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REP.G2211

The World Vegetable Center

CHILLI INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT RAPIDRURAL APPRAISAL IN CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

5-15 March 2007

Greg Luther, RRA Leader and IPM / Development Specialist, AVRDCManuel Palada, Crop & Ecosystem Management Specialist, AVRDCT.C. Wang, Plant Pathologist, AVRDCAnna Dibiyantoro, Project Coordinator and Entomologist, AVRDCJoko Mariyono, Socioeconomics PhD Candidate, Australian National UniversityMieke Ameriana, Socioeconomist, IVEGRISutoyo, Plant Pathologist, BPTPDeni Bimantoro, Student, Bogor Agricultural University

Integrated Disease Management (IDM) for Anthracnose, Phytophthora blight, and

Whitefly Transmitted Geminiviruses in Chilli Pepper in Indonesia, (ACIAR CP 2004/048),

AVRDC — The World Vegetable Center

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The RRA reported here was conducted on 5-15 March 2007, in Brebes, Magelang and

Rembang Districts, Central Java, Indonesia; RRA is one activity in the project "Integrated

Disease Management (IDM) for Anthracnose, Phytophthora blight, and Whitefly Transmitted

Geminiviruses in Chilli Pepper in Indonesia", (ACIAR CP 2004/048), coordinated by project

leader Dr. P.A. Gniffke of AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center..

The RRA was succegsfiilly conducted with the key support of Agricultural District Leaders

from:

Brebes: Ir. Daryono, with his staff Ir.Trimulyo Ilardjo, Mr. Yatno, Mr.Junari, Mr. Waluyo;

also Mr. Arifin, the IVEGRI representative in Brebes.

Magelang: Ir. Priyantono with his staff Ir. Agus, Ir. Prihatomo, Ir. Harri, and the local

extension agents.

Rembang: Ir. Sutono with his staff, Ir. Srihartomo, Ir. Mulyono and local extension agents.

Great appreciation goes to Ir. Joni Munarso, MSc., head of AIAT Central Java with his staff

for supporting our RRA execution and meeting.

Our sincere gratitude goes to survey area fanciers as RRA correspondents, with their efforts

to answer many difficult questions.

Our grateful thanks go to Dr. Mubarik Ali, Dr. Katinka Weinberger of AVRDC – The World

Vegetable Center, for their contributions developing the RRA questionnaire, along with Dr.

G. Luther, Dr. M. Palada, Dr. T. C. Wang, the rest of the RRA team, and Dr. P. Gniffke.

u

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement..................................................................................................................ii

Table of Contents 111

List of Tables.........................................................................................................................iv

List of Figures....... '............................................................................................................... iv

Executive Summary............................................................................................................... v

Introduction .............................................................................................................................1

Preparation.....................................................................................................:........................2

Process............................................................................... :................................................... 2

Results of The RRA................................................................................................................7

1. Findings from Informal Interviews with Farmers .......................................................... 7

2. Direct Observations by the RRA Team and Supplementary Information from

Agricultural Officials and Universities .............................................................................16

Brebes........................................................................................................................... 16

Magelang...................................................................................................................... 18

Rembang.......................................................................................................................21

Conclusions.......................................................................................................................... 23

Recommendations by the RRA Team .................................................................................. 26

References:........................................................................................................................... 27

Appendix 1: RRA responses, Brebes .................................................................................... 28

Appendix 2: RRA Responses, Rembang ............................................................................... 37

Appendix 3: RRA Responses, Magelang.............................................................................. 46

111

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. RRA agenda 5-15 March 2007 ................................................................................vi

Table 2. Comparison of farmers' responses during the RRA in three districts of Central

Java.........................................................................................................................................8

Table 3. Farmer responses regarding major disease incidence ............................................ 24

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. RRA team in Rembang................................................................................... vii-3

Figure 2. Introduction of RRA interview, Brebes .................................................................. 3

Figure 3. RRA in Brebes........................................................................................................ 4

Figure 4. RRA in Brebes........................................................................................................ 5

Figure 5. RRA in Magelang ................................................................................................... 5

Figure 6. RRA in Magelang ................................................................................................... 6

Figure 7. RRA in Rembang .................................................................................................... 6

Figure 8. RRA in Rembang ....................................................................................................7

Figure 9. Chilli, intercropped with rice and eggplant in the surjan system, Brebes............ 16

Figure 10. Chilli, infected by Phytophthora blight ...............................................................17

Figure 11. Chilli, infected by anthracnose, Brebes ...............................................................17

Figure 12. Chilli, attacked by fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), Brebes..........................18

Figure 13. Cabai keriting, intercropped with cabai rawit, Magelang;................................19

Figure 14. Chilli pepper, infected by geminiviruses, Magelang ...........................................19

Figure 15. Chilli with fillips infestation, Magelang ............................................................. 20

Figure 16. Cabal rawit, infected by geminiviruses, Magelang............................................20

Figure 17. Wells are the major source of irrigation in the dry season in Rembang .............21

Figure 18. Some foliar fertilisers are used by farmers as "pesticides" in Rembang ............22

Figure 19. Fruit flies cause extensive damage in Rembang .................................................22

Figure 20. Oteng-oteng (chrysomelid beetle) on chilli leaf, Rembang ................................23

iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The primary objective of this Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) was to assess the existing socio

economic and horticultural practices on chilli pepper, with a focus on disease management

practices, at six locations, in Central Java Indonesia:

District Sub-district Village

Brebes Tanjung KemurangKulon

Kemukten

Magelang Muntilan Kaweron

Wates

Rembang Sarang Banowan

Baturno

Expected output of RRA

The RRA is expected to provide an overview of problems and issues with chilli pepper

farming in Central Java, with a focus on anthracnose, phytophthora and whitefly-transmitted

geminiviruses. Physical, biological and socio economic factors are covered, with an emphasis

on assessing the cultural practices of farmers. Results from the RRA will be used to inform

all future project planning, to ensure that project activities are relevant to stakeholders.

Team members

Team members consist of Dr. Gregory Luther (IPM/Development Specialist, AVRDC), Dr.

Manuel Palada (Crop Management Specialist, AVRDC), Dr. T.C. Wang (Mycologist,

AVRDC), Dr. Anna Dibiyantoro (Chilli IDM Project Site Coordinator, AVRDC), Mr. Joko

Mariyono (Socio-economist, AVRDC), Dr Mieke Ameriana (Socio-economist, IVegRI), Mr.

Sutoyo (Plant Pathologist, AIAT), Mr. Deni Bimantoro (Plant Pathology student, IPB) and

Mr. Teguh Iman Widjaya AMD (transport, treasurer and accommodation).

v

RRA schedule:

Table 1. RRA agenda 5-15 March 2007Dates, 2007 Locations Activities Notes

5 MarchAr;ive atSemarang

Semarang Airport –SERRATA Hotel

AIAT Central Java,Ungaran

6 MarchBPTP atUngaran

Morning meeting: RRA

Preliminary discussion andquestionnaire finalization

Noon: Travel to Brebes

Procedures and finalizearrangements

Night: Tegal , KarlitaHotel

7 March BrebesInterview farmers fromKemurang, Brebes, andobserve pepper fields

Night: Tegal

8 March Brebes

Morning: Interview faumersfrom Kersana, Brebes

Noon: Travel to Magelang

Evening: Discussion withExtension Service staff

Night: Magelang, CaturPutra Hotel

9 March MagelangInterview farmers fromMuntilan, Magelang, andobserve pepper fields

Night: Magelang

10 March Magelang

Morning: Interview farmersfrom Wates-Dukun, Magelang

Noon: Travel to Rembang

Night: Rembang, PuriIndah

11 March RembangInterview farmers fromBaturno, Rembang, andobserve pepper fields

Night: Rembang

12 March Rembang

Interview farmers fromBanowan, Rembang

Afternoon: travel to Semarang

Night: Semarang inBukit Permai

13 March UngaranMorning: Summarize Results

In AIAT Ungaran

Night: Semarang, BukitPermai

14 March UngaranReport writing, in AIATUngaran

Semarang, Serrata

15 March Back home Travel back home Home

RRA activities followed the planned agenda, except that the team conducted follow-up

vi

discussions and report preparation in Semarang, because of better working conditions.

During discussions (13 and 14 March 2007), the RRA team tabulated the data from 6 sites,

summarized RRA team direct observations, and drafted the conclusions with a list of

recommendations.

Figure 1. RRA team in Rembang

vii

INTRODUCTION

In Asia, Indonesia (176,261 ha) is the second largest chilli producing country after China

(602,503 ha). Chilli pepper is an important cash crop, providing both nutritional and

financial benefits to smallholder farm operators in Indonesia. It enhances food palatability

and is also rich in Vitamin C (Ali, 2006). However Indonesia's chilli productivity is far

lower than China's;x(3.14 t/ha compared to 19.13 t/ha) (Ali, 2006). According to Mustafa et

al. (2006), chili production in Indonesia was 6.1 t/ha in 2003. Primarily, chilli is cultivated in

Java and Sumatra. Central Java produces only about 12% of the national crop, while East

Java produces 19% and West Java, 23%. Low productivity of chilli is caused by various

factors. Losses to pest and disease infestations (35-90%) are reported to be one of the serious

problems faced by farm operators. The availability of commercial cultivars resistant to pests

and diseases are still very limited such that fanners mostly rely on pesticides to control pests

and diseases.

An ACIAR-funded project – Integrated Disease Management (IDM) for Anthracnose,

Phytophthora blight, and Whitefly Transmitted Geminiviruses in Chilli Pepper in Indonesia

— is being conducted to address the high losses in yield associated with such diseases.

Various strategies will be applied to control such diseases and their vectors in an integrated

manner. In order to get effective and efficient outcomes from the project, a Rapid Rural

Appraisal (RRA) was conducted in locations relevant to the goals and objectives of the

project. When conducting the RRA, the investigators attempted to sample, through informal

interviews and other techniques, all pertinent groups of stakeholders. Research, training and

information exchange activities relevant to IDM will then be prioritized according to results

from the RRA, and follow-up activities derived based upon this process. This report is to

document the RRA process and major results for the project.

RRA is an important method for intensive, interactive, expeditious and semi-structured

research (DEPTAN, 2003). It should involve a multidisciplinary team which has expertise in

many aspects of farming society. RRA is a kind of approach in which society acts as a

subject of the research, not an object (Grandstaff et al., 1989). However, RRA has some

limitations since it only represents general and qualitative infonnation. It is not able to collect

precise measures as the infonnation is drawn from a small number of the total active people.

To anticipate over- (or under-) estimates, direct observations in the field need to be carried

1

out. RRA results are expected to highlight promising opportunities for innovation, as

valuable input for IDM package formulation of technologies (Luther et al. 1999). By

integrating RRA results into project planning, the probability of technology adoption is

significantly improved.

The RRA was executed on 5-15 March 2007 in Central Java based on a participatory method

with appreciation and trust to the fanner society. The team attempted to interact with a

representative selection of farmer group/respondents in six locations, and simple tools such as

pictures of pests and diseases were used during the informal interviews. The appraisal was

conducted by listening to what farmers say and not lecturing them; the RRA team made a

strong effort to understand the farmers' perspectives, opinions and positions.

PREPARATION

Prior to the RRA, preparations were organized by Anna in Brebes, Magelang and Rembang.

Preparations were made to select representative farmers and locations that are suitable with

the project goals. This means that farmers participating in the RRA should be operating chilli

farms, and the locations should be in regions where chilli is one of the major crops and

cultivated intensively. After the team arrived, a preparation meeting was held in Semarang to

finalize the questionnaire and translate it into Indonesian. The main point of the preparation

was to establish a common understanding and perception of the questionnaire among the

RRA team members. Preparations at district level in each location also were conducted.

Before conducting the two-day RRA interviews in each region, preparation meetings were

held in the offices of Agricultural District Services (Dinas Pertanian Tingkat Kabupaten) to

discuss general issues of its district horticultural condition. l Heads of these offices in each

district welcomed the team and expected that there will be follow-up activities after the RRA.

PROCESS

The RRA team was divided into two multidisciplinary groups of four participants, as follows:

Group 1 Group2

Meike Ameriana (Facilitator, Socio-Economist)Deni Bimantoro (Recorder, Student)Manuel Palada (Crop Management Specialist)

Sutoyo (Co-facilitator, Crop Management Specialist)Joko Mariyono (Co-facilitator, Socio-Economist)TC Wang (Plant Pathologist)

In Rembang, this meeting was conducted in the second day because the first day was on Sunday.

2

Anna Dibyantoro (Interpreter, Entomologist) +-->2

Greg Luther (Interpreter, Entomologist)

Figure 2. Introduction of RRA interview, Brebes

In each village, the teams met with 10 fanners and several agricultural and village officials.

The RRA interviews were started with an introduction. One of the agricultural officials

opened and explained the objective of the meeting. Anna, Site Coordinator, introduced the

RRA team to the participants. Mieke outlined the purpose of the meeting. In each village, ten

farmers and officials were divided into two groups. Each group discussed the questionnaire

in a different room to minimize each group's responses influencing each other. Using a

structured questionnaire as guidance, the facilitator guided the discussions. A recorder

compiled the responses from the fanners, while bilingual team members interpreted for those

participants who do not speak Indonesian. Pictures of important pests and diseases of chilli

were shown to clarify questions and answers. In order to get more complete answers, the

facilitator encouraged participation by asking farmers who were not actively responding to

the questions. Sometimes, the facilitator used local language when the questions were not

easily understandable by farmers.

2 Dr. Dibyantoro and Dr. Luther alternated between groups to provide some rotation among group members.

3

In addition to structured meetings with farmers, the RRA team visited local chilli fields to

make direct observations of practices and issues raised during the group discussions and see

if any important issues did not emerge during the interviews. Additional information was

obtained by informal interviews with agricultural officials both at district and sub-district

levels.

The questionnaire, consisting of 28 aspects, was designed by the entire RRA team and Dr.s

Ali and Weinberger, as a basic guide for discussions with farmers. The preluninary meeting

of the RRA team on 6 March was important for familiarizing all members with the

questionnaire and clarifying translations into the Indonesian language: , Following the

meetings with farmers, the data obtained were compiled in a descriptive foiinat (see

Appendices 1, 2 and 3). Subsequently, regions were ranked, compared and contrasted along

several topics (see Table 2.). Information is qualitative in nature, and follow-up quantification

of observations will be undertaken in subsequent survey activities.

Figure 3. RRA in BrebesAn agricultural official at sub-district level is explaining the purposes of the meeting.

Farmers brought a sample of an infected plant.

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Figure 4. RRA in BrebesThe facilitator is showing some pictures of damaged plants.

Figure 5. RRA in MagelangA woman farmer is responding to a question raised by the facilitator

5

Figure 7. RRA in RembangThe facilitator is explaining the question in local language.

Some samples of "pesticides" are being shown by the farmers.

Figure 6. RRA in MagelangFarmers are discussing pests and diseases with the RRA team

6

Figure 8. RRA in RembangThe facilitator is showing a picture of infected plants

RESULTS OF THE RRA

Two main groups of fmdings were generated through the RRA. The first group was obtained

from responses of 60 farmers (including eight women) in three major chilli production

regions in Central Java, and the second from direct observations in chilli fields by the RRA

team members. Organizers found it difficult to involve large numbers of women in this

RRA, due to cultural patterns of social interaction. Javanese female farmers in rural areas

tend to be less active in public than males; they may be much more involved in the marketing

of agricultural products than in farming itself. Women's roles in the meetings were

sometimes restricted to logistical support.

1. Findings from Informal Interviews with Farmers

The farmers' responses to questions raised by facilitators varied across regions. Table 2

summarizes these responses so that chilli farm management issues and especially problems

related to pests and diseases can be easily compared and contrasted in Brebes, Magelang and

Rembang.

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Table 2. Comparison of farmers' responses during the RRA in three districts of Central JavaNo Description Brebes Magelang Rembang

1 Villages andSubdistricts

Kemurang Kulon, Tanjung; andKemukten, Kersana

Kaweron, Muntilan; and Wates, Dukun Banowan and Baturno, Sarang.

Farmers 2 women and 18 men 3 women and 17 men 3 women and 17 men

Farm size < 0.5 ha On average, < 0.5 ha. One fanneroperates 0.6 ha.

16 farriers operate <0.5 ha, 3 farmersoperate 0.5-1 ha, and one operates >1 ha.

2 Landpreparation

Make furrows and beds after rice andsugarcane — hoe — Pack mud on the edge ofthe bed (`melem') — overturn the soil foraeration (`ungkeb') — apply compost -hoe thesoil to make it finer -plant shallots — plantchilli seedlings after 25-35 days or plant seeddirectly 3 days after shallots

After rice — plow 2 times — make beds —make holes — put in the manure (goat)-andfertilizers (NPK mutiara, ZA, TSP)-coverwith plastic mulch — make holes in themulch — leave it for 1 — 2 weeks beforeplanting.

In the wet season, plough using cow 3times — apply cow manure and then makerows (60 cm width) — then plant after rainfalls (40 days) - make holes (30 cm x 30 cmor 40 cm x 30 cm ) — put manure in theholes, about 0.5 -1 kg manure per hole.

3 Seedlingpreparation

Seed stored for 1 year is soaked in water or inwarm water overnight first, if stored less than4 months then the seed is directly planted inthe nursery. Seed is treated with Marshall(Carbosulfan) or one week old seedlings aresprayed with Marshall. Rice straw mulch isused in the nursery. In the nursery, the farmerapplies 0.5 kg urea per kg seed. The nurseryis located in the field. When the farmersspray pesticides on shallots, they also spraythe chilli nursery.

Seed is soaked in warm water. To controlants they use Furadan (carbofuran), coverwith soil — cover with rice straw,newspaper, "karung goni". After 2 weeksthey make soil pots by hand. After 4 leaves(20-30 days) have developed then plantsare transplanted to the field.

Dry seed distributed in the bed + manure +rice straw; all farmers use direct sowingwithout soaking. Seed treatment withMarshall and Furadan and cover by ricestraw. Some fanuers use Phonska fertilizer- Watering everyday — seedlings will betransplanted after 40 days — 4 months.

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4 Variety • Tit super; Tit Randu; Tit Segitiga (mostly • TM 999 (dominant); Inco 99; Indohot 99; • Tampar: grown in both wet and dryplanted in Kemukten); TW (mostly plantedin Kemurang Kulon), originally fromTaiwan seed saved by the farmer for manygenerations; and IR. Such varieties aregrown in dry and wet seasons.

• The varieties are hybrids and openpollinated.

OR twist; and CTH. Such varieties aregrown in dry and wet seasons, except ORtwist.

• The varieties are hybrids.• Farmers chose such varieties because of

long fruits, resistance to rot andanthracnose, shorter interval of harvest,

seasons.• Tampar is a local variety of chilli.• Farmers chose this variety because of

long harvest period, stronger, heavier andmore fruits, many fruits, better price.

• Seed of the variety is from farmer-savedseed.

• Farmers chose such varieties because of commonly higher production. •-Tampar is resistant to fruit fly,good price, high resistance to anthracnose,less fungicides needed, and good survival.

• Source of seed is farmers (saved seeds).• Tit Segitiga is susceptible to fruit borer but

resistant to anthracnose.

• Source of seed is agricultural kiosk.• TM 999 is resistant to anthracnose, rot

and Fusarium wilt.

anthracnose and fruit drop (tahanrontok).

Crop planted • Before chilli: rice, and shallots (overlap) inwet season; and sugarcane, and shallots(overlap) in dry season.

• After chilli: cucumber, maize, yard-longbean, peanuts, bitter gourd in the wetseason; yard-long bean in the dry season.

• Before chilli: rice in the wet season;and chilli and tomato (some farmers) inthe dry season.

• After chilli: chilli, yard-long bean andtomato in the wet season; chilli,cruciferae and rice in the dry season.

• Before chilli: fallow, corn, cassava,watermelon, and mungbean in the wetseason; mungbean, rice, maize andwatermelon in dry season.

• After chilli: mungbean in the wet season;soybean, peanut and mungbean in the dryseason.

Sowing time • In the wet season, normally in November orDecember, but February this year. In thedry season, the sowing time is April-May.

• Earlier effect: better crops(will reduce pestand disease infestation) in the wet season;

• Later effect: Worse crops (pest and diseaseinfestation increased) in the wet season;and impossible to cultivate chilli in late dryseason.

Note: The two main cropping rotations inKemurang Kulon are rice – shallots + pepperand shallots + pepper – fallow.

• Anytime, but some farmers time plantingto anticipate higher prices.

• Earlier effect: They couldn't tell due tocontinuous planting. Fungal wilt mayoccur (some farmers) in the wet season.Thrips (Thrips parvispinus, T. palms(Dibiyantoro,1997)) and whitefly mayoccur in the dry season.

• Later effect: Higher damage by thrips andwhitefly +geminiviruses and stuntedplants due to virus in the wet season;more fruit fly, anthracnose and mites inthe dry season.

• In the wet season, normally in Novemberor January. In the dry season, the sowingtime is June-August.

• Earlier effect: Pest and diseaseinfestations decrease in the wet season,but no impact in the dry season.

• Later effect: Virus "krupuk" (wrinkledleaves) increases because of too muchwater in the wet season. In the dryseason, virus and fruit fly infestationsincrease.

Note: In the dry season chilli is grown onwet paddy fields and in upland fields in thewet season. Normal planting time is

9

November. Rice-watermelon-chilli iscommon rotation on wet paddy fields.

5 Intercroppingof chillipepper

• Wet season: maize, shallot, yard-longbean, peanuts and rice. Shallot can increasedamage from anthracnose; yard-long beancan increase damage from pests anddiseases because of high humidity.

• Dry season: maize, shallot, yard-long beanand peanuts. Maize can increase damagefrom fruit borer; peanut can increasewhitefly attack.

Note: If peanut is intercropped 20 cm fromchilli, the chilli yield drops due tocompetition. Maize pollen grains fall on chilliplants and can reduce yields. Caterpillars areattracted to crucifer crops and yard-longbean; if these crops are planted near chillithen the caterpillars will spread to chilli.

• Wet season: tomato, eggplant, peanutand crucifers. Tomato can increasegeminivirus infestations; eggplantstimulates increases in thrips; crucifersand peanut can increase damage frompests and diseases. Some farmers: Peanutand tomato have no impact on chillidamage.• Dry season: maize, tomato, crucifers,yard-long bean, peanut. Yard-long beancan increase damage from aphids andcaterpillars; peanut can increase damagefrom thrips; crucifers can increasedamage from annyworms. Some farmers:Peanut and crucifers have no impact ondamage.

• Wet season: maize and mungbean.Mungbean can increase anthracnose.

• Dry season: mungbean, which canincrease anthracnose.

6 Border cropswith chilli

• Wet season: maize, yard-long bean,eggplant, crucifers.

• Dry season: maize, which can act as abarrier to reduce damage from fruit borer,but also can increase damage. Somefanners: There is no impact on fruit borerdamage.

• Wet season: maize, yard-long bean,cassava, Tagetes (marigold). Maize actsas a barrier against geminiviruses, andcan reduce damage from geminiviruses.• Dry season: maize, bitter gourd,cabbage. No information regardingimpact on pest and disease damage.

• Wet season: maize, cucumber, cassava,yam, squash (labu). No impact on pestsand diseases.

• Dry season: cassava, yam and squash.Note: Cassava and maize act aswindbreaks.

7 Neighbouringcrops

Maize, shallot, rice (wet season), cucumberand peanut.Note: One group of farmers: no border cropsare planted with chilli. Many farmers in alarge area all plant chilli.

Maize and peanut have no impact on pestsand diseases. Cassava, eggplant, chilli canincrease whitefly; rice can increasecaterpillars and birds.Note: Generally, the above crops increasedpest attacks on chilli because their pests arethe same as chilli and easily migrate tochilli (except cassava). Crotalaria alsoplanted as neighbourhood crop.

Maize, mungbean, watermelon, soybean.Maize can increase aphids (although somefarmers say no impact); wateinuelon andcucumber can increase chrysomelidbeetles; mungbean and soybean canincrease leaf roller and aphids.

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8 Importantdiseases

Wet season: Anthracnose reducing yield by10 -80 %; and Phytophthora blight reducingyield by 50%. Antracnose is controlled usingfungicides (Antracol, Dithane, Score, Bion-M, I kwang ?) with 70-75 % effective.Phytophthora blight is controlled withfungicides and removal of dead plant partswith 100% success.

Dry season: CMV reducing yield by 75%.The infestation is seasonal. Farmers pull outinfected plants. Geminivirus only reducingyield by 1-5%. Farmers pull out infectedplants to avoid spreading.

Note: The extension agent said that farmers hereare not yet familiar with geminiviruses.

Wet season: Anthracnose reducing yield by80-100 %; and geminiviruses reducingyield by 10-100%. Anthracnose andPhytophthora blight are sprayed withfungicides (Antracol and Bion-M, Score,Ridomil) and picking Anthracnose-damaged fruit. The effectiveness is 75-90%for anthracnose. Geminiviruses arecontrolled by pulling out the infected plantat early stages.

Dry season: Geminiviruses reducing yieldby 25-60% is controlled using maize asbordering crop, together with sprayingActara (insecticide) Anthracnose is sprayedwith Score.

Note: GV increased very easily during thetransition season between wet and dry season.Later planting may cause more anthracnose-damage during the dry season

Wet season: Anthracnose reducing yield by25-100 %; and geminiviruses reducingyield by 10-30%. Both diseases are sprayedwith foliar fertilisers, with nil effectiveness.Minor viruses and Phytophthora blight areminor.

Dry season: Geminiviruses, CMV andbacterial wilt.

Note: In Baturno, pest and diseases is not toocomplex compare to Banowan.

9 Most damaginginsects

Wet season: Fruit borer and fruit fly reduceyield by 3060% and 60% respectively. Onefarmer group said that fruit fly is not importantbecause it attacks in the late season. Thripsonly reducing yield by less than 5%. Fruitborer is controlled with insecticides Larvin +other insecticides (4–8 kinds) combined withmechanical control (hand picking). Fruit fly issprayed with insecticides (Calicron, Tracer,mix with other insecticide). The effectivenessis 75%. Thrips is sprayed with insecticide(Agrimex, Confidor, Bulldog, Curacron,Pegasus, Tracer). Agrimex is the mosteffective (75%), Confidor is less effectivebecause Thrips has developed resistance.

Wet season: Thrips, fruit borer and fruitfly respectively reduce yield by 35%,up to 25% and 10%. Aphids are minor.Fruit fly is controlled using sexpheromones trap (Brand name:Petrogenol). Thrips and fruit borer aresprayed with insecticides.

Dry season: Thrips and fruit borerreduce yield by up to 100% and 30%.White fly and mites are minor. Thripsare effectively controlled usinginsecticides: Agrimex, Confidor andRegent. Mites are also easily controlledusing insecticides.

Wet season: Fruit fly and Thrips reduceyield by 10100% and 5-90%respectively. Aphids are minor. Fruitfly is controlled using sex pheromones(Petrogenol) with 20-60% effective; Thripsis controlled using insecticides (Neptune,Marshall, Daconil and Decis) with 50-100% effective.

Dry season: Thrips can reduce yield byup to 90%, but it can be effectivelycontrolled using insecticide Lannate.Fruit fly, Cinysomelid, and white grubsare minor.

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Dry season: Thrips reducing yield by 20-90%; fruit borer reducing yield by 50–70 %.Both pests are sprayed with insecticides sameas above, with 50% effective for fruit fly.

10 No pests and diseases during storage due to direct selling after harvest

11 Decision onpesticides

Extension people, other fainters, pesticidesalespeople (mainly), and based on ownexperience

Extension people, other farmers, pesticidesalespeople (mainly, but less than Brebes),and based on own experience

Extension people, other farmers and basedon own experience

12 Monitoring forpests/diseases

Some farmers do monitoring, and someothers do not. There is no threshold level asmost farmers monitor only to choose whatkind of pesticide they use but some farmersused the threshold level for three eggs perplant.

Farmers do monitoring before spraying.Some farmers use threshold level of 1 curlyleave, 1 fruit infected by antluacnose and2-3 branches infected. Some farmersidentified type of pest and disease beforethey spray.

Fanners do monitoring before spraying.Farmers observed pest and diseases, andthen they spray pesticide. Mostly farmersuse pesticide and foliar fertilizer forprevention. The threshold level is based onfeeling.

13 Pesticideapplications

Wet season: There are 14 pesticide brands:Insecticides: Curacron, Decis, Calicron,Tracer, , Padan, Regent, Agrimex, Pegasus,Fungicides: Dithane, Amistar, Antracol,Ropral, Score, and stickers. Fanners mix thepesticides and apply twice a week. Score ismore effective against anthracnose.

Dry season: Same as wet season minus Scoreand stickers.

Wet season: There are 13 pesticide brands:Fungicides: Antracol, Dithane, Samite,Manset, Bion-M Ridomil Daconil, Score.Insecticides : Curacron, Agrimex,Confidor, Profil, and Regent (to controlthrips). The number of sprays is 18-20during the season and the effectiveness isoverall 2575%.

Dry season: There are 7 pesticide brands:Insecticides: Curacron, Profil (all pests),Regent and Agrimex for thrips control);Fungicides: Antracol and Dithane. Thenumber of sprays is 18-20 during theseason and the effectiveness is overall75%. Note : Pesticides mixture is generallyless than in Brebes

Wet season: There are 9 pesticide brands:Insecticides: Marshal (to control Thrips andAphids), Decis (to control caterpillars),Neptune (to control whitefly, aphids,chrysomelid beetles), Bulldog (to controlcaterpillars), Sidametrin (to control Thrips),Sevin, DDT.Fungicides: Antracol, Daconil. The numberof sprays is 3-6, with effectiveness varyingfrom 20-90%.

Dry season: Same as wet season minusBulldog. Anthracol and Daconil are used tostimulate plant growth.

14 Training incropprotection

Farmers got some training: Vegetables FFSfrom WEGRI; Pesticide FFS from A1PTI(Asosiasi Industri Perlindungan TanamanIndonesia or Indonesian Plant Protection

Farmers got some training: Chilli FFScultivation and production by DAFEP; GVFFS by BPTP, IVEGRI, Agriculturalextension service; Rice FFS by

Farmers got some training: Chilli FFS,Vegetables FFS, and Yellow Maize FFSfrom Agriculture Extension Service.

12

15

Industry Association) and 1PM FFS fromAgricultural Extension Service. Note thatafter attending FFS pesticide use dropped.

Agricultural Extension Service; Biologicalagents FFS from Agricultural ExtensionServiceNo pesticide application after harvesting

16 Interval lastspray-harvest

2—3 days 3-5 days 3-14 days

17 Effects ofpesticideresidues on thefruits

They know a little about the residues but theydon't give much attention to them. Onefanner said that peppers are sweeter if theyhave pesticide residues. Whether or not theydie from eating pesticide residues depends onGod's will. Some farmers do not spray tooclose to harvest so that the chilli harvesterswill not be endangered.

Pesticide residues may cause fruit ripesooner. They are aware of the danger ofpesticide residues.

Some farmers say that the residues can giveharvesters a headache and poison them; andsome farmers say no effect.

Use sticky traps for thrips and whitefly andnot spraying too close to harvest. They uselower doses of pesticide if the pest anddisease level have dropped.

- 18 Effort toreduce theresidues

Farmers try to apply contact pesticidesduring the fruit set

Longer spray interval

- 19 Traditionalpest anddisease control

Fanner use banana stein residues and Neemfor botanical pesticide. However they wereprefer chemical pesticide since thesebotanicals require complicated processing.Fanner use yeast as sticker (adhesive),collecting infected fruit throw them away inthe ditch. Some farmers use kerosene andgasoline.

During 2004-05, they used Dioscorea,tobacco, neem, "mojo" fruit, lemon grass,soursoup fruit (Annona spp. muricata (?))leaves, ginger, "laos" root, turmeric(kunyit) to control pests, but now notanymore.

Using the kitchen ash to controlChrysomelid beetles and they applied it inthe morning. In Baturno, use rice straw toapply pesticide. Farmers pray, ask the Godto give safe chilli farms.

20 Weeds effecton pests anddiseases

Farmers say that weed increased humiditywhich increases diseases and pest levelespecially anthracnose. Farmers also said thatweeds are the source of pest and diseases.Weeds act as host natural enemies includingfrogs, crickets, spiders, and ladybird beetles.Weeds, especially wild Amaranthus, also actas a host for whitefly.

One farmer said that weeds can reduce thepest and disease. Some others said thatweeds act as shelter for whitefly, moth,aphids, and grasshopper. Farmers pull outthe weeds.

Weed can increase pest and diseasebecause weed can act as a host forcaterpillar, fruit fly, and grasshopper. Andweeds also slow down the chilli growthbecause of the competition. Weeds alsoincrease anthracnose infection on chilli.

1 3

21 Naturalenemies

Farmers observe dragonfly, crickets,Coccinellids beetles, spiders, frogs, "Sriti"birds.

Fanners know that some natural enemiessuch as beetles, dragonfly, and spider canhelp control pests.

Farmers notice spiders and frogs act asnatural enemies. Some farmers didn'tnotice. Frog eats leafhoppers.

22 Actions onnaturalenemies

The farmers provide perches for bi rds, butthey still rely on pesticide.

One farmer choose narrow spectrumpesticide, another one farmer use organicpesticide and others don't do anything.

23 Irrigation Furrow Flood (and watering can together withfertilizer application)

Furrow. Water is pumped from wells.Note: During the dry season, the farmers usediesel pumps 4 times during the season fromwells. Some fanners use furrows. Some othersrely on rain during the wet season. In Banowan,the well water is 20 m below the surface. Torent the pump is Rp 10,000 / hour. Thefrequency of irrigation depends on their budgetand the wells do not thy out.

24 Fertilisers: • NPK is used 1-2 times with basal and sidedressings

• TSP/SP36 is used once with basal dressingKCl is used 2-3 times with side dressingZA or AS is used 1-3 times with basaldressing

• Urea is used 1-4 times with basal and sidedressings

• Foliar fertilizer is used as many time asthey budget allows (Gandasil B and D,Trubus) some farmers only use in the dryseason.

• Others such as DAP, KNO 3 and KAMASor Mg are used once, with basal dressingfor DAP, side dressing for KNO3 andKAMAS.

Note: They mix foliar fertilizer with pesticides andapply during flowering. Farmers fertilized 4—5 times inthe wet season and 6-8 times in the dry season.Gandasil B for fruits and D for leaves. Gandasil B isapplied during fruit set. Some farmers use growthregulators.

• NPK, KCl and TSP are used once withbasal dressing

• Goat, rabbit and cow manure, dolomite,compost sometimes mix with EM-4 isused as basal fertilisers.

• NPK-mutiara is applied every 10 daysusing watering can.

• TSP (2 ton/ha, very high?) and Cow-manure (1520 tons/ha) are applied asbasal fertiliser.

• NPK-Ponska (100 kg/ha) is applied 4times with one-month interval as sidedressing. Alternative: Mix of 30 kg Urea20 kg Ponska and 50 kg TSP.

• Foliar fertilisers: Gandasil B and D.

Note: In Batumo, some farmers use only cow manurewithout NPK. In Banowan, some farmers use NPKfor flower set and fruit set. Some farmers usefertilizer mixed with water irrigation. Usuallyfertilizer use 15,30, and 60 days after transplanting.They use KCL at flowering and NPK at fruitingstage. If urea applied at fruit sage cause fruit drop.Foliar fertilizer applied every 2 weeks untilharvesting.

14

Harvestingand yield

Wet season:TM999: The number of harvest is 20-30times, with interval of 3-4 days andestimated yield is 0.77 -3 tons per hectare.Some farmers say that shorter interval canreduce pests and diseases, and somefarmers say no effect.

OR Twist: The number of harvest is 20times and with interval of 3 days.

Dry season:Harvest in the dry season is the same asthat in the wet season.

Wet season:The number of harvest is 15-34 times, withinterval of 3-7 days and estimated yield ismore than 5 tons per hectare. Some farmerssay that shorter interval can reduceanthracnose, and some farmers say noeffect.

Dry season:The number of harvest is 30-36 times, withinterval of 5-7 days and estimated yield ismore than 5-10 tons per hectare or 2kg/plant. Some farmers say that shorterinterval can reduce anthracnose infection,and some farmers say no effect.

Wet season:TIT SEGITIGA: The number of harvest is 6-7 times, with interval of 3-4 days andestimated yield is 3.6 -9 tons per hectare.Some farmers say that shorter interval canreduce anthracnose and other diseases, andsome fat viers say no effect.

TW: The number of harvest is 7-8 times andestimated yield is 5-11 tons per hectare. Somefarmers say that shorter interval can reduceanthracnose and other diseases, and somefarmers say no effect.

Dry seasonTit Segitiga: The number of harvest is 7-10times, with interval of 5-6 days and estimatedyield is 5-15 tons per hectare. Shorter intervalhas no effect on diseases.

TM: The number of harvest is 9-10 times,with interval of 7 days and estimated yield is18 tons per hectare. Shorter interval has noeffect on diseases. Note: harvesting interval canchange depending on the price. If the plantcontinues to look healthy, the farmers may addmore fertilizer and harvest an additional 5 times

26 FaHniers sell chilli peppers immediately after harvest.

25

27 Selling to Middle man Contract, middle man, and market. Middle man

28 Crop residues Some farmers collect the crop for cookingfuel at home, and some farmers leave thecrop in the field for cucumber and bittergourd to climb on.

Crop residues are use for cooking fuel.Some is burn in the field. Rotten fruits-arethrown to the river.

Pulled out, gathered, and burned in thefield or for cooking fuel. Some farmerscollect the damage and infected fruit, andsome leave it in the field.

15

2. Direct Observations by the RRA Team and Supplementary Information

from Agricultural Officials and Universities

Brebes

Overuse of pesticides is a major problem in Brebes. A wide range of pesticides are often mixed

together in the same tank. However, farmers said that pesticide use is lower and the pesticide

products used are less toxic, now than before their training in 1PM Farmer Field Schools. Chilli

plants in the field arenot homogeneous because seeds are not homogeneous. The RRA team

never observed plastic mulch being used by farmers. Shallot is very often intercropped with

chilli and intercropping is very common in general. Colleagues at the Bogbr Agricultural

University have informed us that organic matter levels are very low in Brebes. Farmers do not

use manure. However, crop residues are frequently left in the field, sometimes to provide

climbing frameworks for cucurbits.

Furrow irrigation is common. We observed a surjan system with rice in furrows, and chilli,

cucumber and eggplant on the beds (Fig. 9). Rice straw mulch is used in the chilli nursery.

Farmers plant simultaneously in Brebes. The most common type of chilli is Cabe besar (large

red chilli). The main crops at the time of our visit were rice, chilli, sugar cane, eggplant, and

shallot.

Figure 9. Chilli, intercropped with rice and eggplant in the surjan system, Brebes.

1 6

Many pesticide advertisements were posted on trees and telephone poles. During the interviews

the farmers were active and responsive. The farmers appear more inclined to use pesticides and

follow pesticide salesmen's advice, than in the other two locations.

In Brebes, the RRA team observed that the major diseases of chilli are anthracnose and

Phytophthora blight (Figs. 10 and 11) and major insect pests are fruit borer (Helicover pa

armigera) (Fig. 12) and thrips.

Figure 10. Chilli, infected by Phytophthora blight.

Figure 11. Chilli, infected by anthracnose, Brebes.

1 7

Figure 12. Chilli, attacked by fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), Brebes.

Magelang

Pesticide usage rates in Magelang are intermediate between Brebes and Rembang. Fanners are

aware of and interested in using bio-intensive pest control techniques, such as botanical

pesticides. Due to favourable climate, soils, and markets, chilli is planted year-round, and does

not follow a firm annual schedule. Irrigation is not a limiting factor here; farmers can easily

plant chillies at any time of year. Seasonal price fluctuation is very high and farmers may time

their planting to anticipate high prices, which peak during the wet season and fall during the dry

season. Farmers said the quality and quantity of their chillies has decreased in recent years due

to geminiviruses; this has been a major cause of their loss of contracts with IndoFood and other

food processing companies. The main type of chilli is cabai keriting (wrinkled chilli), but cabai

rawit (C. frutescens) is also quite common. Growers prefer to use new hybrid varieties, and tend

to buy seeds from the kiosk. Plastic mulch is very commonly used. Both C. annuum and C.

frutescens are sometimes intercropped, but the tendency is to plant chilli in monoculture.

The major disease observed was geminivirus (Fig. 14), while among insect pests, the team saw

1 8

thrips, aphids, fruit flies and whiteflies (Fig. 15). Whitefly is very common and at higher levels

than in Brebes and Rembang.

Figure 13. Cabai keriting, intercropped with cabal rawit, Magelang; more than 60% of this

crop was infected by geminiviruses.

Figure 14. Chilli pepper, infected by geminiviruses, Magelang.

19

Figure 15. Chilli with thrips infestation, Magelang.

Some farmers reported that anthracnose can attack at 80-100% level, but it was very difficult to

find anthracnose in the field at the time of our visit. Cabai rawit which was seriously infected by

geminiviruses was observed to still yield fairly well (Fig. 16). This is consistent with the

statement of one Magelang extension agent that the cabai raw it (C. frutescens) shows some

tolerance to geminiviruses and anthracnose, and despite being infected, it can still yield well.

Figure 16. Cabai rawit, infected by geminiviruses, Magelang.

20

Rembang

The lowest rates of pesticide use of all three locations were found in Rembang. However,

DDT, which is a strongly prohibited insecticide, is still applied to crops. Wells are the main

source of irrigation water in the dry season and pumping water from them is quite expensive.

Consequently chillies are mainly produced during the rainy season. Mulches are not used. Chilli

is intercropped with watermelon, cucumber, mungbean, soybean, and yam.

Farmers do not use intensive cultivation methods for chilli; however, the yield is still relatively

good. Farmers are somewhat confused about choosing appropriate pesticides,, i.e., they may

spray insecticides to control ftmgal diseases, or fungicides to control insects. They also think

foliar fertilizers are pest/disease control agents. Locally, the supply of manure is ample, and

farmers rely on it more than on synthetic fertilizers.

Figure 17. Wells are the major source of irrigation in the dry season in Rembang.

21

Figure 18. Some foliar fertilisers are used by farmers as "pesticides" in Rembang.

In Rembang, the major disease observed on chilli was anthracnose. Very little infection by

geminiviruses was seen by the team. Major arthropod pests observed were fruit flies, thrips,

leafhoppers, chrysomelid beetles (oteng-oteng), and mites. Fruit flies appear to be the most

important pest in Rembang. However, there are many natural enemies in the field, such as

ladybird beetles and larvae. Due to the relatively low levels of insecticide applications, these

beneficial insects are likely to continue to provide some protection to the crops.

Figure 19. Fruit flies cause extensive damage in Rembang.

22

Figure 20. Oteng-oteng (chrysomelid beetle) on chilli leaf, Rembang.

In Rembang there are many chilli buyers (middlemen) and sometimes there are two or more in

the field at the time of harvest, competing to buy the chillies. At times they may even bid

against each other, resulting in a higher price to the farmers.

Villages look much poorer than in Magelang and Brebes. Many people from these villages

work abroad in Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, and other countries so that labour for

harvesting chilli is often scarce. In Banowan, farmers said that 25% of the village's population

had gone abroad to work.

CONCLUSIONS

Fanner respondents in the RRA were 13% women and 87% men. Most farmer respondents

planted less than 0.5 ha to chilli peppers. In Magelang, there is year-round chilli production

because of easily available water and good soil quality. Brebes does not have year-round

production because the government requires farmers to produce rice part of the year. Rembang

also does not have year-round production due to low water availability and sandy soils.

Insect pests (whitefly, fruit fly, fruit borer, thrips) and diseases (anthracnose, geminivi uses,

Phytophthora blight) are important constraints for chilli production in Central Java. Each of the

23

three locations differs in terms of relative importance of the various pests and diseases. The

chilli varieties differ very much between locations and they vary in resistance to pests and

diseases, according to the farmers. Pesticides are the most common pest/disease control method

in all three locations. Awareness and implementation of 1PM methods is still limited, except in

Magelang, where farmers use barrier crops and botanical pesticides, and they have better

knowledge of beneficial 'organisms. Fruit fly attractants are used in all three locations, however.

Farmer responses regarding incidence of major diseases of chilli in the three regions are

presented in Table 3. The most important disease in the surveyed areas is anthracnose.

Phytophthora blight and bacterial wilt appear to be comparatively minor diseases, except in

Brebes, where Phytophthora blight incidence is 50% according to fanners. Cucumber mosaic

virus (CMV) levels appear to be higher in Brebes and Rembang than Magelang in the dry

season.

Fanner responses indicated that geminivirus levels are higher in the wet season in Magelang.

However, this perception may be related to the more extensive production of chilli at that time,

due to higher market prices. Field observations by BPTP (ATAT) have shown that geminivirus

levels are actually higher in the dry season. Fanners may avoid planting during the dry season

due to previous experience with higher geminivirus attack. Also, the price is lower in the dry

season, which may reduce farmers' motivation to plant then. Overall, the area planted to chilli

cycles up and down in response to geminivirus attack; as geminivirus levels increase, fanners

reduce their plantings, but as the geminivirus levels drop, farmers increase their planting again.

Table 3. Farmer responses regarding major disease incidence.

Season District Disease Disease incidence*

Anthracnose 10-80%

Brebes Phytophthora blight 50%

Bacterial wilt very low

Anthracnose 80-100%

Wet seasonMagelang Geminiviruses 25-100%

Phytophthora blight - (no data)

Anthracnose 25-100%

Rem bangVirus -

Phytophthora blight -

Geminiviruses 10-30%

24

Cucumber mosaic virus 75%B r eb es

Geminiviruses 1-5%

Geminiviruses 25-60%

Dry Season Magelang Cucumber mosaic virus -

Geminiviruses -

Rembang Cucumber mosaic virus -

Bacterial Wilt -

Note: *) The range varies from minimum to maximum. This incidence is likely to occur in everyseason.

Across the three locations, thrips, whiteflies, fruit flies, fruit borer, aphids and mites are the

major arthropod pests. Fruit flies are especially serious in Rembang, but also quite damaging in

Magelang. Farmers in Magelang choose to plant a keriting variety partly due to its resistance to

fruit fly, compared to the Tropong type (cabai besar). Fruit borer is particularly serious in

Brebes. Thrips and aphids can be at high levels in all three locations. Insecticides are the major

means of controlling all of these pests. Increase of pesticide use annually is 7% in general

(Adiyoga, cit. Dibiyantoro, 2003), except for fruit fly, which is often controlled by methyl

eugenol traps. Methyl eugenol is available locally in sub-district towns.

All farmers felt at the mercy of market prices; they have no say in determining prices and must

accept what the middleman gives them. Many farmers expressed a strong desire for more stable

prices. In Brebes, farmers complained that the government allows traders from other regions to

sell chilli peppers when the prices are high, which causes prices to drop. In Magelang, fanners

said that prices are at their peak in December-January, so they try to time their planting to

obtain those higher prices. This is possible in Magelang because of high water availability, but

the situation is not as flexible in Rembang or Brebes.

To some extent, farmers are able to control the major diseases, but the costs are very high.

Seasonally low price of chilli becomes a major constraint for chilli fanners attempting to attain

higher incomes even if fanners successfully control the diseases. In addition, productivity of

chilli is sensitive to the costs of pesticides; farmers said that a small reduction in expenditure on

pesticides leads to a significant decrease in yield of chilli. If varieties of chilli resistant to pests

and diseases were available, farmers could increase profits by reducing pesticide use while

assuring high yield. Farmers would really like to have varieties available that are resistant to

pests and diseases so that they could reduce pesticide use and save on costs.

25

RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE RRA TEAM

Based on the farmers' responses and direct observations in chilli pepper fields of Central Java,

the team proposes the following recommendations:

1. Pesticide use needs to be reduced drastically, or at least rationalized, especially in Brebes

and Magelang. Imall three locations, farmers need training in IPM and safe pesticide use.

2. Increase use of bio-control agents and farmer knowledge of these technologies.

3. Starter solutions could enhance seedling growth and vigour.

4. Introduce drip irrigation and improved mulching techniques, and follow this with a cost-

benefit analysis, particularly in Rembang.

5. Experimentation to identify additional effective border plants to control geminiviruses

would be useful, particularly in Magelang. Intercropping with allium crops could also

reduce soil-borne diseases during the wet season.

6. Nylon nets could exclude whiteflies and minimize geminivirus infections in seedling

production beds; this is especially recommended for Magelang.

7. Control of fruit flies in Rembang can be improved by increased and earlier deployment of

methyl eugenol traps (start before fruiting).

8. The major pathogens – anthracnose, geminiviruses and Phytophthora - need further

characterization, and candidate resistant varieties from AVRDC should be evaluated as

soon as possible.

9. Farmers' associations should be encouraged to facilitate adoption of new production

methods and to access timely market information.

26

References:

Ali, M. (ed), 2006. Chili (Capsicum spp.) Food Chain Analysis: Setting Research Priorities inAsia. Shanhua, Taiwan: AVRDC—The World vegetable Centre. Tech. Bull. 38.AVRDC Pub. 06, 678-253 pp.

DEPTAN, 2003. Pemahaman Pedesaan Secara Partispatif Memnjang Usaha Tani Terpadu.Panduan Teknis. Penyunting Djuber Pasaribu dan Hermanto, 25 pp.

Dibiyantoro, A.L. 1997. Insect Pests on Hot Peppers: Biol. Data, Economic Importance andIntegrated Management. Indonesian Agric.Agency Res. and Dev. Journ.,18(4): 71-75.

Dibiyantoro, 2003. Laporan Penelitian APBN. Pengelolaan Cabai Terpadu (unpubl).

DEPTAN, 2003. Pemahaman Pedesaan Secara Partispatif Menunjang Usaha Tani Terpadu.Panduan Teknis. Penyunting Djuber Pasaribu dan Hermanto, 25 pp.

Grandstaff, S.W, T.B.Grandstaff and G. W. Lovelace, 1989. Summary Report. Rapid RuralAppraisal. Proc. of Internat. Conf. Khon Kaen Univ. Rural System Research andFarming Systems Research Project, 357 pp.

Luther, G.C., K.M. Moore, C. Pitts, L. Daku, J. Tedeskini, E. Isufi, F. Thomaj, R. Uka, H.Ismaili, B. Teviotdale, D. Pfeiffer, M. Bregasi, H. Bace, M. Baci, M. McGiffen, L.Ferguson, M. Hasani, D. Toti, B. Stamo, Z. Veshi and U. Abazi. 1999. ParticipatoryAppraisal of Olive Pest Management in Albania to Initiate IPM CRSP Activities inEastern Europe. IPM CRSP Working Paper 99-2 (July 1999). IPM CRSP, Office ofInternational Research and Development, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. 23 pp.

Mariyono, J., (in press). The Performance of Farmers' Field School as the Heart ofIndonesian Integrated Pest Management Programme. Paper accepted for publication inthe Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension.

Mustafa, U, M. Ali and H. Kuswanti, 2006. (M. Ali eds.), Chili (Capsicum spp.) Food ChainAnalysis: Setting Research Priorities in Asia. Part: Indonesia. Shanhua, Taiwan:AVRDC—The World vegetable Centre. Tech. Bull. 38. AVRDC Pub. 06, 678, p: 147.

27

Appendix 1: RRA responses, Brebes

CHILI IDM RAPID RURAL ASSESSMENT QUESTIONSCENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA, March 2007

Questions for farmers/Pertanyaan kepada petani

1) Village / Desa Kemurang Kulon, tanjung and :Kemukten , Kersana District /Kabupaten Brebes

Farmers' names, genders /Nanza, kelamin petani :Men : 18 Persons, Women : 2 persons

Sizes of farms / luas lahan : < 0.5 ha = 100 %

2) Land preparation methods for planting chili pepper / Cara persiapan tanah untuk menanamcabai :Make furrow and bed after rice and sugarcane – hoeing – Packing mud on the edge of the bed("melem") – overturned the soil for aeration (ungkeb) – apply compost - hoe the soil to make it finer -plant shallots – planting chili seedlings after 25 - 35 days or plant seed directly 3 days after shallots

3) Seedling Preparation (fertilizer / starter solution) and seed treatment ? /Persiapan (pupuk /perangsang tumbuh) dan perlakuan benihSeed stored for 1 year is soaked in water or in warm water overnight first, if stored less than 4 monthsthen the seed is directly planted in the nursery. Seed is treated with Marshall (Carbosulfan) or oneweek old seedlings are sprayed with Marshall. Rice straw mulch is used in the nursery. In the nursery,the farmer applied half kg urea for one kg seed. The nursery is located in the field. When the farmerspray pesticide on shallots, they also spray the chilli nursery

4) Chili varieties grown / Jenis cabai ditanam

Wet Season / Musim Dry Season / Musimhujan kemarau

Variety name /namajenis

1.Tit super

2. Tit randu3. Tit segitiga (mostlyplanted in Kemukten)

4. TW ( mostly plantedin Kemurang kulon)

( Originally fromTaiwan seed saved bythe farmer for manygenerations )5.IR

Idem. Same variety

Type / tipe (Hybrid=l;Open pollinated(improved) -2;Local=3

2 and 3 same

Why you select thisvariety/sebab memilih

jenis ini

• Good price and• quite resistant

for Anthracnose• less fungiside

28

® doesn't dieSource of seed/Sumber benih

Farmers (saved seeds)

Resistanee(R)/tolerance (T) to pest

(name)/ Ketahanan (R)/toleransi (T) terhadap

hama(nama)

Susceptible to Fruitborer (Tit segitiga)

Fruit borer ( Tit ranclu)

Resistance(R)/tolerance (T) to disease(name)/ ketahanan (R)/toleransi (T) terhadap

penyakit(nama)

Anthracnose (Titsegitiga),

Crop planted /Tanaman ditanam:

Before/sebelum

Rice, and Shallots(overlap),

Sugarcane, and shallots(overlap)

After /setelahCucumber, maize, yard-long bean, peanuts,bitter gourd

yard-long 'bean,

Sowing time ( month) /Waktu tanam (bulan)

Normally November orDecember, this yearfebruary

April and May

What happens to pestpand disease damage ifyou plant /Apa yangterjadi dgn kerusakanhama & pen yakit biladitanam:

Earlier than this/lebih awal

Better crops(will reducepest and diseaseinfestation)

Impossible to plantearlier

later than this/lebih lambat

Worst crops (pest anddisease infestationincreased)

29

Note : The two main cropping rotation in Kemurang kulon are rice – shallots + pepper andshallots + pepper – fallow.

5) Intercropping of chili pepper / Sistem turnpangsari cabal

Intercrop /tanaman seta:Check

if"Y es "

Impact on damage from pests and diseasescompared to chili monoculture /Dampak terhadapkerusakan hama dan penyakit dibandingkan dgn

monokultur cabalIncrease /

bertambahDecrease /berkurang

No impact / tidakada dampak

Rainy Season / Muslin hujanMaize l jagung YesTomato / tomatShallot / bawang merah Yes Yes (Anthracnose)

Yard-long bean / kc. panjang YesYes (because itmakes more humid)

Crucifer / kubis-kubisanOther / lain: peanuts YesOther / lain: Rice Yes YesDry Season / Musim kenzarauMaize l jagung Yes Yes ( Fruit borer)Tomato / tomat

Shallot / bawang nzer*ah YesYard-long bean / kc. panjang YesCrucifer / kubis-kubisanOther / lain: Peanuts Yes Yes (whitefly)Other / lain:

Note :

1.If peanut is intercrop 20 cm from chili, the chilli yield drops due to competition,

2. Maize pollen grain fall on chilli plants and reduce yields,

3. Catterpillars are attracted to crucifer crops and yard-long bean. If you plant these crops near chillithen the caterpillars will spread to chilli.

6) Border crop with chili acting as a barrier, repellant or trap crop / Tanaman pinggiran lahancabal sebagai penghalang, penolak atau tanaman perangkap

Border crop /tanamanpingg i ran l ahan ca b a l:

Barrier /penghalang (B);Repellant /penolak (R);Trap crop/tanamanperangkap (T)

Impact on damage from pests and diseasescompared to chili without border/Dampak thekerusakan hama dan penyakit dibandingkan

dgn tan pa pinggiran

Increase /bertambah

Decrease /berkurang

No impact/tidak adadampak

Rainy Season / Musim hujan

Maize l jagung

Yes

Yes (Fruit borer)Yes (Fruitborer)

Yes (Fruitborer)

Yard-long bean l kacangpanjang Yes - - -

30

Shallot / bawang merah

Cassava l singkongOther / lainnya:Egg plant Yes Yes (whitefly)Other / lainnya: Crucifer YesDry Season / Muslin kemarau

Maize l jagung YesYes

(Fruit borer)Yes (fruitborer) (Fruit borer)

Yard-long bean / kacangan an

Shallot / bawang merahCassava l singkongOther / lainnya: Rice

Other / lainnya:

7) Do other crops in the neighborhood affect pest and disease damage on chili pepper? Apakahtanaman sekitarnya mempengaruhi serangan hama dan penyakit pada cabal?

NeighboringCrops/ Tanaman

sekitarnya

Pests and Diseases on chilis / halm danComments / Komentarpenyakit pada cabal:

Increase/bertarnbah

Decrease /berkurang


Maize l jagung Fruit borer yesYard-long bean /kacang panjangShallot / bawangmerah

Army worms yes

Cassava l singkongOther / lainnya:Egg plant

Whitefly,

aphids, thripsyes

Other / lainnya:Rice (wet season)

yes

Other / lainnya:corn

yes

Other : Cucumber yesOther : Peanuts yes

Note : One group of farmers said that there are no border crops planted with chilli. Many farmers in alarge area all plant chilli

8) Important diseases, yield reduction, and control measures (show pictures) / Penyakit utama,kehilangan hasil dan cara pengendalian (tunjukkan foto)

Chili variety /varietas cabal

Most damagingdiseases /

penyakit utama

Amount of yieldreduction (%)/

kehilangan hasil(G lo)(G)

Control measures/Cara pengendalian

Effectiveness(%)/Efektivitas(*)

Wet season/Muslin h ujanRank no. 1 1.Patek

(Anthracnose) 10 - 80 %Spray with, fungicides (Antracol,

70 - 75 %

31

dithane, Score, Bion– IVl, I kwang ?,

Rank no 2. PhytophthoraBlight (teklik)

50 % Spray withfimgicides, pick offthe dead plant parts

100 %

Rank no. 3 Bacterial wilt Very low Pull out infectedplants

Dry season /muslin kenrarau1. CA/IV, 75 % (seasonal) Pull out infected

plants0 %

2. Gemini virus 1– 5 % Pull out infectedplants

100 %

Note : The extension agent said that farmers here are not yet familiar with Gemini virus

9) Most damaging insects, reduction, and control measures (show pictures)/ Hama utama,kehilangan hasil dan cara pengendalian (tunjukkan foto)

Chili variety /varietas cabai

Mostdamaging

pests /hamautama


kehilangan basil

(%)


Effectiveness (%)/ Efektivitas (%)

Wet season/Musim hujanRank no. 1. basedon the leaf damage

Thrips Less than 5 % Spray withinsecticide (Agrimex,Confidor, Bulldog,Curacron, Pegasus,thrasher)

75 %,Agrimex is mosteffective,Confidor is lesseffective becausethrips hasdevelopedresistance.

Rank no. 2. fruitfly 60 % ( Onefarmer groupsaid that frui flyis not importantbecause itattacks late inthe season)

Spray withinsecticide(Calicron,thrasher,mix withother insecticide)

75 %

Rank no.3 Fruit borer 30 % - 60 % Spray withinsecticide(Larvin) + othersinsecticide (4 – 8kinds )Mechanical control(hand picking)

Dry season /muslin kemarau1. Thrips 20 % - 90 % Spray with

insecticide(same as above)

-

2. Fruit borer 50 % – 70 % Spray with 50 %

32

insecticide(same as above)

3. Mite - -4. White,fly _ - -

10) Most damaging pests and diseases during storage / Hama dan penyakit aft-ma selamapenyimpanan

Note : Direcly sell after harvest

11) Source of pest and disease control recommendations / Sumber rekomendasi pengendalianliama dan penyakit tanaman

How do you decide what pesticides you spray?/ Bagaimana Cara memutuskan terhadap pilihanpestisida ?Recommended by extension people YES; / rekomendasi BaripenyuluhRecommended by other farmers YES; / rekomendasi. Bari petani lainnyaRecommended by pesticide salespeople YES VERY MUCH; / rekomendasi Bariformulator (Based on your experience YES/ Berdasarkan pengalaman anda

12) Do you monitor for pests/diseases before spraying pesticides? /Apakah anda memonitorhama penyakit sebelum penyemprotan pestisida (Yes/No)Some do some don 't

If yes, do you use threshold levels? (Yes/No) / Bila ya, apakah ambang kendali diperhatikan?No, Most farmer monitor only to choose what kind of pesticide they use but some farmers used thethreshold level for three eggs per plant.

13) Number of pesticide applications per crop and frequency:/ Jumlah aplikasi penyemprotan pertanaman

Name of pesticide /Namapestisida

Number ofsprays/Jumlah

penyemprotan

Target pestand

diseases/hama danpenyakitsasaran

Effectiveness (%control of the

insect)/Efektivitas

pengendalian

Wet season /Musimhujan

1. Curacron Twice a week2. Decis same3. Calicron same4. Trasher same5. Amistar same6. Padan same7.Dithane same8.Regent same9. Agrimex same10. Pegasus same11. Antracol same12.Roppral ? same13. Sticker same14. Score same Very effective

against

33

anthracnoseDry Season 1.Curacron Twice a week

2. Decis same3. Calicron same4.1 rasher same5. Amistar same6. Padan same7.Dithane same&Regent same9. Agrimex same10. Pegasus same11. Antracol same12.Roppral ? same

Note .Fungicide is more heavily used in the wet season while insecticide is more heavily used in the dryseason. Normally 4 — 8 brand of pesticide are mixed in the same tank. Often foliar fertilizer is alsomixed with these during the dry season. The usual spraying frequency is twice a week but this mayincrease to everyday if pest and disease attacks are heavy. The pesticide mix is 70 % effective incontrolling pest and diseases in general.

14) Have you undergone any training in crop protection? If yes what training? Who organizedit?/ Apakah anda pernah mengikuti pelatihan pengendalian Manta dan penyakit ? Jika Ya,pelati/tan apa? Siapa yang menyelenggarakan ?

Yes, a) Vegetables FFS from Ivegri, b) Pesticide FFS from AIPTI(Asosiasi Industri PerlindunganTanaman Indonesia) (Indonesian Plant Protection Industry Association), c) IPM FFS fromAgricultural extension service. After attending FFS pesticide use dropped.

15) Do you spray pesticides on the fruits (peppers) after harvesting them? If Yes, name of thepesticide./ Apakah anda melakukan penyemprotan cabai setelah dipanen ?Jika ya, sebutkan namapestisida yang digunakan. NO

16) In general, what is the interval (in days) from your last spray till you harvest? / Berapa harisetelah penyemprotan anda memanen buah cabal ?2—3 days

17) What are the effects of pesticide residues on the fruits? l Apa pengaruh residu pestisidaterhadap buah cabai ? They know a little about the residues but they don't give much attention tothem. One farmer said that peppers are sweeter if they have pesticide residues.Whether or not they die from eating pesticide residues depends on God's will. Some farmer do notspray too close to harvest so that the chilli harvesters will not be endangered.

18) What do you do to reduce pesticide residues on the fruits? / Apa yang dilakukan untukmengurangi residu pestisida pada buah cabai ?Use sticky traps for thrips and whitey. Notspraying too close to harvest. They use lower doses of pesticide if the pest and disease level havedropped.

19) Traditional methods of pest and disease control used ? / Metode tradisional yang digunakanuntuk ntengendalikan Kama dan penyakit cabai? Yes, farmer use banana stem residues and neemfor botanical pesticide.However they were prefer chemical pesticide since these botanicals require

34

processing. Farmer use yeast as sticker (adhesive), Collecting infected fruit throw them away in theditch. Some farmers use kerosene and gasoline for pest control

20) Do weeds affect the levels of pests and diseases on chili pepper? How? / Adakah pengaruhguhna (tanaman pengganggu) terhadap serangan Kama dan penyakit tanaman cabai?Yes, weedincreased humidity which increases diseases and pest level especially anthracnose. Farmers also saidthat weeds are the source of pest and diseases. Weeds act as a host natural enemies including frogs,crickets, spiders, and ladybird beetles. Weeds, especially wild Amaranthus, also act as a host forwhitefly.

21) Are there natural enemies that help control pests/diseases on chili? /Apakah ada musuhalami untuk membantu pengendalian Kama dan penyakit pada cabai ? Yes. Dragonfly, crickets,Coccinellids beetles, spiders, frogs,Sriti birds.

22) Do you do anything that affects these natural enemies ? / Apakah anda berbuat sesuatu yangmempengaruhi keberadaan musuh alami ? Yes. The farmers provide perches for birds, but they stillrely on pesticide.

23) Methods you use for irrigating chili: Flood ; Furrow Yes; Other ; Yes, Watering can /Metode yang anda gunakan untuk irigasi cabai : Leb ; parit ; LainnyaNote : river water is use for irrigation using diesel pump especially in the dry season andorganization control water use. In the wet season farmers do not irrigate.

24 Fertilizers used on chili nenner: / Pupuk yang diiunakan :How many times used perseason? / bun /Oh penggunaanper musim

Dressing / CaraBasal /papukdasar

Side /sanrpingtanaman

Broadcast/Sebar

NPK 1— 2 Yes YesTSP (SP-36) 1 YesKCl 2 — 3 YesZA / AS 1 - 3 YesUrea 1 - 4 Yes Yesfoliar fertilizer /pupuk dawn

As many time as they budgetallows( Gandasil B and D,Trubus) some farmers onlyuse in the dry season.

YesSpraying)

Other / LainnyaDAP, Sendawa(sodiumnitrate),Kamas,

1 time each Yes, DAP YesSendawa,Kamas

Note : They mix foliar fertilizer with pesticide and apply during flowering. Farmers fertilized 4 — 5times in the wet season and 6-8 times in the dry season. Gandasil B for fruits and D for Leaves.Gandasil B is applied during fruit set. Some farmers use growth regulator

35

25 ) Harvesting and yield / Panen dan basil

Chili variety/ Varietas

cabai

Number of harvestsper season /

Jwnlah panen perrrnrsim

Interval betweenharvests (days)/Interval panen

Estimatedyield /perkiraanhash

How frequent harvestingaffects pest/disease

damage/Sejauh manyfi°ekuensi panen

rrrernpengaruhi seranganharts dan penyakit ?


Increases/meningkat

Decreases/

menurun

Variety 1/TW

7-8 - 5-11 tons perhectare

Some farmersanthracnose

and otherdiseases, andsome farmers

no effectVariety 2/ Titsegitiga

6-7 3-4 days 3,6 -9 tonsper hectare

Some farmersanthracnose

and otherdiseases, andsome fanners

no effect

Dry season /MusimkemarauVariety 1 /TM

9 -10 7 days 18 tons perhectare

No effect

Variety 2 /Tit segitiga

7 - 10 5-6 days 5 - 15 tonsper hectare

No effect

Note : harvesting interval can change depending on the price. If the plant continues to look healthy,the farmers may add more fertilizer and harvest an additional 5 times

26 )Do you sell chili peppers immediately after harvest? (yes/no) / Apakah anda menjual cabaisegera setelah panen ? (Ya/Tidak) Yes.

If not, why do you store them?/ Jika tidak, mengapa anda menyimpan`ya ?

27) How do you sell the chili peppers after harvesting? / Bagaimana anda menjual cabai setelah

panen ?Sell by contract / Menjual secara kontrakSell to middle man / Menjual kepada bandar YES Small and big traderSell directly to the market / Menjual langsung ke pasar YESOthers / Lainnya

28) What do you do with crop residues after harvesting? / Apakah yang anda perbuat dengansisa tanaman setelah panen ?For Cooking fuel, some farmers leave the crop in the field for cucumber and bitter gourd to climb

on.

36

Appendix 2: RRA Responses, Remixing


Questions for farmers/Pertanyaan kepada petani

1) Village / Desa Banowan and Baturno, Sarang Subdistrict /Kecamatan DistrictIKabupaten Rembang

Farmers' names, genders / 3 women and 17 men

Sizes of farms <0.5 ha 16 farmers ; 0.5-1 ha 3 farmers; >1 ha 1 farmers

2) Land preparation methods for planting chili pepper / Cara persiapan tanah untuk menanamcabalIn the wet season, plowing using cow 3 times – apply cow manure and then make rows (60 cm width)– and then planting after rain falls (40 days)– make a hole (30 cm x 30 cm or 40 cm x 30 cm ) – putthe manure in the hole about 0.5 - 1 kg manure per hole.

3) Seedling Preparation (fertilizer / starter solution) and seed treatment ? /Persiapan (pupuk/perangsang tumbuh) dan perlakuan benihDry seed dispersed in the bed + manure + rice straw, all farmers use direct sowing without soaking.Seed treatment with Marshall and Furadan and cover by rice straw and some farmers use Phonskafertilizer – Watering everyday – seedlings will be transplanted after 40 days – 4 months

4) Chili varieties grown / Jenis cabai ditanamWet Season / Musim Dry Season / Muslin

hujan kemarauVariety name /namajenis

Tampar (keriting) Tampar ( Keriting)

Type / tipe (Hybrid–1;Open pollinated(improved) =2;Local=3

3 3

Why you select thisvariety! sebab memilih

jenis ini

Long harvest period,stronger, heavier andmore fruits, manyfruits,better price

Source of seed/Sumber benih

Saved by farmers

Resistance(R)/tolerance (T) to pest

(name)/ Ketahanan (R)/toleransi (T) terhadap

hama(nama)

Fruitfly

Resistance(R)/tolerance (T) to disease(name)/ ketahanan (R)/toleransi (T) terhadap

penyakit(nama)

Antrhracnose,Resistant to fruitdrops (tahan rontok)

Resistant to fruitdrops (tahan rontok).

Crop planted /Tanaman ditanam: Before/

Fallows, corn,cassava,

Mung bean, rice,maize, watermelon

seoeium

37

watermelon,Mungbean

After/setelahMung bean Soybean, peanut,

mung bean,soybean


November - January June - August

What happens to pestand disease damage ifyou plant /Apa yangterjadi dgn kerusakanhama & penyakit biladitanam:

Earlier than this/lebih awal

Pest and diseaseinfestation decrease,

No impact

later than this/Iebih lambat

"Penyakit Mrongkol"( Virus "krupuk")Disease increasebecause too muchwater

Virus, Fruit fly

38

Note : In the dry season chilli is grown on wet paddy field, in the wet season planted in upland field.Normal planting is November. Rice-watermelon-chilli is common rotation on wet paddy fields.

5) Intercropping of chili pepper / Sistem tumpangsari cabal

Intercrop /tanaman sela:Check

if"Yes"

Impact on damage from pests and diseasescompared to chili monoculture /Dampak terhadapkerusakan hama dan penyakit dibandingkan dgn

monokultur cabalIncrease /bertambah

Decrease /berkurang


Rainy Season / Muslin hujanMaize l jagung yesTomato / tomatShallot / bawang merah

Yard-lone bean / kc. an an

Crucifer l kubis-kubisan

Other / lain: Mung bean Yes AnthracnoseOther / lain:

Dry Season / Muslin kemarauMaize / jagung

Tomato / tomat

Shallot / bawang merahYard-long bean / kc. panjang

Crucifer / kubis-kubisan

Other / lain: Mung bean Yes AnthracnoseOther / lain:

6) Border crop with chili acting as a barrier, repellant or trap crop / Tanaman pinggiran lahancabai sebagai penghalang, penolak atau tanaman perangkap

Border crop /tanamanpinggiran lahan cabal:

Barrier/penghalang (8);Repellant /penolak (R);Trap crop/tanamanperangkap (T)

Impact on damage from pests and diseasescompared to chili without border/Dampak thekerusakan hama dan penyakit dibandingkan

dgn tanpa pinggiran

Increase /bertambah

Decrease /berkurang



Maize / jagung Yes YesYard-long bean / kacangpanjang

Cucumber YesCassava / singkong Yes Yes

Other / lainnya: Yam YesOther / lainnya: Squash (tabu) Yes

Dry Season / Muslin kemarau

Maize l jagung YesYard-long bean / kacangpanjang

Cucumber

Cassava l singkong yes Yes

39

Other/lainnya:Yam

Other /lainnya:Squash (labu)

Note : Cassava and maize act as windbreaks.

7) Do other crops in the neighborhood affect pest and disease damage on chili pepper? Apakahtanaman sekitarnya mernpengaruhi serangan hama dan penyakit pada cabal?

NeighboringCrops/ Tanarnan

sekitarnya

Pests and Diseases on chills / hama dan Comments / Komentarpenyakit pada cabal:

Increase/bertennbah

Decrease /berkurang


Maize ljagungAphids Yes, some

farmers

Yes

Yard-long bean /kacang panjang

Mung beanLeaf rollerand aphids

yes

Cassava l singkongOther /lainnya:Watermelon

Chrysomelid

beetles

Yes, Somefarmers

yes

Other / lainnya:Cucumber

Insect pest,Chrysomelidbeetles

yes

Other / lainnya:Soybean

Leaf rollerand aphids

yes

8) Important diseases, yield reduction, and control measures (show pictures) / Penyakit utama,kehilangan hasil dan cara pengendalian (tunjukkan foto)

Chili variety /varietas cabal


penyakit utama


kehilangan hasil(/)


Effectiveness(%)/Efektivitas(/)

Wet seasonIMusim h ujan1. Anthracnose

(patek)

25 % - 100 % Spray with gandasilB(foliar fertilizer),pick off infected fruit _

0 % (forGandasil B)

2. "Daun keriting"(Thrips and Mitedamage) or Virus

3 PhytophthoraBlight

4 GV 10 % - 30 % Spray pesticide andpull out infectedplants

0 % (ForPesticide)

Dry season /muslin kemarau1. GV2. CMV

Bacterial Wilt

Note : In Baturno, pest and diseases is not too complicated compare to Banowan.

yesyes

40

9) Most damaging insects, reduction, and control measures (show pictures)/ Hama utarna,kehilangan basil dan cara pengendalian (tunjukkan foto)

Chili variety /varietas cabai

Mostdamaging

pests /hamautarna


kehilangan hasilControl measures

/Cara pengendalian

Effectiveness(%)/ Efektivitas(%)

(%)Wet season/Musim hujan1. Fruit fly 10 % - 100 % Methyl Eugenol

(Petrogenol )20 % - 60 %

2. Thrips 50 % - 90 % Spray insecticide(Neptune, Marshall,Daconil, Decis)

50 % - 100 %

Aphids

Dry season /musim kemarau1. Fruit fly2. Thrips Up to 90 % Spray insecticide 100 %

3. Chrysomelidbeetles

Spray Insecticide(Lannate)

White grub (ScarabaeidaeLarvae)

10) Most damaging pests and diseases during storage / Hama dan penyakit utarna selama

penyimpanan

11) Source of pest and disease control recommendations / Sumber rekomendasi pengendalianhama dan penyakit tanaman

How do you decide what pesticides you spray?/ Bagaimana cara memutuskan terhadap pilihan

pestisida ?Recommended by extension people YES ; / rekomendasi dari penyuluhRecommended by other farmers YES ; / rekomendasi dari petani lainnyaRecommended by pesticide salespeople NO; / rekomendasi dari formulatorBased on your experience YES./ Berdasarkan pengalaman anda

12) Do you monitor for pests/diseases before spraying pesticides? l Apakah anda memonitorhama penyakit sebelum penyemprotan pestisida (Yes/No)Yes

If yes, do you use threshold levels? (Yes/No) / Bila ya, apakah ambang kendali diperhatikan?Farmers observed pest and diseases, and then they spray pesticide. Mostly farmers use pesticide andFoliar fertilizer for prevention. Based on feeling.

13) Number of pesticide applications per crop and frequency:/ Jumlah aplikasi penyemprotan per

tanamanName of pesticide /Nama Number of Target pest Effectiveness (%

pestisida sprays/Jumlah

penyemprotan

anddiseases

/hama dan

control of theinsect)/

Efektivitas

41

penyakitsasaran

pengendalian


1.Marshall 3 - 6 times

Some farmersrare ly spraypes ti c id e inthe dryseason

Thrips,Aphids

20 -90 %

2. Neem (Botanicalinsecticide)

Caterpillar3. DecisWhitey,aphids,chrysomelidbeetles

4.Neptune

Caterpillar5. BulldogThrips6. Sidametrin

7Sevin8. DDT9. Antracol10. Daconil11

Dry season /Musimkemarau

chrysomelidbeetles

1.Lannate

2. Marshall3. DDT

Stimulategrowth

4.Antracol

Stimulategrowth

5. Daconil.

6. Sevin7Sidametrin8. Marshall

Note : In Baturno, some farmers only use one kind of pesticide at a time. Some farmers never spraypesticide during the dry seasons.

14) Have you undergone any training in crop protection? If yes what training? Who organizedit?l Apakah anda pernah mengikuti pelatihan pengendalian hama dan penyakit ? Jika Ya,pelatihan apa? Siapa yang menyelenggarakan ?YES, In Baturno (Chili FFS ,Vegetables FFS,Yellow Maize FFS from Agriculture extention service).Banowan, ( Chili FFS from Agriculture extention service)

15) Do you spray pesticides on the fruits (peppers) after harvesting them? If Yes, name of thepesticide./ Apakah anda melakukan penyemprotan cabai setelah dipanen ?Jika ya, sebutkan namapestisida yang digunakan. NO. In Banowan, one farmer say they spray "California"to make itshiny

42

16) In general, what is the interval (in days) from your last spray till you harvest? / Berapa hadsetelali penyemprotan anda ineinanen bush cabal ?3 -14 days.

17) What are the effects of pesticide residues on the fruits? / Apa pengaruh residu pestisidaterhadap buah cabal. ?The residues can give harvesters a headache and poison them, some farmers said no effect18) What do you do to reduce pesticide residues on the fruits? / Apa yang dilakukan untukmengurangi residu pestisida pada buah cabal' ?Longer spray interval,

19) Traditional methods Of pest and disease control used ? / Metode tradisional yang digunakanuntuk mengendalikan llama dan penyakit cabal?Using the kitchen ash to control Chrysomelid beetles and they applied it in the morning. In Baturno,praying, and use rice straw to apply pesticide

20) Do weeds affect the levels of pests and diseases on chili pepper? How? / Adakah pengaruhgulma (tanaman pengganggu) terhadap serangan Kama dan penyakit tanaman cabal?Weed can Increase pest and disease because weed can act as a host for caterpillar, fruit fly, andgrasshopper. And weeds also slow down the chili growth because of the competition. Weeds alsoincrease anthracnose on chili.

21) Are there natural enemies that help control pests/diseases on chili? /Apakah ada musuhalami untuk membantu pengendalian llama dan penyakit pada cabai ?Yes. Spiders, Frogs. Some farmers didn't noticed. Frog eats leafhoppers

22) Do you do anything that affects these natural enemies ? / Apakah anda berbuat sesuatu yangmempengaruhi keberadaan mnsuh alami ?

If the Natural enemies is existed in the field, the farmers delay spraying. But most farmers responded"No"23) Methods you use for irrigating chili: Flood YES using watercan ; Furrow YES frompumped water, some; Other / Metode yang anda gunakan untuk irigasi cabai : Leb ;parit ; LainnyaDuring the dry season, the farmers use diesel pumps 4 times during the season from wells. Somefarmers use furrows. Some other rely on rain during the wet season. In Banowan, the well water is 20m below the surface.To rent the pump is Rp 10,000 / hour. The frequency of irrigation depends ontheir budget and the well do not dry out

241 Fertilizers used on chili pepper: / Pupuk vane digunakan :How many times used perseason? / Jumlah penggunaanper muslin

Dressing / CaraBasal / pupukdasar

Side /sampingtanaman

Broadcast/Sebar

NPK (Phonska) 4 times, with interval onemonth (10 kg /0,1 Ha) .Mix,the proportion is 30 kg urea,20 kg Ponska, and one farmeruse 50 Kg TSP

Yes

TSP (TSP-36) 200 Kg /0,1 Ha Yes YesKCl YesZA/ASUrea 20 – 30 Kg /0,1 Ha Yes

43

foliar fertilizer /pupuk dawnGandasil B, DOther / Lainnya 1,5 — 2,4 tons / 0.1 Ha Yes.: Cow manure

Note : In Baturno, some farmers use only cow manure without NPK. In Banowan, some farmers useNPK for flower set and fruit set. Some farmers use fertilizer mixed with water irrigation. Usuallyfertilizer use 15,30, and 60 days after transplanting. They use KCL at flowering and NPK at fruitingstage. If urea applied at fruit stage cause fruit drop. Foliar fertilizer applied every 2 weeks untilharvesting.

a25 ) Harvesting and yield / Patten dan basil


cabai


Jumlah panen permuslin


Estimatedyield /perkiraanbasil


dannage/Sejauh manafrekuensi panen

mempengaruhi seranganhama dan penyakit ?


Increases/meningkat

Decreases/

menurun

Variety 1/Tampar

15 — 34 times 3 — 7 days More than 5tons / Ha

Anthracnose,

some said noimpact

Variety 2/Dry season /MusimkemarauVariety 1 /Tampar

30 — 36 times 5 — 7 days 2 kg perplant, 5 — 10tons / Ha.

Anthracnose,some said noimpact

Variety 2 /Varietas 2

Note : If the price is good, the farmers26 )Do you sell chili peppers immediately after harvest? (yes/no) / Apakah anda menjual cabaisegera setelah panes ? (Ya/Tidak)YESIf not, why do you store them?/ Jika tidak, mengapa anda menyimpannya ?

27) How do you sell the chili peppers after harvesting? / Bagaimana anda menjual cabai setelahpanes ?Sell by contract / Menjual secara kontrakSell to middle man / Menjual kepada Bandar YES

Sell directly to the market / Menjual langsung ke pasarOthers / Lainnya

44

28) What do you do with crop residues after harvesting? / Apakah yang anda per/mat dengansisa tanaman setelah panen ?Pulled out, gathered, and Burned in the field or for cooking fuel. Some farmers collect thedamage and infected fruit, and some leave it in the field.

45

Appendix 3: RRA Responses, Magelang


Questions forfarmers /Pertanyaankepada petani

1) Village / Desa Kaweran, Muntilan and Balong, wates Kee. Dukun District /KabupatenMagelang

Farmers' names, genders /Nama, kelamin petani3 women and 17 man

Sizes of farms / luas lahan: <0.5 HaNote : only one farmer owned >0,5 Ha2) Land preparation methods for planting chili pepper / Cara persiapan tanah untuk menanamcabai.After rice – 2 times plowing – making a bedding – make a kind of hole –put the manure(goat)-and fertilizer (NPK mutiara, ZA, TSP)- cover with plastic mulch – make a hole on themulch – allow it for 1– 2 weeks prior planting.

3) Seedling Preparation (fertilizer / starter solution) and seed treatment ? /Persiapan (pupuk/perangsang tumbuh) dan perlakuan benihSeed soak on warm water to prevent ants they use furadan, cover with soil – cover with rice straw,news paper, "karung goni". After 2 weeks they make soil pots by hand. After 4 leaves (20-30days)developed then transplanting to the field

4) Chili varieties grown / Jenis cabai ditanam

Wet Season / Musimhujan

Dry Season / Musimkemarau

Variety name /namajenis

TM 999 (dominant)

Inco 99

Indohot 99OR twist,

CTH

TM 999Inco 99

Indohot 99,

CTH

Type / tipe (Hybrid=1;Open pollinated(improved) =2;Local=3

1 1

Why you select thisvariety/sebab memilih

jenis ini

long fruit, resistant torot, Anthracnose,interval of harvest isshorter, commonlyproduction is higher

long fruit, resistant torot, Anthracnose,interval of harvest isshorter, commonlyproduction is higher

Source of seed/Sumber benih

Buy atagricultural

kioskResistance(R)/

tolerance (T) to pest(name)/ Ketahanan (R)/toleransi (T) terhadap

hama(nama)Resistance(R)/

tolerance (T) to disease(name)/ ketahanan (R)/

Anthracnose (TM999), Rot, Fusarium

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toleransi (T) terhadappenyakit(nama)

wilt

Crop planted /Tanaman ditanam:

Before/sebelum

Rice Chilli, some farmersaid tomato

After /setelahChilli, yard-long bean,tomato

Chilli, Cruciferae,rice,


Anytime but somefarmer anticipated forthe higher price.

What happens to pestand disease damage ifyou plant /Apa yangterjadi dgn kerusakanhama & penyakit biladitanam:

? Earlier than this/lebih awal

-

They couldn't noticedue to continuesplanting.Fungal wilt may

occurred

Thrips and whiteflymay occurred.

later than this/lebih lambat

Higher damage bythrips and whitefly+GV and stuntedplant by virus.

More fruit fly,anthracnose andmites.

47

Note : Planting distance is closer during the dry season.

5) Intercropping of chili pepper / Sisterrr. tumpangsari cabalImpact on damage from pests and diseases

Intercrop /tanaman seta:

Check

if"Yes"

compared to chili monoculture /Dampak terhadapkerusakan hama dan penyakit dibandingkan dgn

monokultur cabalIncrease /bertambah

Decrease /berkurang


Rainy Season / Musim hujanMaize ljagung

Tomato / tomat _ Yes GV is higherSome farmers saidno impact

Shallot / bawang merahYard-long bean / kc. parrjang

Egg plant Yes thrips

Other / lain: peanut YesSome farmers saidno impact

Other / lain: Caisin(Cruciferae) YesDry Season / Musim kemarauMaize l jagung YesTomato / tonrat YesShallot / bawang merah

Yard-long bean / kc. panjang YesAphids andcaterpillars

Crucifer l kubis-kubisan Yes

Other / lain:peanuts Yes thrips Soil insectsSome farmers saidno impact

Other / lain: Caisin Yes Army wormsSome farmers saidno impact

6) Border crop with chili acting as a barrier, repellant or trap crop / Tanaman pinggiran lahancabai sebagai penghalang, penolak atau tanaman perangkap

Border crop /tanamanpinggiran lahan cabal:

Barrier /penghalang (B);Repellant /penolak (R);Trap crop/tanamanperangkap (T)

Impact on damage from pests and diseasescompared to chili without border/Dampak thekerusakan hama dan pen yakit dibandingkan

dgn tan pa pinggiran

Increase /bertambah

Decrease /berkurang



Maize l jagung Yes (B)

Pest anddiseases(GV)

Yard-long bean / kacangpanjang Yes (B)

Aphids andcaterpillars

Pest anddiseases

Shallot / bawang merah

Cassava / singkong YesOther / lainnya:

Other / lainnya: Tagetes YesDry Season / Musim kemarau

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Maize / jagung YesYard-long bean / kacangpan fang

Shallot / bawang merahCassava / singkong

Other /lainnya: bitter gourd yes

Other / lainnya:cabbage yes

Other / lainnya : Tagetes

Note : Some farmers use plastic barrier about 1 m height for border, and some farmer use

Tagetes as trap crop. In the dry season yard-long bean is use for shading

7) Do other crops in the neighborhood affect pest and disease damage on chili pepper? Apakahtanar*ran sekitarnya mempengaruhi serangan hanza dan penyakit pada cabai?

NeighboringCrops/ Tanaman

sekitarnya

Pests and Diseases on chilis / Kama dan Comments / Kornentarpenyakit pada cabal:

Increase/bertambah

Decrease /berkurang


Maize l jagung yesYard-long bean /kacang panjangShallot / bawangmerahCassava l singkong Yes, whitey

Other / lainnya:Rice

Yes,Caterpillarsand birds

Other / lainnya:CaisinOther / lainnya:Egg plant

Yes, whitey

Other : Chilli Yes, whiteflyPeanuts yesNote :1. Generally, the above crops increased pest attacks on chilli because their pest are the same as chilli

and easily migrate to chilli (except cassava).2. Crotalaria also planted as neighborhood crop.

8) Important diseases, yield reduction, and control measures (show pictures) / Penyakit utama,

kehilangan basil. dan cara pengendalian (t njukkan foto)

Chili variety /varietal cabai


penyakit utanaa


kehilangan hasil(%)


Effectiveness(%)/Efektivitas(%)

Wet seasonIMusim hujan1. Gemini virus

(GV)25 -100 % Pull out the plant at

early stages-

2. Anthracnose 80 -100 % Spray with ,fungicide o75 % -90 %

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(anth) (Antracol and Bion –Ad,, Score, Ridomil),picking damagedfruit

3. Phytophthorablight (PB)

Spray with , fungicide(Antracol and Bion –Ad,, Score, Ridomil)

-

Dry season /muslin kemarau1. Gemini virus 25% – 60 % Border by maize

plant, Apply Actarainsecticide.

-

2. Anthracnose - Spray with fungicideScore

Note :

1. GV increased very easily during the transition season ( between wet and dry season)

2. Later planting may cause anthracnose damage during dry season

9) Most damaging insects, reduction, and control measures (show pictures)/ Hama utama,kehilangan hasil dan Cara pengendalian (tunjukkan foto)

Chili variety/varietas cabal

Mostdamaging

pests /hamautama


kehilangan hasil(%)


Effectivenesso(*)/Efektivitas'('X9)

Wet seasonIMusim h ujan1. Fruit fly 10 % Sex pheromones

(Petrogenol brandtrap)

-

2. Fruit borer U* to 25 % S pray esticide -3. Thrips 35 % Agrimex -4. Aphids - - -Dry season /musim kemarau1. whitefly - Spray with Actara,

Dursban, Marshall-

2. Thrips 0 % - 100 % Agrimex, Regent,Conf dor

100 %

3 Fruit borer 30 % Agrimex, Regent, -4 Mites - Spray pesticides 100 %

Note : If the insect damage is low, farmers choose cheap insecticide

10) Most damaging pests and diseases during storage / Hama dan penyakit utama selamapenyimpanan

NO, they don't stored it

11) Source of pest and disease control recommendations / Sumber rekomendasi pengendalianhama dan penyakit tanaman

50

How do you decide what pesticides you spray?/ Bagaisnana cara memutuskan terhadap pilihan

pestisida ?Recommended by extension people YES; / rekomendasi dad penyuluhRecommended by other farmers YES; / rekomendasi dari petani lainnyaRecommended by pesticide sales people YES VERY MUCH ( less than Brebes) but somefarmers don't pay much attention.Based on your experience YES./ Berdasarkan pengalaman anda

12)Do you monitor for pests/diseases before spraying pesticides? / Apakah anda memonitor

hamapenyakit sebelu*n penyemprotan pestisida (Yes/No )Yes, Disease on the leaves (2 – 3

branches )then spray with fungicide

If yes, do you use threshold levels? (Yes/No) / Ma ya, apakah a*nbang kendali diperhatikan?

Yes, they monitor but some farmers use threshold level if farmers see 1 curly leaves and also farmerswill spray if there is 1 fruit infected by anthracnose. Some farmers identified type of pest and diseasebefore they spray.

13)Number of pesticide applications per crop and frequency:/ Jumlah aplikasi penyemprotan per

tanamanName of pesticide / Nana

pestisida

Number ofsprays/Jim*lah

penyemprotan

Target pestand

diseases/hama danpenyakitsasaran

Effectiveness (%control of the

insect)/Efektivitas

pengendalian


1.Antracol 18 — 20 Overall 25 % -75%

2. Dithane3. Samite4. Manset5. Bion – M Fungal

diseases6. Curacron7Agrimex + sticker8 Confdor9. Score10. Ridomil Fungal

diseases

11. Profl12. Daconil Fungal

diseases(Cercospora)

13. Regent Thrips

Dry season /Musimkemarau

1. Curacron 18 – 202. Agrimex thrips Overall more

than 75 %

3. Antracol Fungal

51

disease4.Dithane Fungal

disease5. Profit Any kind of

pest (allpurpose)

6. Regent thrips78

Note : Pesticides mixture and application in Magelang generally is less than Brebes

14) Have you undergone any training in crop protection? If yes what training? Who organizedit?/ Apakah anda pernah mengikuti pelatifian pengendalian hama dan penyakit ? Jika Ya,pelatihan apa? Siapa yang menyelenggarakan ?Yes,1.Chili FFS cultivation and production by DAFEP,

2. GV FFS by BPTP, IVEGRI, Agricultural extension service.3. Rice FFS by Agricultural extension service4. Biological agents FFS from Agricultural extension service

15) Do you spray pesticides on the fruits (peppers) after harvesting them? If Yes, name of thepesticide./ Apakah anda melakukan penyemprotan cabal setelah dipanen ?Jika ya, sebutkan namapestisida yang digunakan.No

16) In general, what is the interval (in days) from your last spray till you harvest? / Berapa harisetelah penyemprotan anda memanen buah cabal ?Usually 3 - 5 days

17) What are the effects of pesticide residues on the fruits? / Apa pengaruh residu pestisidaterhadap buah cabal ?Yes, Pesticide residues may cause sooner fruit ripe. They aware the danger of pesticide residues.

18) What do you do to reduce pesticide residues on the fruits? l Apa yang dilakukan untukmengurangi residu pestisida pada buah cabal ?Farmer try to apply contact pesticide during the fruit set

19) Traditional methods of pest and disease control used ? / Metode tradisional yang digunakanuntuk mengendalikan hama dan penyakit cabal?2004-05 they have tried Dioscorea, tobacco, neem, "mojo" fruit, lemon grass, soursop leaves, ginger,"laos" root, Curcuma but now not anymore.

20) Do weeds affect the levels of pests and diseases on chili pepper? How? / Adakah pengaruhgulma (tanaman penggangga) terhadap serangan hama dan penyakit tanaman cabal?Yes. Farmers pull out the weeds. Weeds act as shelter for whitefly, moth, aphids, grasshopper. One

farmers said that weeds can reduce the pest and disease.

21) Are there natural enemies that help control pests/diseases on chili? / Apakah ada musuhalami untuk membantu pengendalian hama dan penyakit pada cabal ?Yes, Beetles, dragonfly, spider,

52

22) Do you do anything that affects these natural enemies ? / Apakah. anda her/mat sesuatu yangmempengarulri keberadaan musuh alarm ?Yes. One farmer choose narrow spectrum pesticide,another one farmer use organic pesticide andothers don't do anything.

23) Methods you use for irrigating chili: Flood YES ; Furrow ; Other / Metode yanganda gunakan untuk irigasi cabai : Leh YES ; parit ; LainnyaLeh in dry season bt during wet season they drain the field.

24 Fertilizers used on chili pepper: / Pupuk _ya*igunakan :How many times used perseason? / Jumlah penggunaanpermusim

Dressing / CaraBasal / pupukdasar

Side /sawingtanaman

"Ngecor" /Watering

NPK 1 Yes Mix withNPKmutiaraevery 10days

TSP 1 YesKCI 1 YesZA/ASUreafoliar fertilizer /pupuk daun

Gandasil B

Other / Lainnya Goat,rabbit and cow manure,dolomite, compost sometimesmix with EM-4

25 ) Harvesting and yield / Panen dan basil


cabai


Jumlah panen permuslin


Estimatedyield/perkiraanhasil


damage/Sejauh manafrekuensi panen

menipengaruhi seranganhama dan penyakit ?


Increases/meningkat

Decreases/

menurun

Variety I/TM 99

20 – 30 3 -4 days 7, 7 Kw – 3tons / Ha

Yes, Onefarmers saidthat. Otherssaid no effect

Variety 2/OR Twist

20 3 days -

Dry season /MusimkemarauVariety 1 /same same

SAME

Variety 2 /same same

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26 )Do you sell chili peppers immediately after harvest? (yes/no) /Apakah anda menjnal cabalsegera setelah panen ? (Ya/Tidak)YESIf not, why do you store them?/ Jika tidak, mengapa anda menyimpannya ?

No

27) How do you sell the, chili peppers after harvesting? / Bagaimana anda menjual cabal' setelahpanen ?Sell by contract / Menjual secara kontrakSell to middle man / Menjual kepada Bandar YES

Sell directly to the market / Menjual langsung ke pasarOthers / Lainnya

28) What do you do with crop residues after harvesting? / Apakah yang anda perbuat dengansisa tanaman setelah panen ?Crop residues use for cooking fuel. Some burn in the field. Rotten fruit are thrown to the river.

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