing-t°m´pw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw I√-d-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®p \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂p. knan-tØcnIm™n-c-°mSv ]dºv k¿t∆ \º¿ 99/8 AB bn¬ s]´v InS-°p∂p.
49. hgn-°p-cnipw Npa-Sv- Xm-ßnbpw
amWn-b-®s‚ Imew apX¬ ]n®-fbpw tX°pw sIm≠v Xo¿Øat\m-l-c-amb Hcp `WvUm-c-°p‰n tdmU-cp-In-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ASp-Øp-Xs∂ Hcp I¬Ip-cnipw sI´n-ÿm-]n-®n-cp∂p. hml-\-K-Xm-KXw XpS-ßnb Imew apX¬ ChnsS bmX-°m¿ Ipcn-ip-h-Wßn t\¿® C´n-cp∂p. KXm-KXw h¿≤n-®-Xn-s\-Xp-S¿∂v `WvUm-c-°p‰n am‰n sXt°m´p\o°n 1964 ¬ Gdp-`-WvUmcw \n¿Ωn®p.* Ipcn-iSn am‰n \ho\ amXr-I-bn¬ `qtKm-f-Øn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ Ipcnip \n¿Ωn®p. Cu ÿew Ipcn-in-¶¬ ]pc-bnSw k¿t∆ \w. 101 BWv. ]pcm-X\ hgn-b-cn-In¬ Icn¶√n¬Xo¿Ø Hcp Npa-Sp-Xm-ßn-bp-w D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
°p-Ibpw hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v CXnse ]pWy-Pew e`y-am°p-Ibpw thWw.Zo¿L \q‰m-≠pIƒ Znhy-]q-P-bv°pw, amtΩm-Zok apX-emb IqZm-i-Iƒ°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°pI aqew Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p Bfp-Iƒ°v tam£-]m]vXn \¬Inb Cu Poh-Pew C\nbpw hnizkn°p∂ At\-I¿°vD±n-jvT-Im-cy-km[yhpw, tcmK-im-¥nbpw \¬Ip-hm\p≈XmWv.!
47. ]≈n-aWn
]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m≠p apX-emWv teml-\n¿Ωn-X-amb ]≈n-a-Wn-Iƒ
D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn-bXv. AXp-hsc ac-a-Wn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-hsX.
t]m¿®pK-en¬ hm¿∏n® aWn-Iƒ sIm≠p h∂v ChnSsØ ]≈n-I-
fn¬ BZyw apJ-hm-cØpw ]n∂oSv amfn-I-Iƒ ]WnXv Ahn-sSbpwXq°n
h∂p. \ΩpsS aWn-bpsS ]pdw Np‰n¬ A.D. 1605 F∂p hs -gp-Øn¬
ImWp-∂p≠v. ]≠v tamjWw t]mIp-am-bn-cp∂-Xp-sIm≠v Hm´p-a-Wn-IƒInW-‰nepw a‰pw Hfn®p h®n-cp∂p. am¿ØmWvU-h¿Ω-bpsS BI-aW
ImeØv aWn apJ-hm-cØv \n∂p-an-d°n Ipgn-®n´p. ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-
®-t∏mƒ ]≈n-Ød apgp-h≥ Inf®p adn-®-ti-j-amWv aWn I≠p-In-´n-
bXv. aÆn¬ ]e-h¿j-߃ InS-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ipgn-Øp-cp-sº-Sp-Øn-cp∂p.
Aßs\ aWn-bpsS Cº-ap≈ i_vZw \jvS-s∏´p. Is≠-Sp-Ø-aWn sI´n-
bXv ]≈n-bpsS apJ-hm-c-Øm-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv AXv k¶o¿Øn°v apI-
fn-embn. ]n∂oSv ]Sn-™mdv hf¿∂p \n∂ Hcp tX°ns‚ apI-fn-¬ Xq°n.
1973 ¬ C∂sØ ap°m-en-am-fn-I ]WnXv aWn Atßm- p-am‰n. ]Xnt\gmw
\q‰m≠n¬ imkvXmw-]m-d-bn¬ ]m¿Øncp∂ ]kn-≤-\mb Hcp aqimcn-
bmWv Cu aWnbpw tImX-aw-Kew henb ]≈n-bnse aWnbpw \n¿Ωn-
®-sX∂p Icp-Xp-∂p.
48. knan-tØcn
BZna tIcf ssIkvX-h¿°v ihkw-kv°m-c-Øn-\mbn ]tXyIÿew D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. CXc aX-ÿ-sc-t∏mse kmº-ØnI tijn-bp-≈-h¿ ho´p-h-f-∏n-emWv ]nb-s∏- -hsc ad-hp-sN-bvXn-cp-∂Xv. I√pw-aÆpwD]-tbm-Kn®v ChnsS ]≈n-\n¿ΩmWw XpS-ßnb tijw ihaS-°p-∂Xp]≈n-°-I-Ømbn. hnizm-kn-Iƒ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ÿew th≠p-thmfw D≠m-bn-cp∂p; ]n∂oSv kwkvImcw ]≈n-h-cm-¥-bnepw. ac-W-
knantØcn∏≈nbpwD≈nse tXmam®s‚ I_dnShpw
* ^m. t]mƒ Im°\m´v
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
173
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
172
51. amtΩm-ZokmsØm´n
]pcm-X-\-amb Hcp amtΩm-Zokm
sXm´n Chn-sS-bp≠v. Cu I¬∏mXwXma-c-bpsS BIr-Xnbpw NnX-th-e-
Ifpw sIm≠v at\m -l-c -amWv .I¬aqSn s]m´n-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂mhmw
ac-aq-Sn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wp-∂Xv.XSn-bn¬ Iem-`w-Kn-tbmsS \n¿Ωn®
Hcp ]kwK ]oTw ]≈n-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv 1973 ¬ \o°w sNø-s∏´p.
hntZ -iØp \n∂p Cd -°p -aXnsNbvXXpw •mkn¬ hnhn[ h¿Æ-
߃ \nd-™-Xp-amb Hcp Xq°p-hn-f°v D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Zo¿L-Imew
sISm-hn-f-°mbn AƒØm-csb Ae-¶-cn® B hnf°pw Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-
K-Øn-en√. Cu sISm-hn-f-°nseBgvN-h´w D]-tbm-K-Øn-\mbn sNº-
c-Øn-bnse hnhn[ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ \n∂mbn Ia∏Sn FÆ \¬In-bn-cp-∂-p F∂v tI´n-´p-≠v.
]≈n-∏-d-ºn¬ Ct∏mƒ ap°m-en- aWnamfnI \n¬°p-∂n-SØv Hcp]≈n-°qSw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. t]mƒ sNº-cØn Fw.-F¬.kn.(Rd-f-
°mSv)bpsS ia-^-e-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw A\p-h-Zn® ae-bmfw kvIqƒ Bbn-cp∂p AXv. B kvIqƒ sXm≠n°pgbv°v
am‰n ÿm]n®p. ]≈n kz¥-ambn kvIqƒ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1940 ¬ ]≈n-ap-dn-bpsS a®n≥]p-d-Øp-≠mb Hcp Xo]n-Sp-Ø-Øn¬
Ht´sd ][m\ tcJ-Iƒ IØn-\-in-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. sNº-c-Øn- IpSpw-_-Ønse Nne ]amW-ßfpw Hme-°-c-W-ßfpw ]≈n-bnse P\\ cPn-
Ãdpw A°q-´-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂p. acn-®p-t]mb Xs‚ aI-fpsS t]cn-ep≈kzØv \jvS-s∏Sm-Xn-cn-°m-≥ P\\ cPn-ÿ Xncp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv
Btcm tcJ-Iƒ \in-∏n-®-sX∂pw tI´ncp∂p.
50. Xncpkzcq]-߃
1501 apX-emWv tbip-hn-s‚bpw hnip-≤-cp-sSbpw cq]-߃ tIc-f-
Øn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn¬ hcp-∂Xv. t]m¿®p-K-en¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p-h-c-s∏´ Ipcn-
ip-Ifpw cq]ßfpw a‰pw apJy ]≈n-I-ƒ°v \evIp-I-bp-≠mbn. Aßs\
IS-a-‰Øv ]≈n°v e`n® hn. Koh¿§o-kns‚ cq]-am-Wt√m apX-e-t°m-
SØp sIm≠p-h-c-s∏-´Xv. CS-tØm´v apJw Xncn-™n-cn-°p-∂Xpw
]uckvXy Omb-bn¬ XmSn-bp-≈-Xp-amb Cu cq]w A]q¿∆-amb H∂mWv.
tIc-f-Ønse hn. Koh-dp-Ko-kns‚ ]apJ ]≈n-I-fn-se√mw Xs∂ he-
tØm´v apJw ImWn-bv°p∂ cq]-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv. ]pWy-hms‚ Hcp cq]w
Imhp-Im´p Ip´≥]n-≈-bpsS kw`m-h-\-bmWv.
hn. sk_-kvXym-t\m-kns‚ cq]w t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS kw`m-h-
\-bm-Im-\mWv hgn. ]I¿®-hym-[n-I-fn¬ \n∂p c£-]m-]n-°p-hm≥ Cu
]pWy-hms‚ am≤yÿw tXSm\pw, Xncp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-°p-hm\pw,
cq]w Kma-Km-am-¥-c-ß-fn¬ Fgp-∂-≈n-°p-hm\pw Ah-cmWv ]Tn-∏n-®Xv.
17,18,19 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn® hkq-cnbpw, tImf-dbpw aqew At\-
I¿ arXn-b-S-bp-I-bp-≠mbn. Aºv hkq-cnsb Xdbv°pw F∂mWv
hnizmkw. IpSpw_ ]m¿∞-\-bv°nsS ""]™-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]S-bn¬
\n∂pw hk-¥-I-sfm-s°-bn¬ \n∂pw'' Rßsf c£n-°-Wta F∂v
hn. sk_-kvXym-t\m-kn-t\mSv Ct∏mgpw Cu CS-h-I-bn¬ ]m¿∞n-°p-
∂p≠v.
t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS ImeØv In´nb amXm-hns‚ Hcp cq]-amWv
]≈n-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. 1940 ¬ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ tNme-t¶-cn¬
tPm¿÷v IØ-\m¿ amXm-hns‚ at\m-l-c-amb cq]w kz¥w Ibv∏-Wn-
bm¬ D≠m°n ]≈n-bn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. sk‚ v AK-Ãn≥,
satUmW, IpS-tØ-epÆn cq]-߃ Ct∏m-gp-ap-≠v. amXm-hns‚ kmƒth
cq]w k¶o¿Øn-bn-ep-≠v. amXm-hns‚ ]pcm-X\ cq]w ]≈n-°p-t∂¬
FΩm-\p-th¬ hey-®≥ Fgp-ap´w Ipcn-ip-]-≈n-bn-te°v sIm≠p-t]mbn.
]m¿∞n-°p∂ Bbn-c-߃°v kwJyw Acpfns°m≠v Fgp-ap- -Øns‚
AΩbmbn a¿ØadnbØns‚ B cq]w Xmt_m¿ [ym\-tI-µ-Øn¬
A\pKlw sNmcnbp∂p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
175
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
174
]tXyIw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ ImWp-∂n√.
1964˛¬ \nXy-k-Ωm-\-Øn-\mbn hnfn-bv°-s∏´ sNº-cØn AKkvXn
A®≥ CS-hI ]´-°m-c-\mbn At\Iw ]≈n-I-fn¬ tkh\w A\p-jvTn-
®n-cp∂p. XnI™ ‡\pw kmXzn-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ At±lw Gh-cp-tSbpw
BZ-chv t\Sn-bn-cp∂p. 73˛masØ hb-n¬ \sΩ hn´p-]n-cn™ Ct±-l-
Øns‚ arX-tZlw ]≈n-bpsS a[y-`m-K-Ømbn CS-Xp-hiw tN¿∂v
kwkvI-cn®p. I_-dn-S-Øn¬ inem-kvam-c-I-hp-ap≠v.
75˛masØ hb-n¬ Znhw-K-X-\mb sNº-cØn tXmam IØ-\m¿
kz¥ CjvS-]-Imcw knan-tØcn ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S°w sNø-s∏´p.
tImX-aw-Kew, Idp-Ip‰n XpS-ßnb ]apJ ]≈n-I-fn¬ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂
At±lw hfsc kc-k\pw IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xev]-c-\p-am-bn-
cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Is≠-Sp-°m-\m-bn-´n√. knan-tØ-cn-]-
≈n-bn-ep≈ At±-l-Øns‚ kvamc-I-ine ]tXyIw ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv.
am∂m\w ]≈n-bnepw Im™q¿ ]≈n-bnepw sNº-cØn A®-∑m-cpsS
I_-dn-S-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]q¿∆n-I¿ ]d-™-dn-hp≠v.
53. ]≈n-bnse hnIm-cn-am¿
\ΩpsS ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw BZyambn ÿew am‰s∏´ hnImcn
amWnb®-\m-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂p. At±-lsØ ÿew am‰p-∂-Xv, `c-W-
ßm\w ]≈n-bn-te-°m-bn-cp∂p. amWnb®s\ØpS¿∂v ChnsS hnIm-cn-
am-cm-bn-cp∂ _lp. A®-∑m-¿ Xmsg∏dbp∂hcmWv. CXv A]q¿W-am-
Im≥ km[y-Xbp≠v.
52. I_-dn-S-߃
]≈n-bpsS ]p\-cp-≤m-cW-Øn-\p-tijw sNº-c-Øn-bnse Imc-W-
h-∑msc hcm-¥-I-fnepw, a‰p-≈-hsc knan-tØ-cn-bn-ep-am-Wt√m AS°n-
h-∂Xv. sNº-cØn amWn-b-®-s\-bmWv BZy-ambn ]pØ≥ ]≈n-bn¬
AS-°n-bXv. A∂sØ sNdnb ]≈n-bpsS a[y-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p ih-°-
√d. C∂v amtΩm-Zo-km-sXm´n ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂ ÿe-Øn\p apI-fn-embn
t\¿®-s∏´n h®n-cn-°p-∂n-SØn\v heXphiamWv ÿm\w. ae-ta¬
Koh¿Kokv A®s‚ ImeØv Xd s]mfn-®-t∏mƒ Cu I√d Xpd∂p.
…m_v D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v I√n¬ sImØnb Hcp Xma-c-∏qhv I√-d-
bpsS AS-bm-f-ambn D≠m-bn-cp∂p. A®≥ ih-°pgn aqSp-Ibpw Xmac
AtX ÿm\-Øp-Xs∂ ]Xn-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
as‰mcp I_-dnSw sNº-cØn tP°_v A®-t‚-XmWv. ac-Wm-\-¥cw
At±-lsØ ]≈n-bn¬ Agn-°m-ep-Iƒ°v Xmsg Xs∂ kwkvI-cn®p.
…m_v C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ae-ta-e-®≥ ]≈n ]pXp-°n-b-t∏mgpw I√d
sNº-cØn AKkvXnA®s‚ I_dnSw
1. sNº-cØn amWn IØ-\m¿
2. Ing-t°-SØv h¿§okv ”3. sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc CΩm-\p-h¬ ”4. tXm -Øn¬ aØmbn ”5. ap≠m´pNp≠-bn¬ tXma ”6. πmtØm- -Øn¬ Koh¿Kokv ”7. FS-∏-g-Øn¬ bmt°m_v ”
8 sIm®p-ap- Øv aØmbn IØ-\m¿
9 Hmen-b-∏p-dØv h¿Kokv ”10 hmcn-°m´v BK-kvXn-t\mkv ”11 ]q°m v Koh¿Kokv ”12 ta°p-t∂¬ ]utemkv ”13 Im°-\m v aØmbn ”14 sIm®o-°p-t∂¬ aØmbn ”
]q h®ncn°p∂ Cu `mKØmWvamWn°Ø\mcpsS I√d
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
177
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
176
tdmk ]nd-∂n´v 11-mw Znhkw ho´p-am-tΩm-Zoi ap°n. c≠m-aXp I¿Ωw\S-Øn-bXv hnImcn tXmΩ IØ-\m¿. Xe-sXm- -h¿ ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬De-l-∂\pw Xpd-bv°¬ Genbpw.
7. 1896 CShw Rd-f-°m´v aØmbn + adnbw aI≥ aØmbn ]nd-∂n´v amtΩm-Zokm ap°n-bXpw sIm®p-ap-´Øv aØmbn IØ-\m¿ ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ sXmΩ≥ & adnbw.
8. If-∏p-c-bn¬ bmt°m+Gen ss]X¬ butk-∏ns\ 1898 I∂n25\pw am ap°n hnImcn. Xe-sXm-´-h¿ ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ h¿°n +
tXkymbpw
9. sN≈q-∏-d -ºn¬ sXmΩ-s‚bpw A∂-Øn-s‚bpw aI≥butk∏pw ]nd∂v 6˛mw Znhkw am. ap°n. Xe Xpd-bv°¬ ss]enssae-s°mºv hS-t°¬ Geoizm.
10. 1899 Ggp-ap´w Ing-t°-S-Øn¬ ss]en tdmk aIƒ adnbw]nd∂v 9-mw Znhkw 1899 I¿°n-SIw 9-mw Xob hn.ap°n. Xe-sXm-´-h¿]pfn-ºmd aØbpw ssX°p-∂pw-]p-dØv adn-bhpw.
11. 1900 ao\w If-∏p-c-bn¬ ss]en + _nPoØ aI≥ aØmbnhn.8- mw Znhkw 1900 ao\w 29-mw XobXn hn. am.ap°n. Xe ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ h¿°n XS-Øn¬ tdmk
12. sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ sXmΩ≥ A∂ aIƒ tXky ]n.... 8˛mw Znhkw1900 ao\w 11-˛mw -Xo-bXn hn.-am.-ap-°n. Xe ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ ss]ensN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ adn-b.
13. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ hdp-Kokv adnbw aI≥ sXmΩ≥ ]nd∂v8-mw Znhkw 1899 Ipw`w 5-mw XobXn am.ap°n. Xe-sXm-´-h¿ Snbn¬BKkvXn tKmWn-bv°¬ adnbw.
55. acW cPn-ÿ
Hcp \q‰m≠v apºp apX-ep≈ acW cPn-ÿ amXta ]≈n-bn¬Ct∏mƒ e`y-am-bn-´p≈q. AXn¬ Ign™ \q‰m-≠n¬ \√-h-gn-tN¿∂-h-cpsS \nc-bn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ Nne t]cp-I-fmWv Xmsg tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv.
1. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ sXmΩ≥ 1904 ao\w 23˛mw XobXn 34˛mwhb-n¬ acn®p (AÆm-bn-°Æw)
54. amtΩm-Zokm ]pkvXIw
]≈n-bn¬ kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ amtΩm-Zokm ]pkvX-I-Ønse XmsgsImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ A°m-esØ coXn a\-n-em-°p-hm≥klm-b-I-amWv.
1. Rd-f-°m´v aØmbn + adn-b-°p´n aI. FΩm-\p-th¬ ]nd∂p.]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ BK-kvXnbpw sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ adnb.
2. ]te-°p-t∂¬ h¿°n + adnbw aIƒ hrin. ]pfn-ºmd aØm-bnbpw ap≠-bv°¬ Genbpw.
3. Ing-t°-S-Øn¬ BK-kvXn-bp-tSbpw Gen-bp-sSbpw aI≥ tbml-∂m≥. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ ss]en I√p-¶-Ip-Sn-bn¬ tZhkym Xe-sXm´p.
4. apX-e-t°mSw Ic ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ amWn + tXky aIƒ1896 Ipw`w tdmk F∂p t]cn´p. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ BKkvXn +
\Sp-∏-d-ºn¬ Geoizm.
5. ]mte-°p-t∂¬ h¿°n-bp-sSbpw adn-b-Øn-s‚bpw aI≥ Nmt°m]nd-∂n´v 7-mw Znhkw amtΩm-Zoi. Xe-sXm-´-h¿ ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬sXmΩ\pw ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ A∂bpw.
6. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ butk-∏n-s‚bpw tdmk-bp-sSbpw aIƒ
15 sh´n-bv°m-∏n≈n IØ-\m¿
16 sXt°-°c ^m≥knkv ”17 amfn-tb-°¬ ]utemkv ”18 Ip∂-∏-≈n¬ tXmam ”19 tN‰q¿ tP°_v ”20 πmtØm- -Øn¬ Ipcy≥ ”21 I≠-Øn¬ butk v ”22 ]md¶n s\Sp-ºp-dØv tXmam ”23 tNme-t¶cn¬ Koh¿Kokv ”24 ae-ta¬ tZhkym ”25 ]pfn-°¬ sNdn-bm≥ ”
26 amtX-°¬ amXyp IØ-\m¿
27 aWn-bm´v Koh¿Kokv ”28 tXh¿]mSØv tP°_v ”29 Im°-\m v t]mƒ ”30 NmØw-tIm´v tPm¿÷v ”31 samX-Ip-t∂¬ h¿Kokv ”32 Rd-f-°m´v eq°m ”33 ]pfn-°¬ A_mlw ”34 Ip∂w-tIm´v tPm¿÷v ”35 Be-∏m´v ^m≥knkv ”36 Hen-b-∏p-dØv tPm¿÷v ”
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
179
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
178
56. . . . . t\¿®-IƒXncp-°p-Spw-_sØ Hm¿Øv 3 t]¿°pw injy-∑msc Hm¿Øv 12 ]mh-
߃°pw ]nSnbpw tImgn-°-dnbpw ]≈n-bn¬ hnfºn \¬Ip-∂-XmWvDu´pt\¿®. 1790 \pti-j-amWv Cu t\¿® ChnsS Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv.arXkw-kvImcw ]pcmX\ coXn-bn¬ ap‰tØm sXmSn-bntem BWt√m\q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. ih-kw-kv°mcw Ipgn-am-S-Øn¬ \n∂pw]≈n-bn-te°v am‰n-b-t∏mƒ ]tc-Xm-flm-°ƒ°v \¬In-bn-cp∂ CjvS-t`m-P-\-amb ]nSnbpw tImgn-°-dnbpw ]≈n-bn¬ hnf-ºm≥ XpS-ßn. Aß-s\-bmWv ChnsS Du´p-t\¿®bpw, tImgn-t\¿®bpw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.1859˛se hcm-∏pg _¿Zn-t\mkv saXms‚ I¬]\ ]Imcw h≠-a‰wIpgn-am-S-Øn-¶¬ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ Du´p-t\¿®-Ifpw apX-e-t°m-S-Øn\v am‰p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1960-˛-em-hWw tXh¿]mSw Nmt°m IØ-\m¿ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cn-s°, Du´p-]Ww ]≈n-bn¬ AS-®m¬ aXn-sb∂p h®p. tImgn t\¿®Ct∏mgpw XpS-cp-∂p.
a‰Øv ]≈n-bpsS Imew apX¬ ChnsS \S∂p t]mcp∂ Hcp BNm-c-amWv ASnahbv°¬. ASn-a-kvXo-Iƒ ]k-hn-°p∂ Ip´n-Isf Ah-cpsS bP-am-\¿°v ka¿∏n®-tijw, ImgvN \¬In Xncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂XvASn-a-Xz-Øns‚ Hcp Dt]mev]-∂-am-bn-cn°pw. ASn-a-kvXo-bpsS BsIkzØv Ah-fpsS Ip™m-Wt√m. ASn-a-bmbn \¬IpI hgn AXns\kwc-£n-t°≠ Npa-Xe apX-em-f\n¬ FØn-t®-cp∂p. Cu hnizmkwX߃ ]qPn-°p∂ adn-b-tØmSpw Bh¿Øn-®-XmWv Cu BNm-c-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm\w. BZy-Im-eØv amXm-hns‚ ]≈n-I-fn¬ kvXoIƒ amX-amWvkz¥w Ip™ns\ ASn-a-h-®n-cp-∂Xv. A∂v Hcp ]W-am-bn-cp∂p t\¿®.]n∂oSv Hcp NI-ambn. C∂v F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw GXv hnip-≤\pwB¿°pw Btcbpw ASn-a-hbv°mw. ASn-a-∏Ww AS-®m¬ aXn. C∂pwCu BNmcw AXns‚ DØ-am¿∞-Øn¬ ]e-]≈n-I-fnepw \S-°p-∂p≠v.
s\¬°-Xncpw ]nSn-b-cnbpw t\¿®-bmbn ]≈n-bn¬ ka¿∏n-°p∂kº-Zmbw ]≠p-ap-Xte ChnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p. s\¬Irjn kz¥-ambnD≠m-bn-cp-∂-hcpw s\√v hmßn-bn-cp-∂-hcpw Hcp-t]mse ]nSn-s\√v \¬In-bn-cp∂p. s\√v ]n∂oSv Acn-bmbn. CXv henb A¥-mbn Icp-X-s∏-´n-cp∂p. Acnbpw IXncpw kq£n-®n-cp-∂Xv hnIm-cn-bpsS apdn-tbmSv sXm´-SpØ apdn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. Acn A∂v hne-tb-dnb hkvXp -B-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXns‚ Xmt°m¬ kq£n-®n-cp-∂Xpw hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p. Acn-
2. ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ tdmk 1919 am¿® 15\v 40mw hb-n¬ acn®p
3. ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ Hutk^v `mcy ¢ta\ 1919 G]n¬ 4\v 32˛mw
hb-n¬ acn®p
4. ]¥-°-¬ aØmbn 1922 hr›nIw 7˛mw XobXn acn®p. ]≈n-bpsS
sXt° hcm-¥-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. ImWw 101 cq]
5. If-∏p-c-bn¬ adnbw 1923 Xpemw 8˛mw XobXn 82˛mw hb-n¬
A¥-cn®p.
6. aS-Ip-t∂¬ adnbw 1924 Pq¨ 30\v A¥cn®p 38 hbv
7. sXt°¬ ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ tZhky 1926 P\p-hcn 17\v 60˛mw
hb-n¬ Znhw-K-X-\mbn
8. sNº-c-Øn-°¬ amØp AKkvXn 11.3˛1926¬ 93˛masØ hb-n¬
acn®p.
9. Ipf-º-bn¬ ]d-ºn¬ Xma-kn°pw ]pXp-In-kvXym\n tZhky 1926˛
11˛25¬ 25˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p
10. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ Geniz 10˛8˛1927¬ 103˛masØ hb-n¬
acn®p
11. satø-‰pw-Ip-t∂¬ Hutk∏v 12˛12˛1929¬ 32˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p.
Ipgn-°mWw 501 NIw.
12. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ BKkvXn 2˛3˛1929¬ 32˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p.
Ipgn-°mWw 501 NIw
13. ]mte-°p-t∂¬ aØmbn 2˛11˛1930¬ 90mw hb-n¬ acn®p
14. sNº-c-Øn-°¬ adnbw 9˛8˛1934¬ 95˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p
15. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ sXmΩ≥ `mcy hn[\ A∂ 27˛2˛1937¬
63˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p.
16. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ BKkvXn ss]en 7˛8˛1939¬ 72˛mw hb-
n¬ \ncym-X-\mbn (Ipf-tº¬)
17. If-∏p-c-bn¬ ss]en sXmΩ≥ 27˛8˛1939¬ 85˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p.
18. Ing-t°-S-Øn¬ aØmbn amWn 12˛11˛1939¬ 27˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
181
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
180
Øn\pw a‰pw Ch¿ I≠p-Im-gvN-I-fp-ambn h-∂n-cp-∂p. ]tXy-In-s®mcpaX-hn-izm-khpw Ch¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-an-√. Chsc kmaq-ly-ambnDb¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw, kmº-Øn-I-ambn klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn ]≈n-bn¬\n∂pw \ntbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Bfm-bn-cp∂p D]-tZ-in. Acn, tKmX-ºv, sdm´napX-em-bh ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂p kuP-\y-ambn \¬In Ch-cpsS ]´nWnbI-‰n-bn-cp-∂p. ]pc-sI- m≥ klm-b-hpw, ssIsØm-gn-ep-I-fn¬ ]cn-io-e-\hpw\¬In. ]≈n-∏dºnse ]Wn-Iƒ, IpΩm-bw-]q-i¬, hrØn-bm°¬,t\¿®-km-[-\-ß-fmb km[m-cW ^e-aq-em-Zn-Ifpw, s\√v, tXß XpS-ßn-b-h ]ncn°p∂ tPmenbpw Ch¿°v \¬In Db¿Øn-sIm-≠p-h-∂p.s]cp-∂m-fn¬ Ch-cpsS _m‚ vta-fhpw sN≠-ta-fhpw km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu cwKØv kvXpXy¿l-amb tkh-\-amWv Zo¿L-Imew io amXypaXn-e-t©-cn¬ sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. km¬th-j≥ B¿an-bn¬ AwK-am-bn-cp∂At±lw ]nd-hØp \n∂pw `mcy adn-bm-Ω-tbm-sSm∏amWv apX-e-t°m-SØv FØn-b-Xv. kz]p-X\pw ap≥ssk-\o-I-\p-amb io. tPm¿÷n-s\m∏w]≈n-°p-k-ao]w ]m¿Øn-cns° At±lw ASpØ ImeØv 93-˛masØhb-kn¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn.
1956 emWv tImX-aw-Kew cq]X ÿm]n-X-am-Ip-∂Xv. AtXmsS apX-e-t°mSw B cq]X-bnse ][m\ ]≈n-bmbn amdn. am¿ amXyp t]mØ-\m -waq -gn -bm -bn -cp∂p BZy saXm≥. Ct∏mƒ am¿ tPm¿÷v]p∂t°m´nemWv cq]Xm≤y£≥. tImX-aw-Kew cq]-X-bnse ]apJs^mtdm\m IqSn-bmWv Nnc-]p-cm-X-\-amb apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n.
tam-jWw t]mb-Xn\v Hcn-°¬ tIkv D≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]nSn-bcn sXmΩ\pwaI≥ BKkvXnbpw Bbn-cp∂p hoSphoSm¥cw \S∂v ]n¬°m-eØvCu t\¿® kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]n∂oSv A\pP≥ h¿°n Bbn.
57..... Aįmc ipiqjn
]≈n-bpsS Po¿tÆm-≤m-cWw \S-Ønb amWnb®≥ sIm≠p-h∂]mtd-Ωm-°¬ h¿°n-bm-bn-cp∂p BZysØ ipiqjn. ]≈n-°p-t∂-embAt±-l-Øns‚ GI aI-\m-bn-cp∂ BKkvXn XpS¿∂v I]ym-cmbn. At±-l-Øns‚ aqØ-]p-X\pw Im°-c-Ip-t∂¬ \n∂p I√ymWw Ign-®n-cp-∂-bm-fp-amb h¿°n ]n∂oSv tPmen-tb‰p. ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ Hutk∏pw,ss]en-bp-am-bn-cp∂p ASpØ I]ym¿am¿. Ah-cpsS a°-fm-bn-cp∂h¿°nbpw hdp-Kokpw ]n∂oSv ipiqjn ÿm\-Øp-h∂p. XpS¿∂p-h∂Xpd-°¬ Ip™m∏v Ipd-®p-Im-esØ tkh-\-Øn-\p-tijw Cutim-k-`-bn¬ tN¿∂-t∏mƒ kzk-tlm-Z-c≥ Xpd-°¬ Ip™m-K-kvXnbpw ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ tPm¿÷pw tkh-\-\n-c-X-cmbn (CsX-gp-Xp-∂-bmƒ Cu ka-bØv AƒØmc _me-\m-bn-cp∂p) ]n∂oSv I]ym-cmbn h∂Xv I√n-¶-Ip-Sn-bn¬ ]m∏-®-\mWv. At±-l-Øns‚ AIme\ncym-W-sØ- Xp-S¿∂vtIm´-bn¬ X¶-®\pw ]n∂oSv tPm_nbpw ipiqjn tPmen-bn-seØn.AºØn b©p h¿jsØ \nkvXpe tkh-\-Øn-\p-tijw tPm¿÷v]≈n-°p-t∂¬ 1996˛¬ I]ym¿ tPmen-bn¬ \n∂v ]ncn™p. ]p\¿\n¿Ωn® aq∂v ]≈n-I-fnepw ssZh-the sNøp-hm≥ `mKyw kn≤n-®-bm-fmWv ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ tPm¿÷v.
58. . . . . D]-tZin
Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw ASn-a-∏Wn \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm-≠v 1847ep≠mb hnfw-º-csØ XpS¿∂v Ggp-ap´w apX-e-t°mSw mK-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ ASn-a-Iƒ ItaW kzX-¥-cm-bn. ]d-b-∑m¿, ]pe-b-∑m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Xºm-°-∑m-cpsS XpW-bn-√m-Xm-b-tXmsS sXmgn¬cln-Xcpw ]´n-Wn-°m-cp-am-bn. tdmUv˛tXmSv˛]pd-tºm°nepw CSn-°n´n]mdbpsS ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw Xma-kn-®n-cp-s∂-¶epw kzmi-b-ambn Pohn-°p-hm≥ Ch¿°v km[n-®n-cp-∂n-√. 1850- \p-tijw amX-amWv kpdn-bm\nItØm-en°¿ Ah¿Wsc kz¥w aX-Øn¬ tN¿Øp XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. HmW-
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
183
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
182
In´p-∂-Xn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ km[m-cW coXn. ^m≥kn-kvI≥ k\ym-k-aq-l-Øn¬s∏´ hn≥sk‚ v IØ-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p skan-\m-cn-bpsS Npa-X-e-°m-c≥. A¶-amen AXn-cp-]-Xbp-ambn _‘s∏- -Xm-bn-cp∂p A∂p apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n. 1582-¬ \S∂ A¶-amen kq\-l-tZm-knepw 1585- setKmhm kq\-l-tZm-knepw Ct±lw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xmbn Adnbp∂p.1599-¬ \S∂ DZbwt]cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ ‘apX¬t°mSv’ ]≈n-bn¬\n∂p sNº-cØn amWnamWn- I-Ø-\mcpw \mev Aevam-bcpw ]¶p-tN¿∂-Xmbn ImWp∂p≠v.
t]¿jy≥ coXn-bn-em-bn-cp∂ ]≈n s]mfn®v t]m¿®p-Kokv coXn-bn¬ apJ-hm-c-tØmsS ]Wn-bn-®Xv Ct±-l-amWv. XpS¿∂v sat\-kokvsaXms\ A¶-am-en-bn¬ \n∂v ]√-°n¬ Npa-∂p-sIm-≠p-h∂p sh©cn-∏n®p. Hcp cq]hpw Nne Xncp-h-kvX-ßfpw A®≥ kΩm-\n®p. A∂p-hsc t]¿jy≥ coXn-bn¬ Ipcnipw NnX-ßfpw amX-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]≈n-bn¬ cq]-ßfpw aWnbpw D]-tbm-K-Øn-embn.
Aßs\ eØo≥ coXn-bn¬ ]pXnb ]≈n ]Wn-bp-Ibpw, BNm-c-߃ B coXn-bn-tebv°v am‰p-Ibpw sNbvXXv sNº-c-Øn -amWnamWn-IØ-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p.
19-mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]m-Z-Øn-emWv amWn-°Ø\mcpsS P\-\w.Ct±lw Nmhd Ipcym-t°m-k-®s‚ ka-Im-eo-\-\p-am-bn-cp∂p. Po¿Æn®pInS∂ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈nbpw ]m¿k-t\Ppw ]pXp°n hmk-tbm-Ky-am°n. cq]-ßfpw aWnbpw hos≠-SpØp. \mSp-hn-´p-t]mb IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS hkvXp-°ƒ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw Xncn-s®-SpØv ]e¿°pw \¬In.IS-\mSv, Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰pw Bfp-IsfsIm≠p-h∂p ]≈n-bpsS ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-∏n®v P\-hm-k-ap-≠m°n.Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cn¬h-enb kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ct±lwtImX-aw-Kew, sNm∆c, Im™q¿, ae-bm-d-dq¿ XpS-ßnb ][m\ ]≈n-I-fn-se√mw hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p. Nne ]≈n-Iƒ°pw ]ap-J-hy-‡n-Iƒ°pwCt±lw [\-k-lmbw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xmbn Hme-]-am-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
]≈n-bn-cn∏v ]pc-bn-S-Øns‚ ]´-bhpw, ]≈n ]Wn-bp-hm-\mbn XSnsh´p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn®v In´nb ]mkpw I¿Ω-Ip-i-e-\m-bn-cp∂ amWn-b-®s‚ kz¥w t]cn¬ Xs∂bm-bn-cp∂p.
]≈nsb ]p\¿Po-hn-∏n-°p-Ibpw apX-e-t°m-Sw ] -W-Øn\v Aÿn-hm-c-an-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX alm-\m-bn-cp∂p amWn-b-®≥. 1897˛¬ At±lwZnhw-K-X-\m-b-Xmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Nne IpSpw_hntij߃
At\Iw Xe-ap-d-I-fn-embn, Hcp ]tZ-iØv ImW-s∏-Sp∂ IpSpw-
_-߃ hnc-f-amWv. Ime-]-hm-l-Øn¬ Xntcm-[m-\sØ AXn-Po-hn®CØcw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS NcnXw Ahn-SpsØ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øns‚km£y-]-Xhpw tZi-Øns‚ IY-bp-amWv. cmPÿm\tØmSv ASpØp\n¬°pIbpw kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Ønepw P\-Io-b-`-c-W-Ønepw ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Ip-Ibpw Bflob Imcy-ß-fn¬ ap≥\n-c-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-IbpwsNbvX ]mc-º-cy-am-Wt√m \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Øn-\p-≈Xv. Pohn-X-Øns‚`n∂ aplq¿Ø-ßsf kz¥-am°n temI-Øns‚ hnhn-[- m-K-ß-fn¬ Pnhn-°p∂ ktlm-Zco ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpsS Hcp Iq´mbvabmWv C∂v CuIpSpw_w. ]n∂n´ \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse Nne kw`-hß-fp-sSbpw hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw NcnXØnte°p≈ Hcp FØnt\m´amWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv.
1. sNº-cØn amWnb®-∑m¿]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ P\n® amWnamWn IØ-
\m¿ ]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-tijw sImSp-ß-√q¿ D≠m-bn-cp∂skan-\m-cn-bn¬ tN¿∂p ssZh-imkvXw ]Tn®p. tIc-f-Ønse ]pcm-X\ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ s]´-hcpw \√ kmº-Øn-I-ti-jn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cp-amb \qtdmfw sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ AhnsS Ct±-l-Øns‚ kl-]m-Tn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. aev]m®-∑m¿s°m-∏-ap≈ Kpcp-Ipe ]T-\-amWv ]´w
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
185
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
184
]q¿Æ-ambpw aqSn-t∏m-bn-cn-°p∂p. am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω-bp-am-bp≈ bp≤-Øn¬ Hcp sNº-cØn ]Wn-°-cm-bn-cp∂p \km-Wn-∏Ssb \bn-®Xv.
At±-lw Fhn-sS-t∏m-bmepw \mepw A©pw Bbp-[-[m-cn-I-fmb A`ym-kn-Iƒ A\p-K-an-®n-cp∂p.* h≈n-s°mS ]Wn-°-cm-bn-cp∂sX \mb¿
]S\mb-I≥. io ]Zva-\m` t£Xw KŸ-∏p-c-bnse k¿t∆- dnt°m¿Un¬"s]m\-ºp-I≠w hS-°p-h-iw- \new sNº-cØn amØp-f-t]-cn¬ B\-
sbm-gnhv \nI¿Ø¬" F∂p ImWp-∂p≠v. "sNº-c-Øn-am-Øpf t]cn¬\ndp-ج hS-°p-]mSw 100 ]d" F∂v Is≠-gpØp tcJ-I-fn¬ Hcn-SØp
I≠-Xmbn Icn-a-Æq¿ C©-∏p≈n \ºq-Xncn ]d-bp∂p. hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚tXm¬hn-°p-tijw ChnsS D≠mb el-fsbØpS¿∂v sNº-c-Øn-bnse
CX-c-Ip-Spw-_-߃s°m∏w ]Wn-bv°cpw IpSpw-_hpw ChnSw Dt]-£n®pt]mbn F∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂p.
4. apfIp aSn-io-e-°m-c≥
Chn-SpsØ ae-¶m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂p e`y-am-bn-cp∂ Ipcp-ap-fIpw, CX-
c-kp-K‘ hkvXp-°fpw cmP-t`m-K-am-bmWv \n›-bn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Ah tiJ-cn®v Ib-hn-Ibw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p ]tXyI A\p-hmZw
hmßp-Ibpw, \nIpXn \¬Ip-Ibpw sNtø-≠n-bn-cp∂p. CXv cmP-`-fim-c-Ønse Hcp apJy-h-cp-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Icw-]n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn
Hcp ]tXyI Bƒ \nb-an-X-\m-bn-cp∂p. Abm-fm-bn-cp∂p apf-Ip-a-Sn-io-e-°m-c≥. 'XSn-an-Sp°pw X≥ t]mcn-abpw' cmP-ÿm-\Øv hniz-kvX-X-bpw
D-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ch¿. apX-e-t°mSw Hcp henb hym]m-c-tI-µ-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ChnsS Hcp apf-Ip-a-Sn-io-e-°m-c-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcp ImeØv
sNº-c-Øn-bnse Hcp Imc-W-h-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv tI´p-tIƒhn.sXmΩ≥ F∂p t]cp≈ At±-l-Øn\p hgn-®p¶w ]ncn-bv°m\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-hsX.
5. sF.kn. Nmt°m, tdmkv Nmt°mC¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ Hcp- [oc tZim-`n-am\n
Bbn-cp∂p 's-Fko' F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ BKkvXn Nmt°m sNº-cØn.AK-Ãn≥ hgp-X-\-∏≈n, ]n.Gw. hdp-Kokv ]pXn-b-Ip-f-ßc F∂n-h¿s°m∏w ChnsS tÉv tIm¨Kkv kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ct±-lhpw
* ]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥ : tIcf \km-Wn-Iƒ
2. FΩm-\p-th¬ sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc IØ-\m¿
FΩm-\p-th¬ sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc A®≥ apX-e-t°mSw `c-W-ßm\w apX-emb ]≈n-I-fn¬ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ AΩIng-t°Sw sNº-c-Ønbpw, A∏≥ hmWnbIng-t°¬ \n∂v ZØp-am-bn-cp -∂p. aØmbn GI ktlmZc\mbncp∂p. 1876 tabv 23-\vam¿]m∏mbv°v Ab-°m-\mbn alm l¿÷n Xøm-dm-°¬ \S∂ am∂m\wtbmK-Øn¬ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bv°p-th≠n lmP-cmbn. t_mws_saXm-t∏m-eoØm tam¨. taap-dn≥ hnfn-®p-Iq-´nb tbmK-Ønepw apX-e-t°m-SØp ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂p lmP-cmbn. A°m-esØ taeqkv saXms‚ioiva-bvs°-Xnsc ae-\m- nse ]≈n-IƒtXmdpw \S∂v ]kw-Kn®p. At±-l-Øns‚ ia-Øm¬ At\Iw ]≈n-Iƒ ioiva Dt]-£n®p. ]fin-X-\m-bn-cp∂ Ct±lw sshZoI-hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ]nb-s∏-´- a-ev]-m\pwBbncp-∂p.
3.sNº-cØn ]Wn-°¿
'a[y-kw-h-’-c-ß-fn¬ apX-e-t°mSw tImX-aw-Kew Acp-hn-Øpd,
Nß-\m-t»cn, sIm√w BZn-bmb ][m-\-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw ]`p-°-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v tcJ-I-fn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂p.' * ]`pXzhpw kwL-S-\m-ti-jnbpw, cmP-ÿm-\Øv kzm[o-\-hp-ap-≈-h¿°v cmPm-°-∑m¿ Iev]n-®-\ph-Zn-®n-cp∂ ÿm\-amWv ']Wn-°¿'. sXmSp-]pg Iogva-e-\m´p cmPm-hn\pw hS°pwIqdn\pw 'Adp-∂q-‰-h¿' F∂ cmP-k-Zpw lnµp, InÃy≥,ap…ow tk\m-hyq-l-ß-fp-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. cmP-k-Z-n¬ AwKhpw\km-Wn-∏-S-bm-fn-I-fpsS \mb-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂p sNº-cØn ]Wn-°¿. apX-e-t°m-SØp ]Wn-°¿ F∂m-W-t±lw Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. tImX-aw-K-eØp ]Wn-°¿ (Ce-™n-°¬) IS-a-‰-Øp-]-Wn-°¿ (]p∂-a‰Øv) aqhm-‰p-]pg ]Wn-°¿ (Imc-Ip-∂Øv) XpS-ßn-bh-cm-bn-cp∂p a‰p Nne ]Wn-°-∑m¿. Ipt∂-en-S-am-bn-cp∂p Ct±-l-Øns‚ ]`p-a-µncw. \km-Wn-bp-hm-°ƒ°v ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn ]e If-cn-Ifpw ]Wn-°¿ \S-
Øn-bn-cp∂p. If-cn-I-fnse D]-tbm-K-Øn-\mbn FÆbpw Ipgºpw a‰pwDXv]m-Zn-∏n-®n-cp∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ipt∂-enSw
sIm´m-c-Øn\p Xmsg tImWn-°-aym-en-em-bn-cp∂p Ct±-l-Øns‚ kz¥w]b‰pXd. Xdbv°v Ing-°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp hen-b-\o-¥¬°pfw Ct∏mƒ
* ^m. s_¿Wm¿Uv : am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
187
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
186
sNº-cØn ¢m¿°p-am-bn-cp∂p. ‰n.Fkv. IrjvWs‚ hI N¥°p-∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ktcmPm Hmbn¬an¬ (ktcm-πmÃv) sI´n-S-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p_m¶v ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Icn-a-Æq-cnem-bn-cp∂p GI-imJ.
C∂sØ CSp°n Pn√-bnse Cu ]Ya _m¶v, \jvS-am-b-Xns\XpS¿∂v ]h¿Ø\w Ah-km-\n-∏n®p.
7. \yqam≥ _kv k¿∆okvC∂v k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cn-°p∂ _kv k¿∆okv Cu ]tZ-iØv
Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv sIm√-h¿jw 1105-¬ BWv. ]m≠n-\m-´n¬ \n∂vhmßnb _ns‚ BZy-k¿∆okv tIm´bw sXmSp-]pg hgn-°m-bn-cp∂p.sF.kn. Nmt°m sNº-c-Øn- Xs‚ _n\v '\yqam≥' F∂p t]cp \¬In.Im™n-c-a‰w Ih-e-bn¬ ]Sn-™m-dp-h-iØp Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ sNº-cØn]Xn-\m-dn¬ Ip™u-tk-∏ns‚ ho´p-ap-‰-Øm-bn-cp∂p h≠n kq£n-®n-cp-∂Xv. AXp Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p h≠n-t∏-´bpw. A∂p Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬tamt´m¿ hml-\-h-Ip∏v D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. t]meo-kn-\m-bn-cp∂p henbA[n-Imcw. sFko kzmX-¥y-k-ac t\Xm-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ t]meokpw, k¿kn.]o.-bpsS ]nWn-bm-fp-Ifpw Gsd D]-Zhw sNbvXp. k¿∆okv \jvS-ambn. XpS¿∂v ko.]n-.bpsS kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´ Aºn Ir-jvW-ø¿kzmansb ]¶p-tN¿Øp. F∂n´pw \jvS-am-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v k¿∆okvkzman°v ssIamdn. At±lw Xs‚ Kh. kvIqfnse A≤ym-]-I-hrØncmPn-h®p. _kns‚ t]cv '\yqam≥' F∂Xv 'ioam≥ F∂m°p-IbpwsXmSp-]pg˛Fd-Wm-Ipfw sse\n¬ HmSn®v \√ em`w sImøp-IbpwsNbvXp.
8. sIm®ph¿°n sN-º-cØn
C´n-s®-dn-b-bpsS ZznXob ]pX-\m-bn-cp∂ sIm®p-h¿°n Hcp kap-
Zm-b-]-am-Wnbpw tZi-kvt\-ln-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1852- ¬ qPm-X-\mb Ct±lw
BZyw imkvXmw-Ip-t∂¬ \n∂pw ]n∂oSv IqØm-´p-Ipfw Im°q¿
sX°pw]d-ºn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂v adn-b-sØ-bpamWv hnhmlw
sNbvXXv. A°m-eØv tIkv sImSp-°m≥ ]d-hq¿ t]mI-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.\m´nep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hg-°p-Ifpw, hkvXp-X¿°-ß-fpw, IpSpw-_-]-iv\-ßfpw HØp-Xo¿∏m-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv Ct±-l-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcn°¬ h≠-a-‰ØvimkvXmw-Ip-t∂¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂pw Ip∂-Øp≈ ho´n-tebv°vhnhmlw Ign-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂ Hcp IpSpw-_n\n Ie-lw-aqew th≠X
t\XrXzw \¬In. io Rm-fq¿ DXp∏v, ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ Hutk^v, Xpd-bv°¬ sIm®v, sagp-I-\m¬ Nmt°m, Ip™≥ sshZy¿ F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p apX-e-t°m-SsØ ]ap-J tÉv tIm¨Kkv -]-h¿Ø-I¿.
A°mΩ sNdn-bms‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØp h®p \S∂]kn-≤-amb h´n-bq¿Imhv ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ kz`mcy tdmkv Nmt°m-tbm-sSm∏w ]s¶-SpØp. Xncn®p hcp-tºmƒ tIm -bØp h®v c≠p t]tcbpwt]meokv Iqc-ambn a¿±n-®-tijw Pbn-en-e-S®p. 1939 s^_p-hcn apX¬\hw-_¿ hsc tIm´bw Pbnen¬ Ign™p. Pbn¬ tamNn-X-cmbn sXmSp-]p-g- F-Øn-b-t∏mƒ ho´n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ PwKa hkvXp-°ƒ apgp-h≥t]meokv X√n-Ø-I¿Øp Ign-™n-cp∂p.
1942-se Izn‰v C¥ym-k-a-c-ktΩ-f-\- th-Zn-bnep≠mbncp∂ F√mt\Xm-°-∑m-tcbpw AdÃv sNbvXv Pbn-en¬ AS®p. 1943-tabv 30-\pBWv Cu ka-c-`-S≥ Pbn¬ tam-Nn-X-\m-bXv. sFkn 2000 Pq¨ 20-\v97˛m asØ hb-nepw, At±-l-Øns‚ ]Xv\n tdmkv Nmt°m 1998 Unkw-_¿ 27epw \ncym-X-cmbn. acWw hsc Ccp-h¿°pw kzmX-¥y-k-ac `S-∑m¿°p≈ s]≥j≥ In´n-bn-cp∂p.
6. Pbvlnµv tIm¿∏-td-j≥
IpSpw-_-Ønse c≠v h°o-e-∑m¿ ap≥ssI-sø-SpØv Bcw-`n-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p Pbvlnµv tIm¿∏tdj≥. hmg-°pfw sImth¥ hI sI´n-S-Øn¬(C∂sØ tPymXn kq∏¿ _km¿) ‘ ^≠v B‚ v tIm’ F∂ saUn-°¬ tÃm¿ BZyw XpSßn. ]n∂oSv Pbvlnµv _m¶v Bcw-`n®p.ÿesØ [\m-Vy∑mcm -bn -cp∂ ]pXnbIpf-ßc Ip™uX ,
Ipcphn\m°p-t∂¬ tZh-kym-®≥, hb-‰m-´n¬ Hutk∏®≥ ]≈n-°m-∏-d -ºn¬ Ipcy≥ h-°o¬ ,
]ptØ´v tXmakv F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ub-d-IvS¿am¿, ‰n.amXyp sNº-cØn amt\-PnwKvUb-d-IvSdpw, ]n.-hn. amXypsNº-cØn sNb¿am-\p-am-bn-cp∂p . sIm®n≥ _m¶n¬\n∂pw cmPn-h-®p-h∂ tPm¨amWn -b v°\mw]d -º n¬Imjydpw, ‰n.sP. hdp-Kokv
]n.hn. amXyphpw ‰n. amXyphpw hmcnIm´v ^m. tPm¨,
^m. sPbnwkv F∂nh¿s°m∏w
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
189
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
188
e-sØ√mw B ]¶v Xd-hm-´nse Xma-k-°m-c≥ Irjn-sNbvXv BZmbw\¬Ip-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]mtd-am-°-¬ Kh¿Æ-tZm-cpsS ImeØv ]≈n°vkz¥-ambn kzØv kºm-Zn-°m-sa-∂m-b-t∏mƒ ]≈n°v Xodp-sIm-Sp-°p-Itbm BZm-b-sa-SpØp sImSp-°p-Itbm Bbn. amWn- sN-º-cØn IØ-\m¿ hnIm-cn-bmbn ]≈n- ]p-\x\n¿Ωn-®-t∏mƒ, ]≠v ChnsS \n∂p IS-∂p-t]mb IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Dt]-£n-®p-t]mb hkvXp-°ƒ XncnsI]nSn®v ]≈n°pw ]e¿°p-ambn At±lw \¬Ip-I-bp--≠mbn. Cu Ign™\q‰m-≠n¬ amXw \¬Inb hkvXp-°-fpsS ]mS`qanIfpsS A]q¿Æ-amb hnhcw Xmsg sImSp-°p∂p.
shfn-bw-Ic Ggp-ap´w 25 ]d Bfl-Imcyw
\cn-a‰w Ggp-ap´w 18 ]d Bfl-Imcyw
Rd-f-°m-´v]mSw Ip∂w 40 ]d hnIm-cn-bpsSiºfw
]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ apX-e-t°mSw 30 ]d Bfl Imcyw
a\-bv°¬ Ipf-ßc Nmew-tImSv 10 ]d \n›-b-an√
\gvknwKv tImtf-Pn\p kao]w apX-e-t°mSw 5 ]d \n›-b-an√
DZntbmSv apX-e-t°mSw 4 ]d \n›-b-an√
CXn¬ BflImcy-Øn-\mbn \¬Inb 30 ]d \ne-Øns‚ B[m-c-Ønse BZy-`mKw Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p:-
“ 1084-˛mw B≠v ao\-amkw 27-˛mw XobXn sXmSp-]pg ]hr-Øn-bn¬ap-X-et°mSw apdn-bn¬ apX-e-°pSw ]-≈n-bn-te°v Sn ]≈n ssI°m-c-cmb Sn apdn-bn¬ sXt°-°c ]m¿°pw Xpd-bv°¬ \kmWn De-l-∂s‚ aI≥ k¿°m¿ Poh\w 45 hb-p≈ De-l-∂\pw Imcn-t°mSv]hrØn-bn¬ Ggp-ap´w apdn-bn¬ sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ \kmWn De-l-∂s‚aI≥ Irjn 26 hb-p≈ sXm-Ω\pw t]¿°v sXmSp-]pg ]hrØn-bn¬apX-e-t°mSw apdn-bn¬ ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ ]m¿°pw sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬\kmWn amXyp-hns‚ aI≥ Irjn 50 hb-p≈ BKkvXn Fgp-Xn-s°m-SpØ Xodm-[m-cw.
Fs‚ tPjvT≥ acn-®p-t]mb sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ amWn IØ-\m-cvt]cnepw sXmΩ≥ t]cnepw ]Xn™v Ccn-bv°p-∂Xpw FXbpw s]cnbs]cnb Fd-Wm-Ipfw an-Øns‚ saXm-\-®s‚ It®cn apºmsI 73-˛-m-am≠v ta¬ Fgp-Xn-h-®n-cn-°p∂ I®o- n¬ s]´Xpw Bb 30 ]d \new........”
`£Ww e`n-°msX Zo\w _m[n®v InS-∏m-bn. ¿Øm-hp-ambn H´pw kzc-tN¿®-bn-em-bn-cp-∂n√m Ah¿. sIm®p-h¿°n Ahsc km¥z-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw, Ah¿ `¿Øm-hn-t\mSv £an-°p-Ibpw cay-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.ASp-Ø-Zn-hkw hnIm-cn-b-®≥ Ah¿°v H]niva \¬In. bmsXmcp D]-tZ-ihpw \¬ImsX A¥y-Iq-Zmi sImSp-Ø-Xn-t\-∏‰n tNmZn-®-t∏mƒA®≥ ]d-™p. “sIm®p-h¿°n Ipº-km-cn-∏n®p; Rm≥ HSp-°sØH]niva sImSp-Øp.” sIm®p-h¿°n D]-tZ-in-s®-¶n¬ as‰mcp D]-tZiwBh-iy-an-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p A®s‚ ]£w. ]≈n-°m-cy-ß-fn-epw, Zfn-X-cpsS am\-km-¥-c-Øn\pw ]p\-c[n-hm-k-Øn-\p-w Ct±lw ]tXyIw ]b-Xv\n-®n-cp-∂p.
sXmSp-]pg \n∂pw Ing-°≥`m-K-ß-fn-te-°p≈ hgn A°m-eØvImcn-t°mSv \n∂pw Nme-t¶mSv imkvXmw-]md hgn IcnaÆq¿ tX°n≥Iq--Øn¬ FØp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. sXmSp-]pg \n∂pw apX-e-t°mSw hgn Rdp-
°p-‰n-bn-seØn Imfn-bm¿ tXm´-Øn-te-bv°v sh≈-°m¿ sh´n-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p as‰mcp hgn. F∂m¬ Ip∂-Øp-\n∂pw CSn-In-´n-∏md Ibdn Cd-ßn-bp-≈, Zp¿§-ahpw Im´p-ar-K-ß-fpsS iey-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ CS-h-gn-bmWv Ggp-ap-´w, Ipdp-ºm-e-a‰w `mK-ß-fn-te-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. sIm®p-h¿°n Xs‚ kzm[o\w D]-tbm-Kn®v Rdp-°p‰n apX¬ Icn-a-Æq¿ hschgn-°p≈ ÿew kw`m-h\ sNøn-∏n-®p. A∂sØ apJy-hm-l-\-am-bn-cp∂ Imf-h≠nIƒ IS∂p t]mI-Ø-°-hn[w Xs‚ hoSn\p ap∂n-seÿew \¬In hoXn-bn¬ hgn-sh- n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \m´p-Im¿ ÿew\¬In \n¿Ωn® A∂sØ tIm´bw Unhnj\nse BZy-h-gnbmbncp-∂p CXv.
1905-˛¬ \ncym-X-\mb Ct±-l-Øns‚ ]Xn-s\m-∂m-asØ k¥m-\-am-bn-cp∂p ]n.hn. amXyp sNº-cØn (sIm-®p-am-Xyp) ]≈n ]p\x\n¿Ωn®amWn-°-Ø-\m-cm-Is´ Ct±-l-Øns‚ Nn‰-∏-\pw.
9. ]≈n-bvs°mcp ]¶v
am¿tØmΩ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F∂ k`m-N-cn-XKŸ-Øn¬ ^m._¿Wm¿Uv apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n°v "sXm≈m-bn-c-∏d \nehpw ]pc-bnShpw'
D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂p≠v. Zo¿L-Imew sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øn¬kzØp-°ƒ `mKw hbv°p-tºmƒ Hcp ]¶v ]≈n-°m-bn-cp∂p. BZy-Im-
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
191
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
190
cp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw _m“-W¿ ]nfiw h®n-cp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw kam\ kmaqlyBNm-c-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. Ipcnipw ivaim-\-hp-ambn XpS-ßnb a≤y-tI-c-f-Ønse Ccp-]-Xn-tesd ÿe-߃ ]n∂oSv s]mXp ]≈n-I-fmbn Xo¿∂p.h≠-a‰w ]≈nbpw amdnI ]≈nbpw CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.
NmØw \S-Øp-∂Xv NmØ≥tk-h-bmbn Icp-X-s∏-´p. F∂m¬NmØ≥ tkh io_p-≤-t\m-Sp≈ Bcm-[\ Bbn-cp-∂p. InkvXp-aXwIS¬ IS-s∂-Ønb Imew-ap-X¬ F´mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc tIc-f-Ønse P\-ßfn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw ssP\tcm _p≤-∑mtcm Bbn-cp-∂p. ANn-tcW Ah¿ ln-µp-a-X-Øn-te°pw InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°pw amdn. lnµp-°-fm-b-h¿ io_p-≤-t\m-Sp≈ `‡n Dt]-£n-®n-√. Ah¿ imkvXmhv,[¿Ω-im-kvXm-hv, Aøm-hv, Aø-∏≥ F∂n-ßs\ io_p-≤s\ hnfn-°p-∂p. ae-bm-f-Øn-sebpw Xan-gn-sebpw NmØ≥ im-kvXm-hmWv. NmØ≥tkh sNbvXm¬ kºØv h¿≤n-°p-sa-∂mWv sslµ-h-aXw kzoI-cn®_p≤-∑m-cpsS hnizm-kw. Aß-s\-bp≈ InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ NnecpwNmØ≥tkh sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ Nne ÿe-ß-fn¬, ]nXm-°-∑m-tcmSp≈ BZ-chv, Bcm-[-\-bmbn A[x-]-Xn-°p-Ibpw kZybv°v, tImgn°pw ]nSn-°p-sam∏w aZyhpwhnf-ºn-Øp-S-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]tc-Xm-flm-hn-\p≈ I¿Ω-߃°vsshZoI km∂n≤yw C√m-Xmbn. ]qPbpw arK-_-en°v ]Icw tImgnsh´pw a¥-hm-Z-Øns‚ kz`mhw ssIs°m≠p. ]nfiw hbv°¬ Inb‘sh≈w-IpSn’ \S-Ø-embn amdn.
XpS¿∂v DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv CXv apS-°n-sb-¶nepw ]pcm-X\ kpdn-bm\n IpSpw-_-ß-fn-se√mw Cu ]nXr-kva-cW sNdnb tXmXn-se-¶nepw XpS¿∂p t]m∂p. Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn \S-Øn-h∂ NS-ßp-Iƒ apS-°n-bm¬ ]nXr-tIm-]-ap-≠m-Iptam F∂m-bn-cp∂p IpSpw-_-Ønse bw.
Aß-s\-bn-cns° ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tKmh¿Æ-tZm-cpsS Imt\m-\n-Ã-m-bn-cp∂I´-°-b-Øn¬ F_mlmw aev]ms‚ ktlm-Z-c-]p-Xnsb sNº-c-Øn-bn¬ hnhmlw Ign®p sIm≠p-h∂p. G_mlmw aev]m\pw sNº-c-Øn-bnse A®-∑mcpw IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v ihw kwkvI-cn-°p-∂Xv ap‰-Øp-\n∂v ]≈n-bv°-I-tØbv°v am‰n. ]tc-X¿°p≈ ka¿∏-W-h-kvXp-°-fmb ]nSnbpw tImgnbpw ]≈n-bn¬ hnf-ºm\pw Xocp-am-\-ambn. Aßn-s\-bmWv apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bn¬ ]nSn Du´p-t\¿®bpw tImgn-t\¿®bpwXpS-ßn-bXv. Ime-I-taW IpSpw-_-Ønse Aflm-b-¿ acn-®m¬ AS-°p-
10. IpSpw-_-Ønse ] -°m¿
Ign™ \q‰m-≠p apX¬ tkh-\-\n-c-X-cmb ]´-°m¿ Xmsg-∏d-bp-∂-h-cmWv. ]´Øn\p ]Tn°p∂h¿ thsdbpap≠v.
* 1. ]pXnbSØpIpt∂¬ sNº-cØn bmt°m_v* 2. Ipf-tº¬ sNº-cØn BKkvXn* 3. Ipf-tº¬ sNº-cØn G_mlw (_Z¿)* 4. ]Xn-\m-dn¬ sNº-cØn tXmΩm 5. ]Xn-\m-dn¬ sNº-cØn tPmkv Fkv.Un._n* 6. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ sNº-cØn hdp-Kokv 7. ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ sNº-cØn FΩm-\p-th¬ hn.kn. 8. ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ sNº-cØn sPbnwkv hn.kn* 9. ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ sNº-cØn amXyp hn.kn 10. If-∏p-c-bn¬ sNº-cØn t]mƒ Fkv.sP. 11. If-∏p-c-bn¬ sNº-cØn cmPq (]-t≈m´n≥) 12. Ipf-tº¬ sNº-cØn tPm¿÷v
11. Ipgn-amS tkh
sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Hcp ImeØv acn-®-hsc kwkvI-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv ap‰tØm sXmSn-bntem Bbn-cp∂p. D∂-X-\n-ebpw sshZn-Icpw D≈IpSpw-_-߃°p amXsa CØcw Ipgn-am-S-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q.‘Nhw’ CSp∂Xn\p≈ kz¥w ivaim-\-am-bn-cp∂p Ch. kz¥w Ipgn-amSw D≈-h¿ ]pcm-X\ InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS k¥-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿\kmWnIfmb kpdnbm\n InkvXym\nIfmbncp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Ipgn-amSw C√m-Ø-h¿ F∂v ]d-™m¬ A°m-eØv t]m¿®p-Kokv k\ym-knam¿ 1500-˛-am-≠n\v tijw amtΩm-Zok ap°nb ]pXp InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS k¥m-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ssP\---˛-_p-≤-˛-lnµp aX-°m¿t°m, blq-Z¿°p t]meptam knan-tØcn D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. tbip-In-kvXp-hns\ skan-tØ-cn-bn-e√ kwkv°-cn-®-Xv. ]nXr-°-tfm-Sp≈ kvt\lhpw BZ-chpw\nanØw Ipgn-am-S-Øn¬ Ip¿∫m-\bpw Ipgn H∏okv t]mse Nne ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw \S-Øn-t∏m∂p. k‘ybv°v FÆ-sbm-gn®v hnf°v hbv°p-Ibpw,
B≠n-sem-cn-°¬ kpdn-bm\n ]e-lm-c-amb tImgn-°-dnbpw ]nSnbpwklnXw NmØw \S-Øp-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. _p≤-∑m¿ hnf-°p-h-®n-
* Ch¿ I¿Ømhn¬ \nZ]m]n®p.)
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
193
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
192
‰n. amXyp-hns‚ Hcp ASpØ _‘phpw, kn. tacn _\o-⁄-bpsSktlm-Z-c]pXnsb hnhmlw sNbvX Bfp-amb AUz. t]mƒ ‰n. hmcn-Im´v tacntPmWpambp≈ A`n-ap-J-Øn-\p-tijw:˛
" Rm≥ B‚n-tbmSv sNº-cØn amXyp A®-\p-am-bn´v (‰n.-am-Xyp)\m´p-Im¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v tNmZn®p. AXn¬ bmsXmcp IgºpwCs√∂v B‚n ]d™p" Rm≥ At±-lsØ Adn-bp-I-t]m-ep-an√m. Rm≥B a\p-jys\ I≠n- p-t]m-ep-an√". At∏mƒ ']`m-h-Xnbn¬ ISpØ Pme-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]Ww X´n-sb-SpØp' F∂p ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv Btc-°p-dn-®m-sW∂v Rm≥ tNmZn®p. AXn-\p-Øcw Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p. “ ]`m-hXnFgp-Xm≥ ImcWw Fs‚ Hcp Iq´p-Im-cn-bmWv. B kvXosb Hcmƒt]an-®n-cp∂p. B kvXobn¬ \n∂pw hf-sc-b-[nIw ]Ww Imap-I≥ X-´n-sb-SpØp. B kvXobpsS AΩ acn-°m-dm-b-t∏mƒ Imap-Is\ hnfn®vc≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw ssIIƒtN¿Øv A\p-Klw sImSp-°p-IbpwsNbvXp.”
']tc-X-bmb Fs‚ AΩ F∂v Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠t√m?' Rm≥ tNmZn®p.
A∂v kn. _\o-⁄-bpsS AΩ acn-®n-´n√. CXn-\pw-]p-dsa amXypA®-t\-°mƒ ]mb°qSp-X¬ B‚n-°p≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcn-°¬ Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv aT-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp sNº-c-Øn ]qhv P\-en¬IqSnapdn-bn-tebv°v \o≠p \n∂n-cp∂p. AXn¬ \n∂pw kwPm-X-am-b-XmWvsNº-c-Øn-sb-°p-dn®v Fgp-Xnb ]Zy-߃. IqSmsX amXyp A®s‚ AΩm-bnsb ]Tn-∏n-®-XmWv tacn tPm¨ tXm´w"
(Nnehv, sXmSp-]pg 23-11-2000)
"Hcp I\ymkvXo BIm-\p≈ BKlw hfsc sNdp-∏w-ap-Xte X\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw F∂m¬ Nne¿ Xs‚ Ihn-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw C√mØ]Wb ss\cmiyw NnI-s™-SpØv ]iv\-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂pw_\o-⁄mΩ Xs‚ Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v"
(k¨tU imtemw 25-6-2000)
'F\n°v kky-tem-IsØ sNº-c-Ønsb A√msX P¥p temIsØsNº-c-Ønsb Adn-bn√" (am≤ya A`n-apJw)
temI-ta-bmX F∂p ]d™v 'PK-sØbpw PU-sØbpw ]ncn™p'
t]mb Cu c≠p ]K-¤-tcbpw C\n sI´p-I-Y-I-fpsS XS-h-d-bn¬ \n∂p
aebmfn a-\-p-Iƒ tamNn-∏n-°s´.
∂Xv ]≈n-bpsS hcm-¥-bn-embn. sNº-c-Øn-bnse Hcp AΩq-Ωsb ]≈n-
h-cm-¥-bn¬ AS-°p-∂Xv I≠n- p-≈- Ip -∏≥ Ct∏mgpw Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂p.
]nXr-tkh Ah-km-\n-∏n-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂v ]e A\¿∞-ßfpw IpSpw-
_-Øn¬ D≠m-b-Xmbn ]d-bp∂p. I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ Iq -ambn NØp-t]mbn.
]I¿®-hym[n aqew ASn-a-Ifpw ]pe-b-°n-Sm-ßfpw ac-W-a-S™p. B\
Cdßn Irjn-\-in-∏n-°p-Ibpw hoSp-Iƒ XI¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1960-¬ tXh¿]mSØv Nmt°m IØ-\m¿ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cns°
]≈nbpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-lo-\-am-Ip-∂p-sh∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ ]nSn-
bq´v \ndp-Øp-Ibpw, ]Ww ]≈n-bn¬ AS-bv°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. ]tc-Xm-flm-°ƒ°p≈ Du´v t\¿® -]Wambn Ct∏mgpw \ne-
hn-ep≠v. tImgn-°dn, tImgn t\¿®-bmbn Ct∏mgpw XpS-cp∂p.
12. Hcp sI´p-IY
IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp ]K¤ A`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp∂ ‰n. amXyphpw,
]ikvX Ih-bn-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂ tacn tPm¨ tXm´hpw XΩn¬ t]a-_-
≤-cm-bn-cp-s∂∂pw, io amXyp Ahcn¬ \n∂p [\-k-lmbw kzoI-cn-®n-
cp-s∂∂pw At±lw hnhm-ln-X-\m-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v \ncm-i-bn¬ Ah¿
aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂v tacn _\o⁄m F∂ t]cn¬ \nXy-I-\y-Im-hrXw
FSpØp F∂pw tI´p-tIƒhn-bp≠v. ae-bm-fn-Iƒ CsXmcp IuXpI
kXy-ambn IcpXn hcp∂p. c≠p-t]-cp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Ah-cn¬ \n∂p
e`y-amb hnh-c-߃ _lp. FΩm-\p-th¬ sNº-cØn A®≥ ASn-sbm-
∏n´v Gev]n-®-Xn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ ]k-‡-`m-K-߃ Xmsg sImSp-°p∂p.
"F\n°v anUn¬ kvIqƒ apX¬ C‚¿ao-Un-b-‰p-hsc ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\p
kvtImf¿jn∏v D≠m-bn-cp∂p. _n.F¬. _ncp-Z-Øn\p Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØp
]Tn-°p-tºmƒ, A∂sØ C≥U-kvSnkv Ub-d-IvSdpw IpSpw-_-_-‘p-
hp-am-bn-cp∂ sF.kn. Nmt°m hgn skI-´-dn-tb-‰n¬ e`n® tPmen-bn¬
\n∂p-ap≈ hcp-am-\-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Bcp-sSbpw kmº-ØnI klmbw
th≠n-h-∂n-´n√. hoSn\p ]pdØv t_m¿Unw-Kn¬ amX-amWv Xma-kn-®n-
´p-≈Xv. XΩn¬ I≠-Xmbn Hm¿Ω-bn√. A]-hm-Z-]-Nm-c-I¿s°-Xnsc
BZyw tIkv sImSp-°p-hm≥ Btem-Nn-s®-¶nepw ]n∂oSv AXv Ah-K-
Wn-bv°m≥ Xocp-am-\n®p. (‰n. amXyp. 26.4.2000)
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
195
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
194
_n´ojv cq]m hm¿jnI hcp-am-\tam 100 _n´ojv cq]m Icw Xocp-
htbm D≠m-bn-cp-∂-h¿°p- am-Xta ]Pm-k-`-
bn¬ AwK-am-Im\pw, kΩ-Xn-Zm-\-Øn\pw A¿lX
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. io.Sn cmL-hø Bbn-cp∂p
A°m-eØv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Znhm≥Pn. At±-l-
hp-ambn D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]tXyI ASp∏w aqew apX-
e-t°m-SØv Hcp kvIqƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
]≈n kz¥-ambn ]≈n-°qSw Bcw- n-®-t∏mƒ Cu
k¿°m¿ ae-bmf ]mT-ime sXm≠n-°p-gbv°v
am‰n ÿm]n®p.
BbnsS Znhm≥ cmL-høbv°v sXmSp-]pg ]ucm-hen Hcp kzoI-
cWw \¬Ip-I-bp-≠mbn. Znhms\ ame-bn´v kzoI-cn-®Xv t]mƒ sNº-c-
Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-Øn¬ Akq-bm-ep-hm-bn-cp∂
ÿesØ Hcp ap…nw ]amWn io t]mfn\p [mcmfw IS-ap-s≠∂v
Znhms\ t_m[n-∏n®p. "]W-ap-≈-h¿°p IShpw D≠mIpw" F∂m-bn-cp∂p
Znhms‚ \ockw \nd™ adp-]Sn.
ssk°nƒ Hcp A]q¿∆ hkvXp-hm-bn-cp∂ ImeØv Cw•-≠n¬
\n∂v Cd-°p-aXn sNbvX Hcp Cw•ojv dmen ssk°nƒ At±-l-Øn-\p-
≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1965 am¿®v 5-mw XobXn At±lw Znhw-K-X-\mbn.
15. AUz. amXyp sNº-cØn Fw.F¬.F.
sXmSp-]pg˛ao\-®n¬ \ntbm-P-I-a-fi-e-Ønse ]Ya Fw.F¬.F.
Bbn-cp∂p Ct±lw. am∂m\w sk. At]w kvIqfn-em-bn-cp∂p ]mY-
anI hnZym-`ymkw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw tem tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂v _n.F¬.
]mkmbn. cmjvSob ]h¿Ø-I-cn¬ Ct±-l-Øns‚ ASpØ kplr-Øm-
bn-cp∂p ap≥a-¥nbpw, tIcf k¿°m¿ tem´dn ÿm]-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂
Imbw-Ipfw io. ]n.sI. Ip™p-km-ln_v. \nh¿Ø-\-]-t£m- ImesØ
t\Xm-°-fm-bn-cp∂ F≥.hn. tPmk^pw, Nß-\m-t»cn ]n.sP. sk_m-
Ãy\pw kl-]-h¿Ø-Icmbn-cp∂p. Icn-¶p∂w tXm´p-¶¬ tXmΩm-®-
s‚bpw IS-I-ticn πmtØm- -Øn¬ A∂-Ω-bp-sSbpw aI-fm-bn-cp∂ tacn-bm-bn-cp∂p `mcy. aI≥ tPm¿÷v Icn-¶p-∂Øp Xma-kn-°p∂p. aqØ-a-
13. ^m. tUm. hdp-Kokv sNº-cØn
]pXn-bn-SØpIpt∂¬ BKkvXn amWn-bpsS Cfb k¥m-\-am-bn-cp∂ hdp-Kokv 1929-¬ Nß-\m-t»cn Fkv._n. tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂pw C‚¿aoUn-b‰v ]mkmbn. A∂p sXt° C¥y-bnse ]apJ tIµ-am-bn-cp∂tkew anj-\n¬ 1930-¬ sshZo-Im¿-∞n-bmbn tN¿∂p. 1932-¬ At±-lsØ D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn _¬Pn-b-Øn-\-b®p. ^m≥kv, tdmw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse sshZo-I-]-T-\-Øn\pw D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw tijwKm‘n-b≥ ntem-k- n-bn¬ tUmIvS-td‰v t\Sn.At±lw 1940-¬ eq¿±n¬ h®v sshZoI ] -ta‰p.
c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w Bcw-`n-®-Xns\XpS¿∂v C¥y-bn-te-bv°p≈ aS-°-bmX Akm-≤yambn. F∂m¬ acn-®-Xmbn hm¿Ø ]c-∂p.bqtdm-∏n¬ At±lw hnZym-`ym-k-]-chpw Bflo-b-hp-amb tkh-\-߃ XpS¿∂p. epsh-bn≥bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ tN¿∂p. bp≤m-\-¥cwAt±lw Xncn-s®-Øn-b-t∏mƒ \m\m-PmXn aX-ÿ-cmb sXmSp-]p-g-°m¿ tN¿∂v BtLm-j-]q¿∆-amb Hcp hcthev]v \¬Ip-I-bp-≠mbn.
Xncn®v tkeØv FØn-t®¿∂ At±lw tkew _nj]vkvlukn¬ hnhn[ ÿm\-ß-fn¬ \nb-an-X-\mbn. Iptd-°mew skan-\m-cn-bn¬ ]^-k-dm-bn-cp∂p. 20-11-1982-¬ tkeØp h®p acn® At±-lsØ AhnsS _nj∏v tlman-ep≈ ]tXyI I√-d-bntem Nm∏entemkwkvI-cn®Xmbn IcpXs∏Sp∂p.
hdp-Kokv A®≥ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n°v Hcp kz¿Æ Imk-bpw -Xncp-h-kvX-ßfpw kΩm-\-ambn \¬In. AXv ]pWy-hms‚ Xncp-∂mƒZnh-k-ß-fn¬ amXta ]pdsØSp°mdp≈q.
14. t]mƒ sNº-cØn Fw.F¬.kn.C∂sØ tIc-f-\n-b-a-k- -bpsS BZy-cq-]ambn-cp∂p ioaqew ]Pm-
k`. 1904 HIvtSm-_¿ H∂n\p ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® cmP-Iob hnf-º-c-]-Im-c-amWv CXv kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´Xv. 1920-23 ImesØ sXmSp-]pg ]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]tXyI ]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv t]mƒ sNº-c-Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p.tImX-aw-Kew Ce-™n-°¬ XcyXv Ip™n-sXm-Ω\pw, Ieq¿ sIm®p-Ip-Sn-bn¬ hdoXv aØm-bnbpw ]Pm-k-`mw-K-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n-´p≠v. 6000
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
197
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
196
aq∂mw `mKw
IpSpw_tbmKw
Iƒ X¶-Ωbpw (tacn hn‰m) Cfb aIƒen√n-°p-´nbpw (tacn PqssU≥) I\ym-kvXn-I-fmWv.
1937 apX¬ 1944 s^_p-hcn 14 hscFw.-F¬.-F. Bbn-cp∂ Ct±-l-Øns‚Ime-ØmWv Su¨lm-fpw, ]gb ac-∏m-ehpw ]Wn Ign-∏n-®-Xv. ]Nfi-ambcmjvSob ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\nsS 32-masØhb-n¬ ssSt^m-bnUv aqew tIm -bØvh®v 1944-¬ \ncym-X-\mbn.
16. tUm. tPm¨ sNº-cØn
sXmSp -]pg ]tZ -isØ ]YaCw•ojv NnIn-’-Icn¬ Hcmfm-bn-cp∂ptUm. tPm¨ sNº-cØn. P\-d¬ ^nkn-jy-\m-bn-cns° 1945-¬ aZm-kn¬ IÆpNnIn-’-bn¬ ]tXyI ]mhn-Wyw-t\Sn, sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ sNº-cØn Bip-]Xn Xpd∂p. 1951-¬ D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn\pw ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p-ambnAta-cn-°-bn¬ t]mbn Xncn-s®-Øn-b-tijw tImb-º-Øq¿ sdbn¬thtÃj\p ap≥hiw Bip-]Xn tImsπIvkp ÿm]n®p. `mcy sFUtKkpw tUmIvS-dm-bn-cp∂p. aI≥ tSmapw aIƒ h’bpw Ata-cn-°-bn-emWv Xø-t°mSw tUm. cma≥]n-≈bpw, tUm. Adp-apJw ]n≈bpw tUm.Ip™pIrjvW]n≈bpw ka-Im-eo-\-cm-bn-cp∂p.
1988-¬ 83-masØ hb-n¬ Ct±lw \ncym-X-\mbn.
AUz. amXyphpw `mcybpw
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
199
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
198
aq∂mw `mKw
IpSpw-_-tbmKw
XpS°w
apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bp-≠mb Imew apX¬ ]≈n-tbm-K-hpap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw AXp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p IpSpw-_-tbm-Khp-sa-∂p-amWvtI´n- p-≈Xv. Cu tbmK-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p tZi-°pdn, ]≈n- -cWw, I√ymWw,
X¿°-hn-j-b-߃ apX-em-bh Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂Xv. BZy-Im-eØv IpSpw-_-Ønse G‰hpw apXn¿∂ IpSpw-_-\m-Y-\mWv tbmK-߃ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ hoSm-bn-cp∂p ktΩ-f\ thZn. ]n∂oSv Zo¿L-Imew Cu ]≈n-bnse aq∏-®-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ ISn-™m¨ ]nSn-®p-t]m∂ncp-∂Xv. ]n¬°mew ]≈n-ap-dn-bpsS c≠mw \n-ebnse hcm-¥-bm-bn-cp∂p tbmK-ÿew. X¿°-߃ ]d™p Xo¿Øn-cp-∂Xpw X¿°-h-kvXp-°fpw, `mK-]-X-ßfpw, Ic-W-ßfpw kq£n-®n-cp-∂Xpw ]≈n-ap-dn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. sNº-cØn amWn-b-®s‚ ImeØv ]≈n-ap-dn -]pXp-°nbt∏mƒ \Sp-hn-em-bn D≠m-bn-cp∂ lmfn-embn tbmKw.
Ct∏m-gp≈Xn\v apºsØ ]≈n-ap-dn-Iƒ hcp-∂-Xp-hsc CXm-bn-cp∂p]Xnhv. 1890-\p tijw IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ ]amWyw Ipd-™p-h-cp-Ibpw 1941-¬ tbmK-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø\w \ne-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
18-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]≈n Xoh®p \in-∏n-®-t∏mgpw, 20-mw \q‰m-≠n¬]≈n-ap-dn-°v Xo]n-Sn®t∏m-gpw, amtΩm-Zokm cPn-ÿ, ]≈n-°-W-°p-Iƒ,
Nne `mK-]-X-߃ ]am-W-߃ XpS-ßn-bh \in-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
sNº
cØnb
nse
]gb
amf
nI `
h\
w
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
201
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
200
c-Ww \¬Ip-Ibpw IpSpw-_-Ønse apXn¿∂ AwK-ßsf s]m∂mS AWn-bn-°pIbpw sNøm-dp-≠v. ac-Wm-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ip-Spw-_Øns‚ hI]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°nb doØv ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw ih-kw-kvIm-c-ip-iq-j-bn¬ BZy¥w ]s¶-Sp-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p.
IpSpw-_-Ønse bph-P-\-ß-fpsS _lpap-J-amb D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbnbph-P-\-thZn ]h¿Øn-°p∂p. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p Syqj≥, Iu¨k-enwKv, ]b-Xv\-Zm\w, kmaq-ln-I-t£aw, hn≥sk‚ v Unt]mƒ kwL-hp-ambn CW-tN¿∂p≈ km[p-P-\-tk-h\w F∂n-h-bmWv e£yw. Cuh¿jw Ggp-e-£-tØmfw cq] apS°n apØ-∏s‚ Xncp-\mƒ Gs‰--SpØv\S-Øn-bXv bph-P-\-hn-`m-K-Ønse PntXjv sNº-c-Øn-bm-Wv. ]q¿∆m-[nIw `wKn-bmbn \S∂ s]cp-∂m-fns‚ aq∂mw \mƒ IpSpw_Ønseapgph≥ sshZn-I-cpsSbpw BtLm-j-amb kaq-l-_-enbpw H∏okpwD≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Iq -ambn ‡ym-Z-c-]q¿∆w AXn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn. IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS ta¬hn-em-khpw t^m¨ \ºcpwa‰pw Dƒs∏-SpØn "ltem sNº-cØn' F∂ t]cn¬ Ch¿ Hcp Ub-d-IvSdn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®ncp-∂p. _lp. amXyp ]men-b°p-t∂¬ A®-\mbncp∂p Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ Ub-d-IvS¿.
Ncn-X-K-th-jWw, ]pcm-X\ hkvXp-°-fpsS kwc-£Ww, P\-\w,ac-Ww, hnhm-lw, ta¬hn-em-kw, t^m¨ \º¿ XpS-ßnb ÿnXn-hn-h-c-ß-fpsS tiJ-cWw, ]pXp-°¬, Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-Øn-s‚bpw Ub-d-IvS-dn-bp-sSbpw ]cn-jvI-cn® ]Xn-∏p-I-fpsS ]Im-i\w apX-emb Imcy-߃°mbn Iºyq-´-dp-I-fpsS klm--btØmsS ]h¿Øn°p∂ Hcpkwhn[m\w Btem-N-\-bn-em-Wv.
IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øn\p FgpXn cPn-Ã-dm-°-s∏´ Hcp c-W-L-S-\-bp≠v.Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-Øns‚ ]km-[-\-tØmsS, hn]pe taJ-e-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬Icp-Øm¿÷n®v ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øn\p Ign-bp-sa∂vIcp-Xp-∂p.
[\-hn-\n-tbmKw
][m-\-ambpw A©v hn`m-K-ßfm-bn-´mWv hchv sNe-hp-I-fpsS\nb-¥-Ww.
1. IpSpw-_-tbm-K^≠v.
s]mXp-sNe-hp-Ifpw, tbmK-sNe-hp-Ifpw ]pc-kvIm-c-ßfpw \¬IpI Cu ≠n¬ \n∂mWv. AwK-Xz-^o-kmWv hcp-am-\w. IpSpw-_-tbmKw A≤y-£\pw, Imcy-Z¿inbpw c-W-k-an-Xn-bp-ambn Btem-Nn®v sNe-hp-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-®p-h-cp-∂p.
]p\x-kw-L-S\
\m¬∏Øn\mev h¿jßfpsS CSthfbv°v tijw 1985-emWvIpSpw-_-tbmKw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-bv°-s∏-Sp∂Xv. Ipf-tº¬ amXyp ss]en-bpsShk-Xn-bn¬ h®p \S∂ IpSpw-_-kw-K-a-Øn¬ At±-lsØ A≤y-£-\mbpw ]men-b°p-t∂-¬ tkmP≥ amXyphns\ Imcy-Z¿inbmbpw \n›-bn®p. ^m. sPbnwkv sNº-c-Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p Bflo-tbm-]-tZ-jvSmhv.XpS¿∂p≈ h¿j-ß-fn¬ ]men-b-Ip-t∂¬ AUz. ]n.hn amXyp,
If∏pcbn¬ kn.‰n. tPmk^v, If-∏p-c-bn¬ tPmk^v amXyp, sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ kn.-sP. tPm_v F∂n-h¿ A≤y-£∑mcpw, sXt°¬ k°-dn-bmkv amXyp, sN≈p-∏-d-ºn¬ kn.-sP. tPm_v, ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ipt∂¬]n.-‰n. tPmk^v F∂n-h¿ Imcy-Z¿in-Ifp-am-bn-cp-∂p. apX-e-t°m-SØpapØ-∏s‚ Xncp-∂mƒ Zn\-amb G]n¬ 24-s‚ ]nt‰ Rmb-dm-gvN-bmWvÿnc-ambn IpSpw-_-tbmKw tN¿∂ncp∂Xv. CXv Zqc-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pws]cp -∂mƒ IqSm≥ hcp -∂-h¿°v klm-b-I-am -bn -cp -∂p. ap≥hm¿jnItbmK-Øn¬ Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ h-\-Øn¬ h®m-bn-cn°pw ktΩ-f\w. Ht´sd IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp≈ ae-_m-dn¬ h®pw IpSpw-_-tbmKwIqSnbn-´p≠v. Cu IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂p Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ hn´p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw CX-c-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kz¥-ambn Nph-Sp-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX IpSpw-_-ß-sfbpw hm¿jnI tbmK-ß-fn-tebv°v ]tXyIw £Wn-°m-dp≠v.Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-tbm-K-ß-fn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≈mdpap≠v.
]h¿Ø\w
Db¿∂ dm¶v hmßn SSLC, +2 ]co-£-Iƒ ]mm-Ip-∂-h¿°pw Iem-Im-bnI ]Xn-`-Iƒ°pw Ahm¿Up-Iƒ \¬Im-dp≠v. hnhn[ klmb]≤-Xn-Iƒ°p≈ At]-£-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw, X¿°-߃ tIƒ°p-Ibpw Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. kzbwsXmgn¬ Is≠-Øm\pw h-\-\n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m\pw hnhm-l-Øn\pw D≈ klm-b-߃°v ap≥K-W\ \¬In hcp-∂p. IpSpw-_-Po-hnX kw_-‘-ambHcp hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n ]_-‘hpw N¿®bpw hm¿jnI tbmK-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-hmWv. sshZnI tijvTtcm, Bflmb ]fin-Xtcm BWv CXn\pt\XrXzw hln-°p-∂Xv. \h-ssh-Zn-I-cpsS Xncp-∏- -kzo-I-c-W-ip-iq-j-IƒFhn-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw AXn¬ Iq-´-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw kΩm-\-߃\evIp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hm¿jnI IpSpw-_-kw-K-a-Øn¬ Ah¿°v kzoI-
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
203
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
202
AwK߃ : kn.-sP. tPm_v sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬tPm¿Pv amXyp ]men-b-°p-t∂¬]n.-‰n. tPmk^v ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬sI.-hn. tXmakv Ing-t°SØn¬tdmbn amXyp ]men-b-°p-t∂¬sI.-]n. amXyp If-∏p-c-bn¬ssa°nƒ sP. ]Xn-\m-dn¬_nPp sPbnwkv sN≈q∏-d-ºn¬X¶-®≥ amXyp If-∏p-c-bn¬tkmP≥ tPm¿÷v Rc-f-°m´vt__n Ipcy≥ tIm]Øvkmt‚m t]mƒ If-∏p-c-bn¬t]mƒ amXyp If-∏p-c-bn¬t__n-®≥ ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬skeo\ tdmbn ]men-b-°p-t∂¬tamfn tPm¿÷v If-∏p-c-bn¬
2. Ncn-XKthjW k-anXnsNb¿am≥ : s]m^. tPm¿÷v amXyp ]men-b-°p-t∂¬
‰n.sP. hdp-Kokv sXt°¬kn.sP. sPbnwkv Ipf-tº¬kn.sP tPm_v sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬s]m^. tPm¿÷v h¿§okv sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬
3. bph-P-\-thZn
`c-W-k-anXn
A≤y-£≥ : kmt‚m t]mƒ If-∏p-c-bn¬Imcy-Z¿in : X¶-®≥ amXyp, sXt°¬
tPm¨k¨ Ipcy≥ Rd-f-°m´vjn_p amXyp ]men-b-°p-t∂¬_nPp sPbnwkv sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬kn_n≥ hdp-Kokv tIm]Øvssj\n s_∂n If∏pcbn¬
2. Ncn-X-^≠v.Ncn-Xm-t\z-jWw, Kth-j-Ww, KŸ-c-N\, A®Sn, hnX-
cWw, _‘-s∏´ CX-c-sNe-hp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bv°mbn Cu ]tXy-I-^≠v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS DZm-c-amb kw`m-h-\-IfmWv ^≠ns‚ Dd-hnSw. XpS¿K-th-j-Whpw ]cn-jvI-cn®]Xn-∏p-I-fpsS ]Im-i-\hpw e£y-am-bn-´p-≠v. Ncn-X-I-Ωn‰nsNb¿am\pw, tbmKw skI-´-dnbpw IqSn Cu ^≠v ssIImcywsNbvXp hcp∂p.
3. bph-P-\-]h¿Ø\-^≠.vCXn-\mbn ]tXyIw \o°n-h-bv°-s∏´ Hcp ≠n√. Bh-
iy-L- -ß-fn¬ thZn AwK-߃ kzbw -kw- m-h\ sNbvXpw, kw`m-h-\-Iƒ kzoIcn®pw ]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-h-cp∂p.
4. Btcm-Ky-c£m\n[n (Chemparathy Charities).
]Xn-\m-dn¬ io. tXmakv AKÃn≥ \¬Inb Hcp e£wcq]-tbm-Sp-IqSn XpSßnb t£a-\n[nbmWnXv. IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsSbpw A¿l-cmb a‰p-≈-h-cp-sSbpw Btcm-Ky-c-£m-]-h¿Ø-\-߃, ]tXyI Huj-[-߃ F∂n-h-bv°mWv ap≥K-W\. ]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-߃, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ, A]-IS ac-W-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS cwKØpw ]h¿Ø-\-ap≠v. Hcp SÃmbn cPn-ÿ sNbvXmWvapt∂m-´p-\o-ßp-∂Xv.
5. IpSpw-_-t£a^≠v.Nn´n, Dev]∂ ]ncn-hv, hnt\m-Z˛Xo¿∞bm-X-Iƒ, ssPh-
Ir-jn XpS-ßn-bh hgn IpSpw-_t£a ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v ^≠vkam-l-cn-°p-IbmWv e£yw.hchv sNhev I-W-°p-Iƒ hm¿jnI HmUn-‰nw-Kn\v hnt[-b-amWv.
`c-W-\n¿∆-lWw
1. IpSpw-_-tbmKwBflo-tbm-]-tZ-jvSmhv : ^m. Pbnwkv ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ V.C.
`c-W-k-anXnA≤y-£≥ : kn.sP. sPbnwkv Ipf-tº¬Imcy-Z¿in : tPm¨ h¿§okv sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬klImcy-Z¿in : tPmkv amWn Ing-t°-SØn¬
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
205
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
204
\memw `mKw
hwimhen
an\n tPm¨ sN≈q∏dºn¬]oXn AKÃn≥ aTIpt∂¬
4. Btcm-Ky-c-£m-\n[n`c-W-k-anXn
IpSpw-_-tbmKw A≤y-£≥IpSpw-_-tbmKw Imcy-Z¿intXmakv AK-Ãn≥ ]Xn-\m-dn¬
5. IpSpw-_-t£-a-]-≤Xn`c-W-k-anXn
IpSpw-_-tbmKw A≤y-£≥IpSpw-_-tbmKw Imcy-Z¿inPnΩn sP. ]Xn-\m-dn¬t__n-®≥ ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬
ktlmZc¿ GIa\mbn Hcpan®v hkn°p∂XvFX hninjvShpw kt¥mj]ZhpamWv.
(k¶o. 131:1)
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
207
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
206
apJhpc
HºXmw \q‰m≠nse sXmSp]pgbnte°p≈ BKa\w apX¬ 18-mw\q‰m≠nse am¿ØmWvUh¿ΩbpsS BIaWw hscbp≈ImeL´Øn¬ Pohn®ncp∂ IpSpw_mwKßsf∏‰n IrXyamb sXfnthmhniZamb hnhcßtfm e`yambn´n√. XeapdIƒ ssIamdnbhmNnI]mcºcyamWv apJy Ahew_w. ]Xn\memw \q‰m≠n¬ ChnsS\n∂pw apf°pfØv FØn ]pfn°n¬ IpSpw_Øn\p Aÿnhmcan´amØpImcWhsc∏‰n ]cma¿iw ImWp∂p≠v. ]Xn\mdmw \q‰m≠nsetUmwsat\knkv saXms‚ bmXm°pdn∏pIfn¬ sXmSp]pgbv°SpØvapXet°mSØv (Marumbuli) Ipsd hnizmknIfpw Hcp ]≈nbpwDs≠∂p ]dbp∂p. AtX \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂bmWv sX≈nbn¬IpSpw_hpw D≠mIp∂Xv. DZbwt]cq¿ kq\ltZmkn¬ Hcp sNºcØnamWn amWn IØ\mcpw \mev Aevambcpw apXet°mSØp \n∂pw]s¶SpØncp∂Xmbn ImWp∂p≠v.
sNºcØn°¬ ]Wn°sc∏‰nbpw sNºcØn amØp≈ F∂h≥InS I¿jIs\∏‰nbpw tcJIƒ D≠v. A°meØv ]≈nbpw]´°mcpw hnizmknIfpsS kz¥ambncp∂Xn\m¬ k`mtcJIfn¬IqSpX¬ hnhc߃ ImWp∂n√. GXmbmepw am¿ØmWvUh¿ΩbpsSAIahpw ]I¿®tcmKßfpsS IpcpXnbpw aqew GXm≠v A\yw\n∂pt]mb IpSpw_Øn¬ Ahtijn® GI hy‡nbpsS a°fpsSNcnXw amXamWv Ipsdsb¶nepw hniZambn Ahtijn®n´p≈Xv.AXn¬Øs∂ XeapdIfpsS hnShv D≠v. ktlmZcoktlmZc∑mcpsSFÆtam AhcpsS hnhmlhnhcßtfm IrXyambn e`yambn´n√.
sNdp∏Ønse acWaS™hcpw \mSphn´pt]mbhcpw thsdbpw hcpw.
AXn\m¬ C∂v ChnsS ImWs∏Sp∂ imJIfpsS ]nXm°∑mcn¬
1
sNº
cØnb
nse
]gb
H‰\
ne h
oSv
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
209
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
208
V1 tXky (A-c-bIp-t∂¬ aØmbn)
1. ]m∏-®≥, 2. Ip™m∏v, 3. Ip™-∏≥, 4. Nmt°m-®≥, 5. BKkvXn
6. eq°, 7. tPm¿÷v, 8. adn-bw, 9. tXky, 10. A∂
V2 adnbw (-]-≈n-°p-t∂¬ BKkvXn)
1. tXky Imcy-ma-Tw, 2. ]m∏≥, 3. aØ≥, 4. ^m.-F-Ωm-\p-th¬, 5. A∂-°p´n tXmb-en¬
III2 aØmbn (sNºcØn)
IV1 Gen IV
2 aØmbn
IV2 aØmbn (In-g-t°-Sw)
V1 Gen (ap-≠-bv°¬) V
2 A∂ (sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]p-c-bn¬) V
3 -ss]en
V2 A∂ (aØmbn hmWn-b-In-g-t°¬)
IV1 aØmbn sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc IV
2 ^m. FΩm-\p-th¬ sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc
V3 ss]en (In-g-t°-Sw)
VI1 aØmbn VI
2 sXmΩ≥ VI
3 adnbw (Ip-∂-∏n-≈n)
VI1 aØmbn sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc
VII1
De-l-∂m≥ VII2 ss]en VII
3 \mev s]ß-∑m¿
III3 h¿°n (adp-I≥)
IV1 Ipcy≥ (tIm-]-Øv) IV
2 h¿°n (sNº-cØn)
IV2 h¿°n (sNº-cØn)
V1 h¿°n sNº-cØn Ggp-ap´w V
2 amWn ssXIp-∂pw-]pdw
V3 DXp∏v sNº-cØn (Iogn√w)
FØnt®cp∂ XeapdIfpsS A]q¿Æamb ]´nIbmWv XmsgtN¿°p∂Xv. XpS¿∂v Xmtgbv°v Ia-]-Im-c-ap≈ hwimhen HmtcmimJtbmSpsam∏w tN¿Øn´p≈Xv i≤n°pat√m. AXn¬ tdma≥A°Øn¬ Xeapdbpw IqsS Ia\ºcpw sImSpØncn°p∂p.
I aØmbn (sNº-c-Øn)
II1 h¿°n II
2aØmbn II
3 adnbw
(sNº-c-Øn) (sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬) (]m-td-Ωm-°¬)
aØm-bn-bpsS aqØ aI≥ Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-kn-®-t∏mƒ Cf-b-]p-X-\m-Is´ hS°pw-]m-S-Øns‚ Ic-bnse sN≈q-hm≥ ]d-ºn-te°v Xmakwam‰n. CSn-In-´n-∏m-d-bpsS Xmgvhmcw ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv sN√vhm≥ F∂Zmhn-U-h¿§-Øns‚ Kma-am-bncp∂p. Ah-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-aq¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂ apØ-∏s\ ]Xn-jvTn-®n-cp∂ ]md ‘apØ≥]md’ F∂ t]cn¬C∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. C-t∏mƒ ISphm A≈v F∂v hnfn-°p∂ ]md-bnse Kpl Ah-cpsS ih-w- adhv sNbvXncp∂ ÿew Bbn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. hS-t°-°sc ]pcm-X\ Kplbpw aqSn-°√pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Is≠-gp-Øns\ XpS¿∂m-IWw sN√v-hm≥ ]dºv ‘sN≈q-∏-dºv’ F∂-dn-b-s∏´pXpS-ßn-bXv.
]membnse ]ikvXamb I´°bØn¬ IpSpw_Øn¬ \n∂mWvaØmbn hnhmlw Ign®ncp∂Xv. Xs‚ GI aIƒ adn-bsØ IS-\m-´nse ]pcm-X-\-amb ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ At±lw hnhmlwsNbvXv Ab®p. `¿Ømhv h¿°n ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tKmh¿Æ-tZm-cpsSktlm-Z-c-s‚ sIm-®p-a-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
II1 h¿°n (sNºcØn)
III1 Hutk^v III
2 aØmbn III
3 h¿°n
III1 Hutk^v (tXt\m-en¬)
IV aØmbn (]p-fn-ºm-d)
V1 tXky (A-cb-Ip-t∂¬ aØmbn) V
2 adnbw (-]-≈n-°p-t∂¬ BKkvXn)
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
211
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
210
sNº-c-Øn- (Ggp-ap´w)
am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ωbpw hS-°pw-Iqdpw XΩnep≠mb bp≤sØØpS¿∂v \in-∏n-°-s∏´ Xd-hmSv hb¬°-c-bn-te°v Cd°n-∏-Wn-Xp-ht√m. \memw Xe-ap-d-bn¬ AhnsS Xma-k-am-°nb h¿°n F∂ ]nXm-hn\p h¿°n, amWn, DXp∏v F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑m-cmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.aqØ aI≥ h¿°n A∏-t\m-sSm∏w Xd-hm- nepw c≠m-asØ a-I≥ amWnA[nIw AI-se-b -√msX \cn -a‰w ]mS -Øns‚ Ic-bn -ep≈ssXIp∂w]pdØv ]pc-bn-S-Ønepw Xma-k-ambn. aq∂m-asØ ]pX-\m-Is´ NnIn-’-°mbn \mSp-hn-´p Iogn-√-Øn\v t]mbn.
h¿°n tImSn-°pfw ap≠-bv°m-a-‰-Øn¬ \n∂p-amWv hnhmlwsNbvXn-cp-∂Xv.
IV.1 h¿°n(V)
1 2 3
h¿°n amWn DXp∏v
V.2 h¿°n
ssae-s°mºv ]≈n-Øm-g-Øp-\n-∂p-amWv h¿°n hnhmlw Ign-®Xv. I\n-jvT-k-¥m-\-ambn Hutk^v P\n®v A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsXh¿°n ac-W-a-S-™p. Hutk-^ns‚ hnhm-l-Øn\v apsº AΩbpwaIs\ hn´p-t]mbn. ktlm-Z-c-]p-Xs‚ Imcy-ßfpw hkvXp hI-Ifpw]nev°mew t\m°n-\-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv ]nXr-k-tlm-Z-c≥ amWn-bm-bn-cp∂p.]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-b-t∏mƒ Hutk^v h≠-a‰w h´-°p-t∂¬ Nmt°m -
2
V1 h¿°n sNº-cØn
VI1 Hutk^v (sNº-cØn)
II2 aØmbn (sN-≈q-∏d-ºn¬ Ggp-ap´w)
III1 C´n-s®-dnb ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ Ggp-ap´w III
2 aØmbn Rd-f-°m´v Ip∂w
III3 h¿°n sN≈q-∏d-ºn¬ G-gp-ap -´w III
4 ss]en If-∏p-c -bn¬ s]cp-ºn -≈n-®nd
III5 BKkvXn ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ AÆm-bn-°Æw III
6 adnbw III
7 amWn°Ø-\m¿
III1 C´n-s®-dnb ]men-b-Ip-t∂¬
IV1 aØmbn saøm-‰n≥Ip-t∂¬ IV
2 h¿°n ]men-b-°p-t∂¬
IV2 h¿°n ]menb°pt∂¬
V1 h¿°n ]menb°pt∂¬ V
2 adnbw tN‰q¿
V1 h¿°n ]menb°pt∂¬
VI1 sIm®ph¿°n ]menb°pt∂¬ VI
2 adnbw
III2 aØmbn Rd-f-°m´v
IV1 aØmbn Rdf-°m´v IV
2 amWn Rd-f-°m´v
III3 h¿°n sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬
IV1 De-l-∂m≥ IV
2 A∂ IV
3 tXykym IV
4 Gen IV
5 tdmk IV
6 adnbw
III4 ss]en If-∏p-c-bn¬
IV1 adnbw IV
2 A∂ IV
3 hr»n IV
4 tXky IV
5 tdmk
IV6 sXmΩ≥ IV
7 aØmbn IV
8 ss]en
III6 BKkvXn ]pXn-bn-SØpIpt∂¬
IV1 amWn ]pXn-bn-S-ØvIp-t∂¬ IV
2 sXmΩ≥ sXt°¬
IV3 ss]en Ipf-tº¬ IV
4 BKkvXn aT-Ip-t∂¬
IV5 h¿§okv ]Xn-\m-dn¬ IV
6 tP°_v IØ-\m¿
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
213
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
212
VII.4 ]m∏-®≥
(VIII)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
tacn tPm¿÷v tPmkv tKkn Nmt°m Nn∂Ω tamfn tXmakv
VIII.5 tacn
sNdp-∏pg ]m®m-]-d-ºn¬ ss]en-tXkymΩ aI≥ Nmt°m(t__n) hnhmlw Ign®p. _nPp, ao\, tXky a°-fmWv.
VIII.6 tPm¿÷v
IÆq¿ Pn√ Ip‰q¿ tN∂-a-‰-Øn¬ tXmakv tXky aIƒ tdmk-
Ω-bmWv `mcy. c≠v Ip´n-Iƒ PÃn-bpw, tPm¿Ppw.
VIII.7 tPmkv
sNdp-]pg IÆn-bØv sk_m-Ãy-s‚bpw Im∏n¬ A∂-Ω-bp-sSbpwaIƒ enknsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. a°ƒ kpan, ao\p
tPmkpw IpSpw-_hpw
VIII.8 tKkn
H≥]-Xm-asØ hb-n¬ \yqtam-Wnb _m[n®p ac-W-a-S™p.
VIII.9 Nmt°m (Ip™v)
Im∏n-ae If-∏p-c-bv°¬ tXma-kn-s‚bpw _nPo-Øm-bp-tSbpwaIƒ sPnsb IeymWw Ign®p. ]©m-_n¬ tPmen sNbvXn-cp∂p.
tdmkΩ aIƒ tXkysb IeymWw Ign®v Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-k-ambn.]nXm-hn-s\bpw amXm-hn-s\bpw sNdp-∏-Ønse \jvS-am-b-Xp-aqew ÿew[mcmfw D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw taem-Zm-b-an-√msX hcp-Ibpw Iptd-tbsdÿew A\ym-[o-\-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. henb Xd-hmSp hoSv s]mfn®psNdp-Xm°n ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn®p.
VI.3 Hutk v
Hutk- n\p \mev B¨a-°fpw Hcp s]Æp-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.\mev]-Øn-sb-´-asØ hb-n¬ Xs∂ DZ-c-tcmKw aqew At±lw AIm-e-N-caw ]m]n®p.
VI.3 Hutk^v
(VII)
1 2 3 4 5
h¿°n tXkymΩ Nmt°m am\p-h¬ tPmk^v
VII.4 h¿°n (]m∏-®≥)
aqØ ]pX≥ Imfn-bm¿ tamfØv h¿°n-bp-sSbpw ]pd-∏pg Ipgn-I-≠-Øn¬ tdmk-Ω-bp-sSbpw aIƒ A∂-°p-´nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.]m∏-®\p \mev B¨a-°fpw \mev s]¨a-°-fp-am-Wp-≈Xv. A`n-am-\nbpwkc-k-\p-amb ]m∏-®≥ Ct∏mƒ ae-_m-dn¬ sNdp-]pg Xmt_m-dn-emWvCfb aI-t\m-sSm∏w Xmakw.
]m∏-®\pw IpSpw-_hpw
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
215
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
214
VII.13 tXkymΩ
DSp-º-∂q¿ Gdmw-X-S-Øn¬ tPmk^v aI≥ tPmk^v tPmk^vhnhmlw sNbvXp. tIm´-°-h-e-bn¬ BWv Ct∏mƒ Xmakw. tPmkpw,
sPbn°pw tSman-bp-amWv a°ƒ. I\ym-kvXo-bmb aqØ-a-Iƒ Nn∂ΩCt∏mƒ Ata-cn-°-bn-emWv.
VII.14 Ip™n (Nmt°m)
sNtßmw -C-S-hI ]me-°m´v hdp-Kokv-Gen-°p´n Zº-Xn-I-fpsSaIƒ tacnsb IeymWw Ign®v, AhnsSØs∂ Xma-kn-°p∂p. a°ƒ\mev.
Ip™nbpw IpSpw-_mw-Kßfpw
VII.14 Ip™n
(VIII)
1 2 3 4
tKkn eoe tPmbn tPm¿÷v
VIII.15 tKkn (tXky)
Np¶-°p∂v amWn-]-d-ºn¬ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠p a°-fm-Wp-≈Xv. HcmWpw Hcp s]Æpw.
VIII.16 eoe (Gen)
tIm´q¿ taev]Xmw tXm´-Øn¬ tPmk^v BWv `¿Ømhv.
Ct∏mƒ Xmakw Xmt_m-dn¬. aqØ aIƒ lWnbpw, aI≥ tSmWnbpw,
Cf-b-a-Iƒ tkmWnbpw kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p.
Nmt°mbpw sPnbpw a°fpw
VIII.10 Nn∂Ω
a™-∏nØw _m[n®v A©mw-h-b-n¬ acn-®p-t]mbn.
VIII.11 tamfn
Xøm\n CS-hI Xm∂n-°¬ Hutk-∏n-s‚bpw adn-b-°p- n-bp-sSbpw
aI≥ Hutk-∏-®-\mWv ¿Ømhv. Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v c≠v s]¨Ip-™p-
߃. adn-b-°p-´nbpw A∂-°p-´nbpw.
VIII.12 tXmakv
]m∏-®s‚ Cfb k¥m-\-amb tXmakv, a™-°mSv C©n-tem´vtXmakv-eqkn aIƒ enPo-‰ns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv, U¬ln-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ tPmen Dt]-£n®v Xmt_m-dn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfm-sSm∏w Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. GI aI≥ tPm¿÷p-Ip´n.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
217
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
216
VIII.20 tamfn (tXky-mΩ)
tImgn-®m¬ ]pfn-°¬ tPm¨-tdmkΩ aI≥ Ipcy≥ (_m_p)hnhmlw Ign-®n-cn-°p∂p. kvt\lbpw k\epw a°-fmWv.
VIII.21 tPmkv (tPmk v)
tImgn-®m¬ Cuiz-c≥Ip-Sn-bn¬ amXyp-tacn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒan\n-bmWv `mcy. an\n a[y-]-tZ-in¬ A≤ym-]n-I-bmWv. Aeo\, A\q]va°-fm-bp≠v.
VIII.22 A\n¬ (h¿°n)
s]cp-º-Shv amcm-∏p-dØv sUman-\n°v-A∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒsPnsb A\n¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp. A\qj GI aIƒ ]ø-∂q-cn¬Xmakw.
A\n¬, sPn, aIƒ
VIII.23 sPn (adnbw)
Iøm\n Nmcw-sXm-´n-bn¬ G_lmw-Ip´n-bΩ F∂n-h-cpsS aI≥kptcjv BWv IeymWw Ign-®Xv. a°ƒ sPkv\, tPmWn.
VIII.24 s_∂n (am\p-h¬)
Ahn-hm-ln-X-\mWv. ]ø-∂q-cn¬ aZy-hym-]mc cwKØv tPmensNøp∂p.
tPmk v ]Xn-tcm-[-tk-\-bn-emWv. eoe AwK≥hmSn A≤ym-]n-I-bmWv.Xmakw sNtßmw.
VIII.17 tPmbn (tPmk v)
Np¶-°p∂v ]oXp-cp-t∂¬ amXyp-tXky aIƒ ssdknsb BWvsI´n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. sNtßm-an¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v PÃn\pw,
Pkv\bpw a°-fmWv.
VIII.18 tPm¿Pv
aWn-°-Shv tNcm-Sn-°¬ G_m-l-Øn-s‚bpw ntem-an-\-bp-sSbpw
aIƒ ssj\nsb IeymWw Ign®p. c≠p a°ƒ. tPmtajv, s^_n≥.
tPm¿÷pw IpSpw-_hpw
VII.19 Ip™p-]m-∏≥ (am\p-h¬)
Hutk-^ns‚ aI≥ Ip™p-]m∏≥ t]cm-hq¿ hS-t°-SØv _nPn-Øm-sb-bmWv hnhmlw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Akp-JsØ XpS¿∂v 2004-
¬ ac-W-a-S™p. A©p a°-fp≠v. ]ø-∂q-cnembn-cp∂p Xma-kw.
VII.19 Ip™p-]m-∏≥
(VIII)
1 2 3 4 5tamfn tPmk^v h¿°n sPn am\p-h¬
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
219
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
218
a ssX°p∂pw]pdØv
V.28 amWn
h¿°n F∂ ]nXm-hns‚ ZzXob k¥m-\-am-bn-cp∂ amWn-. Ggp-ap´w hS-°pw-]m-S-Øns‚ Ingt° A‰-Ømbn C∂sØ Btcm-Ky- -h\p]pd-In¬ ImWp∂ sam´-°p-∂m-bn-cp∂p ssXIp-∂n≥]pdw. ChnsShenb hr£-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw sXßn≥ssX-Iƒ Ipgn-®n´vIrjn-bv°mbn k÷-am-°n-bn-cp∂p.
X\n°v N¿ΩtcmKw ]nSn-s]-´-Xp-aqew amWn ssXIp-∂pw-]p-dsØh≥-B-™n-en-a-c-Øn¬ Hcp Gdp-amSw sI´n-bp-≠m°n AXn-em-bn-cp∂pDd°w. ]I¬ Xmsg ]d-ºn¬ ]Wn-bp-Ibpw cmXn-bn¬ Im´p-ar-K-ß-fpsS BI-a-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw c£-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. Akm-am\yss[cy-im-en-bm-bn-cp∂ At±-l-Øn\v `£Ww Xd-hm-´n¬ Xøm-dm°nXmsg \n∂pw Ib-dn¬ Xq°n Gdp-am-S-Øn¬ FØn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbpw ]gbBfp-Iƒ ]d™v tI´n- p≠v. AkpJw amdn-b-t∏mƒ B ÿeØp Xs∂Hcp ]pc ]WnXp. s]cp-ºn-≈n-®nd Ic-bn¬ aT-Øn-°-≠-Øn¬ Hutk∏v˛ A∂ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ Gen-°p-´nsb BWv amWn IeymWw Ign-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv hgn-b-cn-In¬ hoSpw ISbpw ]WnXv I®-hSw\S-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.
V.28 amWn(VI)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
tZhky Hutk∏®≥ amWn amΩn sIm®p-s]Æv Gen-°p´n tXky-°p´n Ip™p-]m-∏≥
VI.29 amΩn (adnbw)Icn-a-Æq¿ ]q∆m-‰p-Nnd aØmbn hnhmlw sNbvXv Nme-°p-Sn-bn-
em-bn-cp∂p Xmakw. a°ƒ amWn,h°-®≥, tPmWn, tPm¿Pv, tPmkv,sKbvkn, adnbw, tPmtam≥, tPmhm-®≥. 2000Øn¬ ac-W-a-S-™p.
VI.30 sIm®p-s]Æv (A∂-°p´n)
DSp-º-∂q¿ Ipgn-bm-\n-a-‰-Øn¬ At¥mWn˛adn-b-°p´n aI≥ ]oen-t∏m-kmWv hnhmlw sNbvXXv. aq∂v BWpw c≠v s]Æpw a°ƒ.Ct∏mƒ AS-bv°m-tØmSv (I-Æq¿ Pn√) Xma-kw.
VII.25 sIm®v (tPmk v)
aWn-°-Shv he-cn-bn¬ sF∏n-s‚bpw A∂-Ω-bp-sSbpw aIƒtXyky-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠v a°-fp≠v. aWn-°-S-hn¬ Xs∂Xma-kn-°p∂p.
sIm®pw IpSpw-_hpw
VII.25 sIm®v(VIII)
1 2
tdmbn PnΩn
VIII.26 tdmbn
Ad-_n- C-S-hI Nnßq¿ tPmk-^n-s‚bpw amΩn-bp-sSbpw aIƒssj\nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. tdmbn a[y-]-tZ-in¬ kz¥-ambn HcpkvIqƒ \S-Øp-∂p≠v. `mcy ssj\n M.A., AhnsS A≤ym-]n-I-bmWv.
VIII.27 PnΩn
aWn-°Shv Imcn-ØSw h¿°n-adnbw Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ jΩnsbIeymWw Ign-®n-cn-°p∂p. t\h-tamƒ, \hy-tamƒ a°-fmWv.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
221
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
220
VII.38 amWn (Ip™q™v)
tZh-ky-bpsS aI≥ amWn Ipdp-ºm-e-a‰w sIm®p-Xm-gØv sXmΩ≥Gen aIƒ tXky-°p- nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ am -d-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
VII.38 amWn(VIII)
1 2 3 4 5
sKbvkn enkn X¶-®≥ sken≥ h’Ω
VII.39 tPmk v (Ip™p-]m-∏≥)ae-_m¿ AS-bv°m-tØmSv apX-e-∏m-d-bn¬ Gen-°p-´n-sb-bmWv
IeymWw Ign-®Xv. Ct∏mƒ Imem-¶n-bn¬ Xmakw. a°ƒ F´v.
tPmk^pw IpSpw-_hpw
VII.39 tPmk v(VIII)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
h’Ω cmPp kt¥mjv tPmtam≥ tPmjn an\n Atemjn amb
VI.40 Hutk-∏-®≥XpS-ß-\mSv hen-b-Ip-t∂¬ A∂-s°m-®ns\ hnhmlw Ign®p. A]-
I-S-kw-`-h-Øn¬ ac-W-a-S™p. GI- a-Isf IS-\mSv Ih-f-°m´v aØ-®≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp.
VI.31 Gen-°p´n
s\bvticn ]me-bv°m-]-d-ºn¬ ]m∏-®≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. a°ƒF´v. aq∂mWpw A©v s]Æpw. Nme-°pSn Nmbv]m-¶p-gn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.
VI.32 tXky-°p´n
tImSn-°pfw at©-cn-bn¬ Hutk v Gen-bmΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥BKkvXn (Ip™p-amWn) IeymWw Ign®p. a°ƒ c≠mWpw c≠vs]Æpw. hb-\m-´n¬ hmfmSv Bbn-cp∂p Xma-kw. 2004¬ ac-W-a-S-™p.
VI.33 tZhky (Ip™v)apX-e-t°mSw aT-Øn-°-≠-Øn¬ sF∏v˛tXky Zº-Xn-I-fpsS
aIƒ adn-b-°p-´nsb hnhmlw Ign®p. Bdv a°ƒ BWv.
VI.33 tZhky(VII)
1 2 3 4 5 6
amWn tPmk^v Gen-°p´n tXky-°p´n tacn-°p´n A∂-°p´n
VII.34 Gen-°p´nsX\w-Ip∂v ]m´-∏-d-ºn¬ tZhky˛adnbw Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥
ssa°nƒ (sIm®v) hnhmlw sNbvXp. HSn-b-]m-d-bn¬ Xmakw. a°ƒ_nPn, DÆn, _nµp, kpP. kpP acn-®p-t]m-bn.
VII.35 tXky-Ip´nhm´-∏n≈n hS-t°¬ aØ-®s‚ aI≥ h°-®-\mWv hnhmlw
sNbvXXv. ]Imiv, emep, PnΩn, A\ojv, Aºnfn, tPmfn, tP°_v,Acp¨ BWv a°ƒ. IÆq¿ Pn√-bnse am´-d-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.
VII.36 tacn-°p´n
IpSIv Ifn-Ø´v sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc amWn (t__n) hnhmlwIgn®p. tPmtam\pw, adn-bhpw, tXkybpw aq∂v a°ƒ. Xmakw IpS-In¬.
VII.37 A∂-°p´nhm -d-∏≈n hS-t°-Ip-gn-bn¬ tPmfn-°p- n-bp-ambn hnhmlw. Ubm-
\bpw tkmP\pw k¥m-\-߃. am´-d-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
223
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
222
VII.44 kmen
sh¨aWn IqSsØm´n It√¬Ipfw tPmk^v˛Gen aI≥tPmWn IeymWw sNbvXp. a°ƒ Fenk_Øv, A∂°p´n. XmakwsXmΩ≥Ip-Øn¬.
VII.45 PnPn (Beokv)
sh¨aWn sIm√w]dºn¬ tPmk^v˛tXky aI≥ amXyp(jmPn) IeymWw Ign®p. tXkybpw A∂°p´nbpw adn-b-hp-amWva°ƒ. CSp°n Pn√-bn¬ sh¨a-Wn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.
VII.46 t__n (am\ph¬)hmgtØm∏v Ip‰n®ndbn¬ tPmk^v˛A∂ aIƒ tamfn (tam\n°
bmWv `mcy. a°ƒ c≠v sa¬hn≥, tSmWn. ªmØn-°-h-e-bn¬ Xma-kw.
VII.47 tPmkv
tNe®phSv ssaew]dºn¬ tPmk^v˛tXky aIƒ tagvknsbhnhmlw sNbvXp. tPm¿÷v, A∂°p´n a°ƒ. ªmØn-°-h-e-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.
VII.48 tPmjn
Ahn-hm-ln-X-\m-Wv. AΩ-tbm-sSm∏w ªmØn-°-h-e-bn¬ Xd-hm-´n-em-Wv.
VI.49 tPm¿÷v (Ip™p]m∏≥)amWn -bpsS Cf-b -a -I≥ s\Snbime ssX°pt∂¬
aØmbn˛A∂Ω aIƒ tdmkΩsb IeymWw Ign®v Imfnbm‰n¬Xmakn°p∂p. a°ƒ Ggp t]¿.
VI.49 tPm¿÷v(VII)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7tKkn enkn tPmfn tkmPn tPmtPm kntPm \nj
VII.50 tKkn
Imfnbm¿ ]mSnbn¬ sXmt°wt_¬ ss]tem≥˛adnb°p´n aI≥cmPp (tPmk^v) hnhmlw Ign®p. a°ƒ \ntPjv, \nPnX
VI.41 amWn (]m∏)
hgn-Øe apt≠m- p-Ip-Sn-bn¬ sIm®ns‚ aIƒ adn-bm-Ω-bm-bn-cp∂pBZy-`mcy. aIƒ Gen-°p´n. adn-b-Øns‚ ac-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v s\ø-t»cn ]c-bv°¬ Ipcy≥-˛A∂ aIƒ A∂-°p-´nsb ]p\¿hn-hmlwsNbvXp. BsI Ggp a°ƒ. CSp°n Pn√-bnse ªmØn-°-h-e-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Xma-kw. 2002 BK-Ãn¬ ac-W-a-S-™p.
]m∏ `mcy A∂-°p-´nbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw
VI.41 amWn(VII)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Gen-°p´n t__n tPmkv ssek kmen PnPn tPmjn
VII.42 Gen-°p´n
]p¬∏n≈n sIm®p-]p-c-bv°¬ A∏-®\v Gen-°p-´nsb sI´n®psImSpØp. a°ƒ kPn, tkmP≥, Pbvk¨. hb-\mSv Pn√ sN‰-∏m-eØv Xmakw.
VII.43 ssekm
Imfn-bm¿ ]Sn-bv°-∏-d-ºn¬ tXmakv˛adnb°p´n aI≥ tPm¨BWv `¿Ømhv. B¬hn≥ (tXmakv) AizXn (tacn) a°ƒ.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
225
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
224
]i-kvX-amb Iogn√w kvIqfns‚ ]Sn-™m-dp amdn Dt±iw H∂cssa¬ AIse ]mS-Øns‚ Ic-bn-em-bn-cp∂p sNº-cØn DXp∏v Xma-k-am-°n-bXv. Ipdp-∏w-]-Sn-bn¬ \n∂p h∂v, hc-W-h-b¬ `mKØv Xma-k-am-°nb C∂sØ ]c-Øp-h-b¬°mcpw ap-Xp-Im- p-Im-cp-am-bn-cp∂p a‰papJy-Ip-Spw-_-߃.
DXp-∏ns‚ GI k¥m-\-Øns‚ t]cpw DXp∏v F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.hm¿≤-Iy-Øn¬ ]nXm-hmb DXp∏v ac-W-a-S-™-t∏mƒ Ip∂p-Ip-cpSn hen-b- ]-≈n-bn¬ AS°n.
V.57 DXp∏v
(VI)
1
DXp∏v
VI.58 DXp∏v
Iogn-√Øv hmg-°m-em-bn¬ ho´n¬ c≠p -s]¨a-°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. aqØ aIƒ A∂-Ωsb Np≠m-´p-ho-´n¬ ss]enbpw c≠m-asØaIƒ adn-bm-Ωsb sNº-cØn DXp∏pw hnhmlw sNbvXp. DXp-∏n\pa°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. sNº-c-Øn-bn¬ \nt∂m, hmg-°m-em-bn¬ \nt∂mHcp Ip´nsb Ch¿ ZsØ-Sp-Øv hf¿Øn, Ip™p-h¿°n F∂p hnfn-®p.Ip™p-h¿°n°v ]mb-am-b-t∏m-ƒ hnhmlw Ign-®p. Hcp aIƒ D≠m-bn. Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX k¿∏-Zw-isØ XpS¿∂v h¿°n-bpsS `mcy acn-®p-t]m-bn. Ipd-®p-Imew Ig-™-t∏mƒ At±lw ho≠pw hnhmlw sNbvXvXd-hm-´p-ho´n¬ \n∂p amdn Iogn√w Aº-e-Øn\p kao]w Xma-kn-®p.AhnsS Ab¬°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p ]ikvX a\-I-fm-bn-cp∂ ]pØn-√Øpa\bpw sh´n-°m´p a\bpw a‰pw. BZy-hn-hm-l-Ønse GI aI-fm-Is´Xd-hm- n¬ hey-∏-s\bpw h√y-Ω-sbbpw ipiq-jn-®p-sIm≠v Xma-kn-®p.]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-b-t∏mƒ Cu aIsf s]cp-ºm-hq¿ hoWm-en¬ ho´n¬Ipcymt°m hnhmlw sNøp-Ibpw ZØv \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Imem-\-¥cw Ipcymt°m Cu ÿew hn‰v CSp°n Pn√-bnse cmPm-°mSv`mKtØ°v IpSn-tb-dn. Ch-cpsS Hcp aI≥ sshZn-I-\mbn. Ct∏mƒ Xr°-f-Øq¿ Xma-kn®p hcp-∂-Xmbn Adn-bp-∂p.
DXp-∏n-s\bpw Ip∂p-Ip-cpSn bmt°m-_mb henb ]≈n-bn¬ Xs∂-bmWv AS-°n-b-Xv.
VII.51 enkn (A∂)
IcnaÆq¿ tX°n¬Im´n¬ ]tXmkv A∂Ω aI≥ tPmWnbmWvIeymWw Ign®Xv. a°ƒ tPmkv\ (A∂) Pkv\ (tdmkΩ)
VII.52 tPmfn (^nteman\)
tImSn°pfw s]mt´mfn¬ Nmt°m˛adnb°p´n aI≥ tPmk^vhnhmlw sNbvXp. a°ƒ \o\p (adnbw), Pn_n≥ (h¿§okv)
VII.53 tkmPn (tdmk)Imfnbm¿ sXt° Ipgnbm\na‰Øn¬ ]tXmkv˛sdt_°m aI≥
X¶®≥ (tPmk^v) IeymWw Ign®p. AΩphpw (doØ) F_n(hdpKokv) bpw BWv a°ƒ.
VII.54 \nj (doØ)
Imfnbm¿ aTØn∏dºn¬ Nmt°m˛tacn aI≥ _nPp tPmk^vhnhmlw sNbvXp. a°ƒ _n\n¬ (tP°_v), hdpKokv.
VII.55 tPmtPm (hdpKokv)
Imfnbm¿ Ingt°SØv amØ≥˛A∂Ω ZºXnIfpsS aIƒkn\nsb (^nteman\) hnhmlw sNbvXp.
VII.56 kntPm (amWn)Rdp°p‰n h´°pt∂¬ tPm¨˛A®mΩ aIƒ _nµp (B≥kn)
hns\ IeymWw Ign®p. Hcp aIƒ.
b sNº-cØn (Iogn√w)
V.57 DXp∏v
Xd-hm- n¬ Xma-k-amb h¿°nbpsS Cfb ]pX-\m-bn-cp∂p DXp∏vF∂v hnfn-°s∏´n-cp∂ tPmk-^v. N¿Ω-tcmKw _m[n-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂vA∂sØ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Bbp¿t∆Z NnIn-’-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Iogn√w ]c-Øp-h-b-en¬ hen-b-ssh-Zys\ ImWm≥ t]mbn. Zo¿L-Ime NnIn’Bh-iy-am-b-Xn-\m¬ AhnsS Xs∂ Xma-kn-®p. tPyjvT≥ amWn-bm-Is´Zqsc bmX°v an\-s°-SmsX Ggp-ap-´-Øp-Xs∂ Xma-kn-®p-sIm≠v Ipdp-ºm-e-a-‰sØ ]-i-kvX- I-Wn-bm≥ sshZys‚ NnIn’ sNbvXv kpJw]m]n-®p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
227
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
226
IX.63 hdp-Kokv (Ip-™p-tam≥)
Cu´n-bv°¬ amXyp-hn-s‚bpw, adn-bm-Ω-bp-sSbpw aIƒ tamf-Ωsb
IeymWw Ign®v ao∂p-≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. aI≥ tPmb¬ kvIqfn¬.
IX.64 tamfn (-A-∂-Ω)
ao∂p≈n H‰-πm-°¬ ssa°nƒ-˛-tdm-kΩ F∂n-h-cpsS aI≥
tPmkv hnhmlw sNbvXp. ao∂p≈n ]≈n-°q-S-Øn\p ASp-Ømbn
Ct∏mƒ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Irjn-bm-Wv. a°ƒ an\n, ao\p, s_∂n, ItØm-
en°m hnizm-k-Øn-em-Wv.
IX.65 kmdmΩ
]b-k-°cn Rmd-°p-fØv Ipcym-®≥ ˛ Nn∂Ω aI≥ tPmkmWv
hnhmlw Ign-®-Xv. Ch¿ ]ø-∂q¿ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. a°ƒ A©n-X,
F_n≥.
IX.66 Ipcym-t°mkv
]d-s∏- n-bn¬ F_-lm-an-s‚bpw It√m-en-bn¬ G√ym-Ω-bp-sSbpw
aIƒ joPsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. aI≥ B¬_n≥, aIƒ A®m-Ω.
VIII.67 h¿°n
Ipº-fØp IpSn-bn¬ Ipcym-t°m-kn-s‚bpw A®m-b-Ω-bp-sSbpw
aIƒ adn-bm-Ωsb I√ymWw Ign-®p. a°ƒ \mev.
VIII.67 h¿°n(IX)
1 2 3 4
tacn cmPΩ A∂-°p´n h¿°n
s]¨a-°-fn¬ tacnsb cmPp-hn\pw cmP-Ωsb hn¬k\pw A∂-
°p-´nsb kmPp-hn\pw hnhmlw Ign-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.
VIII.68 Ipcym-t°mkv kn.hn.
Xr°-f-Øq¿ Acn-Ip-]p-dØv C´q-∏n-s‚bpw Ge-Ω-bp-sSbpw aIƒkmdm-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. A©p a°ƒ. ao∂p-≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.
VII.59 h¿°n (Ip-™p-h¿°n)
Ip™v F∂v ]cs° Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ h¿°n BZy-`m-cy-bpsSac-W-tijw adn-bm-Ωsb hnhmlw Ign®v Iogn√w t£X-Øn\v A[nIwAI-se-b-√msX s]cp-ºm-hq¿ tdmUn\v kao-]w Xma-k-am-bn. tXm´p-¶¬°m¿ Bbn-cp∂p sXm´-b¬°m¿. hgn-°-∏pdw £pc-I≥ \m-cm-b-Ws‚ IpSpw-_hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. h¿°n adn-bmΩ Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v aq∂vB¨a-°fpw c≠v s]¨a-°-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. a-c-Wm-\-¥cw h¿°nsbFw.kn tdmUn\v kao-]-ap≈ ]tdm-Øp-ap-Iƒ bmt°m-_mb ]≈n-bn¬kwkvI-cn-®p.
VII.59 h¿°n(VIII)
1 2 3 4 5
DXp∏v adn-bmΩ h¿°n A∂Ω Ipcym-t°mkv
VIII.60 DXp∏v kn.-hn. (]m-∏-®≥)It°m-fn-bn¬ hdp-Ko-kn-s‚bpw Ip™m-∏p-f-bp-sSbpw aIƒ A®m-
Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. ae-_m-dn\p IpSn-tb-dnb At±lw Ct∏mƒIÆq¿ Pn√ sNdp-]p-g-bv°-SpØv tImgn-®m-en¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Bdv a°-fp-≠v.
VIII.60 DXp∏v(IX)
1 2 3 4 5 6
tacn h¿°n hdp-Kokv tamfn kmdmΩ Ipcym-t°mkv
IX.61 tacnsNdp-]pg Ipº-f-Øp-Ip-Sn-bn¬ Ipcym-t°mkv ˛ A®mΩ aI≥
Ip™p-tam≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ I¿Æm-SI kwÿm-\Øv awK-em-]p-c-Øn\v kao]w IS-º-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Irjn-bmWv apJyw.a°ƒ enkn, _nPp, kPp, en≥kn.
IX.62 h¿°n (Ip-™v)DXp-∏ns‚ aqØ aI≥ Ip™v sIm®p-]p-c-bn¬ t__n-bp-sSbpw
Geym-Ω-bp-sSbpw aIƒ en-√nsb IeymWw Ign®v tImgn-®m-en¬ Xma-
kn-°p-∂p. aIƒ knPnsb ]p∂-bn¬ kmw hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ
ao∂p≈n kvIqfn\v kao]w Xma-kn-°p-∂p. aI≥ _nPp _mw•q-cn¬
tPmen-bm-Wv.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
229
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
228
sNº-cØn (tXt\m-en¬)
hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ Xntcm-[-m\-Øn\p tijw aq∂mwXe-ap-d-bn¬ sNº-cØn Xd-hm-´nse h¿°n F∂ ]nXm-hns‚ aq∂pa°-fn¬ aqØ-h-\mbn ]nd-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Hutk∏v. hnhm-l-tijwHutk∏v Xd-hm- n¬ \n∂pw Hcp hnfn-∏m-S-Iew amX-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ tXt\m-en¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øn-te°v amdn Xma-kn®p.
Ing-°pw-]m-S-Øns‚ Ing-t°-Ic apX¬ C∂sØ Nmem-t»cntdmUv hsc \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ hnim-e-amb ]tZ-i-am-bn-cp∂p tXt\m-en¬. C∂p ImWp∂ Xmt_m¿ ]m¿∞-\m-e-b-Øns‚ sXm´p-Im-Wp∂Ip∂n≥sN-cp-hn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ Hmen (h‰msX sh≈w Dudp∂Ddh)bn¬ \n∂pw Hen®p h∂n-cp∂ sh≈-Øn\v tX\ns‚ cpNn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw Aßs\ tXt\m-en¬ F∂v t]cp-≠mbn F∂p-amWv ÿe-]p-cmWw. Hgp-°p-Nm¬ Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ \nc-Ønbpw hi-߃ CSn-®n-d-°nbpw D≠m-°n-b-XmWv tXt\m-en¬ \new. tXt\m-en¬ sNº-cØn]pc-bnSw F∂mWv ]am-W-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xv.
tXt\m-en¬ amfn-I-bn¬ Xma-k-am-°nb Hutk-∏n\v Hcp k¥m\wamX-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv aØmbn. aØm-bnbpw kz]n-Xm-hn-s\-t∏mseITn-\m-≤zm-\n-bmb Hcp I¿j-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ hnhmlwFhnsS \n∂m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Adn-bm≥ Ign-™n√. k¥m-\-ß-fmbnc≠p s]¨a-°ƒ amXambn-cp∂p. B¨ k¥m\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.
IV.1 aØmbn(V)
1 2adnbw tXky
3
VIII.68 Ipcym-t°mkv(IX)
1 2 3 4 5
tacn h-dp-Kokv A∂ enkn _m_p
IX.69 tacnN°m-e-°¬ amØp tim-imΩ aI≥ kÆn hnhmlw Ign-®p. sNdp-
]pg ASpØv Nn‰m-cn-°-en¬ Xma-kw. a°ƒ amXyp, Ipcym-t°m,timimΩ (D-Æn)
IX.70 hdp-Kokvhnhm--ln-X-\m-bn-´n-√.
IX.71 A∂I¿Æm-SI kwÿm-\sØ Nocm-Sn-bn¬ Ip∂Øv Ip™v˛A∂Ω
aI≥ cmtPjv hnhmlw Ign-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Irjn-bmWv sXmgn¬. a°-ƒamXyp, A∂p.
IX.72 enknNocm-Sn-bn¬ koX-°p-t∂¬ tbml-∂m≥- -tacn aI≥ ss_Pp--hmWv
`¿Øm-hv. tbml-∂m-\pw, Ipcym-t°mkpw a°ƒ. Im¿jnIhrØn kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
IX.73 _m_phnhmlw Ign-™n-´n-√.
Iq\≥Ip-cn-ip- k-Xy-sØ- Xp-S¿∂v tIc-f-Ønse InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bn-ep-≠mb n∂n∏v aqew Iogn-√Øpw ]cn-k-c-Øp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ssIkvX-h-cn¬ knwl-`m-Khpw bmt°m-_mb hn`m-K-Øn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂p. ]pcm-X-\-amb Ip∂p-°p-cpSn hen-b -]-≈nbpw, ]tdm-Øp-ap-Iƒ]≈nbpw A¶-amen `Zm-k-\-Øn\p Iogn¬ bmt°m-_mb hn`m-K-Øn-em-Wv. \ΩpsS Hcp ktlm-Z-cs‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cmb Ch¿ amXr-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-Ø-\n-abpw kmaq-ly-t_m-[-hpw, Dd® ssZh-hn-izm-khpw ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-cp-∂p. sNdp-]p-g-bv°v ASpØv tImgn-®m-en¬\√ \ne-bn¬ Ign-bp∂ Ch-cpsS `h-\-߃°v ASpØv Xs∂ tZhm-e-b-hp-ap-≠v.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
231
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
230
VII. 4 ^m. FΩm\pth¬ ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ V.C.
Cfb aI-\mb amWnhn≥sk≥jy≥ k\ymk k`-bn¬tN¿∂v sshZn-I-\mbn. hnhn[ \ne-I-fn¬ ]mK¤yw sXfn-bn® At±lwHSp-hn¬ Imcn-Ømkv C‚¿\m-j-W-ens‚ C≥Uy≥ Ub-d-IvS-dmbn \nb-an-°-s∏´p. Aßs\ U¬ln-bn¬Xma-kn-®p-h-csh lrZ-b-kvXw-`\waqew \ncym-X-\mbn. arX-i-cocw P∑\m-´n¬ sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw kwkvI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kz¥w Kma-tØm-Sp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ kvt\l-Øns‚]Xo-I-ß-fmbn, amXm-hns‚ It∏-fbpw Xmt_m¿ [ym\-tI-µhpw,Btcm-Ky- -h\pw Ggp-ap- Øv ImWmw.
skan\m-cn-bn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ "sNº-cØn A®≥' F∂mWvAt±lw Adn-b-s∏- n-cp-∂Xv. X∑qew ]´w kzoI-cn-°p-tºmgpw B t]cp-Xs∂ kzoI-cn-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p Xmev]cyw. F∂m¬ acp-a-°Ømb kº-Zm-b-Øns‚ Kncna Ipd™p t]mbXp aqew AtX∏‰n A`n-]mb hyXym-k-ap-≠m-b-n. XpS¿∂v FΩm-\p-th¬ ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ F∂ t]cp kzoI-cn®v A®≥ Xs∂ ]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
VIII.5 ^m. tUm. AK-Ãn≥ ]≈n-°p-t∂¬Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-k-amb aqØ-a-I≥
tPmk- ns‚ (]m∏≥) ]pX-\mWv m. AK-Ãn≥ ]≈n-°p-t∂¬. Ggp-ap-´sØ ]kn-≤-amb Xmt_m¿ [ym\-tI-µ-Øn-s‚bpwA\m-Yme-b-ß-fp-tSbpw Poh≥ A®-\mWv.hnIm-cn-Xz-Øn-s\m∏w hntZi k©m-chpw]pkvXI cN-\bpw [ym\-]-kw-K-ßfpw \S-Øp-hm≥ ]K-¤-\mb At±-lw kabwIs≠-Øp-∂p-≠v.
Cfb aIƒ tXkysb Ipdp-ºm-e-a‰w Ac-b-Ip-t∂¬ \mep-k-tlm-Z-c-∑m-cn¬ aØm-bn°v IeymWw Ign®p sImSpØp. Xd-hm´p]pc-bn-S-Øns‚ Ingt° ]Ip-Xnbpw AXn¬ Hcp hoSpw h®p \¬In.tXkymbv°v ]Øp-a-°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. GgmWpw aq∂p sNÆpw.
V.2. tXky ˛ aØmbn(VI)
1 2 3 4 5
]m∏®≥ Ip™m∏v Ip™-∏≥ Nmt°m-®≥ BKkvXn
6 7 8 9 10
eq° tPm¿Pv Ip™pIp´n tXky-°p´n A∂-°p´n
Imfn-bm-‰n¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ aqØ a°ƒ c≠p-t]cpw acn-®p._m°n-bp-≈-h¿ Ipdp-ºm-e-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Ggp-ap-´Øv Ct∏mƒIp™m-∏ns‚ aI≥ t__nbpw tPmkpw Xma-k-ap-≠v. Cfb ktlm-Zcnsb tImSn-°pfw tXmb-en¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ hnhmlw sNbvX-b-®p.
aØm-bn-bpsS aqØ aIƒ adn-bsØ ]mtd-Ωm-°-emb apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ BK-kvXn-sb-s°m≠v hnhmlw Ign-∏n®v Xd-hm-´n¬ ZØp-\n¿Øp-Ibpw, tXt\m-en¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øns‚ ]Ip-Xn-bn¬Gsd ÿew \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xd-hm-Sn\p kao-]-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂]md-bv°-cp-In¬ c≠p- ]p-fn-a-c-߃ hf¿∂p-b¿∂v \n∂n-cp-∂XvGh¿°pw IuXp-I-I-c-amb Hcp ImgvN-bm-bn-cp∂p. X∑qew B `mKw]pfn-ºmd sNº-cØn F∂-dn-b-s∏´p.
]pfn-ºmd Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-k-amb adnbw BKkvXn Zº-Xn-Iƒ°vA©p k¥m-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p.
V.3. adnbw ˛ BKkvXn(VI)
1 2 3 4 5
tXky tPmk^v aØ≥ amWn A∂-°p´n
aqØ aIƒ tXkysb hmg-°pfw Imcym-aTw IpSpw-_-Øn¬IeymWw Ign-®-b®p. aqØ-a-I≥ Xd-hm-´nepw c≠m-a≥ aØ≥ ]mtd¬Ing-t°Sw Xd-hm-Sn\v kao]w Hcp hoSv h®pw Xma-k-ambn.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
233
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
232
Ing-t°SØn¬
Ggp-ap-´sØ CS-Øn¬ a¥ns°m´m-c-Øns‚ sX°n≥]pdwsXt°-SØp \mb-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ing-°n≥]pdw sNº-c-Øn-am-∏n-f-bp-sSbpw. ]Sn-™m-sd-∏pdw ]d-°-sh´n ap…n-an-t‚-Xm-bn-cp-s∂∂pw Aßs\aq∂p-]p-dhpw aq∂n\w ]S-\mb-I-∑msc Xma-kn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbpw ]d™ptI´n-´p≠v.
Ing-°pw-]m-S-Øns‚ Ic apX¬ ]pcm-X\ ]m≠n tdmUn\∏pdwhsc hnkvXr-X-am-bn-cp∂p am∏n-f-bpsS Ing-t° -CSw. h¿°nbpsS ZznXobk¥m\ambncp∂ aØmbn AhnsS ]m¿Øp. aØmbn Xs‚ GI aIƒGensb Im°q¿ kztZinbmbncp∂ Hcmsfs°m≠v hnhmlw Ign∏n®p.GI aI≥ aØmbnbmIs´ hnhmlm\¥cw Ingt°SØn¬Xs∂Xmakw XpS¿∂p. aØmbnbpsS aI≥ aØmbn°v aq∂p a°fp≠mbn.
IV. aØmbn(V)
1 2 3
Gen A∂ ss]en
henb qhpS-a-I-fm-bn-cp∂ Imc-W-h-∑m¿ s]¨a-°sf Zqc-ÿ-e-ß-fn-te°v hnhmlw sNbvX-b-bv°m≥ A°m-eØv Xm¬]-cy-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. C∂-sØ-t∏mse Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Ønt\m bmXbvt°m D≈
4
VIII.6 ^m. tPmbn ]≈n-°p-t∂¬
adnbw BKkvXn ZºXn-I-fpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX-\mb aØ-®s‚ Hcp aI≥tPmbn (tPm-k- v) Bkm-anse Un_p-Km¿cq]-X-bn¬ tN¿∂v sshZn-I-\m-bn. At\-I-h¿j-߃ \o≠ XymK-\n¿ -c-amb anj≥]h¿Ø-\-߃°p tijw Ct∏mƒAt±lw Un_p-Km¿ cq]-X-bpsS hnIm-cn-P-\-d¬ F∂ D∂-X-]-Zhn Ae-¶-cn-°p-∂p.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
235
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
234
IV.2 A∂(V)
1 2aØmbn ^m. FΩm-\p-h¬
Cu Zº-Xn-I-fpsS Cfb k¥m-\am-bn-cp∂p ^m. FΩm-\p-h¬sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]p-c. sNº-cØn amWn IØ-\m¿°p-tijw ë'sNº-cØnA®≥' F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´ ]ikvX ]kw-K-I-\m-bn-cp∂p At±lw.A∂bpsS aqØ aI-\m-bn-cp∂ aØm-bn°v c≠v B¨a-°fpw Ah¿°v\mep ktlm-Z-cn-am-cp-am-bn-cp∂p.
V.3 aØmbn(VI)
1 2 3De-l-∂m≥ ss]en \mev s]¨a-°ƒ
ItaW Cu ÿew hn‰-tijw Ah-cpsS A\-¥-c-X-e-ap-d-Iƒae-_m-dnepw, ]md-tØm-´nepw, h≠-a-‰-Øp-ambn sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc-bv°¬ F∂ ho´p-t]-cn¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn-®p-h-cp∂p.
IV.4 ss]en
aØm-bn-bpsS GI-a-I≥ ss]en Fg-√q¿ Ic-bn¬ sIm∂-bv°¬ho´n¬ tdmksb IeymWw Ign®v Ing-t°Sw sNº-cØn Xd-hm-´n¬Xs∂ Xma-kn®p. Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v aq∂v a°-fm-bn-cp∂p.
IV.4 ss]en(V)
1 2 3aØmbn sXmΩ≥ adnbw
V.5 adnbw
ss]en-bpsS GI aIƒ adn-bsØ Icn-a-Æq¿ Ip∂-∏n-≈n¬h¿°n hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v A∂-°p´n, tdmk, t]mƒ,adnbw, Gen, hrin F∂n-ßs\ Bdp a°-fm-bn-cp∂p.
kuIcyw A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√-t√m. aIsf hnhmlw sNbvXv \¬In-b-tijw kvXo[-\-ambn \nehpw ]pc-bn-Shpw \¬In ASp-Øp-Xs∂ Xma-kn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. ]pcm-X-\-Ip-Spw-_w-K-ß-fp-ambn _‘w ]nSn®v Cßs\Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv A-¥-mbn BWv ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xv. acp-a-°-Øm-bw A∂v henb kmaq-ly-kzm-[o-\-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ssIkvXh h-\-ßfn¬t∏mepw AΩ-hoSpw AΩm-h-∑mcpw s]ß-∑m-cpsS a°ƒ°v CjvS-ta-®n¬∏p-dhpw kz]n-Xm-hn-s\-°mƒ kz¥-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]nXr- -h-\p-ambnssZ\w-Zn\ kº¿°w IΩn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ahn-sS-bp-≈-h-cp-ambnASp∏w H´pw-Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-an-√.
aØm-bnbpw hyXy-kvX-\mb Hcp ]nXm-hm-bn-cp-∂n-√.
IV.1 Gen ap≠-bv°¬
aØmbn Xs‚ aqØ ]pXnsb Bc-°pg aWn-bm´p ap≠-bv°¬hnhmlw Ign-∏n®v If-∏p-c-bn¬ ]pc-bn-SØn¬ sX°p`mKØv Xma-kn-∏n®p. sXm´p-Xmsg D≠m-bn-cp∂ hbepw Ah¿°v \¬In. adn-b-Øns‚Ime-tijw a°ƒ hkvXp-°fpw \nehpw h≠-a‰w hmWn-b-°n-g-t°¬aØ≥]n-≈bv°v ssIam‰w sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ Ah¿ ssltd-©nepwa‰p-ambn \√-\n-e-bn¬ Ign™phcp∂p.
IV.2 A∂ sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]p-c-bn¬
Cfb aIƒ A∂sb h≠-a‰w hmWn-b-In-g-t°¬ IpSpw-_-ØnseBdp ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cn¬ aØm-bnsbs°m≠mWv ]nXmhv IeymWw Ign-∏n-®Xv. ZØm-bn-cp-∂p. tPyjvTktlm-Z-cn°v \¬Inb If-∏p-c-bn¬ ]d-ºns‚ hS-t°b‰w sXßn≥ ]pc-bn-Shpw, \S-bn-d-ßnbm¬ FØp∂Ce-hn≥I-≠hpw \¬In. ZØp-\n∂ aØmbn°v `m-cym-]n-Xmhv Hcp]pØ≥]p-cbpw ]WnXp \¬In.
CXn-\Iw ]men-b-Ip-t∂¬ sIm®p-h¿°n Adbpw \nc-bp-ambn H‰\ne-bn¬ Hcp hen-b-hoSv ]Wn-Xo¿Øv kz¥w Xd-hm-´n\pw C∂sØsXmSp-]p-g DSp-º-∂q¿ tdmUn\pw sXm´v Xma-k-am-°n-bn-cp∂p. At±l-Øns‚ Cfb ]pX≥ sIm®p-amXyp ]nev°m-eØv Xma-kn®n-cp∂ BhoSv "]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬' F∂mWv Ggp-ap- Øv Adn-b-s∏- n-cp-∂Xv. X∑qewIng-t°-S-Øn¬ aØmbn Xs‚ aIƒ°mbn A[nIw AI-se-b-√msXAtX tdmUns‚ ASpØp Xs∂ ]n∂oSv ]Wn Ign-∏n® hoSv ""sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]p-c-bn¬'' F∂v Adn-b-s∏´p. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ AXv ho´p-t]cmbn.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
237
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
236
VII.8 aØ-®≥(VIII)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
eoe A∏-®≥ amWn tKkn X¶Ω eqkn tSman tPmkv km_p
VIII .9 eoe (Gen)
sIm´n-bq¿ ]pØ≥]-d-ºn¬ tPmk v adnbw Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥
tPmk v hnhmlw Ign®p. a°ƒ tPmk v, amXyp, Bi (tacn), B\µv
(B‚Wn). F√m-hcpw hnhm-l-Po-hnXw \bn®v sIm´n-bqcpw ]cn-k-
cØpambn Xma-kn-°p-∂p.
VIII .10 tKkn (tXky)
ae-bw-]Sn ]qX-°p-gn-bn¬ h¿°n˛A∂ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥
tXmav IeymWw sNbvXp. aIƒ _nµp (aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂p Sr. Linet),
ss_Pp (h¿°n˛Zp-_mbv), _nPn (A∂), _n≥kn˛_mw•q¿.
VIII .11 X¶Ω (_nPo‰v)
Xp≠n-bn¬ CS-hI IZ-fn-bn¬ tPmk v A∂ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥
hmh-®≥ (tXmakv) hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂p s]¨a-°ƒ Zo], Zo]vXn,
Znhy. Ch¿ Ct∏mƒ I¿Æm-S-I-Øn¬ _¬Øßm-Sn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
VIII .12 eqkn
ta∏mSn ]≈n h≈n-°m´v Nmt°m˛adnbw Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥
tPm¿÷v hnhmlw sNbvXp. a°ƒ D√mkv (Nmt°m), ARvPp. eqkn
_m¶nepw tPm¿Pv t]meo-knepw tPmen sNøp-∂p.
VIII .13 A∏-®≥ (ss]en)
sImf-°mSv CS-hI tPmk v A∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ X¶Ω
(tdmkΩ) sbbmWv A∏-®≥ hnhmlw Ign-®Xv. Ct∏mƒ ]apJ
]n.Uªyp.Un. tIm¨Sm-IvS¿ BWv.
V.6 aØmbn
ss]en-bpsS ]pX-\mb aØmbn Infn-b-d -Im-°-c-Ip-t∂¬ adn-bsØ IeymWw Ign®p. Xd-hm-´n¬ Xs∂ Xmakw XpS¿∂p. aq∂vB¨a-°ƒ amX-am-bn-cp∂p aØm-bn°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.
V.6 aØmbn(VI)
1 2 3
ss]en amWn h¿°n
VI.7 ss]en (Hmen-∏md)
Ipdp-ºm-e-a‰w F≈n¬ hmWn-b-In-g-t°¬ aØmbn˛adnbw aIƒGensb hnhmlw sNbvXv Ggp-ap-´Øp Xs∂ Xma-kn®p. Xd-hm´p ]pcn-bn--Øns‚ hS°p Ings° mK-Ømbn C∂sØ skmssk-‰n-bn¬ \n∂vkvIqfn-t-bv°p≈ hgn-b-cn -In¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂]mdbv°v kao]w hoSv h®v amdn-Xm-a-kn-®p. ]md-bv°-SpØv Hcp h‰mØ Dd-hbpw \oscm-gp°pw (Hm-en) D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ ]mtd¬ AYhm Hmen-∏mtd¬ Ing-t°Sw F∂v ss]en-bpsS `h\w Adn-b-s∏- p.
Ch¿°v \mev B¨a-°-fm-bn-cp∂p. IqSp-X¬Irjnÿe-߃ Bh-iy -ambn h∂-t∏mƒss]enbpw a°ƒs°m∏w ae-_m-dn\p IpSn-tbdn]m¿Øp. Ct∏mƒ t]cm-hq¿ sImf-°mSv Xma-kn-°p∂p, 103 hb-p-≠v.
VI.7 ss]en(VII)
1 2 3 4aØ-®≥ sXmΩ-®≥ h°®≥ Ip™m∏v
VII.8 aØ-®≥
Np¶-°p∂v HmWn-tb-en¬ amWn˛Gen-°p´n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒadn-bsØ hnhmlw Ign®p. Xmakw t]cm-hq¿ ae-bm-º-Sn-bn¬.Hº-Xp- a-°ƒ.
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
239
sNº-cØn IpSpw_w
238
amWnbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw
VIII.17 amWn
(IX)
1 2 3
jnØmc anYn≥ IntÃm
VIII.18 t‰man (tXmav)
aØ-®s‚ aI≥ t‰man sIm´n-bq¿ CS-hI Ba-°mSv tXmav ˛Nn∂Ω aIƒ tdmk-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. a°ƒ aq∂v. s^_n≥(am-Xyp), Pn_n≥ (tXm-a-kv), F_n≥ (tPm¿Pv).
ë ít‰ma nbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw
A∏-®\pw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw
VIII .13 A∏-®≥(IX)
1 2 3kt¥mjv k‘y kwKoX
IX .14 k‘y (tacn) B.Sc (Nursing)
tImgn-t°mSv Hcp ]apJ ss]h‰v Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ tkh\w
sNøp∂p.
IX .15 kwKoX (B·kv) t\gvknwKv ]T\-Øn\v tijw Xe-t»-cn-
bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.
IX .16 kt¥mjv (amXyp)
hnZym-`ym-km-\-¥cw Zp_m-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXp hcp∂p.
VIII.17 amWn
aØ-®s‚ c≠m-asØ aI≥ amWn Xp≠n -bn¬ ]≈n
If-∏p-c-bv°¬ tkhy¿˛Gen Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ sken (tXky) s\
hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]©m-bØv ]kn-U‚mbn Zo¿L-Imew ]ikvX
tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn®p. a°ƒ aq∂v