CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019To cite this articleWang K Duan Y T Shi L H et al Design and realization of a nearby lightning-electric field environment

simulator[J] Chinese Journal of Ship Research 2019 14(5) httpwww ship-researchcomEN Y2019V14I5119

DOI1019693jissn1673-3185 01368

Received2018 - 12 - 13Supported byNational Key Research and Development Project (2017YFC1501505)Authors Wang Ke male born in 1995 master Research interest electromagnetic protection theory and technology E-mail

1363611280qqcomDuan Yantao male born in 1980 PhD Research interest electromagnetic protection and electromagnetic simulationE-mail dcmchdyt126comShi Lihua male born in 1969 PhD Professor Research interest electromagnetic protection and electromagnetic compatibility E-mail lihuashialiyuncomHuang Ruitao male born in 1994 master Research interest electromagnetic effect and protection of lightning E-mail190485346qqcomChen Hailin male born in 1979 PhD associate professor Research interest electromagnetic protection and electromagnetic simulation E-mail ylinchen126com

Corresponding authorDuan Yantao

Design and realization of anearby lightning-electric field

environment simulator

Wang KeDuan YantaoShi LihuaHuang RuitaoChen HailinNational Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effects and Electro-Optical Engineering

Army Engineering University of PLANanjing 210007China

Abstract［Objectives］Lightning can be extremely harmful to ships on the open seas Especially with the large-scaleapplication of electronic and electrical equipment and closed integrated maststhe lightning indirect effect on ships isbecoming increasingly serious In order to effectively carry out the lightning indirect effect test for shipborne electricaland electronic equipment［Methods］ a kind of nearby lightning-electric field environment simulator based on theprinciple of Marx generator was designed and realized in this paper The simulator realized the peak cut-off of theimpact high voltage by using the adjustable single chopping sphere gapand established a simulated nearbylightning-electric field environment through the high voltage plate and the conductive ground plane［Results］Thetest results show that the device has a cut-off time of less than 2 μs and a drop time of less than 009 μswhich canproduce a pulsed electric field environment that meets the requirements of GJB 1389A-2005［Conclusions］Thispaper can provide equipment support for the research on the indirect effect of the nearby lightning strokes on systemelectronic and electrical equipment based on GJB 8848-2016Key wordsMarx generatornearby lightning strikepulsed electric fieldlightning indirect effectsCLC number U6747+02N33

0 Introduction

Lightning is a common natural discharge phenomenon often accompanied by complex changing electromagnetic environments In the open seas with complicated and changeable climate the operation of tallmasts and various types of protruding antennas onships are very likely to attract lightning during thunderstorms which will cause great damage to ship

board electronic and electrical equipment [1-3] Thomson [4] analyzed 71 incidents of lightning strikes onships in open seas and pointed out that the characteristics of the ships themselves and the special environment in which they are located are the importantreasons for the lightning strikes In recent years themedia has often reported accidents with significantlosses in the southeast coastal areas of China thatshipborne radar and other equipment encountered

54

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lightning strikes [5] Therefore lightning protectionhas great research value and practical significancefor shipboard electronic and electrical equipment

Lightning damage to ships mainly includes the direct and indirect effects Lightning direct effectsmainly refer to the physical effects caused by the direct attachment of lightning channels or the conduction of lightning current which are manifested ascombustion explosion erosion high-voltage shockwaves structural deformation and magnetic fieldsformed by strong currents The lightning indirect effects are derived from the interaction between theelectromagnetic field generated by lightning andshipborne equipment including indirect effectscaused by direct lightning strikes and nearby lightning strikes [6]

With the widespread use of various microelectronic and electrical equipment and complex electronicand electrical systems such as large-scale integratedcircuits in equipment shipboard equipment hasmore stringent requirements for the electromagneticenvironment The electromagnetic environment generated by a nearby lightning strike poses a real threatto these electronic and electrical systems GJB1389A-2005 Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for systems of China clearly points out the environmental parameters of the lightning indirect effects The system should be able to withstand thelightning indirect effect in the exposed state and itshould pass the tests and verification of the systemsub-system equipment and component levels [7]Aiming at the lightning environment requirements inGJB 1389A-2005 GJB 8848-2016 ElectromagneticEnvironmental Effects Test Methods for Systems clarifies the lightning test methods test configurationstest procedures and the evaluation criteria for test results This provides a reference for the systematiclightning test including the test method of electricfield environment effect caused by nearby lightningstrikes [8] The NPFC MIL-STD-464C and NATOAECTP-500 [9-10] also have the same expression intheir content on lightning protection requirementsAt the same time the US L3 Technologies has developed a near-field lightning simulator for the militaryto simulate the near-field electromagnetic field ofthe lightning channel and established the electricand magnetic fields caused by nearby lightningstrikes for full-scale field testing of aircraft missiles and other equipment In China the research onthe environmental effects of nearby lightning-pulseelectromagnetic fields starts late At present there is

no report on the development of related simulationequipment

This paper intends to establish an electric field environment simulator for nearby lightning strikesthrough the peak cut-off of impulse high-voltage soas to provide technical support for full-scale fieldtests of system electronic and electrical equipment1 Basic principle

The simulation device for the pulsed electric fieldis mainly composed of an impulse high-voltagesource a cut-off device a test platform and a measurement control system The equipment construction is shown in Fig 1 Among them the impulsehigh-voltage source is used to generate impulsehigh-voltage and the cut-off device is used to cutoff the impulse high-voltage to form a steep wave inthe discharge circuit The test platform is used to carry the test object and generate a uniform pulsed electric field environment that meets the requirementsThe measurement control system is mainly used formonitoring working status and collecting test data

The working principle of the simulation device forthe pulsed electric field can be briefly described asfollows First the impulse high-voltage source ischarged to form an impulse high-voltage of a certainamplitude on the high-voltage electrode Destructivedischarge occurs when the voltage at both ends of thechopping sphere is higher than the breakdown voltage of the air gap and the impulse high-voltage rapidly decays to form a steep wave in the drop sectionThus the voltage on the high-voltage electrodedrops rapidly thereby forming a rapidly changingelectric field on the test platform Through parameter design this fast-changing electric field canreach the required value of GJB 1389A-2005 onthe time change rate of the electric field ie68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1)

Fig1 Schematic diagram of electric field environmentsimulator for nearby lightning strike

ChoppingsphereHVelectrodeDivider

ImpulsegeneratorChargingrectifier

Standard impulse generator Control unit Impulsemeasuringsystem

Wang K et al Design and realization of a nearby lightning-electric field environment simulator 55

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019

2 Design of simulator for pulsedelectric field

21 Impulse high-voltage source

Due to the limitation of the rated voltage of thehigh-voltage silicon stack and the energy-storage capacitor the single-stage impulse voltage generator isdifficult to meet the amplitude of the pulsed electricfield In this paper a high-efficiency 8-stage Marxgenerator with bilateral charging is used as the impulse high-voltage source (Fig 2) [11] In the figure K

is a power switch D is a high-voltage silicon stackT1 is a single-phase voltage regulator T2 is a testtransformer R0 is a protection resistor R is a charging resistor rf is a wave front resistor rt is a wave tailresistor C is the charging capacitor at each level C2is the test object capacitor g1 is the ignition spheregap g2-g8 are the intermediate sphere gaps g0 is theisolation sphere gap C11 and C12 are the high-voltagearm capacitors of the capacitive voltage divider C20is the low-voltage arm capacitor of capacitive voltage divider

The basic principle is as follows the charging ca

Fig2 Bilaterally charged high efficiency Marx generator circuit

AC

K

T1

T2D

R0

R0

g1g1 R g2

C

R1 38 stages

C

C C

RC C

RR13 15

g0g8

CC2

C11

C12C12

C20

161414rf rfrfrt

442

Crf rtrtR0

pacitor C is discharged in series after being chargedin parallel on both sides After the isolation spheregap g0 is broken through an impulse voltage wavewith multiple amplitudes is obtained on the discharge circuit Bilateral parallel charging is achievedthrough two reverse-connected silicon rectifierstacks while series discharge is achieved through aset of well-synchronized sphere gap breakdowns

At present the current Marx generator in the laboratory has a rated voltage of 75 kV for each chargingcapacitor with a total of 8 stages and can output apositive and negative impulse voltage of 1 200 kVAt the same time by adjusting the wave front resistance and wave tail resistance the Marx generatorcan obtain the standard 1250 μs lightningfull-wave [12]22 Cut-off device

Using the self-discharge of the sphere gap thecut-off device plays a role of cut-off near the peakof impulse high-voltage in the discharge circuit asshown in Fig 3 For the pulsed electric field simulator its cut-off characteristics must meet the following requirements 1) The waveform does not producefront-end distortion under the influence of thepre-discharge process of the gap 2) The cut-offtime is as close to the waveform peak as possible andhas repeatable namely ensuring the cut-off near the

peak and the minimum dispersity 3) The drop timeof voltage is as short as possible and the steepnessof the voltage drop is greater than 68 times 102 kVμs tomeet the design requirements

Based on the above requirements the cut-off device adopts a set of adjustable single choppingsphere gaps The single chopping sphere gap makesthe drop time as short as possible and the adjustablechopping sphere gap makes the time change rate ofthe electric field continuously adjustable Thesphere gap can be matched according to the size ofthe charging voltage and adapted to the ignitionsphere gap of Marx generator so as to finally ensurethat the cut-off characteristic of impulse high-voltage meets the requirements [11] However thefree-triggered cut-off device is random to the

Fig3 Chopping sphere

56

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

cut-off of the discharge waveform Its dispersity ismainly related to the sphere gap and the voltagedrop time is mainly related to the voltage actiontime the impulse polarity and the gap structureBoth are affected by the temperature humidity andgas density of the test environment [13] Thereforetheir parameter design should be considered frommultiple aspects and the actual measurement resultsshall prevail According to the measured resultswhen the impulse voltage of positive polarity is120-320 kV the designed cut-off device has acut-off time within 2 μs for all 1250 μs lightningfull waves and the drop time of cut-off voltage isshorter than 009 μs with good repeatability23 Test platform

The test platform consists of a high-voltage electrode and a conductive ground plane The test spacebetween them can generate a uniform electric fieldenvironment and carry the test object as shown inFig 4 When the voltage on the high-voltage electrode drops rapidly a rapidly changing electric fieldis generated below it The high-intensity electricfield will cause edge and point corona discharge [14]Appendix G of the GJB 8848-2016 standard givesthe vertical electric field intensity and change rate ata distance of 10 m from the discharge channel andthe field intensity is close to 3 times 106 Vm

According to the simulation results it is very difficult to establish such an electric field environmentin the laboratory without flashover of the tested system Therefore the field environment simulated bythe test system is mainly considered to meet thechange rate of the electric field namely reaching68times1011 V(mmiddots-1) The actual test platform is shownin Fig 4

In addition the simulation software CST is usedfor simulation and the influence of the structure ofthe high-voltage electrode on the electric field distribution below is analyzed As the tip discharge willdistort the electric field under the electrode the lo

cal field strength will increase and affect the fielduniformity as shown in Fig 5 Therefore the sharpparts of the high-voltage electrode are appropriatelymodified in the later stage

This paper proposed to verify whether the electricfield meets the uniformity index by using the quantitative equation for uniformity as shown in Eq (1)When the electric field uniformity coefficient β isless than 3 dB it is considered that the electric fielduniformity under the high-voltage electrode is goodAt the same time the influence of the height H of thehigh-voltage electrode and the side length of the conductive ground plane on the field uniformity is analyzed The simulation results show that for ahigh-voltage electrode with a diameter of 3 m whenthe height H is 2 m and the side length of the conductive ground plane is 35 m the uniformity of the electric field below is good

β = 20 lgEmax

Emin

（1）where Emax and Emin are the maximum and minimum values of the electric field strength at theheight of H3 from the ground respectively24 Measurement and control systems

The measurement and control systems mainly implement two functions of control and measurement

The control system is mainly responsible for statemonitoring and action control By monitoring the voltage and current signals of the charge and dischargecircuit in real-time the computer determines and executes the control actions Its operation interface includes a display area of status information and control area The display area of status informationshows the current setting parameters status monitoring and fault information in real-time The control area integrates charge and discharge trigger fault reset emergency stop and other control actions

The measurement system includes a capacitivevoltage divider and an electric field sensor whichmeasure the discharge circuit voltage and the testspace electric field respectively The capacitive volt

Fig4 HV electrode（3 m in diameter）

Fig 5 Electric field distribution under the high voltageelectrode

Emax

EminEminr

H3

Wang K et al Design and realization of a nearby lightning-electric field environment simulator 57

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019age divider makes partial voltage measurement of theimpulse high-voltage and outputs the signal to theoscilloscope completing the collection and preprocessing at the back-end workstation The electricfield sensor consists of an electric field probe and alight transmission device The electric field probe isa dipole antenna used to monitor the electric fieldsignal below the high-voltage electrode The lighttransmission device converts the monitored electricfield signal into an optical signal and transmits it tothe photoelectric converter in the shielded cabinetThen it is converted into an electrical signal and output to the oscilloscope for measurement therebygreatly reducing the influence of electromagnetic interference on the signal acquisition

The detailed function description of the controland measurement system is shown in Table 1

3 Test results and analysis

31 Full waveform

The electric field environment simulator for nearby lightning strikes outputs 1250 μs full-waveformwhen it does not chop the wave by the cut-off device Fig 6 shows the normalized waveforms measured by the capacitive voltage divider and the electric field sensor when the single-stage charging voltage of Marx generator is 30 kV The figure showsthat the rise time of the two waveforms agrees wellwith the half-peak width This shows that the fullwaveform output by the electric field environmentsimulator for nearby lightning strikes is stable and reliable and the electric field sensor meets the measurement requirements of the electric field signal32 Chopped waveform

Fig 7 shows the normalized chopped waveformsmeasured by the capacitive voltage divider and electric field sensor when the single-stage charging volt

age of Marx generator is 30 kV The figure showsthat the rise time of the two is consistent with thehalf-peak width and the drop time of the waveformis similar

The maximum change rate of the electric field under the electrode can be approximately estimated byEq (2) According to the mean value theorem themaximum value of the actual change rate is alwaysgreater than the estimated value

dEdt

=Umax

167thinspTd thinspH（2）

where dEdt is the change rate of the electric fieldUmax is the peak discharge voltage measured by thecapacitive voltage divider and H is equal to 2 m Td

is the drop time (70-10)Table 2 shows the cut-off time and drop time of

the chopped waveform and the maximum change rateof the electric field calculated according to Eq (2)when the single-stage charging voltage of the Marxgenerator is 15 20 25 30 35 and 40 kV respectively It is observed that

1) The cut-off time of the test device designed inthis paper is shorter than 2 μs which is basically cutoff near the peak time and has a positive correlationwith the charging voltage

2) The drop time of the chopped wave is between007 and 009 μs which is basically independent of

Table 1 Function description of control and measurementsystem

Name

Controlsystem

Measurementsystem

ContentState

monitoring

Control action

VoltagemeasurementElectric fieldmeasurement

System functionCurrent voltage current sphere gap

charging time polarity status fault andgate interlock

Main power switching on chargingtriggering grounding emergency stop

and fault resetting

Capacitive voltage dividerElectric field probe and light

transmission device

Fig6 Normalization comparison of full waveform

121008060402

0

Norma

lizeda

mplitu

de

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200Timeμs

Electric field waverformVoltage waveform

Fig7 Normalization comparison of chop waveform

0 1 2 3 4 5Timeμs

Electric field waverformVoltage waveform

121008060402

0-02-04-06-08

Norma

lizeda

mplitu

de

58

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

the charging voltage of the Marx generator3) Under the single-stage charging voltage of

25-40 kV the maximum value of the electric fieldchange rate is greater than 68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1)which meets the requirements of GJB 1389A-2005Moreover with the increase in the charging voltagethe maximum change rate of the electric field increases

When the height of the high-voltage electrodechanges the charging voltage of the Marx generatorcan be adjusted to make the change rate of the electric field in a certain space below the electrode meetthe requirements Therefore the height of thehigh-voltage electrode from the device under testcan be adjusted appropriately according to the discharge voltage level4 Conclusions

According to GJB 1389A-2005 a kind of electricfield environment simulator for nearby lightningstrikes is designed and developed in this paper Thetest and application results show that

1) The simulation device can generate a standard1250 μs lightning full-wave and the electric fieldand voltage waveforms basically match

2) The simulation device can generate a choppedwaveform and it is not affected by the pre-dischargeprocess of the gap to produce front-end distortionThe cut-off time is shorter than 2 μs and the droptime is shorter than 009 μs

3) When the single-stage charging voltage is from25 kV to 40 kV an electric field environment with amaximum change rate of electric field greater than68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1) can be generated in a certainspace below the high-voltage electrode

In summary this device can generate an electricfield environment of nearby lightning strikes thatmeets the requirements of GJB 1389A-2005 and canprovide equipment support for the research on the indirect effect of the nearby lightning strikes on system

electronic and electrical equipmentReferences［1］ Pei G FChen H LGao C Lightning protection evalu

ation technology of surface ship based on leader progression model［J］ High Power Laser and ParticleBeams201830（1）013202（in Chinese）

［2］ Zheng S QHou D YFeng Det al Lightning menace to ship and corresponding protection design requirements［C］Proceedings of the 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation HarbinChinaIEEE2014

［3］ Huang R TDuan Y TShi L Het al Simulationanalysis on return conductor configuration for lightningindirect effect test of metal cylinder［J］ Chinese Journal of Ship Research201813（Supp 1）66-7091（in Chinese）

［4］ Thomson E M A critical assessment of the US code forlightning protection of boats［J］ IEEE Transactions onElectromagnetic Compatibility199133（2）132-138

［5］ Zhang Y JZhou X J Review and progress of lightningresearch［J］ Journal of Applied Meteorological Science200617（6）829-834（in Chinese）

［6］ Zeng RZhou XWang Z Zet al Review of researchadvances and fronts on international lightning and protection［J］ High Voltage Engineering201541（1）

1-13（in Chinese）［7］ Commission of State Administration of Science Tech

nology and Industry for National Defence Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for systems GJB1389A-2005［S］ Beijing PLA General Armament Department2005

［8］ State Administration of Science Technology and Industry for National Defence Electromagnetic environmental effects test methods for systemsGJB 8848-2016［S］ Beijing Armament Department of Central MilitaryCommission2016

［9］ NPFC Electromagnetic environmental effects requirements for systems MIL-STD-464 ［S］ ［Sn］

NPFC2010［10］ NATO Electromagnetic environmental effects test

and verificationAECTP-500-4［S］ ［Sn］NATOStandardization Agency2011

［11］ Zhao Z D High voltage technique［M］ 3rd ed BeijingChina Electric Power Press2013（in Chinese）

［12］ Xuan Y WLe Y JZhang N Fet al Method to determine wave resistance of impulse voltage generatorfor lightning impulse test［J］ Journal of Mechanicaland Electrical Engineering201431（3）388-392（in Chinese）

［13］ Yang D WWang Y TShan Y S Experimental research on the Marx-generator building time and jitter［J］ High Power Laser and Particle Beams200214（5）775-777（in Chinese）

［14］ Shao TYan P Atmospheric gas discharge and itsplasma application［M］ Beijing Science Press2015（in Chinese）

Table 2 Time variation rate of electric field at differentcharging voltages

Single-satgecharging

voltagekV152025303540

Volatgepeak Umax

kV1185

156611963823734278943117

Cut-offtime

Tc μs138140169186182185

Drop timeTd μs

0076 80077 40077 40078 60082 20080 4

Maximum dEdt（Vmiddotm-1middots-1）

463times1011

607times1011

761times1011

906times1011

102times1011

116times1011

Wang K et al Design and realization of a nearby lightning-electric field environment simulator 59

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019

邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置的设计与实现

王可段艳涛石立华黄瑞涛陈海林陆军工程大学 电磁环境效应与光电工程重点实验室江苏 南京 210007

摘 要［目的目的］雷电对空阔海域上的舰船危害极大特别是随着电子电气设备及封闭式集成桅杆的大量应

用舰船雷电间接效应日趋严重为了有效开展舰载电子电气设备的雷电间接效应试验［方法方法］基于 Marx发生器原理设计并实现一种邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置该装置利用可调单球隙实现冲击高压的峰值截断通

过高压极板与导电地平面建立邻近雷击电场模拟环境［结果结果］试验结果表明该装置截断时间小于 2 μs跌落

时间小于 009 μs能够产生符合GJB 1389A-2005要求的脉冲电场环境［结论结论］模拟装置可为依据GJB 8848-2016开展系统电子电气设备的邻近雷击间接效应研究提供设备支持

关键词Marx发生器邻近雷击脉冲电场雷电间接效应

水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性分析

陈兵1张世奇 1时训先 1黎昌海 2陆守香 2

1中国安全生产科学研究院北京 1000122中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室安徽 合肥 230027

摘 要［目的目的］船舶机舱等有限空间通常具有顶部水平开口开口位置和形状的特殊性导致其火灾燃烧特性

与建筑火灾有着明显的区别为了解和认识船舶机舱等顶部水平开口的火灾特性［方法方法］通过改变开口面积

和庚烷油池的尺寸开展顶部开口有限空间火焰熄灭模式火焰形态与燃烧速率等燃烧特性的实验研究

［结结果果］根据火灾熄灭原因有限空间火灾发展过程分为 O2浓度不足导致的ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式和可燃物耗尽导致

的ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo模式在ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式中烟气混合物被卷吸进入火焰参与燃烧过程火焰自熄灭临界 O2

浓度处于 13～165且火焰形态由稳定燃烧的形状变成在脱离油池并不断游走的状态在ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo

模式下火焰形态较为稳定并且由于沸腾燃烧导致燃烧后期燃烧速率有较为明显的增大［结论结论］研究结果展

示了顶部开口有限空间火灾的燃烧特性对了解船舶舱室火灾的发展过程具有重要意义并为船舱火灾扑救提

供了理论支持

关键词顶部水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性

[Continued from page 53]［17］ Utiskul YQuintiere J G Generalizations on com

partment fires from small-scale experiments for lowventilation conditions［J］ Fire Safety Science200581229-1240

［18］ Utiskul Y Theoretical and experimental study on fully-developed compartment fires［D］ College ParkMDUniversity of Maryland2006

［19］ Li Q Experimental study on smoke properties in aship room with ceiling vent［D］ HefeiUniversity ofScience and Technology of China2013（in Chinese）

［20］ Li T C Simulation study on fire temperature and flue

gas law in enclosed cabin of ships［D］ GuangzhouSouth China University of Technology2017（in Chinese）

［21］ Li JPu J YYu L F Study on the general rule of firein a ship cabin［J］ Technology Wind2017（18）

236-237（in Chinese）［22］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Unsteady burning of

thin-layer pool fires［J］ Journal of Fire Sciences201230（1）3-15

［23］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Initial fuel temperatureeffects on burning rate of pool fire［J］ Journal of Hazardous Materials2011188（123）369-374

10509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905

60

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

lightning strikes [5] Therefore lightning protectionhas great research value and practical significancefor shipboard electronic and electrical equipment

Lightning damage to ships mainly includes the direct and indirect effects Lightning direct effectsmainly refer to the physical effects caused by the direct attachment of lightning channels or the conduction of lightning current which are manifested ascombustion explosion erosion high-voltage shockwaves structural deformation and magnetic fieldsformed by strong currents The lightning indirect effects are derived from the interaction between theelectromagnetic field generated by lightning andshipborne equipment including indirect effectscaused by direct lightning strikes and nearby lightning strikes [6]

With the widespread use of various microelectronic and electrical equipment and complex electronicand electrical systems such as large-scale integratedcircuits in equipment shipboard equipment hasmore stringent requirements for the electromagneticenvironment The electromagnetic environment generated by a nearby lightning strike poses a real threatto these electronic and electrical systems GJB1389A-2005 Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for systems of China clearly points out the environmental parameters of the lightning indirect effects The system should be able to withstand thelightning indirect effect in the exposed state and itshould pass the tests and verification of the systemsub-system equipment and component levels [7]Aiming at the lightning environment requirements inGJB 1389A-2005 GJB 8848-2016 ElectromagneticEnvironmental Effects Test Methods for Systems clarifies the lightning test methods test configurationstest procedures and the evaluation criteria for test results This provides a reference for the systematiclightning test including the test method of electricfield environment effect caused by nearby lightningstrikes [8] The NPFC MIL-STD-464C and NATOAECTP-500 [9-10] also have the same expression intheir content on lightning protection requirementsAt the same time the US L3 Technologies has developed a near-field lightning simulator for the militaryto simulate the near-field electromagnetic field ofthe lightning channel and established the electricand magnetic fields caused by nearby lightningstrikes for full-scale field testing of aircraft missiles and other equipment In China the research onthe environmental effects of nearby lightning-pulseelectromagnetic fields starts late At present there is

no report on the development of related simulationequipment

This paper intends to establish an electric field environment simulator for nearby lightning strikesthrough the peak cut-off of impulse high-voltage soas to provide technical support for full-scale fieldtests of system electronic and electrical equipment1 Basic principle

The simulation device for the pulsed electric fieldis mainly composed of an impulse high-voltagesource a cut-off device a test platform and a measurement control system The equipment construction is shown in Fig 1 Among them the impulsehigh-voltage source is used to generate impulsehigh-voltage and the cut-off device is used to cutoff the impulse high-voltage to form a steep wave inthe discharge circuit The test platform is used to carry the test object and generate a uniform pulsed electric field environment that meets the requirementsThe measurement control system is mainly used formonitoring working status and collecting test data

The working principle of the simulation device forthe pulsed electric field can be briefly described asfollows First the impulse high-voltage source ischarged to form an impulse high-voltage of a certainamplitude on the high-voltage electrode Destructivedischarge occurs when the voltage at both ends of thechopping sphere is higher than the breakdown voltage of the air gap and the impulse high-voltage rapidly decays to form a steep wave in the drop sectionThus the voltage on the high-voltage electrodedrops rapidly thereby forming a rapidly changingelectric field on the test platform Through parameter design this fast-changing electric field canreach the required value of GJB 1389A-2005 onthe time change rate of the electric field ie68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1)

Fig1 Schematic diagram of electric field environmentsimulator for nearby lightning strike

ChoppingsphereHVelectrodeDivider

ImpulsegeneratorChargingrectifier

Standard impulse generator Control unit Impulsemeasuringsystem

Wang K et al Design and realization of a nearby lightning-electric field environment simulator 55

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019

2 Design of simulator for pulsedelectric field

21 Impulse high-voltage source

Due to the limitation of the rated voltage of thehigh-voltage silicon stack and the energy-storage capacitor the single-stage impulse voltage generator isdifficult to meet the amplitude of the pulsed electricfield In this paper a high-efficiency 8-stage Marxgenerator with bilateral charging is used as the impulse high-voltage source (Fig 2) [11] In the figure K

is a power switch D is a high-voltage silicon stackT1 is a single-phase voltage regulator T2 is a testtransformer R0 is a protection resistor R is a charging resistor rf is a wave front resistor rt is a wave tailresistor C is the charging capacitor at each level C2is the test object capacitor g1 is the ignition spheregap g2-g8 are the intermediate sphere gaps g0 is theisolation sphere gap C11 and C12 are the high-voltagearm capacitors of the capacitive voltage divider C20is the low-voltage arm capacitor of capacitive voltage divider

The basic principle is as follows the charging ca

Fig2 Bilaterally charged high efficiency Marx generator circuit

AC

K

T1

T2D

R0

R0

g1g1 R g2

C

R1 38 stages

C

C C

RC C

RR13 15

g0g8

CC2

C11

C12C12

C20

161414rf rfrfrt

442

Crf rtrtR0

pacitor C is discharged in series after being chargedin parallel on both sides After the isolation spheregap g0 is broken through an impulse voltage wavewith multiple amplitudes is obtained on the discharge circuit Bilateral parallel charging is achievedthrough two reverse-connected silicon rectifierstacks while series discharge is achieved through aset of well-synchronized sphere gap breakdowns

At present the current Marx generator in the laboratory has a rated voltage of 75 kV for each chargingcapacitor with a total of 8 stages and can output apositive and negative impulse voltage of 1 200 kVAt the same time by adjusting the wave front resistance and wave tail resistance the Marx generatorcan obtain the standard 1250 μs lightningfull-wave [12]22 Cut-off device

Using the self-discharge of the sphere gap thecut-off device plays a role of cut-off near the peakof impulse high-voltage in the discharge circuit asshown in Fig 3 For the pulsed electric field simulator its cut-off characteristics must meet the following requirements 1) The waveform does not producefront-end distortion under the influence of thepre-discharge process of the gap 2) The cut-offtime is as close to the waveform peak as possible andhas repeatable namely ensuring the cut-off near the

peak and the minimum dispersity 3) The drop timeof voltage is as short as possible and the steepnessof the voltage drop is greater than 68 times 102 kVμs tomeet the design requirements

Based on the above requirements the cut-off device adopts a set of adjustable single choppingsphere gaps The single chopping sphere gap makesthe drop time as short as possible and the adjustablechopping sphere gap makes the time change rate ofthe electric field continuously adjustable Thesphere gap can be matched according to the size ofthe charging voltage and adapted to the ignitionsphere gap of Marx generator so as to finally ensurethat the cut-off characteristic of impulse high-voltage meets the requirements [11] However thefree-triggered cut-off device is random to the

Fig3 Chopping sphere

56

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

cut-off of the discharge waveform Its dispersity ismainly related to the sphere gap and the voltagedrop time is mainly related to the voltage actiontime the impulse polarity and the gap structureBoth are affected by the temperature humidity andgas density of the test environment [13] Thereforetheir parameter design should be considered frommultiple aspects and the actual measurement resultsshall prevail According to the measured resultswhen the impulse voltage of positive polarity is120-320 kV the designed cut-off device has acut-off time within 2 μs for all 1250 μs lightningfull waves and the drop time of cut-off voltage isshorter than 009 μs with good repeatability23 Test platform

The test platform consists of a high-voltage electrode and a conductive ground plane The test spacebetween them can generate a uniform electric fieldenvironment and carry the test object as shown inFig 4 When the voltage on the high-voltage electrode drops rapidly a rapidly changing electric fieldis generated below it The high-intensity electricfield will cause edge and point corona discharge [14]Appendix G of the GJB 8848-2016 standard givesthe vertical electric field intensity and change rate ata distance of 10 m from the discharge channel andthe field intensity is close to 3 times 106 Vm

According to the simulation results it is very difficult to establish such an electric field environmentin the laboratory without flashover of the tested system Therefore the field environment simulated bythe test system is mainly considered to meet thechange rate of the electric field namely reaching68times1011 V(mmiddots-1) The actual test platform is shownin Fig 4

In addition the simulation software CST is usedfor simulation and the influence of the structure ofthe high-voltage electrode on the electric field distribution below is analyzed As the tip discharge willdistort the electric field under the electrode the lo

cal field strength will increase and affect the fielduniformity as shown in Fig 5 Therefore the sharpparts of the high-voltage electrode are appropriatelymodified in the later stage

This paper proposed to verify whether the electricfield meets the uniformity index by using the quantitative equation for uniformity as shown in Eq (1)When the electric field uniformity coefficient β isless than 3 dB it is considered that the electric fielduniformity under the high-voltage electrode is goodAt the same time the influence of the height H of thehigh-voltage electrode and the side length of the conductive ground plane on the field uniformity is analyzed The simulation results show that for ahigh-voltage electrode with a diameter of 3 m whenthe height H is 2 m and the side length of the conductive ground plane is 35 m the uniformity of the electric field below is good

β = 20 lgEmax

Emin

（1）where Emax and Emin are the maximum and minimum values of the electric field strength at theheight of H3 from the ground respectively24 Measurement and control systems

The measurement and control systems mainly implement two functions of control and measurement

The control system is mainly responsible for statemonitoring and action control By monitoring the voltage and current signals of the charge and dischargecircuit in real-time the computer determines and executes the control actions Its operation interface includes a display area of status information and control area The display area of status informationshows the current setting parameters status monitoring and fault information in real-time The control area integrates charge and discharge trigger fault reset emergency stop and other control actions

The measurement system includes a capacitivevoltage divider and an electric field sensor whichmeasure the discharge circuit voltage and the testspace electric field respectively The capacitive volt

Fig4 HV electrode（3 m in diameter）

Fig 5 Electric field distribution under the high voltageelectrode

Emax

EminEminr

H3

Wang K et al Design and realization of a nearby lightning-electric field environment simulator 57

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019age divider makes partial voltage measurement of theimpulse high-voltage and outputs the signal to theoscilloscope completing the collection and preprocessing at the back-end workstation The electricfield sensor consists of an electric field probe and alight transmission device The electric field probe isa dipole antenna used to monitor the electric fieldsignal below the high-voltage electrode The lighttransmission device converts the monitored electricfield signal into an optical signal and transmits it tothe photoelectric converter in the shielded cabinetThen it is converted into an electrical signal and output to the oscilloscope for measurement therebygreatly reducing the influence of electromagnetic interference on the signal acquisition

The detailed function description of the controland measurement system is shown in Table 1

3 Test results and analysis

31 Full waveform

The electric field environment simulator for nearby lightning strikes outputs 1250 μs full-waveformwhen it does not chop the wave by the cut-off device Fig 6 shows the normalized waveforms measured by the capacitive voltage divider and the electric field sensor when the single-stage charging voltage of Marx generator is 30 kV The figure showsthat the rise time of the two waveforms agrees wellwith the half-peak width This shows that the fullwaveform output by the electric field environmentsimulator for nearby lightning strikes is stable and reliable and the electric field sensor meets the measurement requirements of the electric field signal32 Chopped waveform

Fig 7 shows the normalized chopped waveformsmeasured by the capacitive voltage divider and electric field sensor when the single-stage charging volt

age of Marx generator is 30 kV The figure showsthat the rise time of the two is consistent with thehalf-peak width and the drop time of the waveformis similar

The maximum change rate of the electric field under the electrode can be approximately estimated byEq (2) According to the mean value theorem themaximum value of the actual change rate is alwaysgreater than the estimated value

dEdt

=Umax

167thinspTd thinspH（2）

where dEdt is the change rate of the electric fieldUmax is the peak discharge voltage measured by thecapacitive voltage divider and H is equal to 2 m Td

is the drop time (70-10)Table 2 shows the cut-off time and drop time of

the chopped waveform and the maximum change rateof the electric field calculated according to Eq (2)when the single-stage charging voltage of the Marxgenerator is 15 20 25 30 35 and 40 kV respectively It is observed that

1) The cut-off time of the test device designed inthis paper is shorter than 2 μs which is basically cutoff near the peak time and has a positive correlationwith the charging voltage

2) The drop time of the chopped wave is between007 and 009 μs which is basically independent of

Table 1 Function description of control and measurementsystem

Name

Controlsystem

Measurementsystem

ContentState

monitoring

Control action

VoltagemeasurementElectric fieldmeasurement

System functionCurrent voltage current sphere gap

charging time polarity status fault andgate interlock

Main power switching on chargingtriggering grounding emergency stop

and fault resetting

Capacitive voltage dividerElectric field probe and light

transmission device

Fig6 Normalization comparison of full waveform

121008060402

0

Norma

lizeda

mplitu

de

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200Timeμs

Electric field waverformVoltage waveform

Fig7 Normalization comparison of chop waveform

0 1 2 3 4 5Timeμs

Electric field waverformVoltage waveform

121008060402

0-02-04-06-08

Norma

lizeda

mplitu

de

58

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

the charging voltage of the Marx generator3) Under the single-stage charging voltage of

25-40 kV the maximum value of the electric fieldchange rate is greater than 68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1)which meets the requirements of GJB 1389A-2005Moreover with the increase in the charging voltagethe maximum change rate of the electric field increases

When the height of the high-voltage electrodechanges the charging voltage of the Marx generatorcan be adjusted to make the change rate of the electric field in a certain space below the electrode meetthe requirements Therefore the height of thehigh-voltage electrode from the device under testcan be adjusted appropriately according to the discharge voltage level4 Conclusions

According to GJB 1389A-2005 a kind of electricfield environment simulator for nearby lightningstrikes is designed and developed in this paper Thetest and application results show that

1) The simulation device can generate a standard1250 μs lightning full-wave and the electric fieldand voltage waveforms basically match

2) The simulation device can generate a choppedwaveform and it is not affected by the pre-dischargeprocess of the gap to produce front-end distortionThe cut-off time is shorter than 2 μs and the droptime is shorter than 009 μs

3) When the single-stage charging voltage is from25 kV to 40 kV an electric field environment with amaximum change rate of electric field greater than68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1) can be generated in a certainspace below the high-voltage electrode

In summary this device can generate an electricfield environment of nearby lightning strikes thatmeets the requirements of GJB 1389A-2005 and canprovide equipment support for the research on the indirect effect of the nearby lightning strikes on system

electronic and electrical equipmentReferences［1］ Pei G FChen H LGao C Lightning protection evalu

ation technology of surface ship based on leader progression model［J］ High Power Laser and ParticleBeams201830（1）013202（in Chinese）

［2］ Zheng S QHou D YFeng Det al Lightning menace to ship and corresponding protection design requirements［C］Proceedings of the 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation HarbinChinaIEEE2014

［3］ Huang R TDuan Y TShi L Het al Simulationanalysis on return conductor configuration for lightningindirect effect test of metal cylinder［J］ Chinese Journal of Ship Research201813（Supp 1）66-7091（in Chinese）

［4］ Thomson E M A critical assessment of the US code forlightning protection of boats［J］ IEEE Transactions onElectromagnetic Compatibility199133（2）132-138

［5］ Zhang Y JZhou X J Review and progress of lightningresearch［J］ Journal of Applied Meteorological Science200617（6）829-834（in Chinese）

［6］ Zeng RZhou XWang Z Zet al Review of researchadvances and fronts on international lightning and protection［J］ High Voltage Engineering201541（1）

1-13（in Chinese）［7］ Commission of State Administration of Science Tech

nology and Industry for National Defence Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for systems GJB1389A-2005［S］ Beijing PLA General Armament Department2005

［8］ State Administration of Science Technology and Industry for National Defence Electromagnetic environmental effects test methods for systemsGJB 8848-2016［S］ Beijing Armament Department of Central MilitaryCommission2016

［9］ NPFC Electromagnetic environmental effects requirements for systems MIL-STD-464 ［S］ ［Sn］

NPFC2010［10］ NATO Electromagnetic environmental effects test

and verificationAECTP-500-4［S］ ［Sn］NATOStandardization Agency2011

［11］ Zhao Z D High voltage technique［M］ 3rd ed BeijingChina Electric Power Press2013（in Chinese）

［12］ Xuan Y WLe Y JZhang N Fet al Method to determine wave resistance of impulse voltage generatorfor lightning impulse test［J］ Journal of Mechanicaland Electrical Engineering201431（3）388-392（in Chinese）

［13］ Yang D WWang Y TShan Y S Experimental research on the Marx-generator building time and jitter［J］ High Power Laser and Particle Beams200214（5）775-777（in Chinese）

［14］ Shao TYan P Atmospheric gas discharge and itsplasma application［M］ Beijing Science Press2015（in Chinese）

Table 2 Time variation rate of electric field at differentcharging voltages

Single-satgecharging

voltagekV152025303540

Volatgepeak Umax

kV1185

156611963823734278943117

Cut-offtime

Tc μs138140169186182185

Drop timeTd μs

0076 80077 40077 40078 60082 20080 4

Maximum dEdt（Vmiddotm-1middots-1）

463times1011

607times1011

761times1011

906times1011

102times1011

116times1011

Wang K et al Design and realization of a nearby lightning-electric field environment simulator 59

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019

邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置的设计与实现

王可段艳涛石立华黄瑞涛陈海林陆军工程大学 电磁环境效应与光电工程重点实验室江苏 南京 210007

摘 要［目的目的］雷电对空阔海域上的舰船危害极大特别是随着电子电气设备及封闭式集成桅杆的大量应

用舰船雷电间接效应日趋严重为了有效开展舰载电子电气设备的雷电间接效应试验［方法方法］基于 Marx发生器原理设计并实现一种邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置该装置利用可调单球隙实现冲击高压的峰值截断通

过高压极板与导电地平面建立邻近雷击电场模拟环境［结果结果］试验结果表明该装置截断时间小于 2 μs跌落

时间小于 009 μs能够产生符合GJB 1389A-2005要求的脉冲电场环境［结论结论］模拟装置可为依据GJB 8848-2016开展系统电子电气设备的邻近雷击间接效应研究提供设备支持

关键词Marx发生器邻近雷击脉冲电场雷电间接效应

水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性分析

陈兵1张世奇 1时训先 1黎昌海 2陆守香 2

1中国安全生产科学研究院北京 1000122中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室安徽 合肥 230027

摘 要［目的目的］船舶机舱等有限空间通常具有顶部水平开口开口位置和形状的特殊性导致其火灾燃烧特性

与建筑火灾有着明显的区别为了解和认识船舶机舱等顶部水平开口的火灾特性［方法方法］通过改变开口面积

和庚烷油池的尺寸开展顶部开口有限空间火焰熄灭模式火焰形态与燃烧速率等燃烧特性的实验研究

［结结果果］根据火灾熄灭原因有限空间火灾发展过程分为 O2浓度不足导致的ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式和可燃物耗尽导致

的ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo模式在ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式中烟气混合物被卷吸进入火焰参与燃烧过程火焰自熄灭临界 O2

浓度处于 13～165且火焰形态由稳定燃烧的形状变成在脱离油池并不断游走的状态在ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo

模式下火焰形态较为稳定并且由于沸腾燃烧导致燃烧后期燃烧速率有较为明显的增大［结论结论］研究结果展

示了顶部开口有限空间火灾的燃烧特性对了解船舶舱室火灾的发展过程具有重要意义并为船舱火灾扑救提

供了理论支持

关键词顶部水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性

[Continued from page 53]［17］ Utiskul YQuintiere J G Generalizations on com

partment fires from small-scale experiments for lowventilation conditions［J］ Fire Safety Science200581229-1240

［18］ Utiskul Y Theoretical and experimental study on fully-developed compartment fires［D］ College ParkMDUniversity of Maryland2006

［19］ Li Q Experimental study on smoke properties in aship room with ceiling vent［D］ HefeiUniversity ofScience and Technology of China2013（in Chinese）

［20］ Li T C Simulation study on fire temperature and flue

gas law in enclosed cabin of ships［D］ GuangzhouSouth China University of Technology2017（in Chinese）

［21］ Li JPu J YYu L F Study on the general rule of firein a ship cabin［J］ Technology Wind2017（18）

236-237（in Chinese）［22］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Unsteady burning of

thin-layer pool fires［J］ Journal of Fire Sciences201230（1）3-15

［23］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Initial fuel temperatureeffects on burning rate of pool fire［J］ Journal of Hazardous Materials2011188（123）369-374

10509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905

60

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019

2 Design of simulator for pulsedelectric field

21 Impulse high-voltage source

Due to the limitation of the rated voltage of thehigh-voltage silicon stack and the energy-storage capacitor the single-stage impulse voltage generator isdifficult to meet the amplitude of the pulsed electricfield In this paper a high-efficiency 8-stage Marxgenerator with bilateral charging is used as the impulse high-voltage source (Fig 2) [11] In the figure K

is a power switch D is a high-voltage silicon stackT1 is a single-phase voltage regulator T2 is a testtransformer R0 is a protection resistor R is a charging resistor rf is a wave front resistor rt is a wave tailresistor C is the charging capacitor at each level C2is the test object capacitor g1 is the ignition spheregap g2-g8 are the intermediate sphere gaps g0 is theisolation sphere gap C11 and C12 are the high-voltagearm capacitors of the capacitive voltage divider C20is the low-voltage arm capacitor of capacitive voltage divider

The basic principle is as follows the charging ca

Fig2 Bilaterally charged high efficiency Marx generator circuit

AC

K

T1

T2D

R0

R0

g1g1 R g2

C

R1 38 stages

C

C C

RC C

RR13 15

g0g8

CC2

C11

C12C12

C20

161414rf rfrfrt

442

Crf rtrtR0

pacitor C is discharged in series after being chargedin parallel on both sides After the isolation spheregap g0 is broken through an impulse voltage wavewith multiple amplitudes is obtained on the discharge circuit Bilateral parallel charging is achievedthrough two reverse-connected silicon rectifierstacks while series discharge is achieved through aset of well-synchronized sphere gap breakdowns

At present the current Marx generator in the laboratory has a rated voltage of 75 kV for each chargingcapacitor with a total of 8 stages and can output apositive and negative impulse voltage of 1 200 kVAt the same time by adjusting the wave front resistance and wave tail resistance the Marx generatorcan obtain the standard 1250 μs lightningfull-wave [12]22 Cut-off device

Using the self-discharge of the sphere gap thecut-off device plays a role of cut-off near the peakof impulse high-voltage in the discharge circuit asshown in Fig 3 For the pulsed electric field simulator its cut-off characteristics must meet the following requirements 1) The waveform does not producefront-end distortion under the influence of thepre-discharge process of the gap 2) The cut-offtime is as close to the waveform peak as possible andhas repeatable namely ensuring the cut-off near the

peak and the minimum dispersity 3) The drop timeof voltage is as short as possible and the steepnessof the voltage drop is greater than 68 times 102 kVμs tomeet the design requirements

Based on the above requirements the cut-off device adopts a set of adjustable single choppingsphere gaps The single chopping sphere gap makesthe drop time as short as possible and the adjustablechopping sphere gap makes the time change rate ofthe electric field continuously adjustable Thesphere gap can be matched according to the size ofthe charging voltage and adapted to the ignitionsphere gap of Marx generator so as to finally ensurethat the cut-off characteristic of impulse high-voltage meets the requirements [11] However thefree-triggered cut-off device is random to the

Fig3 Chopping sphere

56

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

cut-off of the discharge waveform Its dispersity ismainly related to the sphere gap and the voltagedrop time is mainly related to the voltage actiontime the impulse polarity and the gap structureBoth are affected by the temperature humidity andgas density of the test environment [13] Thereforetheir parameter design should be considered frommultiple aspects and the actual measurement resultsshall prevail According to the measured resultswhen the impulse voltage of positive polarity is120-320 kV the designed cut-off device has acut-off time within 2 μs for all 1250 μs lightningfull waves and the drop time of cut-off voltage isshorter than 009 μs with good repeatability23 Test platform

The test platform consists of a high-voltage electrode and a conductive ground plane The test spacebetween them can generate a uniform electric fieldenvironment and carry the test object as shown inFig 4 When the voltage on the high-voltage electrode drops rapidly a rapidly changing electric fieldis generated below it The high-intensity electricfield will cause edge and point corona discharge [14]Appendix G of the GJB 8848-2016 standard givesthe vertical electric field intensity and change rate ata distance of 10 m from the discharge channel andthe field intensity is close to 3 times 106 Vm

According to the simulation results it is very difficult to establish such an electric field environmentin the laboratory without flashover of the tested system Therefore the field environment simulated bythe test system is mainly considered to meet thechange rate of the electric field namely reaching68times1011 V(mmiddots-1) The actual test platform is shownin Fig 4

In addition the simulation software CST is usedfor simulation and the influence of the structure ofthe high-voltage electrode on the electric field distribution below is analyzed As the tip discharge willdistort the electric field under the electrode the lo

cal field strength will increase and affect the fielduniformity as shown in Fig 5 Therefore the sharpparts of the high-voltage electrode are appropriatelymodified in the later stage

This paper proposed to verify whether the electricfield meets the uniformity index by using the quantitative equation for uniformity as shown in Eq (1)When the electric field uniformity coefficient β isless than 3 dB it is considered that the electric fielduniformity under the high-voltage electrode is goodAt the same time the influence of the height H of thehigh-voltage electrode and the side length of the conductive ground plane on the field uniformity is analyzed The simulation results show that for ahigh-voltage electrode with a diameter of 3 m whenthe height H is 2 m and the side length of the conductive ground plane is 35 m the uniformity of the electric field below is good

β = 20 lgEmax

Emin

（1）where Emax and Emin are the maximum and minimum values of the electric field strength at theheight of H3 from the ground respectively24 Measurement and control systems

The measurement and control systems mainly implement two functions of control and measurement

The control system is mainly responsible for statemonitoring and action control By monitoring the voltage and current signals of the charge and dischargecircuit in real-time the computer determines and executes the control actions Its operation interface includes a display area of status information and control area The display area of status informationshows the current setting parameters status monitoring and fault information in real-time The control area integrates charge and discharge trigger fault reset emergency stop and other control actions

The measurement system includes a capacitivevoltage divider and an electric field sensor whichmeasure the discharge circuit voltage and the testspace electric field respectively The capacitive volt

Fig4 HV electrode（3 m in diameter）

Fig 5 Electric field distribution under the high voltageelectrode

Emax

EminEminr

H3

Wang K et al Design and realization of a nearby lightning-electric field environment simulator 57

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019age divider makes partial voltage measurement of theimpulse high-voltage and outputs the signal to theoscilloscope completing the collection and preprocessing at the back-end workstation The electricfield sensor consists of an electric field probe and alight transmission device The electric field probe isa dipole antenna used to monitor the electric fieldsignal below the high-voltage electrode The lighttransmission device converts the monitored electricfield signal into an optical signal and transmits it tothe photoelectric converter in the shielded cabinetThen it is converted into an electrical signal and output to the oscilloscope for measurement therebygreatly reducing the influence of electromagnetic interference on the signal acquisition

The detailed function description of the controland measurement system is shown in Table 1

3 Test results and analysis

31 Full waveform

The electric field environment simulator for nearby lightning strikes outputs 1250 μs full-waveformwhen it does not chop the wave by the cut-off device Fig 6 shows the normalized waveforms measured by the capacitive voltage divider and the electric field sensor when the single-stage charging voltage of Marx generator is 30 kV The figure showsthat the rise time of the two waveforms agrees wellwith the half-peak width This shows that the fullwaveform output by the electric field environmentsimulator for nearby lightning strikes is stable and reliable and the electric field sensor meets the measurement requirements of the electric field signal32 Chopped waveform

Fig 7 shows the normalized chopped waveformsmeasured by the capacitive voltage divider and electric field sensor when the single-stage charging volt

age of Marx generator is 30 kV The figure showsthat the rise time of the two is consistent with thehalf-peak width and the drop time of the waveformis similar

The maximum change rate of the electric field under the electrode can be approximately estimated byEq (2) According to the mean value theorem themaximum value of the actual change rate is alwaysgreater than the estimated value

dEdt

=Umax

167thinspTd thinspH（2）

where dEdt is the change rate of the electric fieldUmax is the peak discharge voltage measured by thecapacitive voltage divider and H is equal to 2 m Td

is the drop time (70-10)Table 2 shows the cut-off time and drop time of

the chopped waveform and the maximum change rateof the electric field calculated according to Eq (2)when the single-stage charging voltage of the Marxgenerator is 15 20 25 30 35 and 40 kV respectively It is observed that

1) The cut-off time of the test device designed inthis paper is shorter than 2 μs which is basically cutoff near the peak time and has a positive correlationwith the charging voltage

2) The drop time of the chopped wave is between007 and 009 μs which is basically independent of

Table 1 Function description of control and measurementsystem

Name

Controlsystem

Measurementsystem

ContentState

monitoring

Control action

VoltagemeasurementElectric fieldmeasurement

System functionCurrent voltage current sphere gap

charging time polarity status fault andgate interlock

Main power switching on chargingtriggering grounding emergency stop

and fault resetting

Capacitive voltage dividerElectric field probe and light

transmission device

Fig6 Normalization comparison of full waveform

121008060402

0

Norma

lizeda

mplitu

de

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200Timeμs

Electric field waverformVoltage waveform

Fig7 Normalization comparison of chop waveform

0 1 2 3 4 5Timeμs

Electric field waverformVoltage waveform

121008060402

0-02-04-06-08

Norma

lizeda

mplitu

de

58

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

the charging voltage of the Marx generator3) Under the single-stage charging voltage of

25-40 kV the maximum value of the electric fieldchange rate is greater than 68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1)which meets the requirements of GJB 1389A-2005Moreover with the increase in the charging voltagethe maximum change rate of the electric field increases

When the height of the high-voltage electrodechanges the charging voltage of the Marx generatorcan be adjusted to make the change rate of the electric field in a certain space below the electrode meetthe requirements Therefore the height of thehigh-voltage electrode from the device under testcan be adjusted appropriately according to the discharge voltage level4 Conclusions

According to GJB 1389A-2005 a kind of electricfield environment simulator for nearby lightningstrikes is designed and developed in this paper Thetest and application results show that

1) The simulation device can generate a standard1250 μs lightning full-wave and the electric fieldand voltage waveforms basically match

2) The simulation device can generate a choppedwaveform and it is not affected by the pre-dischargeprocess of the gap to produce front-end distortionThe cut-off time is shorter than 2 μs and the droptime is shorter than 009 μs

3) When the single-stage charging voltage is from25 kV to 40 kV an electric field environment with amaximum change rate of electric field greater than68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1) can be generated in a certainspace below the high-voltage electrode

In summary this device can generate an electricfield environment of nearby lightning strikes thatmeets the requirements of GJB 1389A-2005 and canprovide equipment support for the research on the indirect effect of the nearby lightning strikes on system

electronic and electrical equipmentReferences［1］ Pei G FChen H LGao C Lightning protection evalu

ation technology of surface ship based on leader progression model［J］ High Power Laser and ParticleBeams201830（1）013202（in Chinese）

［2］ Zheng S QHou D YFeng Det al Lightning menace to ship and corresponding protection design requirements［C］Proceedings of the 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation HarbinChinaIEEE2014

［3］ Huang R TDuan Y TShi L Het al Simulationanalysis on return conductor configuration for lightningindirect effect test of metal cylinder［J］ Chinese Journal of Ship Research201813（Supp 1）66-7091（in Chinese）

［4］ Thomson E M A critical assessment of the US code forlightning protection of boats［J］ IEEE Transactions onElectromagnetic Compatibility199133（2）132-138

［5］ Zhang Y JZhou X J Review and progress of lightningresearch［J］ Journal of Applied Meteorological Science200617（6）829-834（in Chinese）

［6］ Zeng RZhou XWang Z Zet al Review of researchadvances and fronts on international lightning and protection［J］ High Voltage Engineering201541（1）

1-13（in Chinese）［7］ Commission of State Administration of Science Tech

nology and Industry for National Defence Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for systems GJB1389A-2005［S］ Beijing PLA General Armament Department2005

［8］ State Administration of Science Technology and Industry for National Defence Electromagnetic environmental effects test methods for systemsGJB 8848-2016［S］ Beijing Armament Department of Central MilitaryCommission2016

［9］ NPFC Electromagnetic environmental effects requirements for systems MIL-STD-464 ［S］ ［Sn］

NPFC2010［10］ NATO Electromagnetic environmental effects test

and verificationAECTP-500-4［S］ ［Sn］NATOStandardization Agency2011

［11］ Zhao Z D High voltage technique［M］ 3rd ed BeijingChina Electric Power Press2013（in Chinese）

［12］ Xuan Y WLe Y JZhang N Fet al Method to determine wave resistance of impulse voltage generatorfor lightning impulse test［J］ Journal of Mechanicaland Electrical Engineering201431（3）388-392（in Chinese）

［13］ Yang D WWang Y TShan Y S Experimental research on the Marx-generator building time and jitter［J］ High Power Laser and Particle Beams200214（5）775-777（in Chinese）

［14］ Shao TYan P Atmospheric gas discharge and itsplasma application［M］ Beijing Science Press2015（in Chinese）

Table 2 Time variation rate of electric field at differentcharging voltages

Single-satgecharging

voltagekV152025303540

Volatgepeak Umax

kV1185

156611963823734278943117

Cut-offtime

Tc μs138140169186182185

Drop timeTd μs

0076 80077 40077 40078 60082 20080 4

Maximum dEdt（Vmiddotm-1middots-1）

463times1011

607times1011

761times1011

906times1011

102times1011

116times1011

Wang K et al Design and realization of a nearby lightning-electric field environment simulator 59

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019

邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置的设计与实现

王可段艳涛石立华黄瑞涛陈海林陆军工程大学 电磁环境效应与光电工程重点实验室江苏 南京 210007

摘 要［目的目的］雷电对空阔海域上的舰船危害极大特别是随着电子电气设备及封闭式集成桅杆的大量应

用舰船雷电间接效应日趋严重为了有效开展舰载电子电气设备的雷电间接效应试验［方法方法］基于 Marx发生器原理设计并实现一种邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置该装置利用可调单球隙实现冲击高压的峰值截断通

过高压极板与导电地平面建立邻近雷击电场模拟环境［结果结果］试验结果表明该装置截断时间小于 2 μs跌落

时间小于 009 μs能够产生符合GJB 1389A-2005要求的脉冲电场环境［结论结论］模拟装置可为依据GJB 8848-2016开展系统电子电气设备的邻近雷击间接效应研究提供设备支持

关键词Marx发生器邻近雷击脉冲电场雷电间接效应

水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性分析

陈兵1张世奇 1时训先 1黎昌海 2陆守香 2

1中国安全生产科学研究院北京 1000122中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室安徽 合肥 230027

摘 要［目的目的］船舶机舱等有限空间通常具有顶部水平开口开口位置和形状的特殊性导致其火灾燃烧特性

与建筑火灾有着明显的区别为了解和认识船舶机舱等顶部水平开口的火灾特性［方法方法］通过改变开口面积

和庚烷油池的尺寸开展顶部开口有限空间火焰熄灭模式火焰形态与燃烧速率等燃烧特性的实验研究

［结结果果］根据火灾熄灭原因有限空间火灾发展过程分为 O2浓度不足导致的ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式和可燃物耗尽导致

的ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo模式在ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式中烟气混合物被卷吸进入火焰参与燃烧过程火焰自熄灭临界 O2

浓度处于 13～165且火焰形态由稳定燃烧的形状变成在脱离油池并不断游走的状态在ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo

模式下火焰形态较为稳定并且由于沸腾燃烧导致燃烧后期燃烧速率有较为明显的增大［结论结论］研究结果展

示了顶部开口有限空间火灾的燃烧特性对了解船舶舱室火灾的发展过程具有重要意义并为船舱火灾扑救提

供了理论支持

关键词顶部水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性

[Continued from page 53]［17］ Utiskul YQuintiere J G Generalizations on com

partment fires from small-scale experiments for lowventilation conditions［J］ Fire Safety Science200581229-1240

［18］ Utiskul Y Theoretical and experimental study on fully-developed compartment fires［D］ College ParkMDUniversity of Maryland2006

［19］ Li Q Experimental study on smoke properties in aship room with ceiling vent［D］ HefeiUniversity ofScience and Technology of China2013（in Chinese）

［20］ Li T C Simulation study on fire temperature and flue

gas law in enclosed cabin of ships［D］ GuangzhouSouth China University of Technology2017（in Chinese）

［21］ Li JPu J YYu L F Study on the general rule of firein a ship cabin［J］ Technology Wind2017（18）

236-237（in Chinese）［22］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Unsteady burning of

thin-layer pool fires［J］ Journal of Fire Sciences201230（1）3-15

［23］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Initial fuel temperatureeffects on burning rate of pool fire［J］ Journal of Hazardous Materials2011188（123）369-374

10509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905

60

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

cut-off of the discharge waveform Its dispersity ismainly related to the sphere gap and the voltagedrop time is mainly related to the voltage actiontime the impulse polarity and the gap structureBoth are affected by the temperature humidity andgas density of the test environment [13] Thereforetheir parameter design should be considered frommultiple aspects and the actual measurement resultsshall prevail According to the measured resultswhen the impulse voltage of positive polarity is120-320 kV the designed cut-off device has acut-off time within 2 μs for all 1250 μs lightningfull waves and the drop time of cut-off voltage isshorter than 009 μs with good repeatability23 Test platform

The test platform consists of a high-voltage electrode and a conductive ground plane The test spacebetween them can generate a uniform electric fieldenvironment and carry the test object as shown inFig 4 When the voltage on the high-voltage electrode drops rapidly a rapidly changing electric fieldis generated below it The high-intensity electricfield will cause edge and point corona discharge [14]Appendix G of the GJB 8848-2016 standard givesthe vertical electric field intensity and change rate ata distance of 10 m from the discharge channel andthe field intensity is close to 3 times 106 Vm

According to the simulation results it is very difficult to establish such an electric field environmentin the laboratory without flashover of the tested system Therefore the field environment simulated bythe test system is mainly considered to meet thechange rate of the electric field namely reaching68times1011 V(mmiddots-1) The actual test platform is shownin Fig 4

In addition the simulation software CST is usedfor simulation and the influence of the structure ofthe high-voltage electrode on the electric field distribution below is analyzed As the tip discharge willdistort the electric field under the electrode the lo

cal field strength will increase and affect the fielduniformity as shown in Fig 5 Therefore the sharpparts of the high-voltage electrode are appropriatelymodified in the later stage

This paper proposed to verify whether the electricfield meets the uniformity index by using the quantitative equation for uniformity as shown in Eq (1)When the electric field uniformity coefficient β isless than 3 dB it is considered that the electric fielduniformity under the high-voltage electrode is goodAt the same time the influence of the height H of thehigh-voltage electrode and the side length of the conductive ground plane on the field uniformity is analyzed The simulation results show that for ahigh-voltage electrode with a diameter of 3 m whenthe height H is 2 m and the side length of the conductive ground plane is 35 m the uniformity of the electric field below is good

β = 20 lgEmax

Emin

（1）where Emax and Emin are the maximum and minimum values of the electric field strength at theheight of H3 from the ground respectively24 Measurement and control systems

The measurement and control systems mainly implement two functions of control and measurement

The control system is mainly responsible for statemonitoring and action control By monitoring the voltage and current signals of the charge and dischargecircuit in real-time the computer determines and executes the control actions Its operation interface includes a display area of status information and control area The display area of status informationshows the current setting parameters status monitoring and fault information in real-time The control area integrates charge and discharge trigger fault reset emergency stop and other control actions

The measurement system includes a capacitivevoltage divider and an electric field sensor whichmeasure the discharge circuit voltage and the testspace electric field respectively The capacitive volt

Fig4 HV electrode（3 m in diameter）

Fig 5 Electric field distribution under the high voltageelectrode

Emax

EminEminr

H3

Wang K et al Design and realization of a nearby lightning-electric field environment simulator 57

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019age divider makes partial voltage measurement of theimpulse high-voltage and outputs the signal to theoscilloscope completing the collection and preprocessing at the back-end workstation The electricfield sensor consists of an electric field probe and alight transmission device The electric field probe isa dipole antenna used to monitor the electric fieldsignal below the high-voltage electrode The lighttransmission device converts the monitored electricfield signal into an optical signal and transmits it tothe photoelectric converter in the shielded cabinetThen it is converted into an electrical signal and output to the oscilloscope for measurement therebygreatly reducing the influence of electromagnetic interference on the signal acquisition

The detailed function description of the controland measurement system is shown in Table 1

3 Test results and analysis

31 Full waveform

The electric field environment simulator for nearby lightning strikes outputs 1250 μs full-waveformwhen it does not chop the wave by the cut-off device Fig 6 shows the normalized waveforms measured by the capacitive voltage divider and the electric field sensor when the single-stage charging voltage of Marx generator is 30 kV The figure showsthat the rise time of the two waveforms agrees wellwith the half-peak width This shows that the fullwaveform output by the electric field environmentsimulator for nearby lightning strikes is stable and reliable and the electric field sensor meets the measurement requirements of the electric field signal32 Chopped waveform

Fig 7 shows the normalized chopped waveformsmeasured by the capacitive voltage divider and electric field sensor when the single-stage charging volt

age of Marx generator is 30 kV The figure showsthat the rise time of the two is consistent with thehalf-peak width and the drop time of the waveformis similar

The maximum change rate of the electric field under the electrode can be approximately estimated byEq (2) According to the mean value theorem themaximum value of the actual change rate is alwaysgreater than the estimated value

dEdt

=Umax

167thinspTd thinspH（2）

where dEdt is the change rate of the electric fieldUmax is the peak discharge voltage measured by thecapacitive voltage divider and H is equal to 2 m Td

is the drop time (70-10)Table 2 shows the cut-off time and drop time of

the chopped waveform and the maximum change rateof the electric field calculated according to Eq (2)when the single-stage charging voltage of the Marxgenerator is 15 20 25 30 35 and 40 kV respectively It is observed that

1) The cut-off time of the test device designed inthis paper is shorter than 2 μs which is basically cutoff near the peak time and has a positive correlationwith the charging voltage

2) The drop time of the chopped wave is between007 and 009 μs which is basically independent of

Table 1 Function description of control and measurementsystem

Name

Controlsystem

Measurementsystem

ContentState

monitoring

Control action

VoltagemeasurementElectric fieldmeasurement

System functionCurrent voltage current sphere gap

charging time polarity status fault andgate interlock

Main power switching on chargingtriggering grounding emergency stop

and fault resetting

Capacitive voltage dividerElectric field probe and light

transmission device

Fig6 Normalization comparison of full waveform

121008060402

0

Norma

lizeda

mplitu

de

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200Timeμs

Electric field waverformVoltage waveform

Fig7 Normalization comparison of chop waveform

0 1 2 3 4 5Timeμs

Electric field waverformVoltage waveform

121008060402

0-02-04-06-08

Norma

lizeda

mplitu

de

58

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

the charging voltage of the Marx generator3) Under the single-stage charging voltage of

25-40 kV the maximum value of the electric fieldchange rate is greater than 68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1)which meets the requirements of GJB 1389A-2005Moreover with the increase in the charging voltagethe maximum change rate of the electric field increases

When the height of the high-voltage electrodechanges the charging voltage of the Marx generatorcan be adjusted to make the change rate of the electric field in a certain space below the electrode meetthe requirements Therefore the height of thehigh-voltage electrode from the device under testcan be adjusted appropriately according to the discharge voltage level4 Conclusions

According to GJB 1389A-2005 a kind of electricfield environment simulator for nearby lightningstrikes is designed and developed in this paper Thetest and application results show that

1) The simulation device can generate a standard1250 μs lightning full-wave and the electric fieldand voltage waveforms basically match

2) The simulation device can generate a choppedwaveform and it is not affected by the pre-dischargeprocess of the gap to produce front-end distortionThe cut-off time is shorter than 2 μs and the droptime is shorter than 009 μs

3) When the single-stage charging voltage is from25 kV to 40 kV an electric field environment with amaximum change rate of electric field greater than68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1) can be generated in a certainspace below the high-voltage electrode

In summary this device can generate an electricfield environment of nearby lightning strikes thatmeets the requirements of GJB 1389A-2005 and canprovide equipment support for the research on the indirect effect of the nearby lightning strikes on system

electronic and electrical equipmentReferences［1］ Pei G FChen H LGao C Lightning protection evalu

ation technology of surface ship based on leader progression model［J］ High Power Laser and ParticleBeams201830（1）013202（in Chinese）

［2］ Zheng S QHou D YFeng Det al Lightning menace to ship and corresponding protection design requirements［C］Proceedings of the 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation HarbinChinaIEEE2014

［3］ Huang R TDuan Y TShi L Het al Simulationanalysis on return conductor configuration for lightningindirect effect test of metal cylinder［J］ Chinese Journal of Ship Research201813（Supp 1）66-7091（in Chinese）

［4］ Thomson E M A critical assessment of the US code forlightning protection of boats［J］ IEEE Transactions onElectromagnetic Compatibility199133（2）132-138

［5］ Zhang Y JZhou X J Review and progress of lightningresearch［J］ Journal of Applied Meteorological Science200617（6）829-834（in Chinese）

［6］ Zeng RZhou XWang Z Zet al Review of researchadvances and fronts on international lightning and protection［J］ High Voltage Engineering201541（1）

1-13（in Chinese）［7］ Commission of State Administration of Science Tech

nology and Industry for National Defence Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for systems GJB1389A-2005［S］ Beijing PLA General Armament Department2005

［8］ State Administration of Science Technology and Industry for National Defence Electromagnetic environmental effects test methods for systemsGJB 8848-2016［S］ Beijing Armament Department of Central MilitaryCommission2016

［9］ NPFC Electromagnetic environmental effects requirements for systems MIL-STD-464 ［S］ ［Sn］

NPFC2010［10］ NATO Electromagnetic environmental effects test

and verificationAECTP-500-4［S］ ［Sn］NATOStandardization Agency2011

［11］ Zhao Z D High voltage technique［M］ 3rd ed BeijingChina Electric Power Press2013（in Chinese）

［12］ Xuan Y WLe Y JZhang N Fet al Method to determine wave resistance of impulse voltage generatorfor lightning impulse test［J］ Journal of Mechanicaland Electrical Engineering201431（3）388-392（in Chinese）

［13］ Yang D WWang Y TShan Y S Experimental research on the Marx-generator building time and jitter［J］ High Power Laser and Particle Beams200214（5）775-777（in Chinese）

［14］ Shao TYan P Atmospheric gas discharge and itsplasma application［M］ Beijing Science Press2015（in Chinese）

Table 2 Time variation rate of electric field at differentcharging voltages

Single-satgecharging

voltagekV152025303540

Volatgepeak Umax

kV1185

156611963823734278943117

Cut-offtime

Tc μs138140169186182185

Drop timeTd μs

0076 80077 40077 40078 60082 20080 4

Maximum dEdt（Vmiddotm-1middots-1）

463times1011

607times1011

761times1011

906times1011

102times1011

116times1011

Wang K et al Design and realization of a nearby lightning-electric field environment simulator 59

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019

邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置的设计与实现

王可段艳涛石立华黄瑞涛陈海林陆军工程大学 电磁环境效应与光电工程重点实验室江苏 南京 210007

摘 要［目的目的］雷电对空阔海域上的舰船危害极大特别是随着电子电气设备及封闭式集成桅杆的大量应

用舰船雷电间接效应日趋严重为了有效开展舰载电子电气设备的雷电间接效应试验［方法方法］基于 Marx发生器原理设计并实现一种邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置该装置利用可调单球隙实现冲击高压的峰值截断通

过高压极板与导电地平面建立邻近雷击电场模拟环境［结果结果］试验结果表明该装置截断时间小于 2 μs跌落

时间小于 009 μs能够产生符合GJB 1389A-2005要求的脉冲电场环境［结论结论］模拟装置可为依据GJB 8848-2016开展系统电子电气设备的邻近雷击间接效应研究提供设备支持

关键词Marx发生器邻近雷击脉冲电场雷电间接效应

水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性分析

陈兵1张世奇 1时训先 1黎昌海 2陆守香 2

1中国安全生产科学研究院北京 1000122中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室安徽 合肥 230027

摘 要［目的目的］船舶机舱等有限空间通常具有顶部水平开口开口位置和形状的特殊性导致其火灾燃烧特性

与建筑火灾有着明显的区别为了解和认识船舶机舱等顶部水平开口的火灾特性［方法方法］通过改变开口面积

和庚烷油池的尺寸开展顶部开口有限空间火焰熄灭模式火焰形态与燃烧速率等燃烧特性的实验研究

［结结果果］根据火灾熄灭原因有限空间火灾发展过程分为 O2浓度不足导致的ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式和可燃物耗尽导致

的ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo模式在ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式中烟气混合物被卷吸进入火焰参与燃烧过程火焰自熄灭临界 O2

浓度处于 13～165且火焰形态由稳定燃烧的形状变成在脱离油池并不断游走的状态在ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo

模式下火焰形态较为稳定并且由于沸腾燃烧导致燃烧后期燃烧速率有较为明显的增大［结论结论］研究结果展

示了顶部开口有限空间火灾的燃烧特性对了解船舶舱室火灾的发展过程具有重要意义并为船舱火灾扑救提

供了理论支持

关键词顶部水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性

[Continued from page 53]［17］ Utiskul YQuintiere J G Generalizations on com

partment fires from small-scale experiments for lowventilation conditions［J］ Fire Safety Science200581229-1240

［18］ Utiskul Y Theoretical and experimental study on fully-developed compartment fires［D］ College ParkMDUniversity of Maryland2006

［19］ Li Q Experimental study on smoke properties in aship room with ceiling vent［D］ HefeiUniversity ofScience and Technology of China2013（in Chinese）

［20］ Li T C Simulation study on fire temperature and flue

gas law in enclosed cabin of ships［D］ GuangzhouSouth China University of Technology2017（in Chinese）

［21］ Li JPu J YYu L F Study on the general rule of firein a ship cabin［J］ Technology Wind2017（18）

236-237（in Chinese）［22］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Unsteady burning of

thin-layer pool fires［J］ Journal of Fire Sciences201230（1）3-15

［23］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Initial fuel temperatureeffects on burning rate of pool fire［J］ Journal of Hazardous Materials2011188（123）369-374

10509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905

60

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019age divider makes partial voltage measurement of theimpulse high-voltage and outputs the signal to theoscilloscope completing the collection and preprocessing at the back-end workstation The electricfield sensor consists of an electric field probe and alight transmission device The electric field probe isa dipole antenna used to monitor the electric fieldsignal below the high-voltage electrode The lighttransmission device converts the monitored electricfield signal into an optical signal and transmits it tothe photoelectric converter in the shielded cabinetThen it is converted into an electrical signal and output to the oscilloscope for measurement therebygreatly reducing the influence of electromagnetic interference on the signal acquisition

The detailed function description of the controland measurement system is shown in Table 1

3 Test results and analysis

31 Full waveform

The electric field environment simulator for nearby lightning strikes outputs 1250 μs full-waveformwhen it does not chop the wave by the cut-off device Fig 6 shows the normalized waveforms measured by the capacitive voltage divider and the electric field sensor when the single-stage charging voltage of Marx generator is 30 kV The figure showsthat the rise time of the two waveforms agrees wellwith the half-peak width This shows that the fullwaveform output by the electric field environmentsimulator for nearby lightning strikes is stable and reliable and the electric field sensor meets the measurement requirements of the electric field signal32 Chopped waveform

Fig 7 shows the normalized chopped waveformsmeasured by the capacitive voltage divider and electric field sensor when the single-stage charging volt

age of Marx generator is 30 kV The figure showsthat the rise time of the two is consistent with thehalf-peak width and the drop time of the waveformis similar

The maximum change rate of the electric field under the electrode can be approximately estimated byEq (2) According to the mean value theorem themaximum value of the actual change rate is alwaysgreater than the estimated value

dEdt

=Umax

167thinspTd thinspH（2）

where dEdt is the change rate of the electric fieldUmax is the peak discharge voltage measured by thecapacitive voltage divider and H is equal to 2 m Td

is the drop time (70-10)Table 2 shows the cut-off time and drop time of

the chopped waveform and the maximum change rateof the electric field calculated according to Eq (2)when the single-stage charging voltage of the Marxgenerator is 15 20 25 30 35 and 40 kV respectively It is observed that

1) The cut-off time of the test device designed inthis paper is shorter than 2 μs which is basically cutoff near the peak time and has a positive correlationwith the charging voltage

2) The drop time of the chopped wave is between007 and 009 μs which is basically independent of

Table 1 Function description of control and measurementsystem

Name

Controlsystem

Measurementsystem

ContentState

monitoring

Control action

VoltagemeasurementElectric fieldmeasurement

System functionCurrent voltage current sphere gap

charging time polarity status fault andgate interlock

Main power switching on chargingtriggering grounding emergency stop

and fault resetting

Capacitive voltage dividerElectric field probe and light

transmission device

Fig6 Normalization comparison of full waveform

121008060402

0

Norma

lizeda

mplitu

de

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200Timeμs

Electric field waverformVoltage waveform

Fig7 Normalization comparison of chop waveform

0 1 2 3 4 5Timeμs

Electric field waverformVoltage waveform

121008060402

0-02-04-06-08

Norma

lizeda

mplitu

de

58

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

the charging voltage of the Marx generator3) Under the single-stage charging voltage of

25-40 kV the maximum value of the electric fieldchange rate is greater than 68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1)which meets the requirements of GJB 1389A-2005Moreover with the increase in the charging voltagethe maximum change rate of the electric field increases

When the height of the high-voltage electrodechanges the charging voltage of the Marx generatorcan be adjusted to make the change rate of the electric field in a certain space below the electrode meetthe requirements Therefore the height of thehigh-voltage electrode from the device under testcan be adjusted appropriately according to the discharge voltage level4 Conclusions

According to GJB 1389A-2005 a kind of electricfield environment simulator for nearby lightningstrikes is designed and developed in this paper Thetest and application results show that

1) The simulation device can generate a standard1250 μs lightning full-wave and the electric fieldand voltage waveforms basically match

2) The simulation device can generate a choppedwaveform and it is not affected by the pre-dischargeprocess of the gap to produce front-end distortionThe cut-off time is shorter than 2 μs and the droptime is shorter than 009 μs

3) When the single-stage charging voltage is from25 kV to 40 kV an electric field environment with amaximum change rate of electric field greater than68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1) can be generated in a certainspace below the high-voltage electrode

In summary this device can generate an electricfield environment of nearby lightning strikes thatmeets the requirements of GJB 1389A-2005 and canprovide equipment support for the research on the indirect effect of the nearby lightning strikes on system

electronic and electrical equipmentReferences［1］ Pei G FChen H LGao C Lightning protection evalu

ation technology of surface ship based on leader progression model［J］ High Power Laser and ParticleBeams201830（1）013202（in Chinese）

［2］ Zheng S QHou D YFeng Det al Lightning menace to ship and corresponding protection design requirements［C］Proceedings of the 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation HarbinChinaIEEE2014

［3］ Huang R TDuan Y TShi L Het al Simulationanalysis on return conductor configuration for lightningindirect effect test of metal cylinder［J］ Chinese Journal of Ship Research201813（Supp 1）66-7091（in Chinese）

［4］ Thomson E M A critical assessment of the US code forlightning protection of boats［J］ IEEE Transactions onElectromagnetic Compatibility199133（2）132-138

［5］ Zhang Y JZhou X J Review and progress of lightningresearch［J］ Journal of Applied Meteorological Science200617（6）829-834（in Chinese）

［6］ Zeng RZhou XWang Z Zet al Review of researchadvances and fronts on international lightning and protection［J］ High Voltage Engineering201541（1）

1-13（in Chinese）［7］ Commission of State Administration of Science Tech

nology and Industry for National Defence Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for systems GJB1389A-2005［S］ Beijing PLA General Armament Department2005

［8］ State Administration of Science Technology and Industry for National Defence Electromagnetic environmental effects test methods for systemsGJB 8848-2016［S］ Beijing Armament Department of Central MilitaryCommission2016

［9］ NPFC Electromagnetic environmental effects requirements for systems MIL-STD-464 ［S］ ［Sn］

NPFC2010［10］ NATO Electromagnetic environmental effects test

and verificationAECTP-500-4［S］ ［Sn］NATOStandardization Agency2011

［11］ Zhao Z D High voltage technique［M］ 3rd ed BeijingChina Electric Power Press2013（in Chinese）

［12］ Xuan Y WLe Y JZhang N Fet al Method to determine wave resistance of impulse voltage generatorfor lightning impulse test［J］ Journal of Mechanicaland Electrical Engineering201431（3）388-392（in Chinese）

［13］ Yang D WWang Y TShan Y S Experimental research on the Marx-generator building time and jitter［J］ High Power Laser and Particle Beams200214（5）775-777（in Chinese）

［14］ Shao TYan P Atmospheric gas discharge and itsplasma application［M］ Beijing Science Press2015（in Chinese）

Table 2 Time variation rate of electric field at differentcharging voltages

Single-satgecharging

voltagekV152025303540

Volatgepeak Umax

kV1185

156611963823734278943117

Cut-offtime

Tc μs138140169186182185

Drop timeTd μs

0076 80077 40077 40078 60082 20080 4

Maximum dEdt（Vmiddotm-1middots-1）

463times1011

607times1011

761times1011

906times1011

102times1011

116times1011

Wang K et al Design and realization of a nearby lightning-electric field environment simulator 59

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019

邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置的设计与实现

王可段艳涛石立华黄瑞涛陈海林陆军工程大学 电磁环境效应与光电工程重点实验室江苏 南京 210007

摘 要［目的目的］雷电对空阔海域上的舰船危害极大特别是随着电子电气设备及封闭式集成桅杆的大量应

用舰船雷电间接效应日趋严重为了有效开展舰载电子电气设备的雷电间接效应试验［方法方法］基于 Marx发生器原理设计并实现一种邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置该装置利用可调单球隙实现冲击高压的峰值截断通

过高压极板与导电地平面建立邻近雷击电场模拟环境［结果结果］试验结果表明该装置截断时间小于 2 μs跌落

时间小于 009 μs能够产生符合GJB 1389A-2005要求的脉冲电场环境［结论结论］模拟装置可为依据GJB 8848-2016开展系统电子电气设备的邻近雷击间接效应研究提供设备支持

关键词Marx发生器邻近雷击脉冲电场雷电间接效应

水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性分析

陈兵1张世奇 1时训先 1黎昌海 2陆守香 2

1中国安全生产科学研究院北京 1000122中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室安徽 合肥 230027

摘 要［目的目的］船舶机舱等有限空间通常具有顶部水平开口开口位置和形状的特殊性导致其火灾燃烧特性

与建筑火灾有着明显的区别为了解和认识船舶机舱等顶部水平开口的火灾特性［方法方法］通过改变开口面积

和庚烷油池的尺寸开展顶部开口有限空间火焰熄灭模式火焰形态与燃烧速率等燃烧特性的实验研究

［结结果果］根据火灾熄灭原因有限空间火灾发展过程分为 O2浓度不足导致的ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式和可燃物耗尽导致

的ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo模式在ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式中烟气混合物被卷吸进入火焰参与燃烧过程火焰自熄灭临界 O2

浓度处于 13～165且火焰形态由稳定燃烧的形状变成在脱离油池并不断游走的状态在ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo

模式下火焰形态较为稳定并且由于沸腾燃烧导致燃烧后期燃烧速率有较为明显的增大［结论结论］研究结果展

示了顶部开口有限空间火灾的燃烧特性对了解船舶舱室火灾的发展过程具有重要意义并为船舱火灾扑救提

供了理论支持

关键词顶部水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性

[Continued from page 53]［17］ Utiskul YQuintiere J G Generalizations on com

partment fires from small-scale experiments for lowventilation conditions［J］ Fire Safety Science200581229-1240

［18］ Utiskul Y Theoretical and experimental study on fully-developed compartment fires［D］ College ParkMDUniversity of Maryland2006

［19］ Li Q Experimental study on smoke properties in aship room with ceiling vent［D］ HefeiUniversity ofScience and Technology of China2013（in Chinese）

［20］ Li T C Simulation study on fire temperature and flue

gas law in enclosed cabin of ships［D］ GuangzhouSouth China University of Technology2017（in Chinese）

［21］ Li JPu J YYu L F Study on the general rule of firein a ship cabin［J］ Technology Wind2017（18）

236-237（in Chinese）［22］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Unsteady burning of

thin-layer pool fires［J］ Journal of Fire Sciences201230（1）3-15

［23］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Initial fuel temperatureeffects on burning rate of pool fire［J］ Journal of Hazardous Materials2011188（123）369-374

10509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905

60

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

the charging voltage of the Marx generator3) Under the single-stage charging voltage of

25-40 kV the maximum value of the electric fieldchange rate is greater than 68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1)which meets the requirements of GJB 1389A-2005Moreover with the increase in the charging voltagethe maximum change rate of the electric field increases

When the height of the high-voltage electrodechanges the charging voltage of the Marx generatorcan be adjusted to make the change rate of the electric field in a certain space below the electrode meetthe requirements Therefore the height of thehigh-voltage electrode from the device under testcan be adjusted appropriately according to the discharge voltage level4 Conclusions

According to GJB 1389A-2005 a kind of electricfield environment simulator for nearby lightningstrikes is designed and developed in this paper Thetest and application results show that

1) The simulation device can generate a standard1250 μs lightning full-wave and the electric fieldand voltage waveforms basically match

2) The simulation device can generate a choppedwaveform and it is not affected by the pre-dischargeprocess of the gap to produce front-end distortionThe cut-off time is shorter than 2 μs and the droptime is shorter than 009 μs

3) When the single-stage charging voltage is from25 kV to 40 kV an electric field environment with amaximum change rate of electric field greater than68 times 1011 V(mmiddots-1) can be generated in a certainspace below the high-voltage electrode

In summary this device can generate an electricfield environment of nearby lightning strikes thatmeets the requirements of GJB 1389A-2005 and canprovide equipment support for the research on the indirect effect of the nearby lightning strikes on system

electronic and electrical equipmentReferences［1］ Pei G FChen H LGao C Lightning protection evalu

ation technology of surface ship based on leader progression model［J］ High Power Laser and ParticleBeams201830（1）013202（in Chinese）

［2］ Zheng S QHou D YFeng Det al Lightning menace to ship and corresponding protection design requirements［C］Proceedings of the 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation HarbinChinaIEEE2014

［3］ Huang R TDuan Y TShi L Het al Simulationanalysis on return conductor configuration for lightningindirect effect test of metal cylinder［J］ Chinese Journal of Ship Research201813（Supp 1）66-7091（in Chinese）

［4］ Thomson E M A critical assessment of the US code forlightning protection of boats［J］ IEEE Transactions onElectromagnetic Compatibility199133（2）132-138

［5］ Zhang Y JZhou X J Review and progress of lightningresearch［J］ Journal of Applied Meteorological Science200617（6）829-834（in Chinese）

［6］ Zeng RZhou XWang Z Zet al Review of researchadvances and fronts on international lightning and protection［J］ High Voltage Engineering201541（1）

1-13（in Chinese）［7］ Commission of State Administration of Science Tech

nology and Industry for National Defence Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for systems GJB1389A-2005［S］ Beijing PLA General Armament Department2005

［8］ State Administration of Science Technology and Industry for National Defence Electromagnetic environmental effects test methods for systemsGJB 8848-2016［S］ Beijing Armament Department of Central MilitaryCommission2016

［9］ NPFC Electromagnetic environmental effects requirements for systems MIL-STD-464 ［S］ ［Sn］

NPFC2010［10］ NATO Electromagnetic environmental effects test

and verificationAECTP-500-4［S］ ［Sn］NATOStandardization Agency2011

［11］ Zhao Z D High voltage technique［M］ 3rd ed BeijingChina Electric Power Press2013（in Chinese）

［12］ Xuan Y WLe Y JZhang N Fet al Method to determine wave resistance of impulse voltage generatorfor lightning impulse test［J］ Journal of Mechanicaland Electrical Engineering201431（3）388-392（in Chinese）

［13］ Yang D WWang Y TShan Y S Experimental research on the Marx-generator building time and jitter［J］ High Power Laser and Particle Beams200214（5）775-777（in Chinese）

［14］ Shao TYan P Atmospheric gas discharge and itsplasma application［M］ Beijing Science Press2015（in Chinese）

Table 2 Time variation rate of electric field at differentcharging voltages

Single-satgecharging

voltagekV152025303540

Volatgepeak Umax

kV1185

156611963823734278943117

Cut-offtime

Tc μs138140169186182185

Drop timeTd μs

0076 80077 40077 40078 60082 20080 4

Maximum dEdt（Vmiddotm-1middots-1）

463times1011

607times1011

761times1011

906times1011

102times1011

116times1011

Wang K et al Design and realization of a nearby lightning-electric field environment simulator 59

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019

邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置的设计与实现

王可段艳涛石立华黄瑞涛陈海林陆军工程大学 电磁环境效应与光电工程重点实验室江苏 南京 210007

摘 要［目的目的］雷电对空阔海域上的舰船危害极大特别是随着电子电气设备及封闭式集成桅杆的大量应

用舰船雷电间接效应日趋严重为了有效开展舰载电子电气设备的雷电间接效应试验［方法方法］基于 Marx发生器原理设计并实现一种邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置该装置利用可调单球隙实现冲击高压的峰值截断通

过高压极板与导电地平面建立邻近雷击电场模拟环境［结果结果］试验结果表明该装置截断时间小于 2 μs跌落

时间小于 009 μs能够产生符合GJB 1389A-2005要求的脉冲电场环境［结论结论］模拟装置可为依据GJB 8848-2016开展系统电子电气设备的邻近雷击间接效应研究提供设备支持

关键词Marx发生器邻近雷击脉冲电场雷电间接效应

水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性分析

陈兵1张世奇 1时训先 1黎昌海 2陆守香 2

1中国安全生产科学研究院北京 1000122中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室安徽 合肥 230027

摘 要［目的目的］船舶机舱等有限空间通常具有顶部水平开口开口位置和形状的特殊性导致其火灾燃烧特性

与建筑火灾有着明显的区别为了解和认识船舶机舱等顶部水平开口的火灾特性［方法方法］通过改变开口面积

和庚烷油池的尺寸开展顶部开口有限空间火焰熄灭模式火焰形态与燃烧速率等燃烧特性的实验研究

［结结果果］根据火灾熄灭原因有限空间火灾发展过程分为 O2浓度不足导致的ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式和可燃物耗尽导致

的ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo模式在ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式中烟气混合物被卷吸进入火焰参与燃烧过程火焰自熄灭临界 O2

浓度处于 13～165且火焰形态由稳定燃烧的形状变成在脱离油池并不断游走的状态在ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo

模式下火焰形态较为稳定并且由于沸腾燃烧导致燃烧后期燃烧速率有较为明显的增大［结论结论］研究结果展

示了顶部开口有限空间火灾的燃烧特性对了解船舶舱室火灾的发展过程具有重要意义并为船舱火灾扑救提

供了理论支持

关键词顶部水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性

[Continued from page 53]［17］ Utiskul YQuintiere J G Generalizations on com

partment fires from small-scale experiments for lowventilation conditions［J］ Fire Safety Science200581229-1240

［18］ Utiskul Y Theoretical and experimental study on fully-developed compartment fires［D］ College ParkMDUniversity of Maryland2006

［19］ Li Q Experimental study on smoke properties in aship room with ceiling vent［D］ HefeiUniversity ofScience and Technology of China2013（in Chinese）

［20］ Li T C Simulation study on fire temperature and flue

gas law in enclosed cabin of ships［D］ GuangzhouSouth China University of Technology2017（in Chinese）

［21］ Li JPu J YYu L F Study on the general rule of firein a ship cabin［J］ Technology Wind2017（18）

236-237（in Chinese）［22］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Unsteady burning of

thin-layer pool fires［J］ Journal of Fire Sciences201230（1）3-15

［23］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Initial fuel temperatureeffects on burning rate of pool fire［J］ Journal of Hazardous Materials2011188（123）369-374

10509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905

60

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom

CHINESE JOURNAL OF SHIP RESEARCHVOL14NO5OCT 2019

邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置的设计与实现

王可段艳涛石立华黄瑞涛陈海林陆军工程大学 电磁环境效应与光电工程重点实验室江苏 南京 210007

摘 要［目的目的］雷电对空阔海域上的舰船危害极大特别是随着电子电气设备及封闭式集成桅杆的大量应

用舰船雷电间接效应日趋严重为了有效开展舰载电子电气设备的雷电间接效应试验［方法方法］基于 Marx发生器原理设计并实现一种邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置该装置利用可调单球隙实现冲击高压的峰值截断通

过高压极板与导电地平面建立邻近雷击电场模拟环境［结果结果］试验结果表明该装置截断时间小于 2 μs跌落

时间小于 009 μs能够产生符合GJB 1389A-2005要求的脉冲电场环境［结论结论］模拟装置可为依据GJB 8848-2016开展系统电子电气设备的邻近雷击间接效应研究提供设备支持

关键词Marx发生器邻近雷击脉冲电场雷电间接效应

水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性分析

陈兵1张世奇 1时训先 1黎昌海 2陆守香 2

1中国安全生产科学研究院北京 1000122中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室安徽 合肥 230027

摘 要［目的目的］船舶机舱等有限空间通常具有顶部水平开口开口位置和形状的特殊性导致其火灾燃烧特性

与建筑火灾有着明显的区别为了解和认识船舶机舱等顶部水平开口的火灾特性［方法方法］通过改变开口面积

和庚烷油池的尺寸开展顶部开口有限空间火焰熄灭模式火焰形态与燃烧速率等燃烧特性的实验研究

［结结果果］根据火灾熄灭原因有限空间火灾发展过程分为 O2浓度不足导致的ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式和可燃物耗尽导致

的ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo模式在ldquo缺氧熄灭rdquo模式中烟气混合物被卷吸进入火焰参与燃烧过程火焰自熄灭临界 O2

浓度处于 13～165且火焰形态由稳定燃烧的形状变成在脱离油池并不断游走的状态在ldquo燃料耗尽熄灭rdquo

模式下火焰形态较为稳定并且由于沸腾燃烧导致燃烧后期燃烧速率有较为明显的增大［结论结论］研究结果展

示了顶部开口有限空间火灾的燃烧特性对了解船舶舱室火灾的发展过程具有重要意义并为船舱火灾扑救提

供了理论支持

关键词顶部水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性

[Continued from page 53]［17］ Utiskul YQuintiere J G Generalizations on com

partment fires from small-scale experiments for lowventilation conditions［J］ Fire Safety Science200581229-1240

［18］ Utiskul Y Theoretical and experimental study on fully-developed compartment fires［D］ College ParkMDUniversity of Maryland2006

［19］ Li Q Experimental study on smoke properties in aship room with ceiling vent［D］ HefeiUniversity ofScience and Technology of China2013（in Chinese）

［20］ Li T C Simulation study on fire temperature and flue

gas law in enclosed cabin of ships［D］ GuangzhouSouth China University of Technology2017（in Chinese）

［21］ Li JPu J YYu L F Study on the general rule of firein a ship cabin［J］ Technology Wind2017（18）

236-237（in Chinese）［22］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Unsteady burning of

thin-layer pool fires［J］ Journal of Fire Sciences201230（1）3-15

［23］ Chen BLu S XLi C Het al Initial fuel temperatureeffects on burning rate of pool fire［J］ Journal of Hazardous Materials2011188（123）369-374

10509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905105090510509051050905

60

downloaded from wwwship-researchcom