chromosomes, cell division & dna concepts from chapters 16 & 17 & 18
DESCRIPTION
Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18. Chapter 16 outline*. DNA and the Chromosome The building blocks Description of a karyotype Somatic Cells Cell cycle Mitosis Reproductive cells Meiosis (* this topic can be found in ch. 17). What is …. DNA - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA
concepts from
Chapters 16 & 17 & 18
![Page 2: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter 16 outline*
• DNA and the Chromosome– The building blocks– Description of a karyotype
• Somatic Cells– Cell cycle– Mitosis
• Reproductive cells – Meiosis (* this topic can be found in ch. 17)
![Page 3: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is…
• DNA
• A Chromosome
![Page 4: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
DNA is composed of millions of nucleotides
![Page 5: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
THE DNA MOLECULE
![Page 6: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Diploid Cell23 pairs or 46 chromosomes
44 autosomes
2 sex chromosomes
![Page 7: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How do all of our non-reproductive cells divide & keep 46 chromosomes?
Somatic Cell Division
![Page 8: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Mitosis
prophasemetaphase
anaphase telophase
![Page 9: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The cell cycle
![Page 10: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Mitosis animation links
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120073/bio14.swf Mitosis (includes cell wall)
![Page 11: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
How many chromosomes do our reproductive cells have and how do they
divide?
23 chromosomes&
Meiosis
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120074/bio17.swf
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120074/bio19.swf
Mitosis versus meisosis
Meiosis I and II
Animation LINKS
![Page 12: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
MEISOSIS and FERTILZATION
23 chromosomes
23 + 23 =46
![Page 13: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ch. 18 concept: How does DNA affect your phenotype?
![Page 14: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Central Dogma
DNARNA
Protein
![Page 15: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The next 6 slides will refer to material found in chapter 18.
![Page 16: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
DNA
RNA
PROTEIN
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
![Page 17: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
GENETIC CODE http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/
![Page 18: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Nirenberg and Khorana, were awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
![Page 19: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
GENETIC CODE http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp12/1202001.html
![Page 20: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Principles of Heredity
Chapter 17
![Page 22: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Patterns of Heredity
• Gregor Mendel– Punnett Square
• Dominant versus Recessive Traits– Alleles
• Autosomal versus Sex linked Traits– Autosomes versus sex chromsomes
![Page 23: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Diploid CellKarotype
44 autosomes
2 sex chromosomes
![Page 24: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Gregor Mendel (Mendelian genetics) states
• Alternative versions of genes= allele
• An organism inherits two genes that segregate independently
1822-1884
![Page 25: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mendel also states
• Dominant and recessive alleles
![Page 26: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Predict genotype and phenotype by
• Punnett Square
Now let’s look at how to construct and use a Punnett Square:
![Page 27: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Punnett Squarecurly ears= recessive
“normal” ears=dominant
Cc mates with cc what will the offspring look like?
![Page 28: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Look at those ears!
Look at those ears!
![Page 29: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Punnett Square: Cc x cc
CCcc CCcc
cccc cccc
C
c
c c
![Page 30: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mono-hybrid crossA single trait
Tall is dominantShort is recessive
![Page 31: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Result of di-hybrid crosses
![Page 32: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cystic Fibrosis: Autosomal Recessive Trait
![Page 33: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Autosomal Dominant: Familial Hypercholesterolemia(gene dosage effect is observed)
• Affects 1:500
cholesterol
![Page 34: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Incomplete Dominance
• Some traits show “incomplete dominance”
![Page 35: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Sickle cell trait
• Incomplete Dominance
![Page 36: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Blood Transfusions & Inheritance of Blood Types and
![Page 37: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Inheritance can sometimes show:
• Co-Dominance
![Page 38: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Brief SummaryBrief Summary
Autosomal traitsAutosomal traits– HypercholesteremiaHypercholesteremia– Cystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis– Sickle cell traitSickle cell trait– Blood typeBlood type
Trait are considered Trait are considered either:either:– DominantDominant– RecessiveRecessive– Incomplete dominantIncomplete dominant– Co-dominantCo-dominant
![Page 39: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Sex-Linked Traits
![Page 40: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
COLOR BLINDNESS
![Page 41: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Hemophilia
![Page 42: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy
Recessive Sex Linked (X-chromosome)
Males Affected
![Page 43: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Sex-influenced Genes
• Patterned Baldness
Propecia Rogaine
![Page 44: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Polygenic Traits
![Page 45: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Trisomy
![Page 46: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Extra “X” Sex Chromosomes
• Klinefelter Syndrome– XXY
– 1:1000 occurrence
– Males
![Page 47: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Turner Syndrome
1:10,000
![Page 48: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Example of Pedigrees or Example of Pedigrees or Family TreesFamily Trees
Autosomal recessive
Autosomal dominant
![Page 49: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Cloning of a whole organism.
![Page 50: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Cloning of a whole organism: Reproductive Cloning
![Page 51: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Somatic Cell Germ Cell
For ex. Mammary cell ovum
SHEEP CELLS
54 27
![Page 52: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Somatic Cell Germ Cell
For ex. Mammary cell ovum
How to process begins:
542754
discarded
![Page 53: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Uncertainty: Does the offspring represent the molecular age of the
donor or of a newborn?
![Page 54: Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56812faf550346895d95373d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)