chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami magnitudemagnitude 8.8; hypocenter...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chile Chile earthquake and and tsunami
Magnitude 8.8; 8.8; hypocenter 21 mileshypocenter 21 miles TsunamiTsunami
![Page 2: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Deep-ocean Assessment Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamiand Reporting of Tsunami
![Page 3: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Changed the Changed the planet’s axis by planet’s axis by three inchesthree inches•Large mass of rock Large mass of rock movedmoved•Nearby island Nearby island uplifted 2 feetuplifted 2 feet•Steep sloping Steep sloping subduction zonesubduction zone•Each day should be Each day should be 1.26 microsecond 1.26 microsecond shorter (hundredth of shorter (hundredth of a second)a second)
Chile: M 8.8 earthquake
![Page 4: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chile: aftershocksChile: aftershocks
Magnitudes: 6, 5.1, 4.9Magnitudes: 6, 5.1, 4.9 Tsunami warning warning
![Page 5: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Predicting volcanic Predicting volcanic eruptions and reducing eruptions and reducing
the riskthe risk
![Page 6: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What can scientists do to What can scientists do to reduce volcanic risk?reduce volcanic risk?
![Page 7: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Mitigation: measures to Mitigation: measures to reduce riskreduce risk
Understanding the potential hazards Understanding the potential hazards Hazard mapsHazard maps Monitoring Monitoring Emergency plan in place and Emergency plan in place and
practicedpracticed Education of government officials Education of government officials
and publicand public
![Page 8: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
This process begins with the This process begins with the gathering of scientific gathering of scientific
informationinformation
![Page 9: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Understanding the PastUnderstanding the Past The eruptive history is very The eruptive history is very
importantimportant.. Ancient volcanic deposits are dated Ancient volcanic deposits are dated
to determine frequency of eruptions.to determine frequency of eruptions.
![Page 10: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
An understanding of the An understanding of the potential hazardpotential hazard
![Page 11: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Understanding of hazards: Understanding of hazards: provide definition and potential provide definition and potential
locationlocation
People will People will evacuate when evacuate when there is an there is an understanding of understanding of the potential the potential destruction from a destruction from a hazard.hazard.
![Page 12: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Successful prediction of Mt. Successful prediction of Mt. Pinatubo, 1991Pinatubo, 1991
The Philippine The Philippine government used government used volcanic hazard videos volcanic hazard videos and other information and other information to educate the publicto educate the public
Successful evacuationSuccessful evacuation
![Page 13: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Disaster Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Disaster Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Columbia, 1985Columbia, 1985
The people of Armero did not understand the potential The people of Armero did not understand the potential hazards of a laharhazards of a lahar
Government officials knew about the potential hazardGovernment officials knew about the potential hazard 23,000 fatalities23,000 fatalities
![Page 14: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Hazard Map of Mt. Rainier: map indicates previous lahar and pyroclastic flows
Results: where one would expect these hazards to occur in the future
Map ancient volcanic deposits.
![Page 15: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Lassen Peak, Hazard MapLassen Peak, Hazard Map
Vents that have Vents that have produced eruptionsproduced eruptions
Yellow- lava flow Yellow- lava flow zoneszones
Gold- ash fall zoneGold- ash fall zone Orange-combinedOrange-combined Pink-mudflowsPink-mudflows Aqua- floodsAqua- floods
![Page 16: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Monitoring PrecursorsMonitoring Precursors Physical changes are known to precede a Physical changes are known to precede a
volcanic eruptionvolcanic eruption.. Name changes in volcanic activity. These Name changes in volcanic activity. These
changes are called precursors.changes are called precursors.
•Seismicity•Deformation•Snow melt•Water levels and chemistry•Gas emission •Small eruptions
![Page 17: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Monitoring methodsMonitoring methods
![Page 18: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Movement of magma into the system tends to Movement of magma into the system tends to inflate the volcano’s surfaceinflate the volcano’s surface
TiltmetersTiltmeters Global Positioning Stations (GPS)Global Positioning Stations (GPS) Radar interferometry- satelliteRadar interferometry- satellite
Monitoring VolcanoesMonitoring VolcanoesGround DeformationGround Deformation
![Page 19: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
DeformationDeformation
Direct Direct measurements measurements are made when are made when the volcano is the volcano is increasing in increasing in precursor activityprecursor activity
Tiltmeter
Global Positioning Satellites record vertical and horizontal movement of the volcano
![Page 20: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Monitoring VolcanoesMonitoring VolcanoesSeismicitySeismicity
Magma fractures cooler rock causing Magma fractures cooler rock causing earthquakesearthquakes
An increase in the number of earthquakes An increase in the number of earthquakes may indicate an imminent eruptionmay indicate an imminent eruption
Mt. St. Helens
![Page 21: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SeismometerSeismometer Seismic waves Seismic waves
move through the move through the crust and reach the crust and reach the seismometerseismometer
The seismometer The seismometer records the strength records the strength and type of and type of movementmovement
The information is The information is sent to a station sent to a station and recorded and recorded through radio waves through radio waves or satellite or satellite communicationcommunication
Seismometer placed near Mt. St. Helens
![Page 22: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Monitoring the Long Valley Monitoring the Long Valley CalderaCaldera
Ground deformationGround deformation Resurgent dome Resurgent dome
grew is 80 grew is 80 centimeters from centimeters from the late 1970’s to the late 1970’s to 19991999
minor subsidence minor subsidence since 1999since 1999
![Page 23: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Seismicity Seismicity averages 5-10 averages 5-10 earthquakes per earthquakes per day since 1999day since 1999
Occasionally Occasionally swarms of swarms of earthquakes cause earthquakes cause alarm alarm (200-300/week)(200-300/week)
generally less than generally less than M=2M=2
Monitoring the Long Valley Monitoring the Long Valley CalderaCaldera
![Page 24: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Mt. St. HelensMt. St. Helens
Seismic activity Seismic activity increased in 2005increased in 2005
Increased Increased monitoring of monitoring of activityactivity
SeismicitySeismicity Visual inspectionsVisual inspections Gas emissionsGas emissions
![Page 27: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Mt. St. HelensMt. St. Helens
Alert level 2: Alert level 2: activity increasing activity increasing that lead to a that lead to a hazardous volcanic hazardous volcanic eruptioneruption
Aviation level Aviation level orange- ash to orange- ash to 30,000 feet, 30,000 feet, traveling 100 milestraveling 100 miles
![Page 28: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
SeismicitySeismicity
With more than three With more than three stations the initial stations the initial rupture of the rupture of the earthquake is locatedearthquake is located
Outlining the size and Outlining the size and location of the magma location of the magma chamberchamber
![Page 29: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Mt. St HelensMt. St Helens
Green dots represent activity Green dots represent activity in the past 24 hours.in the past 24 hours.
![Page 30: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Gas Emissions: as magma Gas Emissions: as magma ascends, decompression ascends, decompression
melting releases gasmelting releases gas
Sulfur dioxide cloud, three hours after eruption
Direct and indirect Direct and indirect measurementsmeasurements
Increase in gas emissions Increase in gas emissions may indicate an imminent may indicate an imminent eruptioneruption
![Page 31: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Mt. St. HelensMt. St. Helens
Volcanic watch
![Page 32: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide escape from the escape from the magma chambermagma chamber
Associated with faults Associated with faults that act as pathwaysthat act as pathways
50-150 tons per day 50-150 tons per day since 1996since 1996
level remains the level remains the samesame
Horseshoe lakeHorseshoe lake
Monitoring the Long Valley Monitoring the Long Valley CalderaCaldera
![Page 33: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Gas EmissionsGas Emissions Direct sampling is Direct sampling is
completed by completed by collecting the gas collecting the gas in a liquid in a liquid
Analysis is done Analysis is done at a laboratoryat a laboratory
![Page 34: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Composite satellite image of ash produced from Mt. Spur, Alaska over a one week period
Satellite images can monitor movement of ash in Satellite images can monitor movement of ash in the atmosphere. Ash abrades windows and can the atmosphere. Ash abrades windows and can
cause engine failurecause engine failure
![Page 35: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Satellite sensors are able to Satellite sensors are able to detect increased temperatures detect increased temperatures before an eruptionbefore an eruption
Used for remote active Used for remote active volcanoes or if seismicity does volcanoes or if seismicity does not precede an eruptionnot precede an eruption
Thermal Change indicates magma moving closer Thermal Change indicates magma moving closer to the surfaceto the surface
Pavlov Volcano, Alaska
![Page 36: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Lahar Warning SystemLahar Warning System
Sensors detect high frequency vibrations Sensors detect high frequency vibrations produced by lahars moving down a stream produced by lahars moving down a stream channelchannel
Sensors are placed downstream from Sensors are placed downstream from volcano but upstream from populationvolcano but upstream from population
![Page 37: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Warning SystemWarning System
![Page 38: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Warning SystemWarning System
NormalNormal: Typical background activity; : Typical background activity; non-eruptive statenon-eruptive state
AdvisoryAdvisory: Elevated unrest above : Elevated unrest above known background activityknown background activity
Watch: Watch: Heightened/escalating Heightened/escalating unrest with increased potential for unrest with increased potential for eruptive activity eruptive activity
Warning: Warning: Highly hazardous eruption Highly hazardous eruption underway or imminentunderway or imminent
![Page 39: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Aviation Warning Aviation Warning SystemSystem
Green: normal activityGreen: normal activity Yellow: exhibiting signs of elevated Yellow: exhibiting signs of elevated
unrestunrest Orange: heightened unrest with Orange: heightened unrest with
increased likelihood of eruption (specify increased likelihood of eruption (specify ash plume height)ash plume height)
Red: eruption’s forecast to be imminent Red: eruption’s forecast to be imminent with significant emission of ash into the with significant emission of ash into the atmosphere (specify ash plume height)atmosphere (specify ash plume height)
![Page 40: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Educating the PublicEducating the Public
![Page 41: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
CommunicationCommunication
Most important: think of the disasters in the past 6 years
![Page 42: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Volcanic Disaster Volcanic Disaster Assistance ProgramAssistance Program
![Page 43: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The primary purpose is to save lives in The primary purpose is to save lives in developing countries.developing countries.
Works with the Office of /Foreign Works with the Office of /Foreign disaster Assistance disaster Assistance
U.S. Agency for International U.S. Agency for International DevelopmentDevelopment
Volcanic Disaster Volcanic Disaster Assistance ProgramAssistance Program
![Page 44: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Volcanic Disaster The Volcanic Disaster Assistance Program was Assistance Program was developed after the 1985 developed after the 1985 eruption of Nevada del eruption of Nevada del Ruiz. Ruiz.
Since 1986, the response Since 1986, the response team organized and team organized and operated by the U.S.G.S. operated by the U.S.G.S. responds globally to responds globally to eminent probable volcanic eminent probable volcanic eruptions.eruptions.
Volcanic Disaster Volcanic Disaster Assistance ProgramAssistance Program
Nevada del Ruiz lahar that killed 23.000 people.
![Page 45: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Communication to PublicCommunication to Public
Increase in seismic Increase in seismic activity in 1996activity in 1996
AlaskaAlaska Prevent evacuation Prevent evacuation
of 1,000 residentsof 1,000 residents Prevent closing of Prevent closing of
fishing industryfishing industry
![Page 46: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The eruption of Rabaul, Papua The eruption of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, September, 1994.New Guinea, September, 1994.
Residents who witnessed the 1937 eruption Residents who witnessed the 1937 eruption explained what occurredexplained what occurred
Education of the local population through Education of the local population through community groupscommunity groups
Successful evacuation due to following the Successful evacuation due to following the planplan
![Page 47: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Real time monitoringReal time monitoring
![Page 48: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Successful PredictionSuccessful Prediction
Mount Pinatubo, 1991Mount Pinatubo, 1991
Approximately 330,000 people evacuated prior to the eruption
![Page 49: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Evaluation of RiskEvaluation of Risk
Zones of highest to lowest risk Zones of highest to lowest risk should be identifiedshould be identified
Urban planning should take in Urban planning should take in account the areas of highest riskaccount the areas of highest risk
These areas should be evacuated These areas should be evacuated firstfirst
![Page 50: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Applying the Applying the VVolcano olcano EExplosivity xplosivity IIndexndex
Mt. Pinatubo- 6-7Mt. Pinatubo- 6-7 Amount of property damageAmount of property damage
PopulationPopulation This equates to the amount of riskThis equates to the amount of risk
RiskRisk
![Page 51: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Evaluation of Volcanic RiskEvaluation of Volcanic Risk UUnited nited NNations ations EEducational, ducational, SScientific cientific
and and CCultural ultural OOrganization-rganization-UNESCOUNESCO Risk=(value)x(vulnerability)x(hazard)Risk=(value)x(vulnerability)x(hazard)
Value=Value= # of lives, monetary goods in # of lives, monetary goods in areaarea
Vulnerability=Vulnerability=% of lives or goods % of lives or goods likely to be lost in a given eventlikely to be lost in a given event
Hazard=Hazard=based on the based on the VVolcanic olcanic EExplosivity xplosivity IIndex- ndex- VEIVEI
![Page 52: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Volcanic Explosivity IndexVolcanic Explosivity Index
Volume of Volume of materialmaterial
Eruption column Eruption column heightheight
Eruptive styleEruptive style How long the How long the
major eruptive major eruptive burst lastedburst lasted
Plinian: 5-7; 1993 Lascar Volcano, Chile
Hawaiian: 0-2
![Page 53: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Tambora eruption, 1815: Tambora eruption, 1815: VEI 7VEI 7
![Page 54: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Mt. Vesuvius Mt. Vesuvius produced a VEI 5 produced a VEI 5 eruption in 79 CE. eruption in 79 CE.
There are now 3 There are now 3 million people living million people living on and near this on and near this volcano. volcano.
Less than 1% chance Less than 1% chance for another eruption for another eruption this size in the next this size in the next 10 years10 years
High risk coefficient High risk coefficient due to the high due to the high population densitypopulation density
Evaluation Evaluation of Riskof Risk
Mt. Vesuvius, Pliny
![Page 55: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Vesuvius Vesuvius EruptsErupts
Computer Computer simulations help simulations help understand which understand which areas would be areas would be affected firstaffected first
Those Those communities communities should be should be evacuated firstevacuated first
![Page 56: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Mt. Vesuvius, Areas of RiskMt. Vesuvius, Areas of Risk
Emergency plan assumes that there can be a 20 day warning
![Page 57: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Without warningWithout warning
Estimated 15-20,000 casualtiesEstimated 15-20,000 casualties What do you think?What do you think?
1944 eruption
![Page 58: Chile earthquake and tsunami earthquaketsunamiearthquaketsunami MagnitudeMagnitude 8.8; hypocenter 21 miles Magnitude Tsunami](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033107/56649daa5503460f94a97c78/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
MitigationMitigation
Understanding the potential hazards Understanding the potential hazards Hazard mapsHazard maps Monitoring Monitoring Emergency plan in place and practicedEmergency plan in place and practiced Education of government officials and Education of government officials and
publicpublic Communication clear between scientists, Communication clear between scientists,
government officials and the publicgovernment officials and the public