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Page 1: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there
Page 2: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Christina Locke, PhD Researcher

Dept. of Entomology University of Wisconsin, Madison

Pollinators and Their Roles

Page 3: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Tom Lynn

PPollination of flowering plants

SELF POLLINATION

CROSS POLLINATION

Page 4: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

� Birds � Fruit bats (Tropics)

Animal pollinators

NWF

Page 5: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

� Birds � Fruit bats (Tropics) � Insects � Butterflies and moths � Beetles

Animal pollinators

HOUT

Page 6: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

� Birds � Fruit bats (Tropics) � Insects � Butterflies and moths � Beetles � Flies � Wasps

Animal pollinators

Page 7: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

� Birds � Fruit bats (Tropics) � Insects � Butterflies and moths � Beetles � Flies � Wasps � Honeybees � Wild and native bees

Animal pollinators

One honeybee species in the U.S. � Apis mellifera � Introduced from Europe in 1622

4000+ native bee species in North America

Page 8: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

The most efficient pollinators: � 20,000+ species in the world; 4,000+ in North America; 500+ in

Wisconsin � Pollinate 85% of flowering plants, 35% of global crop production

Xerces

BEES

Page 9: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there
Page 10: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Results of poor pollination:

Page 11: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

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Page 12: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611

Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there are more pollinator species.

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Page 13: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Wisconsin apple research shows higher fruit set and yield when mmore bee species present

Researcher: Rachel Mallinger

Page 14: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Apples better pollinated by wild bees than honeybees

Researcher: Rachel Mallinger

Page 15: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Bee needs: nesting

European honeybee colony � Perennial (overwinters) � 1 queen � 10,000 – 50,000 workers

Bumblebee colony � Annual (does not overwinter) � 1 queen � 50 – 400 workers

Page 16: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Bee needs: nesting

Solitary bee � Most bee species do not form colonies � Individual females nest in stems, ground, or dead wood

Page 17: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Patches of warm, dry bare ground

Page 18: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Tom Lynn

BBee needs: food

� Pollen and nectar sources � Diversity of flowering plants blooming the entire season,

early spring through late fall � Important for flowers to be near nests

Page 19: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Anthony Du

Page 20: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there
Page 21: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Floral resources near nests – diversity and timing

Photo: Xerces Society

Page 22: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Photo: Shooting Star Native Seeds

Linear habitat: roadsides, field margins, transmission lines

Page 23: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Butterfly specialists need certain plants

Photos: Xerces Society

Xerces Ann Swengel Xerces

Page 24: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Why are pollinators on the agenda now?

Page 25: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there
Page 26: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Bell Nurseries

Causes of Colony Loss

WEATHER PATTERNS

QUEEN FAILURE

DISEASES PESTICIDES

GENETIC WEAKNESS KNNNNNNNNNNNE

BEEKEEPING PRACTICES

NUTRITION

PARASITES

Vt commons

nationofchange.org

Page 27: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

� Some native pollinator species are declining � Factors: habitat loss, intensive farming, extreme weather, insecticide use

Why are pollinators on the agenda now?

Page 28: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Monarch Winter Colony Area (Mexico)

Page 29: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Xerces

Why are pollinators on the agenda now?

� High profile bumblebee kills

Largest: 2013 incident in Oregon Target parking lot � Misuse of dinotefuran

(Safari) killed ~50,000 pollinators

M. Nakamura

Page 30: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

State responses to pollinator issues

Page 31: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

Goal of the Wisconsin pollinator plan: To provide guidance for those interested in improving the

health and habitat of managed and wild pollinators. h and habitat of managed and wild pollin

We are looking for feedback and ideas!

Page 32: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

TThank You!

Feel free to contact me � Email: [email protected] � Web: http://gratton.entomology.wisc.edu

Page 33: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

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Page 45: Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611 Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there

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