chiang mai course - doi mae salong lesson / tawatchai rattanasorn

International Union for Conservation of Nature International Union for Conservation of Nature

REGIONAL FOREST RESTORATION TRAINING Chiang Mai University

Forest Landscape Restoration at Doi Mae Salong

Tawatchai Rattanasorn 26 November 2010


Landscape: Location- Doi Mae Salong, Chiangrai, Northern Thailand


Geographic coordinates

20°11'42.00"N 99°34'27.00"E to 99°40'12.00"E and 20° 6'12.00"N 99°34'27.00"E to 99°40'12.00"E

Major land use/cover

Agriculture, mono-culture tea plantations, corn, upland rice, smaller areas of young rubber tree plantations, highly disturbed primary forest, some natural secondary regeneration,

Major forest vegetation

Seasonally dry evergreen forest +/- bamboo and pine

Elevation 900 – 1,500 m

Annual rainfall (mm)

1,800-2,000 mm

Area and population

335 sq.km, Mekong river basin, 35,000 people in 33 villages in 2 sub-districts

Ethnic groups Akha, Chinese, Lisu, Lahu, Shan, Lawa, Local Thai

Major threats to biodiversity

Deforestation for shifting cultivation, tea, corn, rubber, fire, pesticides


•  Place: –  Rural, mountainous –  Headwater of Mekong –  Elevation 1200 – 1800 m a.s.l. –  Various ethnic backgrounds,

e.g. hill tribes and Chinese Kuomintang

•  Land use: –  agriculture, forest patches –  heavily degraded landscape –  very complex and fragmented

land use pattern

The Landscape : Place

Akha woman with child on her terrace (Lawyo village) © IUCN


•  Tenure: –  National Reserve Forest –  Military reserve area under control of the Royal Thai Armed

Forces (RTAF) –  No legal land rights, but tolerated

•  Stakeholders: –  RTAF –  Local NGOs, e.g. HDAF –  Local government –  Villages – mainly hill tribe communities –  Forest Restoration Research Unit (FORRU) of Chiang Mai

University –  Royal project

Landscape: place and stakeholders


SITUATIONS: Chaos, Complex and Dynamic

Shifting Cult.

Tourism

Cash crops

Tea

Rubber

Corn

DMS

• Migrant labor(5,000 people) cause unexpected population growth demanding more land

• Price of land increased

• Over use of agro-chemicals

• Land tenure


Background: Environmental degradation

–  Watershed highly degraded: •  water quality and quantity affected •  erosion, loss of soil fertility •  Downstream communities complained about degradation

of water resources –  Significant deforestation –  High population pressure –  Slash and burn practices –  RTAF started to reforest an area where there was already

agriculture and faced protests, top-down approach, therefore asked IUCN for advice


Goals –  “Good forest, good water, good food, good

income, good life” –  participatory multi-stakeholder land use planning –  Set up a vision of what people want to achieve –  Reforestation –  Watershed rehabilitation –  Soil conservation –  Agroforestry –  Off-farm income generation for poverty reduction –  Promote cooperation btw. upstream and

downstream water users

SECTION A: THE LANDSCAPE


Good Forests, Good Water, Good Income, Good Food,

Good Life

Thailand LLS site: Doi Mae Salong


Slope Agriculture Rice and Corn

Remnant Forest

Remnant Forest

Degraded Land

Slope Agriculture Rice and Corn

Driven by the Need for Pragmatic Approaches to Rehabilitation


Beginning Land Use Planning

•  Agreements on priority areas

-Steep slope areas -headwaters

•  Negotiating other Land Uses

-Avoid reforesting land used for agriculture

-Increase productivity of agricultural land to reduce encroachment and generate income


What have been doing •  Planted over 800,000 trees in 3 years total area

of 4,000 rai (640 ha). 40 species •  Framework species approach demonstration

plot •  School and community nursery •  Participatory land use planning and zoning of

forest – agriculture land, participatory formation of land use criteria


Livelihoods/Poverty Reduction

•  Agro-Forestry Practices. Arabica coffee-Macadamia-Bamboo-Rattan-and multi-purpose fast growing species. Trial plots

•  Soil and water conservation measure, improve soil fertilities-biofertilizer

•  Improvement of small scale irrigation system •  Paddy terrace initiative •  Community-based ecotourism •  Fruit, vegetable ,flower crops promotion


Participatory Land use planning/land use

classification

International Union for Conservation of Nature International Union for Conservation of Nature Lack of Land Tenure

Migration

Poverty

Other Agricultural Use

Integrated Approach

Degradation

International Union for Conservation of Nature International Union for Conservation of Nature Negotiating and Finding Pragmatic Solutions


Framework species demonstration plot


Learning

Negotiation of Agricultural Use

Nurseries

Demonstration Sites


Terrace paddy field expansion-small scale irrigation


Coffee-Macadamia-Bamboo-Rattan-Medicinal plants-Fast growing species/Agro-forestry practices

•  120 farmer / 120 rai established coffee and Macadamia nut trial plot (400 arabica coffee and 16 Macadamia nut per rai)

•  SWC measure 500 rai


Multi purpose/fast growing species trial plots

•  20,000 seedlings of Griffith’s Ash (Fraxinus griffithii), Sweet gum (Liquidambar formosana), Camphor Wood (Cinnamomum Camphora) and Taiwan Acacia were planted in the area of about 100 rai (200 tree per rai) for future benefits.


The FLR Approach Addressed within a negotiated framework Participatory Approach


Land use planning / classification


Creating various Demonstration Sites to Learn From (Learning through actions)


Livelihoods and Landscape Strategy (LLS) Principles •  Livelihoods and landscape is an approach to

poverty reduction that seeks to enable the rural poor to expand their economic opportunities while sustaining and enhancing forest and other biological resources. By working together, a shared understanding of the value of forests for improving local livelihoods can be built, with a view to influencing policies that can reduce poverty and conserve forest

•  Better Forest better life = good forest, good water, good food, good income, good life.


The Ecosystem Approach

•  The ecosystem approach is a strategy for the integrated management of land,water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way.


The 12 Principles 1.  The objectives of management of land, water and living

resources are a matter of societal choice 2.  Management should be decentralised to the lowest

appropriate level 3.  Managers should consider the effects of their activities

on adjacent and other ecosystems 4.  Recognising potential gains from management, there is

usually a need to understand and manage the ecosystem in an economic context

5.  Conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning, in order to maintain ecosystem services, should be a priority target

6.  Ecosystems must be managed within the limits of their functioning


The 12 Principles 7.  Action should be undertaken at the appropriate spatial

and temporal scales 8.  Objectives for ecosystem management should be set

for the long term 9.  Management must recognise that change is inevitable 10.  Action should seek the appropriate balance between,

and integration of, conservation and use of biological diversity

11.  Action should consider all forms of relevant information, including scientific and indigenous and local knowledge, innovations and practices

12.  The approach should involve all relevant stakeholders of society and scientific disciplines


Biodiversity and landscape components

•  Significant areas of reforestation through FORRU

•  Some reforestation through agroforestry –  effective in addressing

ecosystem functions as well as income generation Tree planting action, June 2010 © IUCN


Socio-economic components •  No measureable increases to income

–  its too early to measure •  Coffee and macadamia trees take several years to

mature •  Elements in place for income benefits in future •  Benefits will be there in a couple of year’s time •  Emphasis has been on developing a better fruit tree

and crop variety and better farming practices


Market analysis •  Very good markets exist,

expertise exists – No need to develop the

market, reasonable infrastructure, no major policy barriers

– But: need to develop high quality goods, emphasis on quality of products

Hill tribe woman weaving a bag for sale © IUCN


Forest and ecosystem governance / Institutions

•  Multi stakeholder platform is a means of

– making land use plans and

– negotiating land use and

–  trade-offs about land


Major lessons (1) •  Importance of bringing stakeholders

together for land use decisions

– Confirmed value of multi-stakeholder processes for land use planning

– New institutional/governance arrangements added to people’s confidence about access to resources

–  key to all changes: institutional innovation


Major lessons (2) •  Unexpected partners (RTAF)

•  Military has been highly flexible and open for bottom-up approach •  Success often depends on individual leadership (RTAF commander

sopen to radically rethink their approach) •  Small investments can achieve a great deal •  Landscape approach also useful where there are existing markets •  Agroforestry species for reforestation •  Enthusiasm is infectious (multi-stakeholder process) •  Adaptive learning was essential to the evolution of the project, no

grand plan from the beginning •  Learning, training and study tours are very valuable in creating interest

and to stimulate action -  Innovations in farming practices


Challenges: SECTION C: IMPACT

•  How do we make the operation sustainable?

– RTAF may hand it over to the Royal Forest Department


Challenges •  Balancing the needs of difference stakeholders-

forest-land-water users (Up and down stream)- River Basin Organization - Integrated Basin Management ?

•  Developing alternative livelihoods that make a meaningful reduction in poverty while improving conservation of the area

•  Holistic approach. Participatory Action Research- Can research leads development ?


Challenges –  Big gap between the poor and the better off –  Migrant workers/Human rights and national security –  Land use planning model (growth vs. stability) –  Marketing and Production model –  Soil and water conservation and agricultural model

(good practices in high slope areas, encroachment of forest reserves

–  Forest restoration model (FORRU model, King’s Model, AgroForestry Model). Finding the right mix and convincing people to learn from these practices.

–  Water governance and complex regulatory frameworks (law, policy, institutions, process)



ลุ่มน้ําโขง (MaeKong)

1.ลุ่มน้ํามะ 2. ลุ่มน้ําบริเวณดอยหลวงแปรเมือง

3.ลุ่มน้ําแม่คํ

4.ลุ่มน้ําแม่จัน

5.ลุ่มน้ําอิง(ที่อยู่ในจังหวัดเชียงราย)

6.ลุ่มน้ํางาว

7.ลุ่มน้ําพุง

แม่น้ําโขง

แม่น้ํากก

ลุ่มน้ํากก (MaeKok) 8.ลุ่มน้ํากก (เขตจังหวัดเชียงราย)

9.ลุ่มน้ําแม่กรณ์

10.ลุ่มน้ําแม่ลาว

The National Hydrological Board divides Thailand into 25 major river basins and 254 sub-basins


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อ่างฯ ห้วยหยวก

อ่างฯห้วยหมาก


Civilsocietyengagement• PRA• Visualisa+on• Indicators• Scenarios• Modeling

Interven2ons• Applyingrules• Micro‐projects• Communitymanagement• Ins+tu+onalsupport

Workingwithlocalpartners• Empowerment• Governance• Capacitybuilding

Par2cipatorymonitoring

Reflec2on/Adapta2on

Mul2‐stakeholderplaAorm

LANDSCAPE APPROACH Learning – Participation – Adaptation

Theoryofchange


Thank you!

chiang mai course - doi mae salong lesson / tawatchai rattanasorn

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