child growth and development

1

Child Growth and Child Growth and DevelopmentDevelopment


Module 1: Principles of Child Module 1: Principles of Child Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development

Child Growth and Development

Growth:

Development:

Child Growth and Development3

GrowthWe defined growth as specific _______________ and increases in the child’s size. During the first year of an infant’s life, babies can grow ______________ ______ and triple their birth weight. After the first year, a baby’s growth in length slows to _____ inches a year for the next two years and continues from age two or three to puberty at a rate of two to three inches each year. A major growth spurt occurs at the ________________________.

•Girls generally enter puberty between ages ___ to ___ years of age.•Boys usually enter puberty at ages ___ to ___ years of age.


Similarities in Growth• Growth proceeds from the __________________

and from the center of the __________________ ______________.

• Children gain control of the ________ and _______ first, then the arms and finally the legs.

• At birth, the brain, heart, and spinal cord are ______ _________________ to support the infant.

• As children grow, the ______ and _______ muscles develop followed by the finger and toe

muscles.


Differences in Growth• Children _______________ in their growth. Some children are

taller, some shorter. Some children are smaller, while others are larger.

• These differences are completely normal. Normal growth is supported by good _________________, adequate ________________ and regular ____________________.

• Children do not grow at perfectly ______________________ throughout childhood.

• Children will experience weeks or months of slightly slower growth followed by ________________________________.

• Difference in the amount of growth can be a source of ____________________ for some children. It is important to help the children in your care understand that these differences are _______________, that each child is special, and to help children develop a sense of self-acceptance.


Key Point

____________ is defined as specific body changes and increases in the child’s size. Growth proceeds from the _________ downward and from the ____________ of the body outward. Children differ in their growth.


Key Point

________________ typically refers to an increase in complexity, a change from relatively simple to more complicated. _____________ usually involves a progression along a continuous _____________ pathway on which the child acquires more refined knowledge, behaviors, and skills. The ___________ is basically the same for all children; however, the ___________ varies.


Principles of Child Development

1.Developmental Sequence _____________ ________________________________

2.Development Proceeds from __________ _______________________________

3.Development is ____________________

4.Development Proceeds _______________ _______________________________

5.All Areas of Development are ________________________


-children develop in ___________________________

-there is a _______________________ of dev that occurs as a child grows

-while the sequence is ___________ and the behaviors or skills emerge in the same order, children can take more or less ________ with each behavior or skill

-they can move forward, ______________ for a short time, then move forward again

-some children may ______________ a behavior or skill as they move forward

1. Development Sequence is

__________for All


-dev progresses from a beginning point moving in a ______________________________

-just as growth of an infant proceeds from the ________ down and from the _________ of the body to the limbs, dev of behaviors and skills moves from general to specific

-as children mature, their bodily changes occur in a sequential order and give children new _______________

-as the brain and nervous system develops, a child’s thinking ______________ skills and motor physical skills

__________________

2. Development Proceeds from ______________


-in children who ______________ normally, behaviors and skills they have already acquired become the basis for new behaviors and skills

-there is _________________ from one phase of dev to the next

-children continue to add _________ behaviors and skills as they perfect their ability to walk, to write or draw and to speak.

-continuation of dev can easily be seen in children as they _______________ from age two to age twelve. Holding a

pencil develops into writing and drawing

3. Development is _______________


-each child is different, and the __________ at which individual children develop are different-although the ________________ for dev are usually the same for all children, the rates at which individual children reach each stage will be different-some children will ___________ at 10 months and others at 18 months-dev is never uniform, but is ______________

4. Development Proceeds

at_________________


-areas of development, called ___________: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

-when one area of dev is _____________, one or more other areas of dev are also involved

5. All Areas of Development are

______________


Key Point

There are certain periods of time when children are especially ____________ to their surroundings and interactions with other people. These periods of time are tied to brain development and readiness for learning. Both will directly affect the ________________ of developmental milestones.


Basics of Brain Development

-there are ___________ brain cells at birth, but there is minimal “wiring” between them

-a ____________ is the connection between two nerve sells. Synaptic connections are being formed throughout the brain throughout life.

-early on, these new pathways are simple, vulnerable & growing rapidly. Later, the brain begins to surround them with a kind of _____________ (myelin) that offers some protection to the connections.

-messages between synapses are sent ______________________

-stimulation & ____________________ determine what connections are initially formed

-_________________ that are encountered early & often, as well as

the child’s successful responses, get “wired” into the brain


Basics of Brain Dev cont.

-practice & __________ help determine the strength and durability of a connection

-there are times in a child’s growth that are referred to as “__________________________________.” These are certain periods of time when children are especially receptive to their surroundings and interactions with other people.

-these periods of time are tied to brain dev and _____________ for learning that will directly affect the achievement of developmental milestones. For example, language skills depend on hearing other people speak.

-if there is not adequate _________ stimulation in the first years of life, language skills, especially grammar & pronunciation, are negatively affected

-this is critically important for young children since the window of

opportunity for learning language skills begins to close around

5 yr old.


Experiences and Environmental Influences that Impact Brain

Development

_________________ you do in the child care setting has an effect on the child’s development and learning.

• How you diaper, ____________, and put to sleep;• The way you __________, and the way you

comfort;• The amount of ___________ the child has to play

in, and the ambient lighting;• The _____________ you sing;• The toys you provide;• The ______________ you serve;• These things and more


Implications for LearningWhy should child care professionals learn about principles of child development?

• Care and the environment can ____________ ___________________________________

• The knowledgeable caregiver can __________ ___________________________________

• When a child is struggling with a new skill, ___________________________________ ___________________________________

• The knowledgeable caregiver can “detect” indicators of possible delays, and __________ ___________________________________


Key Point

All of your interactions with a child have an ____________ on the child’s development and learning. It is important to be ____________ of what the child is learning while in your care.


• As a child care provider you should always be on the lookout for signs of _____________________ and be aware of appropriate methods of dealing with children experiencing developmental delays.

• You may use the knowledge about the Principles of Child Growth and Development to spot the child who is not yet showing the ______________________ _________ we would expect in a certain age range.

• Certain aspects of development may be ________ or non-existent, depending on the child.

• Just because a child may be ________________ ___________ in an area, it is important to continue to help the child develop as much as possible in the area in which he is delayed.


• Developmentally ______________ practices for this child may differ from those expected for the child’s age.

• Include the child in all activities in which he can ____________ participate.

• Increased supervision or attention may be required to ensure safety and well-being. Such a child may also be in need of professional help such as ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

• It is important to remember that you should ___ _______________________. If you have any concerns regarding the growth and development of a child, the concerns should be presented to

• the appropriate party.21


Key Point

The ___________ and _______________ generally typical for children at a certain age range may not be possible for some children who are developmentally delayed.


What is a _____________ Disability?

Developmental disability –

Appropriate support in the 1st three years of life of a child with special needs is called early intervention, & the sooner intervention services begin the better.

Two specific developmental disabilities that you may see are:•Autism –

•Down syndrome -


InclusionThe ________________________________, or ADA, a federal law, requires child care programs to comply with specific accessibility guidelines to support children with developmental disabilities. Achieving inclusion may require special training for staff members, enhanced learning opportunities for children, or adaptive or modified materials, toys, and equipment.

The _________________________________, also known as IDEA, ensures that children with disabilities ages 3 to 21 receive a free & appropriate public education & that early intervention services are provided to eligible infants & toddlers.

When child care programs fully support children with developmental disabilities, they are said to be inclusive.

A child care program can be inclusive by: - ________________________________________________ - establishing a routine and schedule

- ________________________________________________ - nurturing language development

• - ________________________________________________• - assisting families in meeting their children’s needs


Positive Behavior SupportsThe best way to guide the behavior of children with developmental disabilities is to use __________________________________ while providing developmentally appropriate individualized care.

Prevention, redirection, and positive reinforcement are three types of positive behavior supports. •Prevention:

•Redirection:

•Positive reinforcement:


Americans with Disabilities Act, or ADA

• Passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990 sent a clear message to the American people that children and adults with ____________ are entitled to the ___________________________ that others enjoy.

• This means that children with disabilities are legally entitled to ___________________ to community-based child care settings.

• However, a legal mandate by itself is not sufficient to make available ___________________ and responsive child care options for children with disabilities.

• Although the picture is improving, families continue to have ____________ finding inclusive child care

programs for their children.


How would you address the special needs of each of these children?

-a child who is physically-challenged

-a child who is socially-challenged

-a child who is shy or emotionally-challenged

-a child who is gifted

-a child who is mentally-challenged


Key Point

Children with disabilities are ________________ ____________ to equal access to community-based child care settings.


A Day in the Life…

Single working parent who works 8 to 5 job and has one child in child care…

wake up time?time to drive to center?pick up time?dinner time?bath time?bedtime?

How much time does this child spend in interaction with a parent? How much opportunity does the parent get to observe the child’s growing repertoire of skills?


Key Point

Child care professionals may spot ______________ ________________ before the parents do. This is why it is important to _______________ the basic child growth and development principles.

31



Module 2: Child Development Module 2: Child Development TheoriesTheories


What is a theory?

A theory is…


Maslow and the Hierarchy of Needs

•Maslow developed a hierarchy of __________ ______________.

•In a hierarchy, one set of things is _____________ on the next, both of which are dependent on the next, and so on.

•Maslow’s hierarchy has ____ levels, is pictured as a pyramid and goes from bottom (human need number 1) to top (human need number 5).

•Like a _____________, it builds one level upon the level below.

•Satisfying the needs on the second level depend on

the _________ level needs being ______________ and ready to be built upon.


Maslow’s Hierarchy

Level 5: ____________________________

Level 4: ___________________________________

Level 3: __________________________________________

Level 2: _______________________________________________

Level 1: ____________________________________________________


Key Point

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs include __________________, ________________________, ________________________, ________________________, ________________________.The lowest levels of needs must be met before higher needs can be accomplished. Successfully meeting the needs at each level results in fulfilling one’s life with purpose and meaning.


Erik Erikson • Erikson is recognized as a ____________

psychologist who can be compared to ________________ because of his theory that humans develop in stages.

• He developed ____ psychosocial stages through which humans develop throughout their entire lifetime.

• Individuals must go through each of these stages, called __________.

• Moving successfully through these conflicts develops a strong _________ and ____________ life.


LEVEL

AGE

CONFLICT

MEANING

1

INFANT (0 TO 1)

TRUST VS. MISTRUST

2

TODDLER (1 TO 3)

AUTONOMY VS. SHAME & DOUBT

3

PRESCHOOL (4 & 5)

INITIATIVE VS. GUILT


4

GRADE SCHOOL (6 TO 11)

INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY

5

HIGH SCHOOL

IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION

6

EARLY ADULT

INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION

7

MIDDLE ADULT

GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION

8

LATE ADULT

INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR


Key Point___________ theory on emotional and personality development describes eight conflicts that must be resolved at stages of throughout life. During the childhood years, encouraging ___________, _________________, _________________ and industry can resolve conflicts and create a resilient social and emotional life.


Jean _______• He is most known for his work on the psychology

of __________________.• Piaget was interested in learning how children

develop an ____________________ of the world.• His theory was based on the concept of

__________________ structures. • Cognitive structures are patterns of ___________

or _______________ action that underlie acts of intelligence and correspond to stages of child development.

• According to Piaget, children develop the ability to learn in _____ basic stages.

• In each stage, development focuses around acquiring a different set of related ______________________ and

• __________________.


JEAN PIAGET: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Stage 1: ________ _______ 0-2 yrs -

___________________________________________________-understand world by physically manipulating objects-trial & error problem-solving-________________________________________

Stage 2: _______________ 2-7 yrs -____________________________________________________________

-uses symbols to mentally represent objects-increase development of language & concepts-____________________________________________________________-egocentric thought processes

Stage 3: _________________ 7-11 yrs -__________________________________________________________

-___________________________________________________________-are able to make realizations about why things happen-understand how things relate to one another

Stage 4: _________________ 11+ yrs -___________________________________________________________

-begin to think about thinking-think in abstract terms-___________________________________________________________


Key Point

Piaget’s four stages of ___________________ explain how children interact with their environment to construct knowledge. Each stage represents a change from one type of thought or behavior to another and builds on the stage before.


Lev __________ • He developed the _____________________ theory of

learning.• Children acquire _______________ through culture.• Children learn through _______________________

experiences shared with a knowledgeable adult or peer. Initially, the person interacting with the child assumes more responsibility for guiding the learning. As the child learns, the responsibility is gradually transferred to him. This is an instructional technique called ________________.

• A child can perform a task under adult guidance or with peer ____________________ that could not be achieved alone. Vygotsky called this the _______________________________________

and claimed that learning occurred in this zone.


Vygotsky’s theory for learning

• _____________________ must be developed where children play an active role in their own education as well as the education of their peers.

• In ________________, the adult provides childrenwith the opportunity to extend their current skills and knowledge.

• Reciprocal teaching ___________________________ _________________________________________. • The process has four main strategies for success.

They are: • ___________ a question for understanding; • ___________ that they are understanding

what they are reading; • Stopping to _____________ from clues what

they think will happen in the learning material and

• _________________ what they have learned.


Key Point

_______________ socio-cultural theory of _________________ development focuses on the connections between people and the culture in which they interact. The culture that surrounds children and their social interaction leads to continuous step-by-step changes in their learning and behavior.

46



Module 3: Influences Affecting Module 3: Influences Affecting Child DevelopmentChild Development


How old? Does the child sound “typical”? If not, what sounds atypical & why does it concern

you?

1. Kierra has learned how to scribble with a crayon from her big sister. She can stand on her tiptoes. When she starts to sing the “ABC” song, she usually winds up with lines from “Twinkle-twinkle Little Star.” She has become pretty good at following simple instructions. She gets frustrated when she has trouble doing something. Only about half of what she says is understandable by strangers and many of her words are a mixture of Spanish and English.



you?

2. Julie doesn’t sleep at nap time anymore. She is very friendly and adores her older sister. She likes playing with dolls and changing their clothes. She has started to admonish the younger children, reminding them of “the rules.” She does not yet reliably count to ten, getting scrambled with random “teens.”



you?

3. Teddy can stand and can walk while holding onto an adult’s fingers. He recognizes and responds to his own name about half the time, but cannot hear well. He can babble, but hasn’t yet said his first really intelligible word. He gets very focused when he plays with blocks and cups. He is still drinking from a bottle, and doesn’t yet have the hang of a sippy-sup.



you?

4. Tina will look at you when you talk to her, and she can ask for something by pointing and saying “please.” She has a vocabulary of about 12 words that are clearly understandable. She gets anxious for a little while when one of her parents drops her off in the morning. She gets frequent stomachaches. She can pull herself up on furniture and can take a step or two before sitting down. She can pull off her hat, but not her socks.



you?

5. Vaughn has a large vocabulary and talks almost non-stop. He really enjoys being your “helper.” He asks a lot of questions. He likes to play tag, but changes the rules on the spot to his own advantage. He can write his name, but uses a lot of space. He can remove his own clothes and put on his pajamas. He can brush his teeth without help. If offered a piece of candy, he will request that his younger brother receive a piece too.



you?

6. Jose usually prefers to play with other boys rather than the girls. He knows his left from his right, and can tie his own shoelaces. He tattles on other kids. He can balance on one foot, and can ride a bicycle without training wheels. He likes knock-knock jokes, and knows the days of the week and the months of the year.


Key Point

Children develop at _____________ _______. Internal and external factors have a great influence on the development of children and the _____________ you make as a childcare professional in ______________ for their learning and care.


Favorite Childhood Book:

Title?

Why your favorite?


Five Environmental Influences

1. ___________________________2. ___________________________3. __________________________________

____________________4. __________________________________

____________________5. __________________________________

____________________


Key Point

__________________ influences such as nutrition, exercise levels, daily routines in physical activities and learning and relationships with adults and other children are important for children’s ______________________________________


The Influence of Heredity on Child Development

Heredity:

Temperament:


• Temperament is different from ______________.• _______________ is a prevailing or dominant quality

that characterizes a person.• _____________ is the totality of a person’s attitudes,

interests, behavioral patterns, emotional responses, social roles and individual traits that endure over long periods of time.

• While the child’s _________________ may stay the ________, he/she can become more outgoing (personality) as he/she learns to trust and work with others.


• Temperament also differs from __________.

For example:


Key Point

____________ is the blend of physical and temperamental characteristics inherited by a child from the birth parents. Inherited characteristics may have ______________ or ______________ ______________ on a child.


Meet the ChildrenKierra-

Julie-

Teddy-

Tina-

Vaughn-

Jose-


The Influence of Birth Order

Facts on _______________________:-________________ affects a child by determining

how he sees himself.-Research shows that generalizations can be

made as to the typical characteristics of placement.

-_____________ children are more likely to go to college.

-_____________ children seem to have the strongest feelings of neglect by parents, often feeling that they were “squeezed out” by other siblings.

-____________ may be more pampered and creative.


Only Child• Feel __________ because adults are more

capable.• Be the center of ______________; often enjoys

______________; may feel special.• Rely on service from others rather that own

efforts.• Feel unfairly treated when he doesn’t get his

own way. May _______________ to cooperate.• Play “divide & conquer” to get his own way.• Have __________ peer relations as child but

better relations as adult.• Please others only when he wants to.• Be ______________.


First Child• Be used to being ___________ of attention as the only

child until another is born into family.• Believe he must gain & hold ________________ over

other children.• Respond to birth of 2nd child by feeling unloved &

_____________.• Strive to keep or regain parents’ & caregivers’

_____________ through conformity. If this failed, he may choose to misbehave.

• Develop competent, ______________ behavior or become very discouraged.

• Sometimes strive to ____________ & help others & accept responsibility.

• Strive, or feel pressured, to ___________.


Second Child

• Never have parents’ _____________ attention. Always has sibling ahead who’s more advanced.

• Act as if in a __________, trying to catch up or overtake first child. If first child is “good,” second may be labeled “bad.”

• Develops abilities first child doesn’t _________. If first child successful, may feel uncertain of self & abilities.

• Be _____________. Often doesn’t like this position in family.

• Feels “squeezed” if third child is born. May ___________ other siblings.


Third or Middle Children

• Have neither rights of oldest nor ____________ of youngest. May feel life is unfair.

• Feel _______________, left out, “squeezed”• Feel he doesn’t have a place in family• Become _______________ and a “problem

child.” May elevate himself by pushing down other siblings.

• Be _______________. May learn to deal with both oldest and youngest sibling.

• Feel less _____________ than the oldest child to meet parents’ expectations.


Youngest Child

• Behave like an _______ child. May feel that everyone is bigger & more capable.

• ___________ others to do things, make decisions, take responsibility.

• Feel smallest & weakest. May not feel that they are taken _______________

• Become ____________ of the family in getting service & his own way.

• Develop feelings of inferiority or becomes an ______________ & overtake older siblings

• Remain “the baby.” If youngest of 3, often allies with the ___________ against ___________

• child.


Key Point

_______________ affects a child by determining how he _______ himself. Research shows that generalizations can be made as to the ____________ characteristics of placement.


The Influence of Health Status

• A child in _______________ has a better opportunity to grow with fewer _____________ challenges than an unhealthy child.

• Being ____________ generally happens when a child eats well, gets plenty of physical activity & exercise, gets sufficient rest, has a healthy weight, practices oral hygiene, exhibits appropriate emotions, behavior & responses to discipline, etc

• Growing health issue: children _____________. What to do??


Key Point________________ is a critical influence on the growth and development of a child from the pre-natal period through each age and stage. A child in good health has a ___________ opportunity to grow with ___________ developmental challenges than an unhealthy child.


The Influence of Dev Obstacles

• Developmental _______________ vary widely but all affect dev.

• Multiple _______________ may progress more slowly than a child with only one obstacle.

• Overcoming or reducing the effect of obstacle requires ________________ between child, parents and caregiver/teacher.

• _______________________: (federal law) including children with special needs, side by side, with their non-handicapped peers. This allows children to learn from each other.


Identifying Children with Special Needs

• Refer to page 372• Possible___________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________


How would you address the special needs of each of these 4-yr old children while you are

teaching them to correctly complete a 20 piece puzzle?

1. Child is physically challenged

2. Child is socially challenged

3.Child is shy or emotionally challenged

4. Child is gifted

5. Child is mentally challenged


Key Point

_______________________ vary widely but all affect development. Prenatal problems, trauma during birth, accidents, illness, disease, a lack of parent and child interaction, or poor nutrition damages the ________ and/or the ________ and may disturb or delay normal development. Overcoming or reducing the effect of developmental obstacles requires ____________ between the child, parents, and the childcare professional.


Key Point

Knowledge of developmental __________ and ___________ on a child is crucial in making your decisions as a childcare professional.

76



Module 4: Developmental Module 4: Developmental Characteristics, Part 1Characteristics, Part 1


As a child care professional, you have the responsibility of choosing ____________ ______________ that are both age ______________ and challenging. You must have an understanding of:-typical ___________ & abilities of children at certain ________- what children should know & be able to do from birth through ______________.


Key Point

A child care professional who is _________________ of the typical behaviors and abilities of children can __________ learning new skills and detect ___________.


Age Ranges, Domains and Learning to Read the Domain

Charts• Children’s development progresses in “______________.”

• It is quite normal for there to be __________________ in the patterns and timing of growth and development rather than a smooth progression.

• __________________ is uneven—children don’t progress in all skills at the same time.

• A child grows and learns ____________________, not in pieces.

• Skills such as sitting up, grasping, or walking are examples of increasing ______________________.


Domain Definitions1. Physical Health:

2. Motor Development:

3. Social & Emotional:


Domain Charts

typical growth, behavior or skill expectancies

Characteristic Birth to 8 months

Shows characteristics of appropriate

health and development

• Sitting with support• Rolling over back to frontTeething

summary statement

common to the items in that row

Domain charts cover children’s ages, birth to 12 years old. Under each age column are the typical growth, _____________ or skill expectancies within each ____________________ at the given age range.

These charts are guides - they should ___________ be used as a checklist.

Remember, it is the _______________ of growth and development, not the ________ that is the important factor in evaluating a child’s progress


Key PointBy knowing the typical growth, behavior or skill _____________ found in the domains and understanding the age ranges where these expectancies may occur prepares the child care professional to set up the ___________________, design the curriculum and learning strategies and assist parents in _______________ their children’s progress.


Physical Health DomainInvolves typical ________ ________,changes in weight &

height, general health & safety, visual________,hearing & understanding the roles of health care professionals.

1st year: most rapid changes during lifetime; ie…• ____________ control most of a newborn child’s

movements, while an eight-month old may already be pulling up on furniture and taking his first deliberate steps.

• The newborn does very little at first. Most of his movements are reflexive, that is, they occur _______________.

• Each infant is born with a set of reflexes that allows response to the _____________ even before he has had a chance to learn.

• Most of these reflexes begin to ___________ after a few months.


Refer to the Physical Health Domain Chart in the Appendix,

pp. 427-430


Physical Health DomainTo ensure the children in your care are

healthy & well nourished, it is important to:

• ________________their eating patterns and bodily functions.

• Provide _______________ opportunities for them to be physically active.

• Encourage good hygiene __________________.• _________________ and practice safety rules.• _________________ hand-washing and tooth-brushing

on a regular basis.• _________________ children to exercise by jogging,

walking, jumping, running and dancing.• _________________ nutritious snacks and meals.• _________________ with parents about regular

medical care, immunizations, symptoms of illness


Key Point

The ______________ domain involves typical growth patterns, changes in weight and height, general health and safety, visual perception, hearing and understanding the roles of health care professionals. Some children are able to do _________ with their bodies at an earlier age than others. Children may have great variation in their _____________ between areas of physical development.


Motor Development Domain

Refers to a child’s ability to ________________________________________; ie,

grasping, rolling over, hopping on one foot, etc.

Instruction in & ___________ of motor skills is effective only after the appropriate ______________ development has occurred.

Refer to Motor Dev chart in appendix


Key Point

_____________ development refers to a child’s _________ to move about and control various body parts. Motor skills are developed only after the ___________ physical development has occurred.


Social & Emotional Domain Broad area that focuses on how children ____ about themselves & their relationships with others; their individual behaviors &

responses to play/work activities, ____________ to parents & caregivers, relationships with siblings & friends, and pro-social behavior.

• Encourage toddlers to try _____________; however, be sure to set limits when needed.

• Children _______________ that take into account their particular stage of development and capabilities.

• It is also during this time that you may first hear children use the word, “____!” This can sometimes seem like a toddler’s favorite word.

• A child who, previously, was very easy and adaptable, may now run from you when you try to dress him or refuse to pick up his toys when asked. Don’t assume that the child is trying to annoy you.

This is all a _____________ part of the child’s attempts to become independent.

A toddler’s job is to __________ because he can.


Children are not born knowing how to form ___________, nor do they come into this world understanding the rules their society has established. They learn by ________________________.

Modeling appropriate ____________ behaviors is a very important tool for teaching children how to get __________ with others. (a good indicator of a child’s __________________________).

Pro-social behavior in adults & children represents the most _____________

attributes of society. (acts of kindness)


Pro-Social Behavior People once believed that if we were taught to

think about the needs of others, corresponding ___________________ would follow. Unfortunately this is not true.

Implications of the social & emotional domain of the child care professional:

• ___________________ feelings of attachment and help the infant build a close, trusting relationship with his/her caregiver.

• ___________________ separations.• ___________________ independence and sense of

self.


Key PointSocial & ____________ development is a broad area that focuses on how children feel about _____________ and their relationships with others. It refers to children’s individual _____________ and responses to play and work activities, attachments to parents and caregivers, relationships with siblings and friends and _______________ behaviors.


Importance of Routines

A routine is:

Through routines, children develop:• A sense of ____________ and self-esteem (“My

needs will be met.” “I am worthy of this person’s attention.”)

• A sense of time and ____________ (“Toys go here.” “This is when we have a snack.”)

• Feelings of _________________ and competence (“I can do this by myself.”)

• Cognitive and ______________ skills (“Pants go on before shoes.” “I can ask for something I want.”)


Importance of Routines• Routines for older infants and toddlers should take into

account the child’s efforts to become ___________________.• Toddlers are quickly learning to do things for themselves

such as, ____________________, _____________________, and _____________________.

• Try to let them do as many things as they can by ____________.

• Toddlers can be quite cooperative one minute and running from you the next. As a result, routines should be carried out in a way that is open and _______________, yet there is a _______________ sequence to the routine.

• In any routine, making a smooth _______________ from one activity to the next can help minimize the stress.

• Let children know what will be happening next with statements such as, “In a few minutes, we are going to stop, and I’m going to change your diaper.” This helps children feel safe and secure.


Key PointA routine is a _________ sequence of steps or _______________ that are performed to complete a task. A routine is based on the children’s ____________ level and skills and helps them feel secure and comfortable by letting them know what to ____________.




Module 5: Developmental Module 5: Developmental Characteristics, Part 2Characteristics, Part 2


Birth to School AgeGrowth & Development

• Young children are developing in all the domains ______________

• Each domain is equally __________ to the growth and development of a child

• Not only are the developmental domains equally important, but they are also __________

• Rapid physical growth leads to increased and more refined ______ development

• The ________ health domain is interconnected with the _____ development

• The social & emotional domain is linked to the development of the _________


Domain Definitions4. ______________________ refers to a child’s eagerness

to learn. It includes curiosity, persistence, creative problem solving and the ability to create and complete long-term projects.

5. _______________________ refers to the child’s ability to communicate with others. It involves a child’s ability to see, hear, speak, read and write and construct an understanding of things around them.

6. ___________________________________ refers to the child’s intellectual or mental abilities. It involves exploration, discovery, concept and memory formation, problem solving and creative expression. It includes knowledge of mathematics, scientific thinking, awareness of social studies and the arts.


Key Point

The time in a child’s life from birth until he enters school is a time of remarkable _______. Young children are developing in all the domains ____________. Each domain is equally important to the growth and development of a child. It is essential that the child care environment sustain a child’s _________ and creativity, evolving language and communication skills, and growing knowledge about the world.


Approaches to LearningRefers to a child’s __________ to learn. Includes curiosity, ___________, problem solving and the

ability to create and complete long-term projects.

As a child care professional, you must _________ and _________ these habits in your classroom.


Young children are most likely to strengthen their natural interest in learning by ___________ with the adults in their lives. As we assist children in the learning process, we should encourage them to make sense of their environment. They need to:

•Observe and investigate (__________ and _________)

•Record and represent (persistence)•Explain and draw conclusions

(__________ and _____________)

Approaches to Learning


• Approaches to learning requires child care professionals to be alert to _____________ to “seize the moment” when observing children demonstrating persistence, intellectual curiosity and creativity.

• The habits and attitudes in this domain are not learned only through formal instructions but are __________ in children by being around people who exhibit them.

• As the child care professional, you need to acknowledge a child when you see her completing a task or being __________ in continuing to work at solving a problem.

• You can help support eagerness and curiosity, persistence, problem solving and creativity with

effective ________ by adults and praise given to children when they exhibit use of these

habits and attitudes.



Refer to “Developing Questions That Help Children Think” on page 396

of your DCF Manual.


Key PointThe Approaches to Learning Domain involves a child’s _________ to learn. It includes curiosity, persistence, creative problem solving and the ability to create and complete long-term projects.


Language & Communication

• Young infants are able to see at a distance of approximately _____ inches. Objects held at this distance are most clear. Since this is the distance you typically hold or feed a young infant, your face is one of the objects that an infant will see.

• Young babies like looking at the _____ face and find it very interesting.

• Babies are born with the ability to hear. This ability begins to develop in the ____.

• Long before a baby is born, he is hearing sounds such as his mother’s voice and his mother’s _________.


Language & Communication

• Before babies utter their first word, they are preparing for ________ in many ways.

• It should be noted that “hearing” matures to “_________.” Infants hear sound in their environment. As they grow, they begin to listen. They begin to attach meaning to words and other sounds.

• The same process occurs with _______. Infants see objects in their environment. As they mature, they construct an understanding of the things around them that they see so that their vision becomes a window to understanding the world.


Key Point

An infant begins a _____ process of developing language and communications skills before birth. “Hearing” _______ to “listening.” The same process occurs with seeing. They attach meaning to words and other sounds and to what they see in the environment.


__________ development occurs in gradual steps as the child

ages:


Key Point______ is the first way that an infant has of communicating. Around 2 months infants begin to make vowel-like noises, called ______. Consonants are added at around 6 months when ________ begins. Young toddlers will use “Mama” and “Dada” with meaning by about 11 months. Around 12 to 24 months, most babies begin to use _____. The progression of skills related to speaking is very rapid once children reach the age of 3 years old.


Reading•It is never too early to start _______ to

children.•Studies show that the more children ______ the better readers and writers they become.

•When children become good ________ in the early grades, they are more likely to become better learners throughout their school years and beyond.

•Daily reading is _________!•__________ is also important.


Key Point

It is never _________ to start reading to children. It is critical that child care professionals and the learning environment nurture the emergent literacy of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Studies show that the ____ children read, the _______ readers and writers they become. Daily reading is essential!


•Reading and writing skills develop in children at the same time. Development…

•Writing…


Key PointDaily ________ in the skills of writing is essential for children to develop their writing ability. _____ day, time must be devoted for children to practice writing at their level-scribbling, making letter-like shapes, writing letters and connecting them into words and connecting words into meaningful sentences and, eventually, paragraphs, stories and other writings.


Language & Communication Domain It is important to:

• _____ a joy of reading and writing with the children.

• ______ a high quality library of books for Read Aloud and individual reading.

• _________ the parents to read aloud to their children and have books available in the home.

• Create a __________ environment with art, books related to lessons, vocabulary strips and signs, maps and posted alphabet signs.

• Use the ________ with children to find stories, learning activities and games that can become part of daily lessons.


Language & Communication Domain Remember the cardinal rules of Read

Alouds:•_______ the material.•Practice reading with plenty of

__________.•The younger the child, the ________ the

book.•Choose books with ________ that will

interest children.•Stories and poems that ______ appeal

to children.


Key PointThe Language & Communication Domain involves a child’s ability to __________ with others. It involves a child’s ability to see, hear, speak, read and write and construct an understanding of things around them.


Cognitive Development & General Knowledge Domain

Refers to the child’s _________ or _______ abilities. Involves exploration, discovery, concept & memory formation, problem solving, creative expression, etc.


Cognitive Development & General Knowledge Domain

• Use ____ and _______ vocabulary words when appropriate.

• Look for read aloud books that reinforce math, science, social studies and art and music.

• Use positional vocabulary and refer to maps and location charts.

• Organize an ___ and _____ learning center or station with appropriate supplies and tools.

• Involve children’s creativity in and connect their creative experiences to concepts there are exploring.

• Provide children with classroom activities, materials and discussions that address the wide range of _________.

• Teach children about _____ and have appropriate rules for children’s safety and learning.


Key Point

The _________ Development & General Knowledge Domain involves the child’s intellectual or mental abilities. It includes exploration, discovery, concept and memory formation, problem solving and ________ expression. It includes knowledge of mathematics, scientific thinking, awareness of social studies, and the arts.


Weekly Block Plan Chart


Weekly Block Plan Chart

Motor Development

Creative Expression

Language & Communication:

Pre-Reading


Cognitive Development

Social & Emotional

Health, Safety,

Nutrition

M

O N

Using an appliance box, children draw on it to turn it into a grocery store.

Show the children some food products. Have them choose which ones are more healthy.

T

U E

Give children zip-lock bags of Fruit Loops. Have them sort by color and count them by 5Õs.

Review simple shapes. Have children identify those shapes on food packages.

W

E D

Play a series of commercials you have pre-recorded. Ask children what they are selling.

Measure the number of 1/4 cups in a box of Fruit Loops

Discus and plan for healthy snacks for the class.

T

H U R

Read ŅEverybody Cooks RiceÓ to the class. Point out and explain new vocabulary words.

Dramatic Play. Let children play with grocery store box, props and be customers and clerks.

F R I

Ask, What stores and restaurants welcome children? How do you know?

Class age 4 Yea r Olds Teac her(s)_________________________ Week of ________________________ Theme Going to the Store (Addresses multiple domains and expectancies, see chart)


Key Point

Child care professionals need to ____ a variety of activities and materials for each day. Use a planning tool like the Weekly Block Plan chart to insure that learning is central to the activities experienced by the children.




Module 6: Developmentally Module 6: Developmentally Appropriate PracticesAppropriate Practices


Developmentally Appropriate Practices

Child care professionals who use Developmentally Appropriate Practices make decisions about the education and the well being of children based on three important sources:

• What you know about how children _______ and _____.

• What you know about the strengths, _____, and interests of individual children.

• What you know about the ______ and cultural contexts in which their children live.


• Developmentally Appropriate Practices are ____ ____________.

• Developmentally Appropriate Practices are _____________________.

• Developmentally Appropriate Practices are ________ and __________ appropriate.




Elements needed for creating developmentally appropriate programs


Selecting Appropriate Activities for Age Groups

Refer to page 412 in your DCF Manual. Write your answers on the next slide.



I nf ant and Toddler Birth to 2 years

Preschool 3 to 5 years

School Age 6 to 12 years


Key Point

_______________ Appropriate Practices (DAP) are age appropriate, individually appropriate, and socially and culturally appropriate. DAP are valuable general guidelines to ________ children’s learning.


DAP for Children with Special Needs and Culturally

Diverse ClassroomsDevelopmentally Appropriate Practices can be ________ for children who have developmental delays or special needs:

•Many times their specific needs or delays will not impair their _______ to participate in group activities.

•_____ accommodations are often possible.

•It is not acceptable to initiate activities that _______ a child with special needs.


Using Developmentally Appropriate Practices contributes to meeting the needs of a culturally diverse classroom. ________ is the impact that a person’s immediate society has on how a person perceives and reacts to the world. Because Florida has people from many diverse cultural groups, it is important to consider the impact of a child’s cultural background when involving them in an activity.

Special Needs and Culturally Diverse Classrooms


Special Needs & Culturally Diverse Classrooms

Design activities that:• Embrace ideas from many different

________.• Allow for children to ________ their cultural

heritage.• Avoid ___________.• Include examples that span all cultures,

and are not too focused on any one culture


• Remember that cultural differences generally include language, clothing, food and ___________.

• When considering how to work with children with special needs or children from a different culture, it is important to follow the 3-A’s: _________, __________ and ____________.

• Awareness should lead to __________. You, and the other children, should show a willingness to treat the child as an equal member of the group.

Special Needs & Culturally Diverse Classrooms


Video: Essential Connections – Ten Keys to Culturally Sensitive Child Care

DAP for Children with Special Needs and Culturally

Diverse Classrooms


10 Keys to Culturally Sensitive Child Care

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.


Key Point

When working with children with _______ needs or children from a different ________, it is important to follow the 3-A’s: Awareness, Acceptance and Appreciation. Developmentally Appropriate Practices can and should be used to meet the needs of all children.


Key Point

Children with special needs want to be able to learn in ways that are similar to children without special needs. _____________ to activities should be made to allow children with special needs to participate in group activities and learning centers.


Play as a Developmentally Appropriate Practice

People learn ________ by doing. The level a child is involved in play can vary from watching and listening to actively participating. The _____ involved a child is in a learning experience, the _______ the child will learn.


• Play contributes __________ to child development.• Learning in the physical health, motor development,

cognitive development and general knowledge, language and communication, approaches to learning and social and emotional domains is supported by play.

• Early learning relies on play experiences in which children have many opportunities to make their own choices and decisions, _____________________, assume responsibilities, care about the needs of others and are challenged by tasks that prompt them to stretch.

• Developmental progress does not occur during repetitive, ________ activities.

Play as a Developmentally Appropriate Practice


Types of Play Areas

• ________ Play• Constructive Play• ________ Play• Cognitive Play• ___________ Play• Dramatic Play• Language Play


• Play is self

• Solitary Play:

• Parallel Play:

• Cooperative Play:

141


Key Point

Play contributes _________ to child development. Learning in the Physical Health, Motor Development, Cognitive Development & General Knowledge, Language & Communication, Approaches to Learning and Social & Emotional Domains is supported by play.


Learning Centers

• Are designated areas in a child care program that are devoted to a __________ domain of play.

• Also called ________, activity areas, or play areas.

• Some may be _________ while others may be temporary.


Using Learning Centers

Matching Learning Center to Developmental Domain. Refer to page 420


Key Point

_________ Centers are designated areas in a child care facility that are devoted to a particular activity. The Physical Health, Motor Development, Cognitive Development & General Knowledge, Language & Communication, Approaches to Learning and Social & Emotional Domains are supported in developmentally appropriate learning centers.


Brain Gym

• Belief that ________ activity can help children be alert to new learning.

• Based on the work of a neurophysiologist and educator

• ________ is not an isolated “brain” function.


1. Drink Water•The brain is composed of ____ water.•Having children drink water during the

day can help them stay ________.•Drinking water is very important before

any stressful situation; we tend to perspire under stress or when actively playing or exercising.

•____________ can negatively affect our concentration.

•This technique is especially good for children who are ________ with learning new things, tests and deadlines.


2. Brain Buttons

3. Cross Crawl


Key Point

Learning and action are ________. Child care professionals who are using physical activities, called __________, believe they help children be alert to new learning.


____________________________________________________(NAEYC)

The NAEYC speaks of the value of our work with children in their

position paper on “Developmentally Appropriate

Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children Birth to

8”.


Key PointThis course on ______ ______ and __________ demonstrates the value of age and ability appropriate choices in planning. Developing and utilizing high quality materials and research gives us an understanding of the children in our care and the stimulating and responsible curriculum they need to help them reach their maximum potential.

child growth and development

Documents

development child growth

principles of child

normal growth

slower growth

babys growth

development proceeds

development module

areas of development